to create or produce something

make 的过去式和过去分词都是 made。

to cause someone or something to be or do something

主动语态常用 make + 宾语 + 动词原形；被动语态改为 be made to + 动词原形。make + 宾语 + 形容词表示“使……处于某状态”。

a structure with walls and a roof for people to use

作可数名词时指具体建筑物。

the work or activity of making structures

作不可数名词时，the building of ... 指“……的建造”。本义不指“建筑业”这一行业。

to shape wood or stone, or cut meat into pieces

既可指用工具雕刻，也可指切开熟肉。

to divide or remove something with a sharp tool

This transitive sense takes an object that is divided or reduced in size.

an injury made by a sharp object or a cut in a surface

The noun names an injury or mark made by cutting.

to reduce an amount or cut down on something

This use means reduce, often in cut down on plus a noun.

to make a hole by moving earth

This use takes an object.

to dig in a particular place or for something

These phrases do not take a direct object after dig.

not closed, or available for people to enter or use

Open can describe a door, shop, or place that people may enter.

to make something no longer closed, or to begin an event or business

Open takes an object when it means make something no longer closed.

a space or hole through which something can pass or be seen

This use refers to a physical gap or space.

the beginning of an event, performance, or ceremony

Use this sense for the beginning of a public event or activity.

an available job or position

An opening for someone is an available position suitable for that person.

a strip of cloth worn around the neck, or a situation with equal scores

a tie 还可指比赛得分相同的平局。

to fasten something with a knot or by using string

tie up 表示把某物系好。

to open a knot or release something that is tied

untie 的反义动作是 tie。

to carry or take someone or something to a place

bring 强调把人或物带向说话者、目的地或相关场所；注意不是 take 的机械替换。 不规则变化：bring–brought–brought。

to cause something to happen

bring 可引出结果；bring about change 和 brought major changes 都表示“引起、导致”。

go somewhere and bring something back

Fetch means go to get something and return with it; it is more specific than simply bring.

something being carried, especially a large amount

Load is countable for an amount carried by a person, vehicle, or machine.

a container made of soft material, used for carrying things

可作可数名词；school bag 常指书包。

a container or the amount that it holds

a bag of + 名词表示“一袋……”。

the cases and bags a traveller takes with them

不可数：说 baggage 或 items/pieces of baggage，不说 *a baggage / *baggages。北美英语通常用 baggage；英式英语通常更常用 luggage，但航空旅行语境也常用 baggage。

bags and cases used when travelling

不可数；一件行李用 a piece of luggage。

to continue to have something, or cause something to stay in a particular condition

Keep takes an object in this sense: keep something, or keep something + adjective.

a person whose job is to look after a place, animals, or valuable things

A keeper looks after a particular place, group of animals, or collection.

a player whose job is to stop the other team from scoring in a game such as football

In informal sports English, keeper is short for goalkeeper.

to keep something in your hand or in a position

This sense is physical holding.

to have enough space or volume for something

This sense states capacity.

to arrange and have an event or meeting

This sense takes an organised event as its object.

a person who has a ticket, record, right, or document

This sense names a person who possesses a stated item or right.

an object that keeps another object in place or stores it

This sense names a support or container for another object.

to attach something from above, or to be supported from above

Transitive hang takes an object; intransitive hang describes something that is suspended. Hang is irregular: hang–hung–hung for ordinary objects.

to go away from a place

Leave for is followed by the destination; a train can also leave at a stated time.

not to take something with you when you go away

In this sense, leave takes the thing that remains somewhere as its object.

to move or do something quickly because there is little time

Hurry up is a common command meaning do something faster.

to raise something to a higher position

Lift takes an object when you say what is raised.

making you feel happier or more hopeful

uplifting 常形容音乐、故事或消息。

to take hold of something suddenly or gain control of it

Seize is stronger and more sudden than take. Seize control of means gain power over a place or situation.

to act quickly to make use of an opportunity

An opportunity cannot be held physically; seize means recognise it and act before it is lost.

to affect someone suddenly and strongly

A strong feeling can seize a person; the passive be seized by is common in narrative writing.

to press firmly, often to force liquid out

Squeeze applies pressure; with fruit it often means press to get the juice out.

