第03单元 / Word List 3

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

time

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[taim] · n. / vt. · Page 49

time as duration, clock point, period, occasion, or measuring duration

时间;钟点;时代, 时期;次, 回;测定……所需的时间

联想

time 是本组的中心词:先看“时间线”本身,再看时间表、某个时候、频度,以及 tempor 表示的“时间/时代”。

意思、用法与例句

n.时间、钟点、时期

表示可用的时间、具体钟点或一个时代/时期;常和 in time, on time, at the same time 等短语连用。

常见表达in timeon timeat the same timefor the time beingfrom time to time

We need more time to finish the experiment.

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more time 表示完成实验还需要的时间量。

Please arrive on time for the morning exam.

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on time 表示按规定钟点准时到达。

看到 time 短语时,先判断它是在说时间量、准时/及时,还是某个时期。

n.次数、某一次

表示“次、回”或某个具体时刻;at a time 强调每次多少,for the first time 强调第一次。

常见表达at a timefor the first timeat one timeat times

Read two pages at a time and then take notes.

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at a time 表示“每次”。

She visited Beijing for the first time last summer.

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for the first time 表示“第一次”。

vt.计时、测定所需时间

作及物动词时,time 后接活动或人,表示测定完成动作需要多久。

常见表达time a racetime each runnerbe timed

The coach timed each runner during practice.

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timed each runner 表示给每位跑步者计时。

The science teacher timed the reaction carefully.

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timed the reaction 表示测定反应所用时间。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sometimes
有时
I sometimes review new words before breakfast. sometimes 是频度副词,回答“多久一次”;sometime 指“不确定的某个时候”。
temporary
暂时的;临时的
The school opened a temporary classroom after the storm. temporary 借 tempor 的时间线索,强调只持续一段短时间。

词族线索 / 同组词

timetable
时间表;时刻表
Check the timetable before you go to the station. time 是时间本身;timetable 是把时间安排写成表。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

time 是核心词;tempor 表“时间、时代”,帮助记 temporary 和 contemporary。

timetable
时间表;时刻表
Check the timetable before you go to the station.
sometimes
有时
I sometimes review new words before breakfast.
temporary
暂时的;临时的
The school opened a temporary classroom after the storm.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

timetable

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['taimteibl] · n. · Page 49

a schedule showing when classes, trains, buses, or events happen

时间表, 时刻表, 日程表

联想

timetable = time + table:把不同时间点排成表,所以常用于课程、交通和活动安排。

意思、用法与例句

n.时间表、时刻表、日程表

指列出时间安排的表,可用于 class timetable、train timetable、exam timetable 等。

常见表达class timetablebus/train timetableexam timetablecheck the timetable

Check the timetable before you go to the station.

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timetable 指车站时刻表。

Our class timetable changes on Monday.

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class timetable 指课程表。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

schedule
日程;安排
The teacher changed the exam schedule. schedule 更通用;timetable 更像按时间列出的表。

词族线索 / 同组词

time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment. time 是时间概念;timetable 是把时间安排整理成表。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment.
sometimes
有时
I sometimes review new words before breakfast.
sometime
某个时候;以前的
We should meet sometime next week.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

sometimes

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['sʌmtaimz] · adv. · Page 49

on some occasions, but not always

有时, 不时

联想

sometimes 末尾有 -s,表示“有些时候会发生”,回答频率问题。

意思、用法与例句

adv.有时、不时

修饰整个动作或句子,表示事情偶尔发生,但不是 always。

常见表达sometimes do sth.sometimes + sentenceonly sometimes

I sometimes review new words before breakfast.

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sometimes 表示这个习惯偶尔发生。

She sometimes stays after school to ask questions.

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sometimes 修饰 stays,说明频率。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sometime
某个时候;以前的
We should meet sometime next week. sometimes 回答频率;sometime 指不确定的某个时间点。
at times
有时
At times, the problem seems difficult. at times 与 sometimes 接近,但语气稍正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sometime
某个时候;以前的
We should meet sometime next week.
time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment.
at times
有时
At times, the problem seems difficult.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

sometime

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['sʌmtaim] · adv. / adj. · Page 49

at an unspecified time, or former before a noun

在将来某个时候, 在过去某个时候;以前的

联想

sometime 没有词尾 -s:作副词时是“某个时候”,作形容词时是“以前的”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.某个时候

表示过去或将来的一个不确定时间点,常与 next week、in the future、last year 等时间范围连用。

常见表达sometime next weeksometime in the futuresometime last year

We should meet sometime next week.

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sometime next week 表示下周某个未定时间。

The letter arrived sometime last month.

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sometime last month 表示上个月某个时候。

adj.以前的、曾经的

放在名词前,表示某人过去有过某种身份或地位。

常见表达a sometime championa sometime teachera sometime leader

The sometime champion now teaches young players.

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sometime champion 表示“曾经的冠军”。

A sometime teacher, she still cares deeply about education.

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sometime teacher 表示她以前当过老师。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sometimes
有时
I sometimes review new words before breakfast. sometime 是某个时间点;sometimes 是发生频率。
former
以前的
The former captain joined the school team again. former 更常见;sometime 作“以前的”较书面。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sometimes
有时
I sometimes review new words before breakfast.
time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment.
former
以前的
The former captain joined the school team again.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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005

temporary

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['temprəri] · adj. · Page 49

lasting or used for only a short time

暂时的, 临时的

联想

temporary 来自 tempor 的时间线索:它强调“只持续一段时间”,不是永久状态。

意思、用法与例句

adj.暂时的、临时的

描述工作、地点、办法或状态只在短期内存在,与 permanent 相对。

常见表达temporary jobtemporary classroomtemporary solutionbe temporary

The school opened a temporary classroom after the storm.

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temporary classroom 指临时教室。

The workers built a temporary bridge over the river.

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temporary bridge 指只为短期使用的桥。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

permanent
永久的
They need a permanent home, not a temporary shelter. temporary 强调短期;permanent 强调长期稳定。
contemporary
当代的;同一时代的
The museum shows contemporary Chinese art. temporary 和 contemporary 都有 tempor 线索,但 temporary 是持续时间短,contemporary 是时代关系。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tempor 表时间、时代;temporary = 只持续一段时间的。

contemporary
当代的;同一时代的
The museum shows contemporary Chinese art.
time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment.
permanent
永久的
They need a permanent home, not a temporary shelter.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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006

contemporary

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[kən'temprəri] · adj. / n. · Page 49-50

modern, from the same period, or a person from the same time

同一时代的;当代的, 现代的;同代人, 同辈人

联想

contemporary = con- 共同 + tempor 时代 + -ary:可以说“当代的”,也可以说“同一时代的/同代人”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.当代的、现代的

修饰艺术、文学、社会等,表示属于现在或近现代。

常见表达contemporary artcontemporary literaturecontemporary society

I am interested in contemporary Chinese literature.

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contemporary Chinese literature 在这里指当代中国文学。

The museum shows contemporary Chinese art.

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contemporary art 指当代艺术。

adj.同一时代的

和 with 连用时,表示两个人或事物处在同一历史时期。

常见表达be contemporary withevents contemporary with each other

These poems are contemporary with the early Tang paintings.

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be contemporary with 表示处于同一时期。

n.同代人、同辈人

作可数名词,常用 a contemporary of sb. 表示某人的同代人。

常见表达a contemporary ofhis contemporaries

Cervantes was a contemporary of Shakespeare.

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a contemporary of Shakespeare 表示莎士比亚的同代人。

Her contemporaries admired her courage.

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contemporaries 指与她同一时代的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

temporary
暂时的;临时的
The school opened a temporary classroom after the storm. temporary 是持续时间短;contemporary 是属于某个时代或同一时代。
modern
现代的
Modern technology changes how people learn. modern 多指现代;contemporary 还可表示同一时代的人或事物。
ancient
古代的
Ancient stories still influence contemporary writers. ancient 指古代;contemporary 指当代或同一时期。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con-=共同 + tempor=时代 + -ary;共同处在一个时代,或属于当代。

temporary
暂时的;临时的
The school opened a temporary classroom after the storm.
time
时间
We need more time to finish the experiment.
modern
现代的
Modern technology changes how people learn.

词族导图

time / tempor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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007

complete

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[kəm'pli:t] · adj. / vt. · Page 50

whole, total, finished, or to finish or fill in something

完全的, 彻底的;完整的, 整个的;完成, 结束;使完整;填写(表格)

联想

complete 的核心是“满到没有缺口”:形容词可表示完全或完整,动词表示把事情做完、补完整或填完表格。

意思、用法与例句

adj.完全的、彻底的

表示程度上没有保留或没有例外,常修饰 silence、surprise、change、failure 等抽象名词。

常见表达complete silencea complete surprisea complete change

The classroom fell into complete silence.

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complete silence 表示完全安静,没有声音。

His decision was a complete surprise to everyone.

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a complete surprise 强调出乎所有人意料。

adj.完整的、整个的

表示组成部分齐全,没有缺少内容,常修饰 list、set、story、picture、report。

常见表达a complete lista complete setthe complete story

The police asked for a complete list of names.

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a complete list 指名字没有遗漏。

The report gives a complete picture of the problem.

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a complete picture 表示对问题的完整呈现。

vt.完成、结束、填写

表示把任务做到结束,也可表示填写表格或补全信息。

常见表达complete a taskcomplete a formcomplete a coursecomplete the project

Please complete the form before Friday.

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complete the form 表示把表格填写完整。

They completed the bridge after two years of work.

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completed the bridge 表示工程终于完成。

complete 作动词比 finish 更正式一些,常用于任务、课程、项目和表格。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

incomplete
不完整的;未完成的
The file is incomplete, so please check it again. incomplete 是 complete 作形容词时最直接的反义词。
accomplish
完成;实现
The team accomplished its goal after weeks of work. complete 强调做完;accomplish 更强调经过努力达成目标。

词族线索 / 同组词

completely
完全地;彻底地
The answer was completely different from mine. complete 是形容词或动词;completely 是副词,修饰形容词、动词或整句话。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ple / plete 可作“填满、完成”的记忆线索:complete 是满到完整,supply 是填补所需。

completely
完全地;彻底地
The answer was completely different from mine.
accomplish
完成;实现
The team accomplished its goal after weeks of work.
supply
供给;供应
This river supplies water to nearby farms.

词族导图

complete / plenty / supply 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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008

completely

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[kəm'pli:tli] · adv. · Page 50

totally, fully, or in every way

完全地, 彻底地

联想

completely 是 complete 的副词形式,放在形容词或动词前后,强调“完全、彻底”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.完全地、彻底地

修饰形容词或动词,说明状态或动作达到完全程度。

常见表达completely differentcompletely wrongcompletely coveredcompletely forget

The answer was completely different from mine.

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completely different 表示完全不同。

The road was completely covered with snow.

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completely covered 表示被雪全部覆盖。

I completely forgot about the meeting.

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completely forgot 表示彻底忘记。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

partly
部分地
The story is only partly true. partly 表示只到一部分程度,是 completely 的常见反义线索。
totally
完全地
I totally agree with your idea. totally 与 completely 接近,但 totally 更口语。

词族线索 / 同组词

complete
完全的;完成
Please complete the form before Friday. complete 可作形容词或动词;completely 只能作副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

complete
完全的;完成
The report gives a complete picture of the problem.
incomplete
不完整的;未完成的
The file is incomplete, so please check it again.
accomplish
完成;实现
The team accomplished its goal after weeks of work.

词族导图

complete / plenty / supply 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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009

plenty

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['plenti] · pron. · Page 50

a large enough amount or number

充足, 大量

联想

plenty 表示“足够多”,重点不是精确数量,而是数量已经够用。

意思、用法与例句

pron.充足、大量

常用 plenty of 表示数量多且够用;可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词。

常见表达plenty of timeplenty of booksplenty to dohave plenty

There is plenty of time before the train leaves.

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plenty of time 表示时间很充足。

We have plenty of chairs for the meeting.

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plenty of chairs 表示椅子数量足够。

There is plenty to see in the old city.

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plenty to see 表示有很多值得看的东西。

plenty 本身带有“够用”的语气,比单纯 a lot 更强调不缺。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

a lot of
许多
There are a lot of people in the hall. a lot of 只说数量多;plenty of 还暗示数量足够。
lack
缺乏
The plan failed because of a lack of money. lack 表示不够,和 plenty 的“够多”相反。
supply
供应;供应量
The school has a good supply of clean water. plenty 说数量足够;supply 指被提供或储备的东西。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

complete
完整的;完成
The report gives a complete picture of the problem.
supply
供给;供应量
The school has a good supply of clean water.
lack
缺乏
The plan failed because of a lack of money.

词族导图

complete / plenty / supply 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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010

supply

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[sə'plai] · vt. / n. · Page 50

to provide what is needed, or an amount kept for use

供给, 供应, 提供;供应量;补给品, 必需品;供应, 供给

联想

supply 来自“填补所需”的线索:作动词是提供需要的东西,作名词是可用的供应量或补给品。

意思、用法与例句

vt.供给、供应、提供

表示把需要的东西提供给某人、某地或某机构。

常见表达supply sb. with sth.supply sth. to sb.supply water/food/books

The charity supplies children with books.

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supplies children with books 表示给孩子们提供书。

This river supplies water to nearby farms.

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supplies water to farms 表示向农场供水。

n.供应量、供应、补给品

可指可用的储备量,也可指供应行为;复数 supplies 常指食物、药品等必需品。

常见表达water supplyfood supplymedical suppliesa supply of sth.

Our food supply lasted for three days.

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food supply 指可用的食物储备。

Emergency supplies were sent to the village after the flood.

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supplies 指救灾所需的补给品。

注意 supply 作名词时重音仍在后半部分,语义从“提供”转为“可提供的量或物资”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

provide
提供
The program provides free meals for students. provide 更通用;supply 常强调持续提供所需物资。
plenty
充足;大量
There is plenty of time before the train leaves. plenty 说明数量够;supply 指那些被提供或储备的东西。
shortage
短缺
The town faced a shortage of clean water. shortage 表示供应不足,是 supply 名词义的重要反义线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sup-/sub- 可作“从下面补上”的线索,plere 表“填满”,合起来帮助记 supply 的“供给”。

plenty
充足;大量
We have plenty of chairs for the meeting.
complete
完整的;完成
Please complete the form before Friday.
shortage
短缺
The town faced a shortage of clean water.

词族导图

complete / plenty / supply 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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011

accomplish

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[ə'kʌmpliʃ] · vt. · Page 50

to succeed in finishing or achieving a task, goal, or plan

完成(任务), 达到(目的), 实现(计划、诺言等)

联想

accomplish 强调“经过努力把目标完成”,常接 goal、task、mission、plan,比普通 finish 更有成就感。

意思、用法与例句

vt.完成任务、达到目的、实现计划

用于需要努力或有明确目标的完成,宾语常是 goal、task、mission、plan、dream。

常见表达accomplish a goalaccomplish a taskaccomplish a missionaccomplish a plan

The team accomplished its goal after weeks of work.

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accomplished its goal 强调努力后达成目标。

You cannot accomplish the task without careful planning.

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accomplish the task 指完成一项任务。

She accomplished more than anyone expected.

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accomplished more 表示取得了超出预期的成果。

不要把 accomplish 用在很随便的小动作上;它通常带有“成功完成”的语气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

complete
完成;完整的
They completed the bridge after two years of work. complete 强调结束或补完整;accomplish 强调实现目标并取得结果。
achieve
达到;取得
She achieved her dream of becoming a doctor. achieve 和 accomplish 都可接 goal/dream,但 achieve 更强调获得结果或成就。
fail
失败
The plan failed because of a lack of money. fail 是 accomplish 的直接反向:没有达成目标。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accomplishment
成就;成绩;才艺
List all of your accomplishments and achievements.
complete
完成;完整的
They completed the bridge after two years of work.
achieve
达到;取得
She achieved her dream of becoming a doctor.

词族导图

complete / plenty / supply 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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012

pile

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[pail] · n. / vt. · Page 51

a heap or stack, or to put things into a heap or stack

一(大)堆, 一叠;堆积, 堆放

联想

pile 先看得见:名词是一堆或一叠;动词是把东西堆起来、堆放到某处。

意思、用法与例句

n.一堆、一叠

作名词时指可见的一堆或一叠东西,常用于 books、papers、clothes、snow 等。

常见表达a pile of booksa pile of papersin a pile

A pile of books stood on the desk.

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a pile of books 指桌上的一堆书。

She put the old papers in a neat pile.

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in a neat pile 表示整齐地放成一叠。

vt.堆积、堆放

作及物动词时,pile 后接被堆放的东西,常接地点状语说明堆到哪里。

常见表达pile books on the deskpile clothes on the chairpile sth. beside/against sth.

Please pile the newspapers beside the door.

