a weapon used for fighting or defence, especially in the plural

arms 常用复数，指武器；bear arms 是较正式的“携带武器”。 本卡只覆盖武器义，不覆盖身体部位或家具扶手义。

to provide a person, group, or place with weapons

arm sb with weapons 表示给某人配备武器；也可见 arm oneself。 这里的 with 后接的是武器。

the part of the body from the shoulder to the hand

in sb's arms 表示在某人怀里；arm in arm 表示挽着手臂。 本卡只覆盖身体部位和家具扶手义，不覆盖武器义。

the side support of a chair or sofa where you can rest your arm

chair arm 或 arm of a chair 指椅子的扶手。 这个义项通常和 chair、sofa 等家具一起出现。

to go up something using hands and feet

过去式和过去分词都是 climbed。

an act of going up something

名词也可指数量或地位的上升。

a person or plant that climbs

climber 可指人，也可指攀援植物。

to enter water head first or swim below its surface

Dive into describes entering water; dive can also mean explore underwater. In British English, the usual past form is dived.

to move downwards or towards something suddenly

Outside water, dive can describe a steep downward movement or a sudden leap towards something.

an act of entering water or moving down suddenly

A dive is a single movement or an underwater trip; the article a marks it as a countable noun.

to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air

Jump is often followed by over, up, or into to show the direction of the movement.

to hit something with your foot

Kick takes an object when you say what is hit with the foot.

to touch something with force, often while moving

Hit is irregular: hit–hit–hit.

spring back after hitting a surface

Something bounces when it hits a surface and springs back; you can also bounce a ball deliberately.

a springing movement or lively energy

Bounce as a noun can describe physical springiness or a lively, energetic way of moving.

to stay on the surface of a liquid or move gently in the air

Float is intransitive here: the subject stays on water or moves through air.

floating on water rather than sinking

Afloat is usually used after be, keep, or stay when something floats on water.

to be on fire or to destroy something by fire

burn 可作及物或不及物动词；过去式和过去分词可用 burned 或 burnt。

to injure a person or part of the body with fire or heat

burn one’s hand on ... 表示“被……烫伤手”。

an injury caused by fire, heat, or a hot object

作名词时 a burn 指一次烧伤或烫伤。

to put under the ground or cover completely

Bury is pronounced with /e/ despite its spelling. The forms buried and burying retain this vowel sound.

a pointed weapon, or a symbol showing direction

既可指射出的箭，也可指路标或屏幕上的箭头。

to move somewhere very quickly and suddenly

Dash suggests a short, sudden movement, often because time is limited or something urgent has happened.

a quick sudden run or rush

Make a dash for is followed by the place you are trying to reach quickly.

to hit a door or other hard surface to make a sound, especially to get attention

Use knock on or knock at before the door you hit.

a part of the body with a special function

人体义中，organ 指有特定功能的器官。

an official group or body with a particular purpose

此义常用于正式语境，指机构或组织。

a large musical instrument played with keys and pipes

乐器义常见于 church organ。

a regular beat, especially the beat of the heart felt in an artery

Take someone's pulse means check the heartbeat felt at a point such as the wrist. In music, pulse is the steady underlying beat.

a short burst of electrical activity, light or sound

A pulse is a brief signal or burst, not a continuous flow. This technical sense is countable.

to beat or move in a strong, regular rhythm

Pulse as a verb suggests repeated rhythmic movement or energy. It can describe a heartbeat, music or a lively place.

to put your hand or another part of your body on something

touch 作动词时直接接宾语。

an act of touching, or a small amount of a quality

keep in touch 是“保持联系”的固定短语，不表示触摸。

to notice a smell, or to have a particular smell

smell of 后接气味来源；也可作系动词。

a quality that you notice with your nose

名词常接 of 说明是什么气味。

having an unpleasant smell

smelly 通常指难闻的气味。

a feeling of physical hurt

pain 可数时常指某处的疼痛；in 用来说明疼痛部位。

great mental or emotional suffering

此义指心理上的痛苦，常不可数。

to make someone feel physical or emotional pain

pain 作动词时多用于较正式的身体或情感痛苦。

causing pain or making you feel very upset

painful 可形容身体受伤，也可形容令人难过的经历。

painful, especially when touched or moved

sore 常描述身体局部疼痛。

important or worrying, or showing that someone is not joking

serious 可形容问题的严重性，也可形容人对事情认真的态度。

very serious or harsh

Severe describes something very serious, painful, difficult, or strict.