to fit or make something fit into a tight space

Squeeze can stand alone when someone moves through a gap or take an object when something is fitted into a small space.

an act of pressing something firmly

A squeeze is one act of pressure, often a brief gesture of affection or reassurance.

not joined to or connected with something else

形容词读 /ˈseprət/，常放在名词前。

to divide things or move apart

动词读 /ˈsepəreɪt/；separate A from B 表示“把 A 与 B 分开”。

the act or state of being divided or kept apart

来自 separate；常接 of 说明被分开的对象。

divide into parts

The past tense and past participle are both split. Split a cost means share the payment.

not wide, or limited in range

The opposite of narrow in physical width is wide.

to make something less wide or to reduce the range of something

Narrow down means to reduce a number of choices or possibilities.

a particular area or location

place 可指具体的地方或地点。

a particular seat or position for someone

take your place 表示“就位；坐到自己的位置上”。

the position or importance that someone has in a group or society

此义常指人在群体或社会中的身份、位置。

a position in a race or competition

此义用于比赛、竞赛等的名次。

to happen or be held

take place 是固定短语，主语通常是活动或事件。

to put something in a particular position

place 作动词比 put 正式，常指有意放置。

to take the place of something or someone

replace A with B 表示“用 B 替换 A”。

to put something back in its usual or correct position

此义强调把物品放回原来的位置。

an attempt to find someone or something

search 作名词时常接 for，说明寻找的目标。

to look carefully for someone or something

search for 后接目标；search 后直接接地点或容器时表示搜查。

a short written record or message

Take notes means to write down key information while listening or reading.

to notice something or write it down

Note that introduces information that the reader should pay attention to.

to choose one person or thing from a group

pick 常用于从多个选项中作选择。

to take flowers, fruit, or similar things from where they are growing

此义常接 flowers、apples 等，表示采摘。

a test of something to see whether it works or is suitable

trial period 指试用期或试验期。

a formal examination of a case in a court

stand trial 表示接受审判。

to make an effort to do something

try to do 强调努力；try doing 指尝试某种办法。

an attempt to do something

作名词时，try 常与 have 或 give 连用，表示“试一试”。

a question or situation that needs thought or an answer

solve a problem 表示解决问题；have a problem with 后接事物或 doing sth。

a difficult or harmful situation that causes trouble

此义常指现实中的麻烦或困难，而不只是题目。

a problem or difficulty

have trouble 后接动词 -ing。

to make someone worried or upset

trouble 作动词时直接接人作宾语。

causing problems or difficulties

troublesome 常描述问题、任务或症状带来麻烦。

an act or possibility of choosing between things

make a choice 表示“作出选择”；have no choice but to do sth 表示“别无选择，只能做……”。

a range of different things that are available to choose from

a choice of 后接复数名词；此义强调“可选的范围”，不是一次决定。

to decide which person or thing you want from several possibilities

过去式 chose，过去分词 chosen；choose between 表示“在……之间选择”，choose sb to do sth 表示“选某人做某事”。

to decide to do something

choose to do sth 后接动词原形。

to let someone do something

allow sb to do sth；allow doing sth 说允许某种活动

to include time or space for something when planning

allow for 只用于计划时把因素考虑进去

a regular amount of money given for personal use

常用 weekly/monthly allowance；可数

an amount that is officially permitted

常与 baggage、time、daily 连用

an amount or adjustment made for a particular fact

make allowance for 表示考虑到；通常用于正式语境

be able to do something

can 后不接 to，也不随主语变化：She can swim. 不是 She can swims。

be allowed to; be possible

询问许可时 Can I ...? 很常用；表示推测时注意语境。

a metal container for food or drink

常见于 a can of + 食物/饮料。

preserve food in sealed cans

这一动词义多见于食品保存或工厂生产语境。

to say that something must not be done

Forbid takes forbade in the past tense and forbidden as the past participle. Use to do after a person, or doing directly after forbid.

to officially say that something must not be done or used

Here ban is a verb: ban someone from a place or ban an activity.

the greatest amount allowed or possible

A limit sets the highest amount, level, or number that is allowed or possible.

keep below a certain amount

Limit something to sets the largest allowed amount.

small in amount or restricted

Limited means not enough or not freely available; it is often used with time, space, resources, and numbers.