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pile the newspapers 表示把报纸堆放起来。

The children piled their coats on the chair.

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piled their coats on the chair 表示把外套堆到椅子上。

v. phr.pile up 堆积起来、越积越多

pile up 可表示东西被堆起来,也可表示问题、工作等逐渐增多。

常见表达pile upwork piles upsnow piles up

Snow piled up along the side of the road.

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piled up 表示雪越积越多。

If you leave your homework for too long, it will pile up.

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homework piles up 把抽象任务比作越堆越多的东西。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

accumulate
积累;积聚;逐渐增加
Dust accumulated on the old shelves. pile 侧重看得见的一堆或堆放动作;accumulate 强调随时间逐渐积累。
heap
一堆
There was a heap of clothes on the floor. heap 与 pile 都可指一堆;pile 更常见于书、纸、衣服等叠放。
scatter
撒开;散开
The wind scattered the papers across the room. scatter 表示分散开来,和 pile 的“堆在一起”相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pile 是具体的“堆”;accumulate 的 cumul 也可记作 pile/heap,但现代用法更强调逐渐累积。

accumulate
积累;积聚
Dust accumulated on the old shelves.
heap
一堆
There was a heap of clothes on the floor.
scatter
撒开;散开
The wind scattered the papers across the room.

词族导图

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013

accumulate

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[ə'kju:mjəleit] · vt. / vi. · Page 51

to gradually collect something or gradually increase

积累, 积聚;(数量)逐渐增加

联想

accumulate 的重点是“慢慢多起来”:可以是人积累经验、证据、设备,也可以是灰尘、债务、问题自己越积越多。

意思、用法与例句

vt.积累、积聚某物

表示人或机构逐渐收集、积攒经验、信息、证据、财富或物品。

常见表达accumulate evidenceaccumulate experienceaccumulate knowledgeaccumulate devices

As we accumulated more devices, we did not throw out our old ones.

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accumulated more devices 来自源例方向,表示设备越积越多。

Students accumulate useful experience through volunteer work.

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accumulate experience 表示逐步积累经验。

The police accumulated enough evidence to solve the case.

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accumulate evidence 表示逐渐收集证据。

vi.逐渐增加、堆积起来

表示数量、问题、灰尘、债务等随着时间自己增加。

常见表达dust accumulatesdebt accumulatesproblems accumulateaccumulate over time

Dust accumulated on the old shelves.

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dust accumulated 表示灰尘慢慢积起来。

Small savings can accumulate into a large amount.

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savings accumulate 表示小额储蓄逐渐变多。

If we ignore the problem, complaints will accumulate.

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complaints accumulate 表示投诉会逐渐增多。

accumulate 比 collect 更强调“经过一段时间逐渐变多”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pile
一堆;堆放
A pile of books stood on the desk. pile 是结果或动作更具体;accumulate 是逐渐变多的过程。
collect
收集;聚集
She collects stamps from different countries. collect 可指有意识收集;accumulate 常强调慢慢积累或无意中越积越多。
reduce
减少
We should reduce waste in daily life. reduce 表示减少数量,和 accumulate 的逐渐增加相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ac-/ad- 表“向”,cumul 表 pile/heap,-ate 是动词后缀;accumulate 就是东西向一处慢慢堆起来。

accumulation
积聚;积累
The accumulation of dust can damage the machine.
pile
一堆;堆放
Please pile the newspapers beside the door.
collect
收集;聚集
She collects stamps from different countries.

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014

tend

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[tend] · vi. / vt. · Page 51

to be likely to do something, or to take care of someone or something

倾向, 趋向;易于, 往往会;照料, 看护;注意, 专心

联想

tend 有两条常考线:tend to do 表“往往会、倾向于”,直接接宾语时可表示照料病人、孩子或花园。

意思、用法与例句

vi.tend to do:往往会、倾向于

表示某人或某事有某种倾向,或某事经常发生。

常见表达tend to dotend to betend towards sth.

Students tend to remember words better when they use them in sentences.

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tend to remember 表示通常更容易记住。

Small mistakes tend to grow if no one corrects them early.

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tend to grow 表示小错误往往会扩大。

vt.照料、看护

直接接宾语,表示照料病人、伤者、老人、孩子、花园或动物。

常见表达tend the sicktend the injuredtend a garden

Nurses tended the injured people after the accident.

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tended the injured people 表示照料伤者。

He stayed at home to tend his sick father.

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tend his sick father 表示照看生病的父亲。

不要把 tend the sick 误判成 tend to;这里没有介词 to。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

attend
出席;照料;处理
The doctor attended to the patient immediately. attend to 可表示处理或照料;tend 更直接表示倾向或照料。
neglect
忽视;疏于照料
Do not neglect small health problems. neglect 与 tend 的照料义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

tendency
倾向;趋势
He has a tendency to speak too quickly. tend 是动词;tendency 是名词,常用 a tendency to do。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tendere 可作“伸向、朝向”的线索:tend 是朝某方向发展,attend 是把注意力伸向某处,extend 是向外伸展。

tendency
倾向;趋势
He has a tendency to speak too quickly.
attend
出席;照料;处理
The doctor attended to the patient immediately.
extend
延伸;延长;提供
The road extends from the town to the coast.

词族导图

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015

tendency

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['tendənsi] · n. · Page 51

a habit, direction, or likelihood of doing something

倾向, 趋势

联想

tendency 是 tend 的名词形式,常说 a tendency to do,表示某人、某物或情况有某种倾向。

意思、用法与例句

n.倾向、趋势

表示容易出现某种行为、变化或结果。

常见表达a tendency to do sth.a tendency towards sth.show a tendency

He has a tendency to speak too quickly.

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a tendency to speak 指说话过快的习惯倾向。

This material has a tendency to break in cold weather.

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has a tendency to break 表示材料在低温下容易断裂。

The data show a tendency towards slower growth.

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a tendency towards slower growth 表示增长变慢的趋势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

trend
趋势
The trend towards online learning is clear. trend 常指社会或数据趋势;tendency 可指人或物的倾向。
opposite tendency
相反倾向
The two groups showed opposite tendencies. 高中范围内可用 opposite tendency 表示相反倾向,避免生硬词。

词族线索 / 同组词

tend
倾向;往往会
Small mistakes tend to grow if no one corrects them early. tend 是动词;tendency 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tend
倾向;往往会
Students tend to remember words better in context.
trend
趋势
The trend towards online learning is clear.
intention
意图;目的
Her intention was to help, not to criticize.

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016

attend

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[ə'tend] · v. · Page 51

to go to an event or school, or to deal with and care for someone or something

出席, 参加, 到场;定期去;照料, 看护;注意, 专心

联想

attend 分两条:attend a meeting/school 是去参加或上学;attend to a patient/problem 是照料或处理。

意思、用法与例句

v.出席、参加、定期去

后接 meeting、class、school、college、wedding 等,表示到场参加或定期去。

常见表达attend a meetingattend schoolattend class

More than two hundred students attended the meeting.

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attended the meeting 表示出席会议。

She attends a music class every Saturday.

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attends a music class 表示定期上音乐课。

v. phr.attend to:处理、照料、注意

attend to 后接病人、顾客、问题或细节,表示照料、接待、处理或留意。

常见表达attend to a patientattend to a problemattend to details

The doctor attended to the patient immediately.

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attended to the patient 表示照料病人。

The manager promised to attend to the complaint before noon.

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attend to the complaint 表示处理投诉。

Please attend to the details before you hand in the report.

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attend to the details 表示注意细节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

miss
错过;缺席
He missed the meeting because he was ill. miss a meeting 是 attend a meeting 的反向。
tend
倾向;照料
He stayed at home to tend his sick father. tend 可直接表示照料;attend to 还可表示处理问题或接待。

词族线索 / 同组词

attention
注意力;关心
Please pay attention to the safety instructions. attend to 与 pay attention to 都有把注意力放到某处的意思。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

at-/ad- 表“向”,tend 表“伸向”;attend 可理解为人到场或把注意力伸向某事。

attention
注意力;关心
The strange sound caught everyone's attention.
attendant
服务员;护理员
Ask the attendant for help if you need it.
tend
倾向;照料
Nurses tended the injured people after the accident.

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017

attention

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[ə'tenʃn] · n. · Page 52

the act of listening, watching, or thinking carefully about something

注意(力), 关心, 留心

联想

attention 是“注意力”。最核心搭配是 pay attention to,其中 to 是介词,后面接名词、代词或动名词。

意思、用法与例句

n.注意力、关心、留心

表示把听、看、想的重点放在某事上。

常见表达pay attention tocatch one's attentionattract attentiondraw attention to

Please pay attention to the safety instructions.

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pay attention to 表示注意安全说明。

The strange sound caught everyone's attention.

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caught everyone's attention 表示吸引了所有人的注意。

The poster was designed to draw attention to the problem.

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draw attention to 表示把注意力引向问题。

pay attention to 中的 to 是介词,所以可接 doing。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

focus
注意焦点
Try to keep your focus on the main idea. focus 更强调注意力集中点;attention 更泛指注意力。
inattention
不注意
The accident was caused by inattention. inattention 是 attention 的直接反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

attend
出席;处理;照料
Please attend to the details before you hand in the report. attend to 与 attention 都有注意/处理线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

attend
出席;处理;照料
The manager promised to attend to the complaint.
attentive
专心的;体贴的
An attentive listener notices small changes in tone.
inattention
不注意
The accident was caused by inattention.

词族导图

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018

extend

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[ik'stend] · vi. / vt. · Page 52

to stretch, reach, make longer or larger, or offer something

延伸, 伸展;扩大;提供, 给予;延长, 使延期

联想

extend 的核心是“向外伸”:道路可延伸,期限可延长,范围可扩大,也可把帮助、邀请等伸向别人。

意思、用法与例句

vi.延伸、伸展

主语自己向某方向延伸,常用于 road、river、forest、line 等。

常见表达extend from...to...extend across/along

The road extends from the town to the coast.

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road extends 表示道路从城镇延伸到海边。

The forest extends across the hills.

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extends across 表示森林横跨山丘。

vt.延长、扩大

接期限、范围、服务、计划等,表示把长度、时间或范围加大。

常见表达extend a deadlineextend a visitextend the serviceextend the plan

The teacher extended the deadline by two days.

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extended the deadline 表示把截止日期延后两天。

The city decided to extend the bus service to the new school.

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extend the bus service 表示扩大公交服务范围。

vt.提供、给予

较正式地表示给予帮助、欢迎、邀请、感谢等。

常见表达extend helpextend an invitationextend a warm welcomeextend thanks

The school extended a warm welcome to the visitors.

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extended a warm welcome 表示向来访者表示热烈欢迎。

We should extend help to people in need.

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extend help to sb. 表示向某人提供帮助。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

extent
程度;范围
No one knew the full extent of the damage. extent 是达到的范围或程度,不等于 extend 的动作。
shorten
缩短
The editor shortened the article. shorten 是 extend 的延长义反向。

词族线索 / 同组词

extension
延伸;延长;扩建部分;分机
She asked for an extension on her essay. extend 是动词;extension 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ex- 表“向外”,tend 表“伸展”;extend 就是向外伸出、延长或把帮助伸向别人。

extension
延长;扩建部分;分机
She asked for an extension on her essay.
extent
程度;范围
To some extent, I agree with your opinion.
shorten
缩短
The editor shortened the article.

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019

extension

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[ik'stenʃn] · n. · Page 52

an added part, extra time, a phone number part, or the act of making something longer

扩大, 延伸, 延长;电话分机;扩建部分;延期, 延长期

联想

extension 是 extend 的名词:可以是时间延长、建筑扩建部分、电话分机,也可以是范围的延伸。

意思、用法与例句

n.延长、延期、延伸

表示时间、范围或动作上的延长。

常见表达an extension of timeask for an extensionthe extension of the road

She asked for an extension on her essay.

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an extension on her essay 表示论文延期。

The extension of the road will help local villages.

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extension of the road 指道路延伸工程。

n.扩建部分、电话分机

表示建筑物新增部分,或电话号码中的分机号。

常见表达a kitchen extensiona phone extensionextension number

The library built an extension for a reading room.

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an extension 指图书馆扩建部分。

Call extension 215 if you need technical help.

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extension 215 表示 215 分机。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shortening
缩短
The shortening of the speech made it clearer. shortening 与 extension 的延长义相反。
addition
增加部分
The new room is a useful addition to the house. addition 更泛指新增物;extension 常指连接在原物上的延伸部分。

词族线索 / 同组词

extend
延伸;延长;提供
The teacher extended the deadline by two days. extend 是动词;extension 是名词结果或行为。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extend
延伸;延长;提供
The school extended a warm welcome to the visitors.
extent
程度;范围
No one knew the full extent of the damage.
addition
增加部分
The new room is a useful addition to the house.

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020

extent

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[ik'stent] · n. · Page 52

the degree, range, size, or limit of something

程度, 限度;长度, 面积

联想

extent 不是动作,而是“达到多大程度或范围”。高频短语是 to some extent / to a certain extent。

意思、用法与例句

n.程度、范围、限度

表示事情达到的程度、范围、影响或大小。

常见表达to some extentto a certain extentthe full extent ofto a large extent

To some extent, I agree with your opinion.

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to some extent 表示在某种程度上。

No one knew the full extent of the damage.

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the full extent of the damage 表示损害的全部程度。

The success of the plan depends to a large extent on teamwork.

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to a large extent 表示在很大程度上。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

extend
延伸;延长
The forest extends across the hills. extend 是动作;extent 是这个动作或影响达到的范围。
degree
程度
The degree of difficulty was higher than expected. degree 常指程度;extent 还可指范围和影响大小。
limit
限度
There is a limit to what one person can do. limit 强调边界;extent 强调达到的范围或程度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extend
延伸;延长
The road extends from the town to the coast.
extension
延长;扩建部分
She asked for an extension on her essay.
degree
程度
The degree of difficulty was higher than expected.

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021

intend

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[in'tend] · v. / vt. · Page 52

to plan or mean to do something, or design something for a purpose

想要, 打算;意指

联想

intend 表“打算、意指”。最常见是 intend to do,也常用 be intended for 表“为……设计/准备”。

意思、用法与例句

v.打算、计划

表示心里计划做某事,或打算让某人做某事。

常见表达intend to dointend sb. to dointend that...

I intend to finish the report before dinner.

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intend to finish 表示打算完成。

The teacher intended the task to be a short review.

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intended the task to be 表示老师原本设计它作为复习。

v. phr.be intended for/as:为……准备或设计

被动结构说明某物面向的人群、用途或身份。

常见表达be intended forbe intended as

This book is intended for high-school students.

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is intended for 表示这本书面向高中生。

The room was intended as a quiet reading space.

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intended as 表示设计用途。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plan
计划;打算
We plan to leave early tomorrow. plan 更日常;intend 稍正式。
accidentally
偶然地;无意地
I accidentally deleted the file. accidentally 与 intend 的“有意打算”相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

intention
意图;目的
I had no intention of hurting your feelings. intend 是动词;intention 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

intention
意图;目的
Her intention was to help, not to criticize.
intended
为……准备的
This book is intended for high-school students.
pretend
假装
Do not pretend that the problem does not exist.

词族导图

tend / tendere 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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022

intention

星标

[in'tenʃn] · n. · Page 52

a plan, purpose, or aim in someone's mind

意图, 意向, 目的

联想

intention 是 intend 的名词,表示心里的打算、目的或意图。

意思、用法与例句

n.意图、目的、打算

表示做某事背后的计划或目的。

常见表达have no intention of doing sth.with the intention of doing sth.good intentions

Her intention was to help, not to criticize.

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intention was to help 表示她的目的在于帮助。

I had no intention of hurting your feelings.

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had no intention of 表示没有伤害对方的打算。

He went abroad with the intention of improving his English.

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with the intention of 表示带着某个目的。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

purpose
目的
The purpose of the meeting is to solve the problem. purpose 更常指明确目的;intention 更强调内心打算。
accident
意外
The broken window was an accident. accident 表示非故意发生,和 intention 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

intend
打算;意指
I intend to finish the report before dinner. intend 是动词;intention 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

intend
打算;意指
The room was intended as a quiet reading space.
intentional
故意的
The mistake was not intentional.
purpose
目的
The purpose of the meeting is to solve the problem.

词族导图

tend / tendere 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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023

intense

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[in'tens] · adj. · Page 52

very strong in degree, feeling, force, or pressure

十分强烈的;严肃紧张的;热切的

联想

intense 表示强度很高:可说 intense heat、intense competition、intense feeling,也可说气氛严肃紧张。

意思、用法与例句

adj.十分强烈的、强度高的

修饰 heat、pain、pressure、interest、feeling 等,强调程度很强。

常见表达intense heatintense painintense pressureintense interest

The heat was intense at noon.

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intense heat 表示热度非常强。

She felt intense pressure before the final exam.