an infectious agent that causes disease, or harmful computer code

virus 可指生物病毒，也可指计算机病毒；需由语境判断。

a medical abbreviation used in public-health contexts

公共卫生表达应准确、尊重且不污名化：HIV 是病毒，AIDS 是 HIV 感染的晚期阶段；不要把疾病与任何群体相连。

a person trained to care for sick people, or someone who looks after a young child

In a medical context, a nurse is a trained healthcare worker.

to care for a person, animal, or plant until it becomes well or strong

Nurse someone back to health means to care for someone until they recover.

to behave toward somebody in a particular way, or give medical care

treat somebody as... 表示把某人当作……对待。

medical care for an illness, or the way somebody is treated

treatment 可指医疗处理，也可指对人的对待方式。

a doctor who operates

A surgeon is a doctor trained to perform operations; the field can come before surgeon, as in heart surgeon.

medical treatment involving an operation

Surgery is medical treatment in which a doctor operates on part of the body.

a place where a doctor sees patients

This British place meaning is countable, unlike surgery meaning surgical treatment.

a small round piece of medicine that you swallow

pill 通常指口服的片剂或药丸。

the degree of heat in a place, object, or body

temperature 前常用 high/low。

free from danger or unlikely to cause harm

可用 keep sb safe。

a strong locked box for keeping valuables safe

可数名词。

the state of being protected from danger

不可数；常用于安全规则语境。

an injury to the body, often caused by a weapon or an accident

wound 通常指较严重或开放性的伤口。

to injure someone physically or hurt their feelings

wound 也可比喻伤害某人的感情。

a substance that can make people or animals ill or kill them

Poison is usually a noun for the harmful substance; poisonous is the adjective.

containing poison or able to cause illness or death

Poisonous describes the thing that contains poison or causes harm; it often comes before a noun.

the possibility that something harmful may happen

常见 risk of + 名词或动名词。

to do something that may lead to loss or harm

后接名词或动名词。

the traditional system of medicine developed in China

作为学科或体系名称，各实词首字母大写。

the health and happiness of people

welfare 常用于 child welfare、public welfare 等正式搭配。

in a good or successful way

well 作副词修饰动作，常与 do 连用。

in good health

well 作形容词常放在 feel、be 等连系动词后。

a relaxed feeling when worry or fear ends

Relief in this sense follows the end of a worry; it is normally uncountable.

a reduction in pain, discomfort or difficulty

Relief from names the problem that becomes less severe; relief may be temporary.

help given to people suffering after a disaster or in need

Relief can mean practical aid such as food, shelter or money, rather than an emotion.

the air that you take into and send out of your lungs

breath 是名词，词尾读 /θ/；take a deep breath 指“深吸一口气”。

to take air into your lungs and send it out again

breathe 是动词，词尾读 /ð/；breathe in 和 breathe out 分别表示吸气和呼气。

finding it hard to breathe after physical effort

本义指因体力活动而气喘吁吁；与 breathe 不同，它是形容词。

unable to hear, or having serious difficulty hearing

Use deaf to describe hearing, not a temporary blocked ear.

unable to see

be blind in one eye；the blind 是“盲人群体”的集合说法，人物表述可优先用 blind people。

to make someone unable to see for a time or permanently

常用被动：be blinded by bright light。

not noticing or refusing to notice something

常用 be blind to，表示“没有意识到；视而不见”，与失明义分开学习。

a covering for a window that can block light

此名词义与“失明”不同。不要把 blind 单列作常规副词；flying blind 中 blind 是补足语用法。

no longer alive

This sense describes a living thing that has died.

no longer working or functioning

This sense describes a device or machine that has stopped working.

the end of a person’s or animal’s life

Death is the end of life.

to stop living

Die is the verb for stopping living.

close to death or gradually stopping

Dying describes something near the end of life or activity.

very serious or intense

Acute can describe a severe problem or strong pain; it stresses the intensity of the situation.

very sensitive or quick to notice and understand

For senses or understanding, acute means particularly sharp, not painful or ill.

starting suddenly and developing quickly

In descriptions of illness, acute contrasts with chronic, which concerns a long-lasting condition.

a serious disease in which abnormal cells grow without control

只作语言学习例子；不提供诊断、治疗、预防或个人医疗建议。

unable to walk properly, or weak and unconvincing

形容身体时指跛；形容借口时表示站不住脚。

the food a person usually eats, or a planned way of eating

A diet can mean everyday eating, not only weight loss.

the physical state of needing food or a serious lack of food

This sense refers to physical need for food.

a strong desire for something

This figurative sense is followed by for to name a strong desire.

wanting or needing food

This sense describes physical need for food.

strongly wanting an opportunity, success, or something similar

Hungry for is a figurative pattern for strong desire.