the absence of something that is needed

As a noun, lack is followed by of to name what is missing.

to not have something needed

The verb lack takes its object directly, without of. Compare lack confidence with a lack of confidence.

as much or as many as is needed

enough 作限定词时放在名词前；可单独作代词。

to the necessary degree

修饰形容词或副词时放在后面：good enough；修饰动词时也可后置。

to allow someone to do something

Let is followed by an object and the base form of a verb.

large in size, amount, or degree

比较级 bigger，最高级 biggest。

important or likely to have a strong effect

big decision 指重要决定，不一定指体积大。

not large in size, amount, or number

small 可形容尺寸、数量或规模。

extremely small

tiny 比 small 更强调“小得明显”。

having great distance or lasting much time

long + 名词；for a long time 表示很久

for a long period of time

not long after/before；long 用作副词常在否定或比较结构中

to want something very much

long for + 名词；long to do sth 表示强烈渴望

the measurement from one end of something to the other

a length of + 单位；length 可作不可数概念

a piece of something of a stated size or the amount of time something lasts

a length of + 材料表示一段；the length of + 作品或时间表示篇幅、时长或范围

having a greater than usual height

形容人或细长物的高度；wide 不表示“高”。

measuring a long distance from bottom to top or above a normal level

High as an adjective describes height, level, amount, or temperature.

at or to a great height

High as an adverb describes position or movement at a great height.

the distance from the bottom to the top of something

Height is uncountable for measurement and countable for a particular level.

to a high degree or with strong approval

Highly usually modifies an adjective or verb, not a physical height.

not high in position, level, amount, or degree

Low is the opposite of high; its comparative form is lower.

to reduce an amount or level, become less, or move something downwards

Lower can reduce a price or sound level, or move an object down. It can be intransitive for a falling level, but lowering a physical object normally takes an object.

below something else or closer to the bottom

Lower often appears before a noun to distinguish the part below from the upper part. It is also the comparative form of low.

to move something to a lower position or reduce its level

Lower takes an object when you make something less high or less expensive.

a shape with four equal sides and four right angles, or an open area in a town

表示城镇中心的露天广场时，常用 the square。

having four equal sides and four right angles

作形容词时放在名词前，描述形状。

the form or outline of something

shape 常指轮廓或几何外形。

to form something or strongly influence its development

可指实际塑形，也可指对思想、未来等产生深刻影响。

a solid shape with six equal square sides

可指几何立方体，也可指方块状的冰或糖。

measured in cubic units or having a cube-like shape

常用于体积单位，如 cubic metres（立方米）。

a unit equal to 2.54 centimetres

英制长度单位；not move an inch 表示丝毫不动。

to find how heavy something is, or to have a weight

weigh + 数量表示重量；可加 about 表示约数，如 weighs about ten kilos。

how heavy someone or something is

weight 指物体的重量或人的体重；lose weight 指减重。

not many people or things; almost none

Few has a negative meaning: few students came means almost no students came. It is used with plural countable nouns.

a small number of people or things, but enough for the purpose

Adding a changes the meaning: a few means 'some', whereas few means 'almost none'.

a fairly large number of people or things

Quite a few means noticeably more than a few; despite few, the phrase has a positive meaning of 'many enough'.

a large amount or number of something

A lot of can be used with countable plural and uncountable nouns.

a group of twelve

After a number, dozen has no plural s: two dozen. Dozens of means a large, indefinite number.

complete; including every part

Entire comes before a singular noun and stresses that no part is left out.

completely; in every way

Entirely modifies an adjective, verb, or clause; it is not used directly before a noun.

in addition to or different from what has been mentioned

else 放在疑问词、不定代词之后：what else, somebody else。

apart from that or otherwise

or else 常用于提醒可能的后果。

of a high quality or likely to give a positive result

作定语或表语；比较级 better、最高级 best 另列。

helpful or suitable for a particular purpose

good for 后接人或事物。

of a higher quality or in a more successful way than before or another choice

good/well 的比较级；常用 better than。

used in had better + base verb to give strong advice

had better 是固定情态结构；不把较正式的动词 better 作为基础卡义。

better than all the others in a group

good/well 的最高级；the best 与 work best 都常见。

the greatest effort or highest standard in a fixed expression

基础识别限定在 do one's best，不把它当作普通可数名词扩展。

very good, enjoyable, or impressive

Great is a common positive word for an idea, event, achievement, or ability.