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intense pressure 表示压力很大。

adj.紧张激烈的、热切的

修饰 competition、training、discussion、look 等,强调竞争、活动或情感很强烈。

常见表达intense competitionintense trainingan intense discussionan intense look

There was intense competition for the scholarship.

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intense competition 表示竞争很激烈。

After an intense discussion, the team changed its plan.

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an intense discussion 表示讨论严肃而激烈。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strong
强的;强烈的
The wind was strong last night. strong 更通用;intense 更强调程度、情感或压力达到很高。
mild
温和的;轻微的
The medicine is for mild pain. mild 是 intense 的常见反义线索。
tentative
暂定的;不确定的
We made a tentative plan for the trip. intense 和 tentative 可放在同一导图记忆,但现代意义不同,不能互当同义或派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

intense 可按“强度很高”直接记;不要把 tent=帐篷硬套到 intense 的现代意义。

intensity
强度;紧张
The intensity of the storm surprised everyone.
mild
温和的;轻微的
The medicine is for mild pain.
tentative
暂定的;不确定的
We made a tentative plan for the trip.

词族导图

intense / tentative / tent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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024

pretend

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[pri'tend] · v. / adj. · Page 52

to act as if something is true when it is not, or imaginary in play

假装, 装作;假装的

联想

pretend 的核心是“装作”。作动词时常接 to do / to be doing / that;作形容词时用于儿童游戏里的“假的、假装的”。

意思、用法与例句

v.假装、装作

表示把不真实的事装成真实,常接不定式、进行式或 that 从句。

常见表达pretend to dopretend to be doingpretend to have donepretend that

The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.

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pretended to be asleep 表示装睡。

Do not pretend that the problem does not exist.

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pretend that 表示装作问题不存在。

She pretended to have finished the work.

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pretended to have finished 表示假装已经完成。

adj.假装的、想象中的

作形容词时常用于儿童游戏或想象场景,表示不是真的。

常见表达a pretend gamea pretend shopa pretend friend

The children opened a pretend shop in the classroom.

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a pretend shop 指游戏中假想的商店。

He poured tea for his pretend guests.

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pretend guests 指想象中的客人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

intend
打算;意指
I intend to finish the report before dinner. intend 是真打算;pretend 是假装。
admit
承认
He admitted that he had made a mistake. admit 是承认真相;pretend 是装作另一种情况。
honest
诚实的
Be honest about what you can do. honest 强调真实表达,与 pretend 的伪装相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pre- 可作“在前、预先”的形式线索,但 pretend 的现代义要直接记为“假装”。

pretence
假装;借口
His smile was only a pretence.
intend
打算;意指
This book is intended for high-school students.
admit
承认
He admitted that he had made a mistake.

词族导图

tend / tendere 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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025

tentative

星标

['tentətiv] · adj. · Page 52

not final or definite, or done carefully because you are unsure

试探性的, 不确定的, 暂定的;犹豫的

联想

tentative 常用于 plan、date、agreement、conclusion,表示还没有最终确定;也可形容说话或行动犹豫试探。

意思、用法与例句

adj.暂定的、不确定的

说明计划、日期、协议、结论等还没最终确定。

常见表达a tentative plana tentative datea tentative agreementa tentative conclusion

We made a tentative plan for the trip.

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a tentative plan 表示旅行计划暂定。

The date is still tentative, so check again tomorrow.

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still tentative 表示日期仍未最终确定。

The scientists reached a tentative conclusion.

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a tentative conclusion 表示暂时性的结论。

adj.试探性的、犹豫的

形容动作、语气或回答不够确定,带试探意味。

常见表达a tentative smilea tentative answersound tentativebe tentative about sth.

Her tentative smile faded when no one answered.

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a tentative smile 表示有些犹豫的微笑。

He sounded tentative about joining the club.

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sounded tentative about 表示对加入社团还不确定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

definite
明确的;确定的
We need a definite answer by Friday. definite 是 tentative 的直接反义线索。
uncertain
不确定的
The result is still uncertain. uncertain 更普通;tentative 常用于暂定计划、结论或试探语气。
tent
帐篷
They slept in a tent near the lake. tentative 可用 tent 的词形线索辅助记忆,但现代义不是“帐篷的”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

原始词义给出 tent=tend + -ative 的记忆线索;教学上要强调 tentative 的现代核心是“暂定、不确定、试探”。

definite
明确的;确定的
We need a definite answer by Friday.
uncertain
不确定的
The result is still uncertain.
tent
帐篷
They slept in a tent near the lake.

词族导图

intense / tentative / tent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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026

tent

星标

[tent] · n. · Page 52

a cloth shelter used for camping or outdoor activities

帐篷

联想

tent 是具体名词“帐篷”,常和 camping、put up、sleep in 搭配。它和 intense/tentative 不构成现代同义词族。

意思、用法与例句

n.帐篷

指露营或户外活动中用布搭成的临时住所。

常见表达put up a tentsleep in a tenta camping tenttake down a tent

They slept in a tent near the lake.

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in a tent 表示住在帐篷里。

A strong wind blew down our tent at night.

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blew down our tent 表示风把帐篷吹倒。

We put up the tent before it got dark.

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put up the tent 表示搭帐篷。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shelter
遮蔽物;临时住所
The cave gave them shelter from the rain. shelter 更泛指遮蔽处;tent 是露营用布帐篷。
tentative
暂定的;不确定的
The date is still tentative. tent 和 tentative 词形相近,但现代意义完全不同。
intense
强烈的
The heat was intense at noon. intense 不表示帐篷,也不是 tent 的常用派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

原始词义用“能伸开或张开的东西”帮助记 tent;现代核心义仍是 camping shelter。

shelter
遮蔽物;临时住所
The cave gave them shelter from the rain.
camping
露营
Camping is popular in summer.
tentative
暂定的;不确定的
We made a tentative plan for the trip.

词族导图

intense / tentative / tent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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027

value

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['vælju:] · n. / vt. · Page 53

worth, usefulness, beliefs, a number, or to consider something important

价值;重要性, 益处;生活准则, 价值观;数值;尊重, 重视

联想

value 先是“值”:物品有价值,建议有用处,人有价值观;作动词时表示重视或珍视。

意思、用法与例句

n.价值、重要性、益处

表示某物值多少钱、有什么用,或对某人有什么意义。

常见表达the value of sth.have great valuebe of value to sb.practical value

The old letter has great value for the family.

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great value 指这封旧信对家人很有意义。

This dictionary is of value to students who read English news.

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be of value to 表示对学生有用。

n.价值观、数值

values 复数常指生活准则或价值观;value 也可指数学或数据中的数值。

常见表达family valuessocial valuesthe value of xa value of 10

The story teaches children the value of honesty and kindness.

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the value of honesty 指诚实的重要性。

If x equals 4, the value of 2x is 8.

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the value of 2x 指数学数值。

vt.尊重、重视、珍视

作动词时接人、品质、关系、机会或时间,表示认为很重要。

常见表达value honestyvalue friendshipvalue timevalue sb.'s advice

Many parents value honesty more than test scores.

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value honesty 表示重视诚实。

Good readers value questions because they lead to deeper thinking.

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value questions 表示珍视问题的作用。

不要把动词 value 的例句套到 be of value to 这个名词短语里。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

valueless
无价值的
The broken ticket was valueless after the show ended. valueless 是 value 的否定义,表示没有价值或没有用处。
worth
价值;值得
The watch is worth a lot of money. worth 常用于 be worth;value 可作名词也可作动词。

词族线索 / 同组词

valuable
有价值的;有用的
The advice was valuable to every beginner. value 是名词或动词;valuable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

value 是核心词;valuable、valueless、evaluate、equivalent 都围绕“值、价值、等值”展开。

valuable
有价值的;有用的
The advice was valuable to every beginner.
evaluate
评估;评价
The teacher evaluated each project carefully.
equivalent
等值的;相当的
One dollar is not equivalent to one euro.

词族导图

value / evalu / equivalent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
028

valuable

['væljuəbl] · adj. · Page 53

worth a lot of money, or very useful and important

很值钱的, 贵重的;很有用的, 很重要的

联想

valuable 有两条:valuable painting 是值钱,valuable advice/experience 是有用重要。invaluable 形似否定,其实表示“极宝贵”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.值钱的、贵重的

修饰物品,表示金钱价值高或值得保护。

常见表达valuable paintingsvaluable jewelrya valuable collection

The museum protects several valuable paintings.

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valuable paintings 指贵重画作。

She locked the valuable jewelry in a safe.

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valuable jewelry 指值钱的珠宝。

adj.有用的、重要的

修饰 advice、experience、lesson、help、information 等,强调对人有帮助或意义。

常见表达valuable advicevaluable experiencebe valuable to sb.valuable information

The advice was valuable to every beginner.

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valuable to beginners 表示对初学者很有帮助。

Volunteer work gave her valuable experience.

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valuable experience 指有用而重要的经历。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

invaluable
极宝贵的
Her support was invaluable during the difficult year. invaluable 不是无价值,而是价值高到无法估量;valueless 才是无价值。
valueless
无价值的
Without clear evidence, the promise seemed valueless. valueless 是 valuable 的直接反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

value
价值;重视
Many parents value honesty more than test scores. value 可作名词或动词;valuable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

value
价值;重视
This dictionary is of value to students.
invaluable
极宝贵的
Her support was invaluable during the difficult year.
valueless
无价值的
The broken ticket was valueless after the show ended.

词族导图

value / evalu / equivalent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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029

valueless

['vælju:ləs] · adj. · Page 53

having no value, usefulness, or importance

无价值的

联想

valueless = value + -less,表示没有价值或没有用处。它和 invaluable 相反:invaluable 是极宝贵,valueless 才是无价值。

意思、用法与例句

adj.无价值的、无用的

表示没有金钱价值、实用价值或可信价值。

常见表达be valuelessvalueless evidencevalueless informationseem valueless

The broken ticket was valueless after the show ended.

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valueless 指演出结束后票没有价值。

Without clear evidence, the promise seemed valueless.

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seemed valueless 表示承诺没有实际价值。

Old data can be valueless if it is no longer accurate.

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valueless data 表示数据失去使用价值。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

valuable
有价值的;有用的
Volunteer work gave her valuable experience. valuable 是 valueless 的反义词。
worthless
无价值的
The fake coin was worthless. worthless 与 valueless 接近,worthless 更口语、更强烈。
invaluable
极宝贵的
The nurse gave invaluable help to the family. invaluable 不是 valueless;它表示非常宝贵。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

value
价值;重视
The old letter has great value for the family.
valuable
有价值的;有用的
The advice was valuable to every beginner.
invaluable
极宝贵的
The nurse gave invaluable help to the family.

词族导图

value / evalu / equivalent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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030

evaluate

星标

[i'væljueit] · vt. · Page 53

to judge the value, quality, importance, or progress of something

评估, 评价, 估计

联想

evaluate = e-/ex- + value + -ate,可记为“把价值判断出来”。常接 project、performance、progress、risk、effect。

意思、用法与例句

vt.评估、评价、估计

对质量、价值、效果、进展或风险作判断,宾语通常是项目、表现、进展、影响等。

常见表达evaluate a projectevaluate performanceevaluate progressevaluate the effect/risk

The teacher evaluated each project carefully.

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evaluated each project 表示认真评价项目。

The doctor evaluated the patient's progress each week.

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evaluated progress 表示评估恢复进展。

Before changing the rule, the school evaluated its possible effect.

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evaluated its possible effect 表示评估可能影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

assess
评估
The coach assessed each player's performance. assess 与 evaluate 接近,都比 judge 更正式。
guess
猜测
Do not guess the answer before reading the passage. guess 缺少依据;evaluate 强调根据标准或证据判断。

词族线索 / 同组词

value
价值;重视
The old letter has great value for the family. evaluate 是判断 value 的动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

e-/ex- 表“向外”,value 是“价值”,-ate 构成动词;evaluate 表示把价值、质量或影响判断出来。

evaluation
评估;评价
The final evaluation included a written report.
value
价值;重视
This dictionary is of value to students.
valuable
有价值的;有用的
The advice was valuable to every beginner.

词族导图

value / evalu / equivalent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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031

equivalent

[i'kwivələnt] · adj. / n. · Page 53

equal in value, meaning, amount, or effect, or a matching thing

等值的, 相当的;相等物, 等价物, 对应词

联想

equivalent 来自 equi=equal + val=value:核心是“价值、意义、效果相等”。作形容词常用 be equivalent to,作名词常用 the equivalent of。

意思、用法与例句

adj.等值的、相当的

说明两个东西在价值、意义、数量或效果上相当。

常见表达be equivalent toroughly equivalent toequivalent valueequivalent effect

One dollar is not equivalent to one euro.

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equivalent to 表示币值不相等。

These two courses are roughly equivalent in difficulty.

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equivalent in difficulty 表示难度大致相当。

n.相等物、等价物、对应词

指作用、意义或价值相当的东西或表达。

常见表达the equivalent ofan English equivalentno exact equivalent

This phrase has no exact equivalent in Chinese.

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no exact equivalent 指没有完全对应的中文表达。

The village received the equivalent of a month's rain in one day.

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the equivalent of 表示相当于一个月的雨量。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

equal
相等的
The two groups had equal numbers of students. equal 更普通;equivalent 强调价值、意义或效果相当。
value
价值;重视
The old letter has great value for the family. equivalent 的 val 是 value 线索,但现代重点是“等值/对应”。
different
不同的
The two words have different meanings. different 是 equivalent 的反向线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

equi=equal,val=value,-ent=形容词/名词后缀;equivalent 表示在价值、意义或效果上相等。

equal
相等的
The two groups had equal numbers of students.
value
价值;重视
The old letter has great value for the family.
equivalence
等值;相等
The teacher explained the equivalence of the two methods.

词族导图

value / evalu / equivalent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
032

energy

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['enedʒi] · n. · Page 53

strength to be active, a power source, or physical power

精力, 活力;能源;能, 能量

联想

energy 有三层常考义:人的精力、社会使用的能源、物理里的能量。先看搭配判断是哪一层。

意思、用法与例句

n.精力、活力

表示人或动物做事、运动、学习的体力和精神活力。

常见表达be full of energyhave enough energysave energy

Breakfast gave her enough energy for the race.

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enough energy 表示比赛所需的体力。

The children were full of energy after the school trip.

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full of energy 表示孩子们精力旺盛。

n.能源

表示可被人类利用的动力来源,如太阳能、风能和清洁能源。

常见表达solar energywind energyclean energysave energy

Solar energy can be used to heat water.

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solar energy 表示太阳能。

Many cities are trying to use more clean energy.

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clean energy 表示清洁能源。

n.物理能量

在科学或物理语境中,表示做功或产生变化的能力。

常见表达energy in physicschemical energyenergy unit

In physics, moving objects have energy.

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physics 语境中 energy 指能量。

The erg is a small unit of energy in old physics texts.

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unit of energy 表示能量单位。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

power
力量;动力;电力
The storm cut off power to the village. power 可指权力、电力或动力;energy 更常指精力、能源或物理能量。
erg
尔格
The erg is a small unit of energy in old physics texts. erg 是低频科学单位,只作为 energy 的物理语境补充,不是普通高频词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

energetic
精力旺盛的
The energetic children ran across the playground. energy 是名词;energetic 是形容词,形容人或活动充满活力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

erg 可作 work/能量单位线索;energy 和 energetic 是现代常用词族,erg 只在科学阅读中作低频单位。

energetic
精力旺盛的
The energetic children ran across the playground.
erg
尔格;能量单位
The erg is a small unit of energy in old physics texts.
energetically
精力充沛地
The players trained energetically before the match.

词族导图

energy / erg 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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033

power

星标

['pauə(r)] · n. / vt. · Page 53-54

ability, influence, control, electricity, or to drive a machine or change

能力;影响力;力量;政治权力, 政权;电力;功率;军事强国;驱动, 推动

联想

power 不是只有“能力”:它可指个人能力、影响力和政治权力,也可指电力/功率;作动词时表示给机器供能或推动变化。

意思、用法与例句

n.能力、力量、影响力

表示某人做事的能力、影响别人的力量,或抽象的力量。

常见表达the power to do sth.the power of sth.have power over sth.

Education gives people the power to change their future.

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the power to change 表示改变未来的能力。

The story shows the power of friendship.

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the power of friendship 表示友谊的力量或影响。

n.政治权力、政权、强国

表示统治或控制的权力,也可指掌权者、政权或强国。

常见表达in powercome to powerpolitical powera world power

The party has been in power for ten years.

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in power 表示掌权。

The country became a major world power after the war.

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a world power 指世界强国。

n.电力、功率

表示供电或机器的功率;停电常说 power cut。

常见表达power cutelectric powerpower supplyengine power

The storm cut off power in the village.

