despite the fact that

although 引导让步状语从句，可放在主句前或后。 although 从句不用再与 but 连用；可说 Although it rained, we went out.，不可说 Although it rained, but we went out.

despite the fact that

作连词时，though 与 although 意思接近，可引导让步状语从句。 though 从句也不与 but 连用。

however, used at the end of a sentence

作副词时，though 常放在句末，补充一个轻微的转折。 句末 though 不能直接替换 although。

links an idea to a contrasting one

常连接两个分句；not A but B 表示‘不是A而是B’。

except for a stated person or thing

常接名词或代词，语义接近 except。

until now or by this time

yet 常用于否定句和疑问句，常放在句末。

nevertheless; despite that

yet 作连词可连接形成对比的两个部分。

used to introduce a condition and say what may happen as a result

For a real future condition, an if clause normally uses the present tense: If it rains, we will stay inside.

except if

unless 引导条件从句，常等于 if ... not。

used to introduce a choice or a question with two possibilities

whether 常与 or not 连用，也可接不定式。

used to connect choices, possibilities, or an alternative result

Use or to offer a choice; use either ... or ... to make the two options especially clear.

for that reason

书面语较常见；句中常用逗号隔开。

as a result or for that reason

Thus is formal and expresses a result. It is an adverb, so it cannot by itself join two full sentences separated only by a comma.

in this way

This formal use points to a way of doing or arranging something, often one that has just been shown.

for this reason, or from this time

用于较正式书面语；hence the name 表示“因此得名”。

because of a particular reason or cause

Due to introduces a cause and is followed by a noun phrase, not a full clause.

in place of someone or something else

Instead often comes at the end of a clause; instead of is followed by a noun or -ing form.

one or the other of two choices, or each of two sides

As a determiner or pronoun, either refers to one of two choices or to each of two sides.

used to connect two alternatives

Either ... or ... links two alternatives.

used at the end of a negative sentence to add another negative statement

At the end of a negative sentence, either means “也不”.

not one and not the other of two choices

Neither refers to not one and not the other of two choices.

used before two alternatives to say that both are untrue

Neither ... nor ... links two alternatives that are both excluded.

used in a short reply to agree with a negative statement

Neither + auxiliary or modal verb + subject agrees with a negative statement.

used after a negative statement to add another negative idea

After a negative clause, nor is often followed by an auxiliary verb before the subject: I cannot swim, nor can he.

the past form of can, or a polite way to ask or suggest

Could have done often describes an unrealised past possibility; Could you...? is polite.

used to ask or give permission, or to say something is possible

May with a capital M is the month; the modal verb is may except at the start of a sentence.

used to say something is possible but not certain

Might is followed by a base verb and often suggests less certainty than may.

used to say that something is necessary or required

Must is followed by the base form of a verb. Must not means that something is forbidden.

used to make a strong guess from evidence

For a present conclusion use must be; for a past conclusion use must have + past participle.

to require something because it is necessary or useful

Need can be followed by a noun or by to + verb. In British English, need doing can mean need to be done.

a situation in which something is necessary

In need of is followed by a noun: in need of help.

used to say what is advisable or right, or what is expected to happen

Ought to is followed by the base form and does not add -s after he or she. Ought not to is negative. Ought to have done can express an unfulfilled past duty; ought to can also express a reasonable expectation.

used with I or we for future meaning, offers, or suggestions

在现代英语中，shall we ...? 常用于征求意见；正式文体中 I shall 也可表将来。

used to give advice or say what is right or expected

should 后接动词原形；否定为 should not / shouldn’t。

perhaps

Maybe is an adverb; do not confuse it with may be, a verb phrase.

probable or expected to happen

Be likely to is followed by a verb.