reasonable and treating everyone in an equal way

Fair is often used for rules, decisions, chances, and the way people are treated.

quite good or acceptable, though not excellent

In this sense, fair means acceptable or moderately good; context decides the meaning.

to a moderate but noticeable degree

Fairly usually softens an adjective or adverb: it means 'quite', but less strongly than very in many contexts.

in a way that is just and gives people equal treatment

When fairly means '公正地', it describes how someone is treated or judged.

not reasonable or not giving people equal treatment

Be unfair to someone means treat that person in a way they do not deserve.

moving, happening, or working in a short time

Fast before a noun is an adjective: a fast train. Do not use fastly.

at high speed or in a short time

Fast is both adjective and adverb: The train is fast; the train moves fast.

needing a lot of effort or skill

Hard as an adjective describes difficulty or demanding effort.

with a lot of effort, force, or intensity

Hard as an adverb describes effort or force; do not use hardily for this meaning.

a difficult or unpleasant condition that causes suffering

Hardship often refers to serious practical or financial difficulty.

not easy to do, understand, or deal with

Difficult describes something requiring effort or careful thought.

a problem or lack of ease in doing something

Difficulty names a problem or lack of ease.

very great or severe, or far beyond what is usual or reasonable

Extreme can describe severe conditions or views far from moderate ones. It is stronger than ordinary intensifiers such as very.

at the furthest end or edge of something

Before a word of position, extreme means furthest, not severe. The extreme right of a picture is its far right-hand edge.

one of the two ends of a range, or a very unusual degree of behaviour or conditions

Extreme is countable in this sense. Go to extremes means take an action much further than is sensible or necessary.

to a very great degree

Extremely commonly strengthens an adjective or another adverb. Compare extreme cold, with an adjective before a noun, and extremely cold, with an adverb before an adjective.

completely unreasonable or silly

常用于评价想法、说法或价格不合理。

not true, not correct, or made to appear real when it is not

False describes information, claims, alarms, and appearances that are not true; it is not the usual word for a wrong answer caused by a small mistake.

the state of being untrue, or an untrue statement or idea

Falsity is formal and is mainly used in careful writing about claims, reports, or evidence.

so unusual that it is difficult to believe

Incredible can express surprise at something that seems hard to believe; it does not always mean the claim is false.

extremely good or great in amount or degree

In informal praise, incredible means extremely good; with qualities or amounts it can mean unusually great.

a person who acts without good sense or makes an unwise choice

Fool can sound rude when used directly about another person. Make a fool of yourself means make yourself look silly.

to trick someone into believing something that is not true

Fool someone into doing something means trick them so that they do it.

showing poor judgement or a lack of good sense

Foolish usually criticises an action, decision, or idea rather than a person's whole character.

extremely bad or unpleasant

现代常用义是负面的“很糟糕”。

used informally to mean very great in degree

此义多见于口语，如 an awful lot；不等同于 awesome 的现代褒义。 较早的“令人敬畏的”义已不属日常核心用法。 比较级/最高级常用 more awful / most awful；awfully、awfulness 是派生词，不是 awful 的屈折变化。

not interesting, bright, or sharp

Dull can describe an uninteresting event, weak light or colour, or an edge that is not sharp.

different from what is usual or expected in a way that may need attention

abnormal 常用于描述行为、情况、结果或身体指标；语气通常比 unusual 更强调偏离正常状态。

usual, expected, or not showing a problem

normal 常作定语或表语；它描述常态，不等于说每个人都必须一样。

making you feel embarrassed or difficult to deal with

Awkward often describes a situation or silence that makes people feel embarrassed.

lasting a short time or using few words

Brief can describe time or speech: a brief visit is short, and a brief explanation uses few words.

wide from one side to the other

描述具体宽度时，broad 常修饰 road、river、shoulders、lines 等；不要把它只理解为“大”。

covering many different areas, ideas, or people rather than one narrow point

抽象义的 broad 常与 range、knowledge、introduction 等连用，和 narrow 形成对照。

fine or fragile and easily damaged or harmed

Delicate can describe a fine structure or something easily harmed. Delicate skin needs gentle care; delicate glass needs careful handling.