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cut off power 表示切断电力供应。

A power cut stopped the factory machines for two hours.

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power cut 表示停电。

vt.驱动、推动

表示为机器提供动力,或推动变化、发展。

常见表达power a machinebe powered bypower changepower growth

The small boat is powered by a quiet electric motor.

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is powered by 表示由电动马达驱动。

Knowledge can power real change in a community.

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power real change 表示推动真实改变。

动词 power 不要套用 in power 或 power cut 这些名词短语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

energy
精力;能源;能量
Solar energy can be used to heat water. energy 偏“精力/能源/能量”;power 可指电力、权力、能力或驱动动作。
powerless
无力的;无权的
The villagers felt powerless during the storm. powerless 是 power 的否定义,表示无力或无权。

词族线索 / 同组词

powerful
有权势的;强有力的;强大的
The speech had a powerful effect on the audience. power 是名词或动词;powerful 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

powerful
强有力的;有影响力的
A powerful engine pulled the train up the hill.
powerless
无力的;无权的
The villagers felt powerless during the storm.
powered
由……驱动的
The small boat is powered by a quiet electric motor.

词族导图

power / powerful 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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034

available

星标

[ə'veiləbl] · adj. · Page 53

able to be used or obtained, or free to meet or help

可获得的, 可用的;有空的

联想

available 只作形容词,先分物和人:东西 available 是可获得/可使用,人 available 是有空。

意思、用法与例句

adj.物:可获得的、可用的

表示信息、服务、资源、座位、产品等可以获得或使用。

常见表达be availableavailable to sb.available fromavailable onlineavailable for use

Free Wi-Fi is available here.

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available here 表示这里可用。

The report is available on the school website.

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available on 表示可在网站获得。

adj.人:有空的

表示某人有时间见面、帮忙或参加活动。

常见表达be available foravailable to helpavailable after classmake oneself available

Are you available for a short meeting after lunch?

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available for a meeting 表示有空开会。

The teacher is available to answer questions on Friday.

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available to answer 表示有空回答问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

free
有空的;免费的
Are you free after school today? free 可指有空或免费;available 更正式,也可表示资源可获得。
unavailable
不可用的;没空的
The doctor is unavailable this afternoon. unavailable 是 available 的直接反义词。
busy
忙碌的
She is busy with homework tonight. busy 只对应 available 的人有空义,不表示资源不可用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

a-/ad- + vail + -able 可作助记;现代重点记 available=可用/有空。

availability
可获得性;可用性;有空情况
The availability of clean water changed life in the village.
unavailable
不可用的;没空的
The room is unavailable this weekend.
unavailability
不可获得;不可用;没空
The unavailability of seats made travel difficult.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

035

energetic

[,enə'dʒetik] · adj. · Page 54

full of energy, activity, and enthusiasm

精力旺盛的, 充满活力的

联想

energetic 是 energy 的形容词形式,常形容人、孩子、老师、表演、运动或活动充满活力。

意思、用法与例句

adj.精力旺盛的、充满活力的

形容人或活动活跃、有精神、行动力强。

常见表达an energetic childan energetic teacheran energetic performancefeel energetic

The energetic children ran across the playground.

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energetic children 指精力旺盛的孩子。

Our new teacher is energetic and patient.

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energetic and patient 表示老师有活力也有耐心。

The team gave an energetic performance at the festival.

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energetic performance 指充满活力的表演。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

active
活跃的
She is active in the school music club. active 强调经常参与活动;energetic 强调精力和热情充足。
tired
疲倦的
He felt tired after the long walk. tired 是 energetic 的常见反义线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

energy
精力;能源;能量
The children were full of energy after the school trip. energy 是名词;energetic 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

energy
精力;能源;能量
Breakfast gave her enough energy for the race.
energetically
精力充沛地
The players trained energetically before the match.
energetic
精力旺盛的
Our new teacher is energetic and patient.

词族导图

energy / erg 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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036

powerful

星标

['pauəfl] · adj. · Page 54

having great power, strength, influence, or effect

有权势的;强有力的;强大的

联想

powerful 是 power 的形容词:可形容有权势的人或国家,也可形容影响强、效果强或机器强大。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有权势的、有影响力的

形容人、组织、国家或想法能影响他人和事件。

常见表达a powerful persona powerful countrya powerful ideapowerful influence

A powerful leader can influence many decisions.

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powerful leader 指有权势或有影响力的领导者。

Social media has become a powerful influence on young people.

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powerful influence 表示强大的影响力。

adj.强有力的、效果强的、强大的

形容效果、演讲、机器、引擎或自然力量很强。

常见表达a powerful effecta powerful speecha powerful enginea powerful storm

The speech had a powerful effect on the audience.

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powerful effect 指影响很强。

A powerful engine pulled the train up the hill.

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powerful engine 指动力强的引擎。

A powerful storm damaged the old bridge.

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powerful storm 指强大的风暴。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strong
强的
Strong winds closed the road. strong 更通用;powerful 更强调力量、影响或效果强。
weak
弱的
The old radio had a weak signal. weak 是 powerful 的常见反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

power
能力;权力;电力;驱动
The storm cut off power in the village. power 是名词或动词;powerful 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

power
能力;权力;电力;驱动
Education gives people the power to change their future.
powerless
无力的;无权的
The villagers felt powerless during the storm.
powerfully
强有力地
The story speaks powerfully about family and hope.

词族导图

power / powerful 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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037

erg

[ɜ:g] · n. · Page 54

a very small unit of energy in physics

尔格

联想

erg 是低频科学单位,意思是“尔格”,在高中英语里只需要能在物理阅读中识别它和 energy 有关。

意思、用法与例句

n.尔格:物理能量单位

指一个很小的能量单位,多见于科学说明或旧物理文本。

常见表达an erga unit of energymeasure energy in ergs

An erg is a very small unit of energy.

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an erg 修正冠词,说明它是能量单位。

Students met the word erg in a physics reading about energy.

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physics reading 说明它的低频科学语境。

这个词不适合扩展太多日常用法,识别其科学单位义即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

energy
精力;能源;能量
In physics, moving objects have energy. erg 是 energy 的单位线索,不是日常同义词。
unit
单位
A meter is a unit of length. erg 是能量单位;unit 是更通用的“单位”。
allergic
过敏的
She is allergic to peanuts. allergic 含 erg 构词线索,但日常意义是过敏,不是能量。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

erg 可表 work/起作用;erg 本身是能量单位。allergic 可作构词线索,但现代核心义是过敏。

energy
能量;能源;精力
Solar energy can be used to heat water.
erg
尔格;能量单位
An erg is a very small unit of energy.
allergic
过敏的
She is allergic to peanuts.

词族导图

energy / erg 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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038

allergic

星标

[ə'lɜ:dʒik] · adj. · Page 54

having a bad physical reaction to a food, medicine, or substance

异常反应的, 过敏(性)的

联想

allergic 的日常核心是“过敏的”。最重要搭配是 be allergic to... 和 allergic reaction。

意思、用法与例句

adj.过敏的、过敏性的

说明身体对某种食物、药物、花粉等有不良反应。

常见表达be allergic to sth.allergic reactionbecome allergic to sth.highly allergic

She is allergic to peanuts.

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be allergic to peanuts 表示对花生过敏。

He had an allergic reaction after taking the medicine.

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allergic reaction 表示过敏反应。

Some children become allergic to pollen in spring.

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become allergic to pollen 表示对花粉产生过敏。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sensitive
敏感的
Her skin is sensitive to strong sunlight. sensitive 更宽泛;allergic 专指身体过敏反应。
tolerant
能耐受的
Most people are tolerant of this medicine. tolerant 表示能耐受某物,可作 allergic 的反向线索。
erg
尔格;work 线索
An erg is a very small unit of energy. erg 只作构词线索;allergic 的现代日常意义是过敏。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

all=other + erg=work/起作用 + -ic,可辅助理解“身体出现异常反应”;实际学习重点是 be allergic to。

allergy
过敏
Food allergies can be serious.
allergen
过敏原
Pollen is a common allergen in spring.
allergic reaction
过敏反应
He had an allergic reaction after taking the medicine.

词族导图

energy / erg 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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039

point

星标

[pɔint] · n. / vi. / vt. · Page 54

an idea, exact place or moment, score, purpose, or to show direction

观点;小数点;地点;时刻;分数;尖端;目的;指;引导;为……指路;瞄准

联想

point 的核心是“点”:可从一个点引出观点、地点、时刻、分数、尖端,也可作动词表示指向、指出或瞄准。

意思、用法与例句

n.观点、重点、目的

表示说话或文章的要点,也可表示做某事的目的或意义。

常见表达main pointget to the pointoff the pointThere is no point in doing sth.

The main point of the speech was clear.

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main point 指演讲的主要观点。

There is no point in arguing about the result now.

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There is no point in doing 表示做某事没有意义。

n.地点、时刻、分数、小数点、尖端

表示某个具体点,可在空间、时间、分数、数字或物体尖端中出现。

常见表达at this pointon the point of doingone pointdecimal point

Our team won the game by one point.

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one point 指一分。

At this point, the road turns left.

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At this point 指在这个地点。

She was on the point of leaving when the phone rang.

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on the point of doing 表示正要做某事。

vi. / vt.指向、指出、指路、瞄准

作动词时可指手势方向、指出信息、给人指路或把物体瞄准某处。

常见表达point to/atpoint outpoint sb. to/towardspoint sth. at

She pointed to the map and explained the route.

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pointed to 表示指向地图。

The teacher pointed out two mistakes in my essay.

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pointed out 表示指出错误。

Do not point the camera directly at the sun.

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point sth. at 表示把某物对准某处。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appoint
任命;约定
The school appointed a new head teacher. appoint 含 point 形式线索,但现代用法是任命或约定,不等于 point 的观点。
punctuation
标点符号
Good punctuation makes a sentence easier to read. punctuation 借 punct=point 的点号线索,指写作中的标点。
irrelevant
不相关的
That detail is irrelevant to the question. off the point 与 irrelevant 都表示不切题。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

point 可作“点”的核心线索;appoint、punctual、punctuation 只能按词形或词根线索辅助记忆,不能把它们都翻成观点。

appoint
任命;约定
The school appointed a new head teacher.
punctual
准时的
Please be punctual for the interview.
punctuation
标点符号
Good punctuation makes a sentence easier to read.

词族导图

point / punct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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040

appoint

星标

[ə'pɔint] · vt. · Page 54-55

to choose someone officially for a job, or set a time and place

确定, 约定(时间, 地点);任命, 委派

联想

appoint 常考“任命、委派”,也可表示确定时间或地点。appointment 是它的名词,既可指约会,也可指任命。

意思、用法与例句

vt.任命、委派

正式选择某人担任职位或做某事。

常见表达appoint sb. as ...appoint sb. to do sth.appoint sb. captain/manager

The school appointed a new head teacher.

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appointed a new head teacher 表示任命新校长。

They appointed Maria captain of the debate team.

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appointed Maria captain 表示任命 Maria 为队长。

vt.确定、约定时间或地点

较正式地表示确定会议、活动的时间或地点。

常见表达appoint a timeappoint a placeappoint a day for sth.

The committee appointed Friday as the day for the final vote.

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appointed Friday as the day 表示确定日期。

They appointed a quiet room for the interview.

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appointed a room 表示指定地点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

choose
选择
The class chose Li Hua as monitor. choose 更普通;appoint 更正式,常带职位或任务。
dismiss
解雇;免职
The manager was dismissed after the mistake. dismiss/remove 是任命职位义的反向。

词族线索 / 同组词

appointment
约会;任命
I have a doctor's appointment at three. appoint 是动词;appointment 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

appointment
约会;任命
His appointment as manager surprised the staff.
appointed
指定的;约定的
Please arrive at the appointed time.
appointee
被任命者
The appointee will start work next Monday.

词族导图

point / punct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
041

appointment

星标

[ə'pɔintmənt] · n. · Page 55

an arranged meeting, or the act of choosing someone for a position

约会, 约定;任命, 委任

联想

appointment 最常见是“预约、约会”,如 doctor's appointment;也可指“任命”,如 appointment as manager。

意思、用法与例句

n.约会、预约、约定

表示已经安排好的见面、就诊或办事时间。

常见表达make an appointmentkeep an appointmentcancel an appointmenta doctor's appointment

I have a doctor's appointment at three.

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doctor's appointment 指看医生的预约。

Please call ahead to make an appointment.

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make an appointment 表示预约。

She had to cancel an appointment because of the storm.

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cancel an appointment 表示取消约定。

n.任命、委任

表示任命某人担任职位这件事。

常见表达appointment asappointment to a postofficial appointment

His appointment as manager surprised the staff.

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appointment as manager 指被任命为经理。

The announcement of her appointment came on Monday.

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announcement of her appointment 指任命公告。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reservation
预订
We made a dinner reservation for six. reservation 多指餐厅、酒店、座位预订;appointment 多指见人或办事的预约。
cancellation
取消
The cancellation of the visit disappointed the students. cancel an appointment 是取消预约。

词族线索 / 同组词

appoint
任命;约定
They appointed Maria captain of the debate team. appoint 是动词;appointment 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

appoint
任命;约定
The school appointed a new head teacher.
appointed
指定的;约定的
Please arrive at the appointed time.
appointee
被任命者
The appointee will start work next Monday.

词族导图

point / punct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

punctual

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['pʌŋktʃuəl] · adj. · Page 55

arriving or happening at the correct time

准时的, 守时的

联想

punctual 借 punct=point 的“点”记成“踩在时间点上”,现代核心就是准时、守时。

意思、用法与例句

adj.准时的、守时的

形容人、交通工具或活动按规定时间到达或发生。

常见表达be punctualpunctual for classpunctual servicearrive punctually

A punctual student arrives before the bell.

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punctual student 指守时的学生。

The bus is usually punctual in the morning.

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punctual bus 表示公交通常准点。

Please be punctual for the interview.

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be punctual for 表示面试要准时。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

on time
准时
The train arrived on time. on time 是常用短语;punctual 是形容词。
late
迟到的
He was late for class again. late 是 punctual 的直接反义词。
punctuation
标点符号
Good punctuation makes a sentence easier to read. 两者都有 punct 线索,但 punctual 管时间,punctuation 管写作符号。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

punct=point 点;punctual 可理解为“正好在时间点上”。

punctually
准时地
The meeting started punctually at nine.
punctuality
守时
Punctuality is important in an interview.
punctuation
标点符号
Good punctuation makes a sentence easier to read.

词族导图

point / punct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

punctuation

[,pʌŋktʃu'eiʃn] · n. · Page 55

writing marks such as commas, periods, and question marks

标点符号

联想

punctuation 是写作里的标点符号系统,如 comma、period、question mark。它帮助句子停顿和表达结构。

意思、用法与例句

n.标点符号、标点用法

指写作中逗号、句号、问号等符号及其使用。

常见表达correct punctuationpunctuation markuse punctuationcheck punctuation

Good punctuation makes a sentence easier to read.

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Good punctuation 指标点使用得好。

The teacher corrected my punctuation in the paragraph.

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corrected my punctuation 表示修改标点。

A question mark is a punctuation mark.

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punctuation mark 指具体标点符号。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

comma
逗号
Use a comma to separate the two parts of the sentence. comma 是一种 punctuation mark。
period
句号
American English often uses period for a full stop. period 是一种 punctuation mark,也可与 point 的“点”线索相通。
punctual
准时的
Please be punctual for the interview. punctual 说时间准点;punctuation 说写作标点。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

punct=point 点;punctuation 是用点号、逗号等标记句子结构。

punctuate
给……加标点
Please punctuate the sentence correctly.
punctuation mark
标点符号
A question mark is a punctuation mark.
punctual
准时的
Please be punctual for the interview.

词族导图

point / punct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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044

character

星标

['kærəktə(r)] · n. · Page 55

a feature or style, a person's qualities, a story role, or a written symbol

特征, 特点;性格, 品质;人物, 角色;文字, 符号

联想

character 有四条常考线:事物特征、人的性格品质、故事人物、文字或符号。读句子时先看它修饰的是人、故事、还是文字系统。

意思、用法与例句

n.特征、特点

表示某物、某地或情况的特点和整体风格。

常见表达the character of sth.local characterchange the character of sth.

Old houses give the street its special character.

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special character 指街道独特风貌。

The new buildings changed the character of the town.

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changed the character 指改变了城镇特点。

n.性格、品质

表示人的性格、道德品质或行为风格。

常见表达good characterstrong characterin characterout of character

Good character matters more than a quick victory.

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good character 指良好品质。

His rude reply was out of character.

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out of character 表示不像他平时的性格。

n.人物、角色

表示小说、戏剧、电影等作品中的人物。

常见表达main charactera minor charactera character in a novel

The main character changes a lot in the novel.

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main character 指小说主角。

Each character in the play has a clear purpose.