used to ask for information about a thing or an event

what 单独代替未知的事物时作代词。

used before a noun in a question or an exclamation

what 放在名词前作限定词；感叹句中常用 What a/an ...!。

used before a noun to ask about a choice

which 放在名词前作限定词，通常表示有限范围内的选择。

used instead of a noun to ask about a choice

which 后没有名词时作代词。

used to ask about or refer to a person

who 作从句主语时，后面直接接动词。

used as the object of a verb or preposition; formal

whom 是 who 的宾格，在正式书面语和介词后较常见。

used before a noun to ask who something belongs to

whose 放在名词前表示所属关系。

used instead of a noun to ask who something belongs to

whose 后不接名词时可独立作代词。

for what reason

why not? 常用于提出建议或表示同意。

in, at, or to what place

where 可询问位置或目的地。

before now by a stated length of time

ago 从说话现在这一刻向过去回溯，放在时间段之后。 说未来时间不用 ago；应比较 in two days。

later than a particular time, event, or action

after 作介词时后接名词、代词或动词-ing；作连词时才接完整从句。 表示时间顺序时，after 与 before 常形成对比。

used before a clause to show that one event follows another

after 作连词时后面接主语加谓语的从句。 不要把 after + 从句 与 after + 动词-ing 混在同一结构里。

later in time, or in the phrase after all when giving a reason or correction

soon after、not long after 中 after 作副词，常指前文提到的时间之后。 after all 是固定短语，常表示“毕竟；别忘了”，不要按时间义机械翻译。

at a later time, following an event that has just been mentioned

afterward 常放在句末或句首，指前文事件之后；不接宾语。 afterwards 与 afterward 同义，在英式英语中更常见；本卡按 afterward 学习。

before now or before the expected time

already 常与完成时连用，通常放在 have/has/had 之后、过去分词之前。 在疑问句中，already 常表示说话人认为事情可能比预期早发生。

at all times or on every occasion

always 通常放在实义动词前，放在 be 动词或第一个助动词后。 not always 表示“不总是”，不要误解为“从不”。

at some time in a period or event

during 后接名词或名词短语，不直接接完整句子。

from a particular time in the past until now

since 后可接时间点（prep.）或时间从句（conj.），常与现在完成时连用。

because, especially when the reason is already known

表示“因为”时，since 引出较为已知或明显的理由。

from a time in the past until now

since then 常放在句末或句首。

up to the time when

until 后可接时间名词或从句。

during the time that something happens

while 可引导表示同时发生的时间状语从句。

used to contrast two facts or ideas

while 连接对比时，常译为“而；然而”；置于句首也可表示“虽然”。

a period of time

for a while 表示“有一会儿”。

at what time

when 用于直接或间接询问时间时作副词。

at the time that something happens

when 引导时间状语从句。

every time that, or at any time that

whenever 可表示“每当”，也可表示“无论何时”。

many times or frequently

Often usually comes before the main verb but after be: They often walk; They are often late.

not often

seldom 为否定意义副词，语气比 not often 更简洁。

up to and including the present time

still 常放在实义动词前、be 动词后。

not moving or making a sound

keep still 表示“保持不动”。

at the present time or immediately

Right now stresses the present moment; from now on means starting at this time.

used to introduce a reason that is already true

Now that is followed by a clause and means since or because.

at the present time, compared with the past

Nowadays usually compares the present with an earlier time; it does not normally mean this very moment.

at that time or after that

then 可表示过去某时，也可表示动作的先后。

used to show a result or ask what follows

口语中常用于顺着上文得出下一步。

after a short time

as soon as 引出“一……就……”的时间从句。

happening or beginning not long ago

用法见搭配和例句。

not long ago

用法见搭配和例句。

one more time after something has already happened

again 常与动词连用，表示重复动作；英式发音中 /əˈɡen/ 和 /əˈɡeɪn/ 均可见。 once again 比 again 更强调“再一次”。

back to a previous state, or repeatedly over a period of time

be well again、be friends again 表示回到先前状态。 again and again 是固定短语，表示“一再地；反复地”。

happening near the beginning of a period or before the expected time

作定语时放在名词前；early morning 指清晨。

before the expected or usual time

作副词修饰动作；比较级为 earlier。

the day or evening before an important event

常用于节日前夜；on the eve of 也可指重大事件发生前。

a period of time between two events, or a break between parts of an activity

Interval is countable. At intervals means repeatedly with gaps of time between.