to have difficulty breathing or speaking, or cause this by blocking air

Choke may describe blocked breathing or speech interrupted by strong emotion; a cause can also choke someone.

to fill something so that movement or flow is blocked

This sense describes an obstruction in a passage, pipe or area, not necessarily a breathing problem.

a short strained sound made when breathing or speaking is interrupted

This noun use is less common than the verb and often describes a brief interrupted sound in narrative.

to force air from the lungs with a sharp sound

The verb describes the action of making the sharp sound.

a sharp sound made when someone coughs

The noun names the sound or symptom, often after have or with an adjective.

an illness in which the body temperature is higher than normal

Say have a fever or run a fever; fever is usually used with a/an when referring to one period of illness.

feeling as if you are going to fall

常用 feel dizzy；也可形容高度或旋转令人眩晕。

not strong

weak 可形容身体虚弱，也可形容信号、论证等薄弱。

a lack of strength or a fault

weakness 可指能力上的短板，也可指身体虚弱。

liquid that comes from your skin when you are hot or nervous

sweat 通常不可数。

produce sweat because of heat or effort

不要说 sweat a lot of water；sweat 本身就是“出汗”。

extreme suffering or death caused by not having enough food

Starvation is uncountable and much more serious than ordinary hunger before a meal. Die of starvation identifies lack of food as the cause of death.

to suffer or die from lack of food, or make someone suffer in this way

Starve can be intransitive or transitive. In casual speech, I'm starving often means very hungry rather than literally close to death; use context to distinguish them.

the need for a drink or a strong desire for something

thirst for 可引申为对知识等的强烈渴望。

needing a drink or strongly wanting something

最常用义是“口渴的”；引申义后常接 for。

the grey or black cloud produced when something burns

smoke 通常不可数；常接 from 说明来源。

to use cigarettes, or to produce smoke

人作主语通常指吸烟，物作主语可指冒烟。

a person who smokes cigarettes

smoker 指吸烟的人；non-smoker 指不吸烟者。

familiar with something through experience

Accustomed is followed by to plus a noun or -ing form.

a situation in which different parts are in a suitable or equal state

可说 a balance between A and B；也常说 keep different parts of life in balance。

the amount of money that remains in an account after payments

常见于 bank balance；不要与 river bank 混淆。

to stay steady, or to put something in a steady position

balance on 表示“在……上保持平衡”；balance sth on sth 表示“把……稳放在……上”。

to compare different things carefully before deciding

常用 balance A against B，强调作决定前的权衡。

including the right amount of different things

balanced diet 是高频搭配；一般不直接说 *a balance diet。

fair and considering different sides of an issue

常修饰 view, report, discussion 等。

healthy and physically strong enough for an activity

Fit often describes health and physical condition. Keep fit means stay healthy through exercise or an active life.

to be the right size or shape for a person or place

When clothes fit, they are the right size. Fit into can mean be the right size for a space or container.

to put something in the right place, or to make it the right size or shape

As a transitive verb, fit can mean install something or make one thing match another.

not healthy or strong enough for physical activity

Unfit for exercise describes someone whose physical condition is not good enough for it.

not suitable for a particular purpose, job, or situation

Unfit for means unsuitable for a stated purpose; it does not only describe a person's health.

something a person does regularly, often without thinking

Habit can be helpful or harmful depending on the action.

quiet and not worried or excited

既可形容人镇定，也可形容海面、天气等平静。

to make someone less worried or excited

calm down 可作不及物短语；calm somebody 表示安抚某人。

one of the hard white objects in the mouth used for biting and chewing

tooth 的复数是不规则形式 teeth。

a small brush used for cleaning teeth

toothbrush 是 tooth 与 brush 的复合词。

a paste used with a toothbrush to clean teeth

toothpaste 通常不可数；可用 a tube of toothpaste 指一管。

remove hair with a razor

Shave can stand alone for removing facial hair, or take an object such as a beard; shave off stresses removal.

an electric device for shaving

An electric shaver is a device for removing hair; a person doing the shaving is not normally called a shaver.

a cream or lotion that protects skin from the sun

sunscreen 通常不可数；指具体的一种产品时也可说 a sunscreen。

a scented liquid worn on the skin

Perfume is usually uncountable as a liquid; perfumes can refer to different products or scents.

a pleasant smell, especially from flowers

Perfume can also name a natural pleasant smell without any bottled product.

a dry substance made up of very small particles

Powder is often uncountable when naming a substance. A powder can mean one type or product; a spoonful of powder measures an amount.

the fine threads that grow on a person's head or an animal's body

Hair is normally uncountable when speaking generally.

the way hair is cut, or an occasion when someone has their hair cut

Haircut is countable for a style or one visit to have hair cut.