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character in the play 指戏剧角色。

n.文字、符号

表示书写系统中的字、字母、符号或电脑字符。

常见表达Chinese charactersspecial characterswrite a character

The word is written with three Chinese characters.

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Chinese characters 指汉字。

The password must include at least one special character.

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special character 指特殊符号。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

personality
性格
Her personality is warm and open. personality 只指性格;character 还可指品质、角色和文字。
symbol
符号
The heart is a common symbol of love. symbol 是符号;character 可指文字系统里的单个符号。

词族线索 / 同组词

characteristic
特有的;特征
Patience is an important characteristic of a good teacher. character 可指特征或性格;characteristic 可作形容词或名词,强调典型特征。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

characteristic
特有的;特征
A red roof is characteristic of houses in this village.
characterize
是……的特征;描述特征
Clear examples characterize her writing.
characterization
人物塑造;特征描述
The novel's characterization feels natural.

词族导图

character / characteristic 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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045

characteristic

星标

[,kærəktə'ristik] · adj. / n. · Page 55

typical of someone or something, or a typical feature

特有的, 典型的;特征, 特点

联想

characteristic 来自 character,既可作形容词“特有的、典型的”,也可作名词“特征”。重点搭配是 be characteristic of 和 a characteristic of。

意思、用法与例句

adj.特有的、典型的

说明某种行为、风格或特征很能代表某人、某物或某地。

常见表达be characteristic ofa characteristic stylecharacteristic behavior

A red roof is characteristic of houses in this village.

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is characteristic of 表示红屋顶是当地房屋典型特征。

Her careful planning is characteristic of her work.

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characteristic of her work 表示她工作的一贯特点。

n.特征、特点

指人、事物或地方具有的典型特点。

常见表达a characteristic ofan important characteristicshare a characteristic

Patience is an important characteristic of a good teacher.

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an important characteristic 指重要特征。

One characteristic of this plant is its thick leaves.

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One characteristic of 表示一个特点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

typical
典型的
This meal is typical of the local food. typical 与 characteristic 接近;characteristic 更常强调特征能代表某物。
unusual
不寻常的
The weather was unusual for May. unusual 可作 characteristic 的反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

character
特征;性格;角色;文字
Good character matters more than a quick victory. characteristic 强调典型特征;character 的范围更宽。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

character
特征;性格;角色;文字
The main character changes a lot in the novel.
characterize
是……的特征;描述特征
Clear examples characterize her writing.
characteristically
典型地;具有特征地
He characteristically arrived ten minutes early.

词族导图

character / characteristic 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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046

one

[wʌn] · num. / pron. · Page 56

the number 1, or a person or thing already mentioned

一;一个, 一只等

联想

one 是本组的核心:既是数字“一”,也可作代词替代前面提到的人或物。one by one 表示一个接一个。

意思、用法与例句

num.数字一、一个

表示数量为一,可修饰名词或作数词。

常见表达one studentone dayone by one

One student stayed after class to ask a question.

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One student 表示一名学生。

The children entered the room one by one.

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one by one 表示一个接一个。

pron.代替前面提到的人或物

代替已经提过的可数单数名词,避免重复。

常见表达the onethis oneanother one

This phone is cheaper than the one in the window.

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the one 代替 the phone。

I lost my pen, so I bought another one.

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another one 代替 another pen。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

none
没有一个
None of the answers was correct. none 是 not one / not any,与 one 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

only
唯一的;只
He was the only person who knew the password. only 可用 one 的“一”作记忆线索,但 one 是数词/代词。
once
一次;曾经;一旦
I have read this story once before. once 把 one 的“一次”发展成副词和连词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

one 表“一”;alone、only、once、none 可用 one 作记忆线索,uni- 系列则走“合一/单一”线。

alone
独自;单独
She walked home alone after the club meeting.
once
一次;一旦
Once you start, do not give up halfway.
unit
单元;单位
This unit focuses on word families.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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047

alone

星标

[ə'ləʊn] · adj. / adv. · Page 56

without other people, by oneself, or only

独自;单独, 独力;仅仅, 只

联想

alone 说客观上“一个人/单独”,不一定伤心;lonely 才强调主观孤独难过。

意思、用法与例句

adv.独自、单独地

修饰动作,表示没有别人一起做。

常见表达live alonewalk alonework alonedo sth. alone

She walked home alone after the club meeting.

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walked home alone 表示独自回家。

The old man lives alone but has many visitors.

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lives alone 是客观独居,不一定孤独。

adj.单独的、独自的

作表语,说明某人或某物处于单独状态。

常见表达be alonefeel aloneleave sb. alone

The child was alone in the classroom for a few minutes.

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was alone 表示孩子单独在教室里。

Please leave me alone while I finish this report.

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leave me alone 表示让我单独待着。

adv.仅仅、只

放在名词或代词后,强调只凭某人或某事就足够。

常见表达money alonethis reason aloneby effort alone

Money alone cannot solve the problem.

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Money alone 表示仅靠钱。

This reason alone is enough to change our plan.

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This reason alone 表示仅凭这个理由。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lonely
孤独的;寂寞的
He felt lonely in the new city. alone 是客观单独;lonely 是主观感到孤独。
together
一起
The students worked together on the poster. together 是 alone 的常见反义词。
oneself
自己
One should learn to protect oneself online. by oneself 与 alone 接近,都可表示独自。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

alone 可按 all + one 记忆,强调单独一个;lonely 是同组易混形容词。

lonely
孤独的;荒凉的
He felt lonely in the new city.
oneself
自己
One should learn to protect oneself online.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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048

lonely

星标

['ləʊnli] · adj. · Page 56

sad because one feels alone, or far from people and places

孤独的, 寂寞的;荒凉的, 人烟稀少的

联想

lonely 强调感受:人感到孤独、地方显得荒凉。它不同于 alone,alone 只是客观单独。

意思、用法与例句

adj.孤独的、寂寞的

形容人因缺少陪伴而难过。

常见表达feel lonelya lonely childlonely in a new place

He felt lonely in the new city.

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felt lonely 表示主观感到孤独。

A lonely child may need friendship more than advice.

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lonely child 指感到孤单的孩子。

adj.荒凉的、人烟稀少的

形容地方偏僻、少有人经过。

常见表达a lonely roada lonely islanda lonely village

They drove along a lonely road through the mountains.

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lonely road 指偏僻少人的道路。

The story begins on a lonely island.

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lonely island 指荒凉孤立的岛。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

alone
独自;单独
She walked home alone after the club meeting. alone 是事实状态;lonely 是孤独感或荒凉感。
isolated
孤立的;偏僻的
The village is isolated in winter. isolated 强调与外界隔开;lonely 可强调人难过或地方荒凉。
friendly
友好的;亲切的
A friendly smile made the new student relax. friendly company 可缓解 lonely 的感受。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

alone
独自;单独
The old man lives alone but has many visitors.
loneliness
孤独
Loneliness can affect a person's health.
lonely
孤独的;荒凉的
They drove along a lonely road through the mountains.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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049

once

星标

[wʌns] · adv. / conj. · Page 56

one time, formerly, or as soon as something happens

一次, 一回;曾经, 以前;一旦

联想

once 从 one 的“一”发展出三条:一次、曾经、一旦。短语 at once 是立刻,不是“一次”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.一次、一回

表示动作发生过一回。

常见表达once beforeonce or twiceonly once

I have read this story once before.

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once before 表示以前读过一次。

She called me once or twice during the holiday.

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once or twice 表示一两次。

adv.曾经、以前

表示过去曾经有某种状态或情况。

常见表达once livedonce wasonce famousonce upon a time

My grandfather once lived in this village.

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once lived 表示曾经住过。

Once upon a time, the valley was covered with trees.

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Once upon a time 是故事开头“从前”。

conj.一旦

引导条件或时间从句,表示某事一发生,后面的情况就会出现。

常见表达once you doonce it beginsonce finished

Once you start, do not give up halfway.

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Once you start 表示一旦开始。

Once the door is closed, it locks automatically.

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Once the door is closed 表示门一关上。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

at once
立刻
Please send the message at once. at once 是固定短语“立刻”,不是 one time。
never
从不
He never missed a class. never 与 once 的“曾经/一次”形成频率对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

one
一;一个
One student stayed after class to ask a question. once 保留 one 的“一次”线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

once = one + 副词/连词后缀线索;固定短语应按 patterns 记,不当作派生词。

one
一;一个
The children entered the room one by one.
once
一次;曾经;一旦
Once you start, do not give up halfway.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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050

onion

['ʌnjən] · n. · Page 56

a round vegetable with many layers and a strong smell or taste

洋葱, 洋葱头

联想

onion 是普通名词“洋葱”。可用“许多层合成一个洋葱”的画面辅助记忆,但现代用法就是食物和蔬菜。

意思、用法与例句

n.洋葱、洋葱头

指有许多层、常用于做菜的蔬菜。

常见表达an onioncut an onionadd oniononion soup

She cut an onion for the soup.

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an onion 指一个洋葱。

The soup tasted better after we added onion.

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added onion 中 onion 表示洋葱这种食材。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

vegetable
蔬菜
Carrots and onions are common vegetables. vegetable 是大类;onion 是具体蔬菜。
one
One student stayed after class to ask a question. “多层合一”可帮助记 onion,但 onion 不是 one 的普通派生词。
union
联合;工会
The workers formed a union to protect their rights. onion 和 union 形近但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

onion 按食物名词掌握;one/union 只作记忆或形近提醒,不作现代派生词。

非派生记忆线索

one
多层合成一个整体的记忆线索
An onion has many layers but forms one vegetable.
union
形近易混词:联合;工会
The workers formed a union to protect their rights.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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051

only

星标

['əʊnli] · adj. / adv. · Page 56-57

the single one, just, no more than, or nothing except

唯一的, 仅有的;只, 仅仅;只是, 不过;只限, 只有

联想

only 可作形容词“唯一的”,也可作副词“只、仅仅”。if only 是愿望句;only if 是“只有……才”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.唯一的、仅有的

放在名词前,表示只有这一个或这一类。

常见表达the only personthe only wayan only child

He was the only person who knew the password.

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the only person 表示唯一知道密码的人。

Reading every day is not the only way to improve vocabulary.

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the only way 表示唯一方法。

adv.只、仅仅、不过

限制数量、范围或程度,强调没有更多。

常见表达only fiveonly a fewonly justonly because

Only five students chose the harder task.

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Only five 表示只有五个。

I called only because I wanted to check the time.

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only because 表示只是因为。

phr.if only / only if / only to do

三个固定结构意义不同:if only 表愿望,only if 表条件,only to do 表意外或失望结果。

常见表达if onlyonly ifonly to do sth.

If only I had brought an umbrella.

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If only 表示要是……就好了。

You can enter the lab only if a teacher is with you.

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only if 表示只有在某条件下才可以。

He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.

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only to find 表示结果令人失望。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

just
仅仅;只是
I just wanted to ask a question. just 与 only 接近,但 only 更强调限制范围。
many
许多
Many students joined the club. many 与 only one/few 的数量限制相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

one
一;一个
The children entered the room one by one. only 的“唯一”可用 one 作记忆线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

only 可用 one 的“唯一”线索记忆;if only / only if 属固定结构,应放在 patterns 中掌握。

one
一;一个
One student stayed after class to ask a question.
only
唯一的;只
Only five students chose the harder task.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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052

none

[nʌn] · pron. · Page 57

not one, not any, or no amount

全无, 没有一点儿

联想

none = not one / not any,表示一个也没有或一点也没有。none of 后接复数名词时,正式英语常用单数或复数动词都可见。

意思、用法与例句

pron.没有一个、没有一点

表示人、物或数量全无。

常见表达none ofnone at allnone left

None of the answers was correct.

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None of the answers 表示答案中没有一个。

There was none of the cake left after lunch.

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none of the cake 表示蛋糕一点也没剩。

None of my classmates had seen the film.

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None of my classmates 表示同学中没有人看过。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

one
一;一个
One student stayed after class to ask a question. none 可理解为 not one。
some
一些
Some of the answers were correct. some 与 none 在数量上相对。
nonetheless
然而
The task was hard; nonetheless, we finished it. nonetheless 是原始词义相关词,意义不是 none 本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

none 可按 no + one 记忆;nonetheless 是原始词义相关拓展词,意义另记。

one
一;一个
The children entered the room one by one.
none
没有一个;没有一点
None of the answers was correct.
nonetheless
然而
The task was hard; nonetheless, we finished it.

词族导图

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053

oneself

[wʌn'self] · pron. · Page 57

a reflexive pronoun meaning the same person as one

自己, 自身

联想

oneself 是 one 的反身代词,常用于泛指“一个人自己”。正式或书面语中可说 teach oneself、protect oneself。

意思、用法与例句

pron.自己、自身

反身代词,表示动作回到泛指主语 one 自己身上。

常见表达teach oneselfprotect oneselfby oneselfenjoy oneself

One should learn to protect oneself online.

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protect oneself 表示保护自己。

It is hard to teach oneself a language without practice.

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teach oneself 表示自学。

A person can enjoy oneself even on a quiet day.

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enjoy oneself 表示过得愉快。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

by oneself
独自
She finished the model by herself. by oneself 表示独自完成,和 alone 接近。
others
别人
We should respect others. others 与 oneself 的“自己”相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

one
一;某人
One should be careful online. oneself 是 one 的反身形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

oneself = one + self,表示泛指主语自己;by oneself 是固定短语,放在 pattern 中掌握。

one
一;某人
One should be careful online.
oneself
自己;自身
One should learn to protect oneself online.
self
自我;自己
Self-control is important for learning.

词族导图

one / unite / unit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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054

unite

星标

[ju'nait] · v. · Page 57

to join together or make people join together for a shared purpose

(使)联合, (使)团结, (使)统一

联想

unite 走 uni- 的“一”线:把不同的人、地方或想法合成一个整体。既可及物,也可不及物。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.(使)联合、团结、统一

表示让不同部分合到一起,或人们自己团结起来。

常见表达unite peopleunite a countryunite againstunite behind

The festival helped unite the community.

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unite the community 表示使社区团结。

The disaster united people from different towns.

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united people 表示把不同城镇的人团结起来。

The students united behind a simple plan.

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united behind 表示围绕计划团结起来。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

divide
分开;分裂
The argument divided the group. divide 是 unite 的反向动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

united
联合的;团结的
The team stayed united after the defeat. unite 是动词;united 是形容词或过去分词。
reunite
再联合;重聚
The family reunited after many years apart. reunite 加 re-,表示再次聚到一起。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni- 表 one;unite 是把多个部分合成一个整体。

united
联合的;团结的
The team stayed united after the defeat.
reunite
重聚;再联合
The family reunited after many years apart.
union
联合;工会
The workers formed a union to protect their rights.

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055

united

[ju'naitid] · adj. · Page 57

joined together or working as one group

联合的, 团结的, 统一的

联想

united 是 unite 的形容词/过去分词,强调人、团队或国家作为一个整体行动。

意思、用法与例句

adj.联合的、团结的、统一的

形容群体目标一致、行动一致或组成整体。

常见表达be unitedstay unitedbe united ina united effort

The team stayed united after the defeat.

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stayed united 表示失败后仍团结。

The students were united in their support for the plan.

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were united in 表示在支持计划上意见一致。

Protecting the river will require a united effort.

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a united effort 表示共同努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

divided
分裂的
The class was divided over the new rule. divided 是 united 的反义线索。
together
一起
We worked together to finish the poster. together 是一般“一起”;united 更强调团结成整体。

词族线索 / 同组词

unite
联合;团结
The festival helped unite the community. unite 是动词;united 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni- 表 one;united 是 unite 的形容词/过去分词形式。

unite
联合;团结
The students united behind a simple plan.
union
联合;工会
The workers formed a union to protect their rights.
unity
团结;统一
Unity helped the team survive a difficult year.

词族导图

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056

reunite

[,ri:ju'nait] · v. · Page 57

to bring people or things together again after separation

(使)再联合, (使)再重聚

联想

reunite = re- again + unite:分开后重新团聚或重新联合。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.再联合、重聚

表示分开后再次到一起,可指家人、朋友、团队或组织。

常见表达reunite withbe reunited withreunite a familyreunite after years apart

The family reunited after many years apart.

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reunited after many years apart 表示多年分离后团聚。

The old friends reunited at the railway station.

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reunited at the station 表示老朋友重聚。

The program helps reunite lost children with their parents.

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reunite children with parents 表示帮助孩子与父母重聚。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

separate
分开
The two roads separate near the bridge. separate 是 reunite 的反向动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

unite
联合;团结
The festival helped unite the community. reunite 比 unite 多了“再次”的 re-。
reunion
重聚;团圆
The school reunion brought old classmates together. reunion 是 reunite 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- 表 again,uni- 表 one;reunite 表再次合到一起。

unite
联合;团结
The disaster united people from different towns.
reunion
重聚;团圆
The school reunion brought old classmates together.
united
团结的;联合的
The team stayed united after the defeat.