requiring careful and sensitive handling

A delicate situation can go wrong if handled carelessly. A delicate balance is easily upset, even when no physical object is fragile.

attractive because of fine and carefully made details

When describing design, delicate praises fine, subtle detail rather than saying only that the object may break.

easy to recognize because you have seen, heard, or experienced it before

Familiar describes the thing that is known. A person is familiar with something.

having knowledge of a subject, place, or process

Be familiar with means 'know something well'; be familiar to means 'seem known to someone'.

bad, harmful, or showing disagreement rather than approval

Negative often contrasts with positive when describing effects, opinions, or attitudes.

a no answer or a refusal

In the negative is a formal phrase meaning with no or not.

hopeful and confident about a situation

be positive about 后接某事，表示对其持乐观态度。

showing agreement or certainty

positive answer/reply 表示肯定答复；be positive that 表示确信。

having a good or helpful effect

此义强调带来好结果或有益影响。

showing that a test has found the thing it was looking for

医学检测中 positive 表示“阳性”；test positive for 后接检测出的疾病或病毒。

greater than zero

数学中 positive number 指大于零的数。

strange, or not divisible by two

Odd means strange in everyday descriptions and mathematical in odd number.

unusual or unfamiliar and therefore surprising

strange 可描述事物不寻常，也可描述人感觉不舒服或不对劲。

so unreasonable that it seems silly

Ridiculous expresses strong criticism of an idea, price, or appearance.

showing a lack of good judgement or not serious

可形容不明智的行为，也可指令人觉得尴尬可笑。

showing poor judgement or a lack of thought

stupid 评价人时可能冒犯；谈行为或错误更稳妥。

unpleasant to look at

ugly 也可形容情形令人不快。

attractive in a delicate or pleasant way

pretty 作形容词常形容人、衣物、花园等好看而令人愉悦。

quite or fairly, used to make an adjective, adverb, or verb stronger

pretty 作副词常用于非正式语境，程度通常相当于 quite 或 fairly。

excellent or very impressive

Splendid is a strong positive adjective, often used for an impressive result, view, or performance.

extremely good or enjoyable

wonderful 比 good 语气更强，常用于称赞经历或消息。

to wait for something that is expected

await 是及物动词，后面直接接名词，不接 for。 常见于较正式的书面语。 动词词形：awaits—awaiting—awaited；仍须直接接宾语（await a reply），不说 *await for a reply。

to stay until something happens

wait for 后接人或事物；wait until 后接时间或从句。

a man who serves food in a restaurant

waiter 通常指餐馆里的男服务员。

a woman who serves food in a restaurant

waitress 通常指餐馆里的女服务员。

the act or time of reaching a place, or the coming of someone or something

arrival 可指人或交通工具到达的时刻，也可指某人或某物的到来。 常用 on arrival；the arrival of + 人或事物。

a person or thing that has recently arrived

new arrivals 常指新近到达的人或物，多见于学校、接待或展览等语境。

to get to a place after travelling

arrive in 后接城市、国家等较大的地点；arrive at 后接车站、学校等具体地点。 arrive 后不直接接地点；不要说 arrive to the station。

to reach a decision, answer, or result after thinking

arrive at 还可用于较正式地表示“得出结论或达成决定”。

if an event, time, or season arrives, it begins or comes

主语可为 day、time、season、moment 等；这个义项不接 arrive in/at + 地点。

to say or do something again

作及物动词时后接所说或所做的内容。

an event or programme that happens or is shown again

可数名词。

to move a recording back to an earlier point

过去式和过去分词均为 rewound。

to offer a price or compete for a contract

For offering money, the past tense and past participle are bid; bidding doubles the final d.

an offer of money or an attempt to achieve something

A bid can be a financial offer or a determined attempt; in a bid to means in an attempt to.

to express a greeting or tell someone to do something

Bade is a past-tense form and bidden a past participle in these formal or literary uses; a command uses bid someone do something without to.

something that a person or group hopes to achieve

A goal is a result someone actively works toward.

a point scored in football or hockey by sending the ball into the net

In this sense, goal is the point that a team scores.

the net or posts that players try to send the ball into in a sport

In this sense, goal is the physical scoring structure.