how often something happens

Frequency measures how often an event occurs. High frequency means frequent occurrence; low frequency means rare occurrence.

happening often

The adjective stresses the first syllable: /ˈfriːkwənt/. It describes things that happen repeatedly.

to visit a place regularly

The verb stresses the final syllable: /frɪˈkwent/. It is formal and takes a place directly, without to.

often or many times

Frequently usually comes before an ordinary verb or after be; it describes how often something happens.

a very short period of time

Moment is countable.

a length of time or a particular stage in history or life

period 可指一段时间，也可指人生或历史的某个阶段。

one of the regular classes in a school day

此义常用于学校课程表。

the punctuation mark (.) used at the end of a sentence

美式英语常用 period；英式英语常说 full stop。

on the day after today

tomorrow 作副词时通常不与 on 连用。

the day after today, or the near future

作名词时 tomorrow 可作句子主语。

happening quickly and unexpectedly

sudden 放在名词前；副词形式为 suddenly。

quickly and unexpectedly

suddenly 常放在动词前，也可放在句首。

used in times to show the period before noon

a.m. 写在具体时间后；12 a.m. 指午夜。

used in times to show the period after noon

p.m. 写在具体时间后；12 p.m. 指中午。

the part of the day between noon and evening

常说 in the afternoon；具体某天下午常说 on Monday afternoon。 afternoon 是表示一天中时段的名词，不因拼写与 after 相似而建立词族关系。

twelve o’clock in the middle of the day

Use at noon, not at the noon, for 12:00 in the day.

used after a number to state the time

o'clock 只用于整点时间。

a device that shows the time

clock 通常指钟表，不等于 watch 的“观看”。

to measure how long someone takes

clock up 表示累计时间或数量。

a period of seven days, usually counted from Monday to Sunday

常用 a week、every week、during the week。此卡只教 week 的直接时间义，不建立未证实的词族关系。

happening once a week

Weekly describes something occurring every week.

once every week

As an adverb, weekly describes how often something happens.

a publication that appears once a week

A weekly is countable; the plural is weeklies.

an important event or stage in development

Milestone is used for an important stage or achievement.

in a higher position than something, or at a level greater than a stated number

above 强调较高的位置或数值；作介词时后面必须有名词、代词或数量。

in a higher place or an earlier part of a page or text

above 放在名词后或单独使用时作副词，如 the diagram above、see above。

placed before a noun to refer to something mentioned or shown earlier

作形容词时，above 放在名词前，如 the above diagram；这和名词后的副词用法不同。

at a lower position, level, number, or standard than something

后接名词或代词：below zero, below the line。

in a lower position or later in the text

不接宾语；也可后置修饰名词：the examples below。

in a lower position than something

Beneath is more formal than under; as a preposition it is followed by the thing above.

in the lower space or position

Beneath can also appear without a following noun when the place above is understood.

at or to the back of a person, place, thing, or expected point

后接名词或代词；behind schedule 是介词短语。

at the back, or later or less advanced than others

不接宾语；与 leave somebody behind 的宾语结构区分。

farther away than a place or outside a limit

作介词，后接地点或表示范围的名词；beyond repair 表示“无法修复”。

in, surrounded by, or included in a group

among 常用于三者或三者以上，或泛指一个群体。 among 后通常接复数名词、集合名词或宾格代词，如 among students / among them。

following the length of a road, river, or line

along + 名词；指在一条线状事物旁边移动

forward, or together with

come/go along 表示一同来；along with + 名词表示连同

in the direction of, or in relation to somebody or something

toward 后接名词或代词。

to a position on the surface of something

onto 强调“移动到……上面”；on 强调位置。当 on 属于动词/副词、to 引出下一步时，写作 on to，如 go on to consider possible solutions。

below something, or less than a stated number or amount

under + 数字可表示少于某年龄、价格或数量。

below the surface of water or another substance

作副词时 under 不再接宾语。

towards a higher position or place

up 可作副词或介词。

on; immediately after

upon 较正式，常见于书面语。

away from or not on a surface, place, or object

Off is often used after movement verbs to show leaving a vehicle or surface.