词族导图

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057

union

星标

['ju:njən] · n. · Page 57

an organization of joined people, an alliance, or the act of joining

工会, 协会, 联合会;联盟;联合

联想

union 是 uni- 的名词线:人或组织联合成一个整体。最常见是 workers' union 工会,也可指联盟或联合。

意思、用法与例句

n.工会、协会、联合会

表示为共同利益联合起来的组织。

常见表达a workers' unionstudent uniontrade unionform a union

The workers formed a union to protect their rights.

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formed a union 表示成立工会。

The student union organized a charity sale.

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student union 指学生会。

n.联盟、联合

表示多个部分合在一起的状态或联盟。

常见表达a union ofpolitical unioneconomic union

Marriage is often described as a union of two people.

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a union of two people 指两人的结合。

The two small clubs worked in union for the festival.

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in union 表示联合行动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

division
分裂;分开
The division of the group made the work harder. division 是 union 的反义线索。
onion
洋葱
She cut an onion for the soup. union 与 onion 形近,但意义不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

unite
联合;团结
The festival helped unite the community. unite 是动词;union 是组织或联合状态。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni- 表 one;union 是把多个成员合成一个组织或整体。

unite
联合;团结
The festival helped unite the community.
united
团结的;联合的
The team stayed united after the defeat.
unity
团结;统一
Unity helped the team survive a difficult year.

词族导图

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058

unit

['ju:nit] · n. · Page 57

one part of a larger whole, a lesson section, a measure, or a department

单元;单位;部件;科, 室, 部门

联想

unit 是“一个可分出来的部分”:课本单元、计量单位、机器部件、医院或机构部门都可用 unit。

意思、用法与例句

n.单元、单位

表示课程部分或计量单位。

常见表达Unit 3a unit of measurementa unit of timeper unit

This unit focuses on word families.

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This unit 指学习单元。

A meter is a unit of length.

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unit of length 指长度单位。

n.部件、科室、部门

表示更大系统中的一个组成部分或机构部门。

常见表达a housing unita business unita hospital unitair-conditioning unit

The apartment is one unit in a larger building.

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one unit 指建筑中的一个单元。

The hospital opened a new children's unit.

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children's unit 指儿童科/部门。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unite
联合;团结
The festival helped unite the community. unit 和 unite 都有 uni- 的 one 线索,但 unit 是名词“一个部分/单位”。
whole
整体
Each unit works as part of the whole system. unit 是部分;whole 是整体。
unique
唯一的;独特的
Every student has a unique way of learning. unique 也有 uni- 的 one 线索,但强调独一无二。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni- 表 one;unit 是一个可计量或可分出的部分。

unity
统一;团结
Unity helped the team survive a difficult year.
unite
联合;团结
The disaster united people from different towns.

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059

unique

星标

[ju'ni:k] · adj. · Page 57

being the only one of its kind or special to a person, place, or thing

唯一的, 独特的, 独一无二的;独具的

联想

unique 带 uni- 的 one 线索,表示“独一份、独特”。常说 unique way、unique opportunity、be unique to。

意思、用法与例句

adj.唯一的、独特的、独一无二的

表示某人或某物不同于其他同类,独具特色。

常见表达a unique waya unique chancea unique designquite unique

Every student has a unique way of learning.

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unique way 指独特的学习方式。

This old bridge is unique in our city.

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unique in our city 表示城里独一无二。

adj.为……所独有的

常用 be unique to 表示某特点只属于某地、某人或某物。

常见表达be unique toa feature unique to sth.

This custom is unique to the small island.

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unique to 表示这个习俗为小岛独有。

The bird has a call unique to its species.

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unique to its species 表示该物种独有。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

special
特别的
The day was special to our family. special 较宽泛;unique 更强调独一无二。
common
普通的;常见的
This problem is common among beginners. common 与 unique 的独特性相反。
unit
单元;单位
A meter is a unit of length. unit 和 unique 都有 uni- 线索,但含义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni- 表 one;unique 表“只有一个、独一无二”。

uniquely
独特地
The poem is uniquely personal.
uniqueness
独特性
The uniqueness of the design attracted many visitors.

词族导图

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060

able

星标

['eibl] · adj. · Page 57

having the skill, power, or chance to do something, or very capable

能够……的;有才干的, 能力出众的

联想

able 的核心是“有能力做某事”。最常见结构是 be able to do;作“有才干的”时常形容人很能干。

意思、用法与例句

adj.能够……的

表示具备做某事的能力、机会或条件,后接 to do。

常见表达be able to do sth.be better able to do sth.be able to manage

She is able to solve the problem by herself.

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be able to solve 表示有能力解决。

With help, the child was able to stand again.

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was able to stand 表示在帮助下能够站起来。

adj.有才干的、能力出众的

形容人有能力、能胜任,常用于 able student、able leader。

常见表达an able studentan able leaderan able assistant

The able student explained the rule clearly to her classmates.

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able student 指有能力的学生。

An able leader listens before making a decision.

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able leader 指有才干的领导者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unable
不能……的
He was unable to answer the last question. unable 是 able 的否定义,常用 be unable to do。
capable
有能力的
She is capable of leading the team. capable 常接 of doing;able 常接 to do。

词族线索 / 同组词

ability
能力;才能
Her ability to stay calm impressed the judges. able 是形容词;ability 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

able 表“能够”;ability、enable、unable、disable 都围绕“能力/使能/不能/使不能”展开。

ability
能力;才能
Reading ability improves with regular practice.
enable
使能够;使可能
Online tools enable students to learn at home.
unable
不能……的
He was unable to answer the last question.

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061

ability

星标

[ə'biləti] · n. · Page 57-58

the skill, power, or talent needed to do something

能力;才能, 技能

联想

ability 是 able 的名词,既可说一般能力,也可说某方面才能。常见结构是 ability to do 和 to the best of one's ability。

意思、用法与例句

n.能力

表示做某事的能力,常接 to do。

常见表达ability to do sth.reading abilitylearning ability

Reading ability improves with regular practice.

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reading ability 指阅读能力。

Her ability to stay calm impressed the judges.

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ability to stay calm 表示保持冷静的能力。

n.才能、技能

表示某方面天赋、技能或水平。

常见表达musical abilitynatural abilityto the best of one's ability

The coach noticed his natural ability in running.

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natural ability 指天生才能。

We should finish the task to the best of our ability.

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to the best of our ability 表示尽最大努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

inability
无能;不能
His inability to focus hurt his performance. inability 是 ability 的否定义。
skill
技能
Writing is a skill that improves with practice. skill 更偏具体技能;ability 可泛指能力或才能。

词族线索 / 同组词

able
能够的;有才干的
She is able to solve the problem by herself. able 是形容词;ability 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

able
能够的;有才干的
The able student explained the rule clearly.
inability
无能;不能
His inability to focus hurt his performance.
disability
障碍;残疾
Technology can help people with disabilities study more easily.

词族导图

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062

disable

[dis'eibl] · vt. · Page 58

to make a person less able to do something, or make a machine or system stop working

使丧失能力, 使伤残;使无效

联想

disable = dis- + able,核心是“使不能”。可用于人因事故或疾病丧失能力,也可用于机器、系统或按钮被关闭或失效。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使丧失能力、使伤残

表示事故、疾病等让人的身体功能或活动能力受限。

常见表达be disabled byan accident disabled a hand/legillness can disable

The accident disabled his right hand for several months.

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disabled his right hand 表示右手一段时间失去功能。

A serious illness can disable a person's movement if treatment comes too late.

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disable a person's movement 比直接给人贴标签更具体。

vt.使无效、使停止工作

表示让机器、系统、功能或程序不能工作。

常见表达disable a systemdisable an alarmdisable a functiondisable a button

The accident disabled the alarm system.

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disabled the alarm system 表示报警系统失效。

You can disable the phone's location function in settings.

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disable the location function 表示关闭定位功能。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

enable
使能够;使可能
Online tools enable students to learn at home. enable 是使能;disable 是使不能或使失效。
turn off
关闭
Please turn off the alarm before testing the door. turn off 更口语;disable 更强调功能被停用。

词族线索 / 同组词

disabled
残疾的;功能失效的
The school provides disabled access to the library. disabled 是形容词或过去分词;disable 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- 表否定或相反,able 表能够;disable 表使人或系统不能正常发挥能力。

enabled
可用的;已启用的
The feature is enabled by default.
disabled
残疾的;禁用的
The disabled button cannot be clicked.
disability
障碍;残疾
The law protects people with disabilities from unfair treatment.

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able 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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063

disabled

星标

[dis'eibld] · adj. · Page 58

having a disability, or not working because a function has been turned off

残疾的, 伤残的;被禁用的, 失效的

联想

disabled 描述人时要尊重语境,常见 people with disabilities;也可描述设备或按钮被禁用。

意思、用法与例句

adj.残疾的、伤残的

形容人因身体或身心条件在活动上受限;教学中优先掌握 people with disabilities 这种更自然表达。

常见表达people with disabilitiessupport disabled athletesdisabled accessaccessible entrance

The school built a ramp for students with disabilities.

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students with disabilities 是更自然尊重的表达。

The new library has an accessible entrance at the front door.

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accessible entrance 表示无障碍入口。

adj.被禁用的、失效的

形容功能、按钮、账户等被关闭,不能使用。

常见表达a disabled buttona disabled accountdisabled function

The disabled button turned gray on the screen.

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disabled button 指被禁用的按钮。

A disabled account cannot send messages.

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disabled account 指被停用的账户。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

able-bodied
身体健全的
The race welcomed both disabled and able-bodied runners. able-bodied 可作身体条件语境中的反义线索。
enabled
已启用的
The enabled option appears in blue. enabled 是功能语境中 disabled 的反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

disability
残疾;障碍
Technology can help people with disabilities study more easily. disabled 是形容词;disability 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

disability
残疾;障碍
The law protects people with disabilities from unfair treatment.
disable
使失效;使能力受限
You can disable the phone's location function in settings.
enabled
已启用的
The enabled option appears in blue.

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able 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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064

disability

星标

[,disə'biləti] · n. · Page 58

a physical, mental, or learning condition that may limit activities

伤残, 障碍;学习、身心等方面的障碍

联想

disability 是 disable 的名词,指身体、身心或学习方面的障碍。更自然表达是 people with disabilities。

意思、用法与例句

n.残疾、身心或活动障碍

指可能限制活动的身体或身心条件。

常见表达a disabilitypeople with disabilitiesdisability rightslive with a disability

Technology can help people with disabilities study more easily.

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people with disabilities 是自然且尊重的表达。

The law protects people with disabilities from unfair treatment.

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protects people with disabilities 表示保护残障人士权益。

n.学习等方面的障碍

用于学习、阅读、听力等具体能力领域。

常见表达learning disabilityreading disabilitysupport for disabilities

The school offers support for students with learning disabilities.

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learning disabilities 指学习障碍。

Early help can make life easier for children with a reading disability.

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reading disability 指阅读障碍。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ability
能力;才能
Reading ability improves with regular practice. ability 是能力;disability 是某方面障碍,不应用作人的全部定义。
accessibility
无障碍性
Accessibility helps everyone use public spaces. accessibility 指环境和服务是否方便残障人士使用。

词族线索 / 同组词

disabled
残疾的;被禁用的
The school built a ramp for students with disabilities. disabled 是形容词;disability 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

disabled
残疾的;被禁用的
The disabled button turned gray on the screen.
disable
使失效;使能力受限
The accident disabled the alarm system.
disabling
造成障碍的;使人受限的
A disabling injury can change daily life.

词族导图

able 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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065

enable

[i'neibl] · vt. · Page 58

to make it possible for someone or something to do something

使可能, 使发生

联想

enable = en- + able,表示“使能够、使成为可能”。最常见结构是 enable sb./sth. to do sth.。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使能够、使成为可能

提供工具、条件或机会,让某人或某事能做某事。

常见表达enable sb. to do sth.enable sth. to happenenable accessenable a function

Online tools enable students to learn at home.

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enable students to learn 表示让学生能够学习。

The new bridge will enable farmers to reach the market faster.

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enable farmers to reach 表示使农民能够到达市场。

This setting enables users to save their work automatically.

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enables users to save 表示使用户能够保存。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disable
使不能;使失效
You can disable the phone's location function in settings. enable 是使能;disable 是使不能或关闭功能。
allow
允许
The rule allows students to borrow two books. allow 强调允许;enable 强调创造条件或提供能力。

词族线索 / 同组词

able
能够的
She is able to solve the problem by herself. enable 的结果是让某人或某物 able to do。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

en- 表“使成为”,able 表能够;enable 表使某人或某事能够做某事。

able
能够的
She is able to solve the problem by herself.
enabled
已启用的
The feature is enabled by default.
disable
使失效;使能力受限
The accident disabled the alarm system.

词族导图

able 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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066

unable

[ʌn'eibl] · adj. · Page 58

not able to do something

不能……的

联想

unable 是 able 的否定形式,常用 be unable to do,比 can't 更正式。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不能……的

表示没有能力、机会或条件做某事,后接 to do。

常见表达be unable to do sth.remain unable to dofeel unable to do

He was unable to answer the last question.

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was unable to answer 表示不能回答。

The driver was unable to stop in time.

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unable to stop 表示没能及时停下。

Some students feel unable to speak English in front of others.

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feel unable to speak 表示觉得自己不能开口。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

able
能够的
She is able to solve the problem by herself. unable 是 able 的否定形式。
incapable
不能的;无能力的
He felt incapable of making the decision. incapable 常接 of doing;unable 常接 to do。
enable
使能够
Online tools enable students to learn at home. enable 是动词“使能够”;unable 是形容词“不能”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

able
能够的
With help, the child was able to stand again.
inability
无能;不能
His inability to focus hurt his performance.
unable
不能……的
He was unable to answer the last question.

词族导图

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067

absent

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['æbsənt] · adj. · Page 58

not present, away from a place, or missing from a situation

缺席的, 不在的;缺乏的

联想

absent 是 present 的反面:人不在场、缺席,也可表示某种品质或东西缺乏。

意思、用法与例句

adj.缺席的、不在的

表示某人没有到应该在的地方,常接 from。

常见表达be absent from classbe absent from schoolabsent without reason

Three students were absent from class today.

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absent from class 表示缺课。

She was absent from school because of a fever.

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absent from school 表示没有到校。

adj.缺乏的、不存在的

表示某种品质、信息或条件没有出现。

常见表达be absent froman absent detailabsent evidence

Clear evidence was absent from the report.

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evidence was absent 表示报告中缺少证据。

Warmth was absent from his voice.

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warmth was absent 表示语气中缺少温暖。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

present
出席的;现在的;礼物;呈现
All members were present at the meeting. present 作“出席的”时是 absent 的反义词。
missing
缺失的;找不到的
One page is missing from the report. missing 更泛指缺失或找不到;absent 常指缺席或缺乏。

词族线索 / 同组词

absence
缺席;缺乏
Her absence from school worried the teacher. absent 是形容词;absence 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absence
缺席;缺乏
Her absence from school worried the teacher.
absent-minded
心不在焉的
An absent-minded student may forget simple things.
present
出席的;目前的
All members were present at the meeting.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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068

present

星标

['preznt]; [pri'zent] · adj. / n. / vt. · Page 58

there, current, now, a gift, or to give, show, introduce, or perform

出席的;现在的, 现存的;目前, 现在;礼物;赠送, 授予;展现, 表现;提出;上演;介绍

联想

present 是多义核心词:形容词是“在场/现在的”,名词可指“现在”或“礼物”,动词重音后移,表示赠送、展示、提出或介绍。

意思、用法与例句

adj.出席的;现在的、现存的

表示人在场,或某事属于现在、当前存在。

常见表达be present atpresent membersthe present situationpresent problems

All members were present at the meeting.

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present at the meeting 表示出席会议。

The present situation requires careful action.

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present situation 表示当前形势。

n.目前、现在;礼物

the present 表示目前;a present 表示礼物。

常见表达at presentfor the presenta birthday presenta Christmas present

At present, the library closes at six.

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At present 表示现在。

She made a small present for her brother.

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present 作名词表示礼物。

vt.赠送、授予

正式地把奖品、证书或礼物交给某人。

常见表达present sb. with sth.present sth. to sb.present an award

The head teacher presented the prize to the winner.

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presented the prize to 表示颁奖。

The class presented their teacher with a thank-you card.

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presented their teacher with 表示赠送。

vt.展示、提出、介绍、上演

把想法、信息、人物或表演呈现给别人。

常见表达present an ideapresent a reportpresent sb. topresent a play

The teacher asked us to present our ideas to the class.