a shop where men have their hair cut

英式英语中常说 barber’s；barbershop 在北美更常用。

a style of four-part singing, traditionally performed without instruments

常见于 barbershop quartet；此义不可数。

a tool with teeth for arranging hair

The b in comb is silent. A comb has a row of teeth; a hairbrush has bristles.

to arrange or untangle hair with a comb

Comb can be a verb followed directly by hair; comb out describes removing knots or tangles.

a tool with a sharp blade for shaving

A razor is the tool; use shave with a razor for the action.

a feeling of worry about something uncertain

Anxiety is usually uncountable when it means a general feeling of worry.

worried about something or wanting it strongly

Be anxious about something means worried; be anxious to do something often means eager to do it.

the possibility that someone or something will be harmed

Danger names a risk or threat.

likely to cause harm or injury

Dangerous describes something that may cause harm.

have the courage to do something

Dare is often followed by to + verb, especially in questions, negatives, and challenges.

care to avoid danger, or a warning about risk

Caution meaning carefulness is uncountable. A caution or a word of caution can be a warning.

to warn someone to be careful

Name the person being warned after caution; use against doing or not to do for the risky action.

careful to avoid danger or mistakes

Cautious about is followed by a noun or an -ing form; cautious can also describe a plan or decision made carefully.

a sudden strong feeling of fear

Panic is sudden fear that can make people act without thinking.

suddenly become very frightened or make someone feel that way

Add k before -ed and -ing: panicked, panicking.

worried or afraid about something that may happen

Use nervous about + noun or -ing: nervous about speaking in public.

anxious about something

Worried is usually followed by about + noun or clause.

to keep thinking about problems or possible trouble

worry about 后接担心的事；Don’t worry 是常用安慰语。

to make someone feel anxious

作及物动词时，担心的人作宾语。

a problem or feeling of anxiety

worry 作名词时常与 cause of 搭配。

worry caused by difficult demands or problems

stress 不可数时常指心理压力。

to give special importance to something

stress that 后接完整从句。

worried and unable to relax because of pressure

be stressed about 后接令人担忧的事。

to move quickly from side to side, or to tremble

shake hands 表示“握手”；身体也可因寒冷或害怕而 shake。

one quick movement from side to side

名词常用于 give ... a shake 或 a shake of ...。

to shake slightly, often from cold, fear or strong emotion, or feel great fear

Tremble usually has no direct object. With can give the cause of shaking; at the thought of describes fear caused by imagining something.

to interrupt someone or prevent an activity from continuing peacefully

Disturb takes a direct object: disturb someone, without to. It can interrupt a person or an activity such as sleep.

to change the position or order of something that should remain as it is

This sense means moving or disrupting something that was settled, ordered or undisturbed; it does not necessarily involve a person's feelings.

to make someone feel worried or upset

A report or thought can disturb someone emotionally. The passive be disturbed by names what causes the worry.

causing worry, upset or unease

Disturbing describes what causes worry; disturbed usually describes someone who feels upset. Use find it disturbing that to express concern about a situation.

nervous or strained, or physically tight rather than relaxed

Tense can describe a worried person, an uneasy situation or tightened muscles. The adjective contrasts with relaxed.

a form or pattern of a verb used to express time and related meanings

Tense as a grammar noun is countable. The past tense often refers to past events, though tense and actual time do not always match exactly.

a feeling of nervous strain, or an uneasy relationship involving disagreement

Tension is often uncountable for an uneasy feeling. Tensions in the plural can refer to several conflicts or sources of strain.

the force produced when something is stretched tight

Physical tension concerns a stretched rope, string or similar object. It is not a person's anxious feeling.

a hard hat worn to protect the head

Helmet is worn for protection in cycling, construction, and some sports.

a substance used as a medicine

Drug can mean medicine and is not automatically an illegal substance. In this sense, a prescription drug requires a doctor's prescription.

a substance taken for its effects on the mind or body, often illegally

Context distinguishes medicine from illicit substances. Drugs in warnings about abuse commonly refers to substances misused for their effects.

a weapon that fires bullets or other projectiles

Gun is a weapon; water gun is a toy that sprays water.

the sound or shooting of guns

Gunfire is uncountable and refers to shooting or its sound.

a substance that burns or explodes and was traditionally used in guns and fireworks

Gunpowder is uncountable; it must be handled only by trained professionals.

a gun that can fire many bullets quickly

Machine gun is a countable noun; it refers to a weapon.

a small roll of tobacco for smoking

可数名词；cigarette smoke 指香烟烟雾。

a roll of dried tobacco leaves for smoking

可数名词；与 cigarette 相比通常更粗、更长。