not operating or not connected

When a machine or light is off, it is not working or is not receiving power.

touching or supported by the surface of something

on 常接表面、楼层或页面：on the wall, on the table, on page 10。

used for days, media, transport, and some fixed expressions

常见：on Monday, on TV, on the phone, on foot。

operating, happening, or continuing

be on 可指设备开着或活动照常进行；go on 中 on 作副词，表示继续。

connected with the subject that is being discussed, read, or asked about

此义的 about 后接名词、代词或动名词；不要把它和表示“大约”的 about 混淆。

used before a number, time, or amount to show that it is not exact

表示大约时，about 通常放在数字或数量短语前；它不表示精确数值。

in different nearby places rather than in one fixed place

作副词时 about 不接宾语，常与 walk、run、lie 等动词连用。

not at home, school, or a usual place

be away 表示“外出、不在”。

at or to a distance from a place

数词 + away 可表示距离。

used after a time period to say when something will happen

away 本身不变形。

the meaning comes from the whole verb-plus-away construction

put sth away 的“收好”义来自整个结构，不是 bare away 的通用义。 away from 需要补足语，不能随意改为 bare away。

the meaning comes from the whole verb-plus-away construction

不同动词加 away 的意义不同，需按完整结构学习。

the state that a person, thing, or place is in

常说 be in good/bad condition；conditions 常指生活、工作或环境条件。

something that must happen or be accepted before an agreement or plan can go ahead

常见搭配 on condition that…；meet a condition 表示满足条件。

to train someone or something for a particular activity or to make them ready for it

condition sb/sth for + 名词，常用于训练身体或使材料适应特定用途。

depending on a particular condition being met

be conditional on + 名词表示“以……为条件”；在语法中 conditional clause 指条件从句。

complete and not limited by any condition

常形容 support、love、acceptance 等；与 conditional 构成意义对照。

the state of existing

常用于 come into being 和 bring sth into being；本卡讲名词义。being 也可作 be 的 -ing 形式，该语法见 be 卡。

a living creature, especially a person

human being 是高频搭配，复数为 human beings。

fairly or quite

用于加强形容词、副词等。

used to say what you prefer

would rather 后接动词原形。

used to correct yourself or introduce a contrast

or rather 用于修正前面的说法。

to a high degree

very 通常修饰形容词或副词。

also, or more than is wanted or acceptable

too 放在形容词或副词前表示“太”；句末也可表示“也”。

to this degree or in this way

so + adj./adv. 表示程度。

for this reason

so 连接前后的因果结果。

used in comparisons or to introduce the second part of a comparison

比较级后接 than；rather than 表示“而不是”。

of this kind or degree

such + a/an + adj. + 单数名词。

used to introduce examples

such as 是举例短语，后接名词或名词短语；它不等于代词 such。

people or things of that kind

代词 such 可在 and such 中指“诸如此类的事物”。

an object, event, or matter

thing 是非常泛的名词，正式写作中可换成更具体的名词。

used to show belonging, amount, material, or connection

Of links a noun to what it belongs to, contains, or is made from.

intended for a person, purpose, or use

For can name the intended receiver or purpose of something.

during a stated length of time

Use for with a period of time; use since with the starting point of an action.

because; used to introduce a reason in a formal written style

Conjunction for is formal and literary. In everyday speech, because is usually more natural.