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present our ideas 表示展示/陈述想法。

The theater will present a new play next month.

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present a play 表示上演剧目。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

absent
缺席的;缺乏的
Three students were absent from class today. present 表示在场时,反义词是 absent。
current
当前的
The current plan still needs work. current 接近 present 的“现在的”,但不表示礼物或动词呈现。

词族线索 / 同组词

presentation
介绍;陈述;演示;授予
Our group gave a presentation about clean water. presentation 是 present 动词义的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

presentation
演示;陈述;介绍
Our group gave a presentation about clean water.
represent
代表;象征
The red line represents the city boundary.
presence
出席;存在
Her presence made everyone feel calmer.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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069

absence

['æbsəns] · n. · Page 58

the state of being away, not present, or missing

缺席, 不在;不存在, 缺乏

联想

absence 是 absent 的名词形式,既可指人不在,也可指某物缺乏。

意思、用法与例句

n.缺席、不在

表示某人没有到场或不在某地。

常见表达absence from schoolin/during one's absenceexplain one's absence

Her absence from school worried the teacher.

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absence from school 表示缺课。

In his absence, the team lost its direction.

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In his absence 表示他不在时。

n.缺乏、不存在

表示某种条件、证据或品质没有出现。

常见表达in the absence ofabsence of evidenceabsence of support

In the absence of clear evidence, the case remained open.

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in the absence of evidence 表示缺乏证据。

The absence of support made the project difficult.

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absence of support 表示缺少支持。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

presence
出席;存在
Her presence made everyone feel calmer. presence 是 absence 的反义名词。
lack
缺乏
A lack of sleep affects memory. lack 接近 absence 的缺乏义。

词族线索 / 同组词

absent
缺席的;缺乏的
Three students were absent from class today. absent 是形容词;absence 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absent
缺席的;缺乏的
Clear evidence was absent from the report.
presence
出席;存在
Her presence made everyone feel calmer.
absent-minded
心不在焉的
An absent-minded student may forget simple things.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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070

presentation

[,prezn'teiʃn] · n. · Page 58

a talk, display, performance, or formal giving of something

授予, 颁发, 出示;介绍, 陈述;演出

联想

presentation 是 present 动词义的名词:课堂演示、报告陈述、正式颁发和演出都可用。

意思、用法与例句

n.介绍、陈述、展示

指给听众做的报告、演示或说明。

常见表达give a presentationmake a presentationpresentation about/onslide presentation

Our group gave a presentation about clean water.

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gave a presentation 表示做展示。

The presentation included charts, photos, and a short video.

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presentation 指带图表和视频的演示。

n.授予、颁发、出示;演出

表示正式交付奖品、展示物品或舞台演出。

常见表达presentation of an awardpresentation ceremonypresentation of evidencestage presentation

The presentation of the award took place after the match.

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presentation of the award 表示颁奖。

The dancers prepared a short presentation for the festival.

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presentation 指一次表演。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

speech
演讲
Her speech lasted ten minutes. speech 多指演讲;presentation 常包含图片、数据或演示。
performance
演出
The evening performance began at seven. presentation 在演出义上可接近 performance。

词族线索 / 同组词

present
展示;赠送;出席的;礼物
The teacher asked us to present our ideas to the class. presentation 是 present 的名词形式之一。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

present
展示;赠送;提出
The head teacher presented the prize to the winner.
presentation
演示;陈述;颁发
Our group gave a presentation about clean water.
presenter
主持人;演讲者
The presenter explained each chart clearly.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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071

represent

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[,repri'zent] · vt. · Page 58-59

to speak or act for others, or to stand for or show something

代表;象征, 表示

联想

represent 有两条:人或组织代表别人;符号、数字、颜色代表或表示某意义。

意思、用法与例句

vt.代表、代理

表示某人或组织替别人说话、行动或参赛。

常见表达represent a classrepresent a countryrepresent the interests of

Two students will represent our class at the meeting.

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represent our class 表示代表班级。

The lawyer represents several families in the case.

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represents families 表示代理这些家庭。

vt.象征、表示

表示符号、数字、颜色、线条等代表某个意义或事实。

常见表达represent a changerepresent dangerrepresent datarepresent an idea

The red line represents the city boundary.

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red line represents 表示红线代表边界。

These numbers represent a clear rise in temperature.

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numbers represent 表示数字显示/代表温度上升。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stand for
代表;表示
The letters UN stand for the United Nations. stand for 和 represent 接近,常用于字母或符号意义。
misrepresent
歪曲;误传
The report misrepresented the facts. misrepresent 是错误地代表或歪曲事实。

词族线索 / 同组词

representative
代表;典型的
Each class chose a representative for the meeting. represent 是动词;representative 可作名词或形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- 可表再次/加强,present 是呈现;represent 可理解为把别人或意义呈现在场。

representative
代表;有代表性的
This survey is representative of local families.
representation
代表;表现
The chart is a simple representation of the data.
misrepresent
歪曲;误传
The report misrepresented the facts.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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072

representative

星标

[,repri'zentətiv] · n. / adj. · Page 59

a person chosen to speak for others, or typical of a group

代表, 代理人;有代表性的, 典型的

联想

representative 作名词是“代表”;作形容词是“有代表性的、典型的”。核心搭配是 a representative for/from 和 be representative of。

意思、用法与例句

n.代表、代理人

表示被选出或派出替别人说话、行动的人。

常见表达a representative fora representative fromclass representativesales representative

Each class chose a representative for the meeting.

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representative for the meeting 指会议代表。

A representative from the company visited our school.

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representative from the company 指公司代表。

adj.有代表性的、典型的

表示某例子、样本或行为能代表一类人或事物。

常见表达be representative ofa representative samplea representative example

This survey is representative of local families.

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representative of 表示能代表当地家庭。

The teacher chose a representative example from the article.

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representative example 指典型例子。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

delegate
代表
The conference welcomed delegates from many schools. delegate 多指会议代表;representative 更通用。
unrepresentative
无代表性的
The tiny survey was unrepresentative of most students. unrepresentative 是 representative 形容词义的反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

represent
代表;象征
Two students will represent our class at the meeting. represent 是动词;representative 是名词或形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

represent
代表;象征
These numbers represent a clear rise in temperature.
representation
代表;表现
The chart is a simple representation of the data.
unrepresentative
无代表性的
The tiny survey was unrepresentative of most students.

词族导图

present / absent / represent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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073

nation

星标

['neiʃn] · n. · Page 59

a country, or a large group of people sharing history, culture, or identity

国家;民族

联想

nation 可指一个国家,也可指有共同历史、文化或身份的民族。考试里常和 whole、modern、independent、developing 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.国家

把国家看作政治或社会整体,常与 whole、modern、independent 等词连用。

常见表达the whole nationan independent nationa developing nationnation building

The whole nation watched the launch on television.

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the whole nation 指全国人民。

Many young people want to help build a stronger nation.

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build a stronger nation 指建设更强的国家。

n.民族、国民共同体

强调共同历史、文化、语言或身份的一群人。

常见表达a nation with a long historythe spirit of a nationa nation of readers

A nation with a long history should protect its cultural memory.

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nation with a long history 强调民族和历史共同体。

Education can shape the character of a nation.

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character of a nation 指一个民族或国家的精神特征。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

country
国家
China is a large country in East Asia. country 更常指地理和政治实体;nation 更常强调国民、身份或共同历史。
international
国际的
The city held an international film festival. nation 指一个国家或民族;international 涉及多个国家。

词族线索 / 同组词

national
国家的;全国性的;国有的
The team won the national competition. nation 是名词;national 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nation 是本组核心名词;national、nationality、international、nationwide 都围绕国家或民族范围展开。

national
国家的;全国性的
The story appeared in the national news.
nationality
国籍;民族
The form asks for your nationality.
international
国际的
International students joined the summer program.
nationwide
全国范围内的;在全国范围内
The new rule will take effect nationwide next year.

词族导图

nation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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074

national

星标

['næʃnəl] · adj. · Page 59

relating to a whole country, its people, or its government

国家的;民族的;全国性的;国有的, 国立的

联想

national 是 nation 的形容词,重点看它修饰什么:national team 是国家队,national news 是全国新闻,national park 是国家公园。

意思、用法与例句

adj.国家的、民族的、全国性的

修饰 team、competition、news、identity、culture 等,表示属于整个国家或民族。

常见表达national teamnational competitionnational newsnational identity

The team won the national competition last year.

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national competition 表示全国性比赛。

National news reported the story that evening.

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national news 指全国新闻。

adj.国有的、国立的

修饰 park、museum、library、company 等,表示由国家建立、管理或拥有。

常见表达national parknational museumnational librarynational company

We visited a national museum during the school trip.

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national museum 指国家级或国立博物馆。

The area became a national park to protect rare plants.

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national park 指国家公园。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

international
国际的
The city held an international film festival. national 强调一国范围或国家层面;international 涉及多个国家。
local
地方的, 当地的
Local news focused on the school festival. national 与 local 对比时,national 是全国性,local 是地方性。

词族线索 / 同组词

nation
国家;民族
The whole nation watched the launch on television. nation 是名词;national 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nation
国家;民族
Many young people want to help build a stronger nation.
nationality
国籍
Her nationality is French, but she grew up in China.
nationwide
全国范围内的;在全国范围内
The new rule will take effect nationwide next year.

词族导图

nation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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075

nationality

[,næʃə'næləti] · n. · Page 59

legal membership of a country, or sometimes an ethnic group within a country

国籍;民族

联想

nationality 最常考“国籍”,表格中问 What is your nationality? 不是问你住在哪儿。它也可指国家内部的民族身份。

意思、用法与例句

n.国籍

表示法律上属于哪个国家,常见于表格、护照和个人信息。

常见表达ask for one's nationalitystate one's nationalityhold a nationalitychange nationality

The form asks for your nationality and passport number.

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asks for your nationality 是表格询问国籍。

Her nationality is French, but she grew up in China.

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nationality 与成长地点不一定相同。

n.民族

表示构成国家一部分的民族或族群身份。

常见表达people of different nationalitiesminority nationalitynationality culture

Students of different nationalities shared their holiday customs.

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different nationalities 可指不同民族或国籍。

The festival shows the music of a local minority nationality.

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minority nationality 指少数民族。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

citizenship
公民身份, 国籍
The new law changed the rules for citizenship. citizenship 更偏法律公民身份;nationality 可在表格中表示国籍,也可表示民族。
ethnic group
族群, 民族
The museum introduced the history of several ethnic groups. ethnic group 接近 nationality 的民族义,不等于国籍。

词族线索 / 同组词

nation
国家;民族
A nation with a long history should protect its cultural memory. nation 是国家或民族整体;nationality 是个人或群体身份。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

national
国家的;全国性的
National news reported the story that evening.
nation
国家;民族
Education can shape the character of a nation.
international
国际的
The school opened an international exchange program.

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076

international

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[,intə'næʃnəl] · adj. · Page 59

involving two or more countries

国际的

联想

international = inter- + national,核心是“国家之间/多个国家参与”。常修饰 students、trade、competition、meeting、flight。

意思、用法与例句

adj.国际的、跨国的

表示涉及两个或多个国家、不同国家的人或跨国活动。

常见表达international studentsinternational tradeinternational competitioninternational meeting

The city held an international film festival.

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international film festival 表示多国参与的电影节。

International students joined the summer program.

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international students 指来自不同国家的学生。

adj.国际交通、规则或机构相关的

用于机场、航班、组织、协议、日期变更线等全球性或跨国系统。

常见表达international airportinternational flightinternational organizationInternational Date Line

The international flight arrived two hours late.

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international flight 指国际航班。

The International Date Line helps separate one calendar day from the next.

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International Date Line 是固定地理术语,指国际日期变更线。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

national
国家的;全国性的
The team won the national competition last year. national 是一国范围或国家层面;international 涉及多个国家。
global
全球的
Climate change is a global problem. global 强调整个世界范围;international 强调国家之间的关系或参与。
interstate
州际的;国家间的
The road is part of an interstate highway system. interstate 也有 inter- 的 between 线索,但范围取决于 state 的含义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inter- 表 between/among,national 表国家的;international 表国家之间或多国参与。

nation
国家;民族
The whole nation watched the launch on television.
national
国家的;全国性的
The story appeared in the national news.
nationality
国籍;民族
The form asks for your nationality.

词族导图

nation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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077

nationwide

星标

[,neiʃn'waid] · adj. / adv. · Page 59

happening or existing across a whole country

全国范围内的;在全国范围内

联想

nationwide 可作形容词,也可作副词,意思都是“全国范围”。形容词常放名词前,副词常放动词后或句末。

意思、用法与例句

adj.全国范围内的、全国性的

放在名词前,表示活动、调查、运动或服务覆盖全国。

常见表达a nationwide campaigna nationwide surveya nationwide searchnationwide service

A nationwide campaign encouraged students to read more.

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nationwide campaign 指全国性活动。

The group began a nationwide search for young volunteers.

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nationwide search 指全国范围的寻找。

adv.在全国范围内

修饰动词或整个句子,表示某事在全国各地发生或生效。

常见表达spread nationwidetake effect nationwidebe shown nationwideavailable nationwide

The new rule will take effect nationwide next year.

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take effect nationwide 表示在全国生效。

The song soon became popular nationwide.

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popular nationwide 表示在全国流行。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

national
全国性的;国家的
National news reported the story that evening. national 常修饰国家层面的事物;nationwide 强调覆盖范围遍及全国。
countrywide
全国范围的, 遍及全国的
The program is available countrywide. countrywide 与 nationwide 接近,但 nationwide 更常见于新闻和正式说明。
local
地方的, 当地的
The local program served only three towns. local 范围小;nationwide 范围覆盖整个国家。
worldwide
世界范围内的
The film became famous worldwide. worldwide 是世界范围;nationwide 是一国范围。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nation
国家;民族
Many young people want to help build a stronger nation.
national
全国性的;国家的
The team won the national competition last year.
international
国际的
International students joined the summer program.

词族导图

nation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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078

other

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['ʌðə(r)] · adj. / pron. · Page 59

different, additional, or the second of two

别的, 另外的;另一个

联想

other 可以作形容词也可以作代词。先分清 other students、the other book、others 和 other than。

意思、用法与例句

adj.别的、另外的

放在名词前,表示不同的或另外的对象。

常见表达other studentsother waysother thingsother than

Some students chose art; other students chose music.

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other students 表示另外一些学生。

Other than English, she also studies French.

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other than 表示除英语以外。

adj. / pron.另一个、另一方

常与 the 连用,表示两者中的另一个;也可用 others 指其他人或物。

常见表达the other onethe other sideone ... the otherothers

I have two pens; one is black and the other is blue.

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the other 指两支笔中的另一支。

Please put the other books on the top shelf.

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the other books 指剩下的那些书。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

another
另一, 再一;另一个
Can I ask another question? another 常用于单数可数名词或代词,表示再一个或另一个;other 后常接复数或与 the 连用。
same
同样的
We are in the same class. same 与 other 的不同/另外含义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

otherwise
否则;在其他方面
Hurry up; otherwise, we will miss the train. otherwise 是 other 加 -wise 形成的副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

another
另一, 再一;另一个
She moved to another city after graduation.
otherwise
否则;在其他方面
The plan is risky, but otherwise it is practical.
others
其他人或物
Some students read quietly while others discussed the question.

词族导图

other / another / otherwise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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079

another

星标

[ə'nʌðə(r)] · adj. / pron. · Page 59

one more, a different one, or an additional one of the same kind

另一, 再一;别的, 不同的;另一个

联想

another = an + other,基本是“再一个/另一个”。它通常接单数可数名词,也可单独作代词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.另一、再一

接单数可数名词,表示再来一个或不同的一个。

常见表达another questionanother chanceanother cityanother day

Can I ask another question?

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another question 表示再问一个问题。

She moved to another city after graduation.

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another city 表示另一个城市。

pron.另一个

单独代替前面提到的一类人或物。

常见表达choose anothertry anotherone after anotherone another

This answer is not clear; please try another.

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another 单独作代词,表示另一个答案。

The children entered the room one after another.

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one after another 表示一个接一个。

phrase固定搭配

原始词义中的 three phrases 要单独记,不要逐字硬翻。

常见表达one after anotherone anotherone ... or another

Good friends should help one another.

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one another 表示互相。

We all face problems of one kind or another.

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one kind or another 表示各种各样、某种或另一种。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

other
别的;另外的;另一个
Other students chose music. another 常接单数可数名词;other 常接复数名词或在 the other 中指两者之一。
same
同一个;相同的
She wore the same coat again. another 强调另一个或再一个,不是同一个。
additional
额外的, 附加的
The teacher gave us an additional task. additional 接近 another 的“再一/额外”义,但语气更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

other
别的;另外的
Other than English, she also studies French.
otherwise
否则;在其他方面
Hurry up; otherwise, we will miss the train.
others
其他人或物
Some students read quietly while others discussed the question.