in addition to what has just been mentioned

also 通常放在实义动词前、be 动词或助动词后。 句首的 Also 常用来补充另一点，语气较正式。

in the role or function of someone or something

as 后接身份或作用时作介词。

at the time that, or because

as 引导从句可表示时间或原因。

to the same degree

as ... as 表示两者程度相同。

used for a point in place or time, or to show direction

at 用于具体时刻，也用于较小地点。

shows place, method, or the person doing an action

高频多义：地点、交通方式、被动语态施事者。

sets the latest time for something

by + 时间点常表示截止时间，不等于 during。

used before a noun to show direction, destination, or the person receiving something

to 后可接名词或代词，如 go to school、give it to me。

used before a verb to form an infinitive

to + 动词原形可表示目的、计划等，如 hope to see；to 不是 two 或 too。口语中常弱读 /tə/，强调时可强读 /tuː/。

together with someone or something, or using something

with 可表示陪伴或使用的工具。

used with a verb to make a negative statement

not 常放在助动词、be 或情态动词后；do not 可缩写为 don't。

not anything; no thing

Nothing is usually followed by singular verbs: Nothing is wrong.

the part of the body behind the chest, or the rear part of something

at the back of 表示“在……后面”。

to or at the place where someone or something was before

be back 与 come back 都很常用。

to support a person, plan, or idea

名词复数 backs；动词词形 backs—backing—backed。back 作“回来”通常是副词，不是形容词。

to move or make a vehicle move backwards

此义限定在移动、特别是车辆语境；不并入 back up 的其他义。

at the rear

back 作形容词时置于名词前。

directed towards the back, or not developing normally

backward 作形容词可表示“向后的”。如表示“不先进”，语境敏感，勿用来给人贴标签。 比较级/最高级常用 more backward / most backward；backwards 是主要英式方向副词变体，不是 backward 的屈折形式。

towards the back

作方向副词时，美式通常用 backward；英式通常用 backwards /ˈbæk.wədz/。它们是地域/语法变体，不是动词词形。

towards a lower place or level

常接表示动作的动词；sit down 表示“坐下”。

from one end towards the other end of a road, river, or similar place

后面常接道路、河流等名词。

sad or not working

feel down 表示“感到沮丧”；be down 也可指机器或系统停运。

moving or leading towards a lower level

常放在名词前，描述方向或趋势。

towards a lower place or level

作副词时修饰动作，常用于较正式的描述。

showing the place, person, or source where something begins or comes

From marks a starting point, origin, or sender.

showing the beginning of a period, range, or change

Use from with to when giving both ends of a time, place, or range.

the forward-facing or most visible part of a room, vehicle, line, building, or object

Front can name the forward part of a room, vehicle, or line, and the outward-facing side of a building or object.

the area where opposing armed forces are fighting

In news or history, the front means the area of active fighting.

on or towards the side of your body where your heart is

As an adjective, left comes before a noun or is used after be to describe a side.

towards or on the left side

Left is also the past form of leave; here it is the direction adverb.

in, at, or to this place

Here refers to the place where the speaker is.

in, at, or to another place

elsewhere 本身表示地点，通常不再与 to 连用。

in, at, or to every place

everywhere 本身表示地点，通常不再与 to 连用。

the outer limit of something or the sharp side of a blade

The edge is where a surface ends; the cutting edge of a blade is its sharp side.

to move slowly and carefully, or make something move this way

Edge as a movement verb suggests small, cautious steps and often takes a direction word. An object after edge names the thing being moved.

to put a border around something

Edge with introduces the material or objects that form a border.

a place where two sides or streets meet

The physical sense names a meeting point of sides, walls, or streets.

a difficult situation from which it is hard to escape

This figurative sense describes pressure or a difficult situation.

the area near the border between two countries, especially a remote one

Frontier often suggests a border area that is distant, undeveloped, or historically important.

the leading edge of knowledge, technology, or exploration

This figurative sense refers to an area where new knowledge or progress is being made.

a man-made waterway

A canal is built by people to carry water or boats; a river is natural.

a structure that sends water into the air

A fountain is a decorative structure in which water is sprayed or flows, often in a park or square.

an empty space or a difference

Gap can be a physical space or a difference between people, ideas, ages, or levels.