词族导图

other / another / otherwise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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080

otherwise

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['ʌðəwaiz] · adv. · Page 59

if not, or in a different respect

否则, 要不然;在其他方面

联想

otherwise 有两个常见方向:句子连接时是“否则”;描述某事除某一点外如何时是“在其他方面”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.否则、要不然

连接前后两个分句,后半句说明如果不按前句做会发生什么。

常见表达do sth.; otherwise, ...must ..., otherwise ...otherwise we'd ...

Hurry up; otherwise, we will miss the train.

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otherwise 引出不快点的后果。

There was water everywhere, but we couldn't drink any of it; otherwise we'd get really sick.

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这个例句中 otherwise 表示否则。

adv.在其他方面

表示除了已经提到的一点外,在别的方面如何。

常见表达otherwise comfortableotherwise normalotherwise healthyotherwise useful

The room looks plain, but it is otherwise comfortable.

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otherwise comfortable 表示其他方面很舒服。

The plan is risky, but otherwise it is practical.

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otherwise practical 表示除风险外还算实用。

phraseor otherwise

表示“或其他情况、或相反情况”,用于概括不同可能性。

常见表达or otherwisetrue or otherwiselegal or otherwise

All comments, friendly or otherwise, should be respectful.

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friendly or otherwise 表示友好的或不友好的。

We should check whether the story is true or otherwise.

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true or otherwise 表示真实或并非真实。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

or else
否则, 要不然
Leave now, or else you will be late. or else 接近 otherwise 的后果义,但更口语。
therefore
因此
It rained hard; therefore, the match was canceled. therefore 表结果原因;otherwise 表不这样做的后果。

词族线索 / 同组词

other
别的, 另外的
Please put the other books on the top shelf. otherwise 来自 other + -wise,已经是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

other=别的 + -wise 表方式或状态;otherwise 可理解为“以别的方式/在别的情况下”。

other
别的;另外的
Other than English, she also studies French.
another
另一;再一
Can I ask another question?
others
其他人或物
Some students read quietly while others discussed the question.

词族导图

other / another / otherwise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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081

act

星标

[ækt] · v. / n. · Page 60

to do something, work, pretend, perform, or a thing done, a law, or a part of a play

行动;起作用;假装;表演, 扮演;行动;法令;一幕;表演者

联想

act 是本组核心词,必须先按动词和名词分层:act quickly 是行动,act as 是担任/代理,act in a play 是表演,an act 可指行为、法令或戏剧一幕。

意思、用法与例句

v.行动;起作用

表示采取行动,或方法、药物、规则等产生作用。

常见表达act quicklyact on adviceact asact on behalf of sb.

You must act quickly in an emergency.

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act quickly 表示迅速行动。

This medicine acts on the stomach in a few minutes.

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acts on 表示药物对某部位起作用。

v.假装;表演、扮演

表示假装某种状态,或在戏剧、电影中表演。

常见表达act surprisedact in a playact the part ofact up

He tried to act calm, but his hands were shaking.

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act calm 表示假装镇定。

She acted the part of a young doctor in the school play.

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acted the part of 表示扮演角色。

n.行为;法令;戏剧一幕

可指一次行为、正式法令,或戏剧中的一幕。

常见表达an act of kindnessan act of reformAct Twoa brave act

Helping the lost child was an act of kindness.

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an act of kindness 指善举。

The new law is an important act of reform.

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act 可指法令或正式行动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

perform
表演;执行
The students performed a short play. perform 接近 act 的表演义,也可表示执行任务。
inaction
不行动
Inaction made the problem worse. inaction 是 action 的反义名词,对应 act 的行动义。

词族线索 / 同组词

action
行动;行为;作用;情节
The school took action to reduce waste. act 可作动词或名词;action 是名词,更常指行动或行为。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

action
行动;行为
Quick action saved the injured driver.
active
积极的;活跃的
She is active in the school volunteer club.
react
反应;反对;起化学反应
How did the class react to the news?

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act 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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082

action

['ækʃn] · n. · Page 60

the process of doing something, a deed, an effect, or exciting events in a story

行动;行为;作用;情节

联想

action 是 act 的名词线。take action 是采取行动;in action 是在运转或活动中;out of action 是不能工作。

意思、用法与例句

n.行动;行为

表示为解决问题而做事,或某个具体行为。

常见表达take actionquick actionan actionactions and words

The school took action to reduce waste.

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take action 表示采取行动。

Quick action saved the injured driver.

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quick action 指迅速行动。

n.作用;运转状态

表示机器、药物或力量在发挥作用。

常见表达in actionout of actionthe action ofsee sth. in action

The old printer is out of action again.

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out of action 表示不能工作。

The video shows the robot in action.

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in action 表示在活动或运转中。

n.情节、动作场面

用于电影、故事或比赛中,指紧张活动或情节。

常见表达action moviefull of actionstory action

Most story events take place in a small town.

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story events 对应 action 的情节义。

Many students enjoy action movies because they move quickly.

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action movie 指动作片。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

activity
活动;活跃
After-class activities help students relax. activity 常指活动项目;action 更强调行动或行为。
inaction
不行动
Inaction can turn a small problem into a large one. inaction 是不采取行动。

词族线索 / 同组词

act
行动;表演;法令
Helping the lost child was an act of kindness. act 可作动词和名词;action 是名词,常用于 take action。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

act + -ion 构成名词 action。

act
行动;表演
You must act quickly in an emergency.
interaction
相互作用;交流
Group work increases interaction among students.
active
积极的;活跃的
The chick looked healthy and active.

词族导图

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083

active

星标

['æktiv] · adj. · Page 60

involved and energetic, busy or moving, or still able to erupt

积极的, 主动的;活跃的, 忙碌的;(火山)活的

联想

active 不是 actual。active 说人积极、事物活跃,或火山仍可能喷发。核心搭配是 be active in。

意思、用法与例句

adj.积极的、主动的

形容人参与度高,愿意行动。

常见表达be active intake an active part inan active member

She is active in the school volunteer club.

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be active in 表示在某方面积极。

Parents should take an active part in their children's reading.

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take an active part in 表示积极参与。

adj.活跃的、忙碌的

形容人、动物、市场、时期或地区很活跃。

常见表达healthy and activean active lifean active market

The chick in the nest looked healthy and active.

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这个例句中 active 表示活泼。

Although he is old, he still lives an active life.

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active life 指忙碌、有活力的生活。

adj.(火山)活的

形容火山仍可能喷发。

常见表达an active volcanostill active

The volcano is still active, so tourists must stay away.

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active volcano 指活火山。

Scientists watch active volcanoes closely.

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active volcanoes 指仍可能喷发的火山。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

inactive
不活跃的;不活动的
The account became inactive after a year. inactive 是 active 的反义词。
passive
被动的
A passive learner only waits for answers. passive 与 active 的主动义相对。
actual
实际的;真实的
The actual cost was lower than expected. actual 是真实/实际,不是积极/活跃。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

activity
活动;活跃
The science activity lasted all afternoon.
action
行动;行为
Quick action saved the injured driver.
inactive
不活跃的;不活动的
The account became inactive after a year.

词族导图

act 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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084

activity

[æk'tivəti] · n. · Page 60

the state of being active, or something people do for work, study, or enjoyment

活跃;活动

联想

activity 是 active 的名词。不可数时是“活跃/活动状态”,可数时是“一项活动”。课外活动常说 after-class activities。

意思、用法与例句

n.活动

可数名词,指学习、娱乐、体育、课外等具体活动。

常见表达after-class activitiesschool activityoutdoor activitytake part in activities

The science activity lasted all afternoon.

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activity 指一项科学活动。

After-class activities help students learn teamwork.

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after-class activities 是原始词义搭配。

n.活跃、活动状态

不可数名词,指某领域、身体或系统的活跃程度。

常见表达economic activitybrain activityvolcanic activitya lot of activity

There was a lot of activity in the market before the holiday.

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a lot of activity 表示市场很活跃。

Scientists recorded signs of volcanic activity.

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volcanic activity 指火山活动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

action
行动;行为
The school took action to reduce waste. action 强调行动或行为;activity 强调活动项目或活跃状态。
inactivity
不活动;不活跃
Long inactivity is bad for health. inactivity 是 activity 的反义名词。

词族线索 / 同组词

active
积极的;活跃的
She is active in the school volunteer club. active 是形容词;activity 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

active
积极的;活跃的
The chick looked healthy and active.
inactive
不活跃的
The account became inactive after a year.
inactivity
不活动;不活跃
Long inactivity is bad for health.

词族导图

act 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

interaction

[,intər'ækʃn] · n. · Page 60

communication or mutual influence between people, groups, or things

相互作用, 相互影响;交流

联想

interaction = inter- + action,重点是“两边互相影响或交流”。课堂里常说 interaction between teachers and students。

意思、用法与例句

n.交流、互动

表示人和人之间的沟通、课堂互动或社交接触。

常见表达interaction betweeninteraction amongclassroom interactionsocial interaction

Online classes need more interaction between teachers and students.

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interaction between 表示师生互动。

Group work increases interaction among students.

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interaction among students 表示学生之间交流。

n.相互作用、相互影响

表示事物之间互相影响,如环境、药物、技术或社会因素。

常见表达interaction withinteraction between factorshuman interaction with nature

The lesson discussed human interaction with nature.

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interaction with nature 指人与自然相互影响。

The report studies the interaction between diet and health.

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interaction between diet and health 指二者相互影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

communication
交流
Good communication makes teamwork easier. communication 接近 interaction 的交流义;interaction 更强调双方互相参与。
isolation
隔离;孤立
Long isolation can reduce social skills. isolation 与 social interaction 的社交接触义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

action
行动;作用
The video shows the robot in action. interaction 含 inter- 的互相线索,不是单方面 action。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inter- 表 between/among,action 表作用或行动;interaction 表相互作用或互动。

action
行动;作用
Quick action saved the injured driver.
interact
交流;相互作用
Students interact more when they work in pairs.
interactive
互动的
Interactive lessons keep students involved.

词族导图

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086

react

星标

[ri'ækt] · vi. · Page 60

to respond, oppose something, or change chemically with another substance

反应, 做出反应;反对;起化学反应

联想

react 的介词决定意思:react to 是对……反应,react against 是反对,react with 是与……起化学反应。

意思、用法与例句

vi.对……反应、回应

表示人、身体、市场等对消息、事件或刺激做出反应。

常见表达react toreact quicklyreact stronglyreact calmly

How did the class react to the news?

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react to the news 表示对消息做出反应。

Her skin reacted badly to the new medicine.

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skin reacted to 表示身体反应。

vi.反对、反抗

react against 表示对规则、压力或想法作出反抗。

常见表达react againstreact against pressurereact against old rules

Some students react against rules they do not understand.

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react against rules 表示反对规则。

Young people may react against too much pressure.

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react against pressure 表示反抗压力。

vi.起化学反应

react with 表示一种物质和另一种物质发生化学反应。

常见表达react withreact chemicallyreact with water

The metal reacts with water and produces gas.

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reacts with water 表示与水起反应。

These two chemicals react quickly when heated.

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chemicals react 表示化学反应。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

respond
回应;反应
Please respond to the email before Friday. respond 接近 react to 的回应义,语气更中性。
ignore
忽视
He ignored the noise and kept reading. ignore 与 react to 的做出反应相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

reaction
反应;回应;化学反应
Her first reaction was surprise. react 是动词;reaction 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- 可表 back/against,act 表起作用;react 表对外界作用作出回应。

reaction
反应;化学反应
The medicine caused a strong reaction in his skin.
reactive
反应的;易反应的
Reactive chemicals must be stored carefully.
reactor
反应器;反应堆
The reactor must be checked by trained engineers.

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087

reaction

[ri'ækʃn] · n. · Page 60

a response to something, or a chemical change caused by substances meeting

反应, 回应;化学反应

联想

reaction 是 react 的名词。人的 first reaction 是第一反应;chemical reaction 是化学反应;reaction to 后接引发反应的事。

意思、用法与例句

n.反应、回应

表示对消息、事件、药物或行为的反应。

常见表达reaction tofirst reactionstrong reactionpublic reaction

Her first reaction was surprise.

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first reaction 表示第一反应。

Public reaction to the decision was mixed.

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reaction to the decision 表示对决定的反应。

n.化学反应;身体反应

表示物质变化,或身体对药物、食物等的反应。

常见表达chemical reactionallergic reactionreaction withcause a reaction

The experiment produced a clear chemical reaction.

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chemical reaction 指化学反应。

The medicine caused a strong reaction in his skin.

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strong reaction in his skin 指身体反应。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

response
回应;反应
The teacher waited for a response from the class. response 接近 reaction 的回应义,但不常指化学反应。
action
行动;行为
Quick action saved the injured driver. action 是主动行动;reaction 是对某事的反应。

词族线索 / 同组词

react
反应;反对;起化学反应
Her skin reacted badly to the new medicine. react 是动词;reaction 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

react
反应;反对;起化学反应
The metal reacts with water and produces gas.
reactive
反应的;易反应的
Reactive chemicals must be stored carefully.
reactor
反应器;反应堆
The reactor must be checked by trained engineers.

词族导图

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088

actor

['æktə(r)] · n. · Page 60

a man or person who performs in plays, films, or television

(男)演员;演员

联想

actor 来自 act + -or。传统上可指男演员,现在也常作性别中性的“演员”。

意思、用法与例句

n.演员、男演员

指在电影、戏剧或电视中表演的人。

常见表达a film actora stage actorplay a roleact in a film

The actor played a brave doctor in the film.

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actor 指电影演员。

The young actor learned every line before rehearsal.

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actor 指戏剧或影视演员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

performer
表演者
The performer bowed after the song. performer 范围更宽,可包括歌手、舞者和演员。
audience
观众
The audience clapped at the end of the play. actor 在台上表演;audience 在台下观看。

词族线索 / 同组词

actress
女演员
The actress won a prize for the role. actress 明确指女演员;actor 现代英语中也可作性别中性用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

act + -or 表示做某动作的人。

act
表演;行动
She acted the part of a young doctor in the school play.
actress
女演员
The actress won a prize for the role.
acting
表演;演技
Good acting makes the story feel real.

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089

actress

['æktrəs] · n. · Page 60

a woman who performs in plays, films, or television

女演员

联想

actress = actor + -ess,传统上专指女演员。原始词义还给出 prince/princess、host/hostess、waiter/waitress 这类 -ess 归类。

意思、用法与例句

n.女演员

指在电影、戏剧或电视中表演的女性。

常见表达a film actressa stage actressplay a rolewin a prize for a role

The actress won a prize for the role.

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actress 指女演员。

The actress spoke clearly on the crowded stage.

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stage actress 语境中指舞台女演员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

performer
表演者
The performer thanked the audience. performer 范围更宽,不限于戏剧或电影。
audience
观众
The audience listened quietly. actress 是表演者;audience 是观看者。

词族线索 / 同组词

actor
演员;男演员
The actor played a brave doctor in the film. actor 可指男演员,也常作性别中性“演员”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

actress 来自 actor + -ess;-ess 可表示女性,原始词义用 prince/princess、host/hostess、waiter/waitress 帮助记忆。

actor
演员;男演员
The young actor learned every line before rehearsal.
act
表演;行动
She acted the part of a young doctor in the school play.
acting
表演;演技
Good acting makes the story feel real.

词族导图

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090

actual

星标

['æktʃuəl] · adj. · Page 60-61

real rather than imagined, or the thing itself rather than what surrounds it

实际的, 真实的;某事物本身的

联想

actual 强调真实、实际,不是 active。the actual sth. 常强调事物本身或最关键部分;in actual fact = actually。

意思、用法与例句

adj.实际的、真实的

强调不是想象、传闻、表面或预估,而是真实发生或真实存在。

常见表达actual costactual replyactual resultactual situation

The actual cost was lower than we expected.

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actual cost 指实际成本。

That sentence came from an actual reply by a parent.

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actual reply 表示真实回复。

adj.某事物本身的、真正关键的

the actual sth. 强调事情本身或最重要部分,而不是准备、背景或传闻。

常见表达the actual problemthe actual workthe actual eventthe actual reason

The actual problem was not money but time.

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the actual problem 指真正的问题本身。

The meeting was short, but the actual work took weeks.

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the actual work 指真正的工作本身。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

real
真实的
The story is based on real events. real 接近 actual 的真实义;actual 更常和预计、传闻或表面对比。
imaginary
想象的
The child invented an imaginary friend. imaginary 与 actual 的真实义相反。
active
积极的;活跃的
She is active in the school volunteer club. active 是积极/活跃;actual 是真实/实际。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

actually
事实上, 实际上
Actually, the answer is simpler than it looks.

词族导图

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091

exact

星标

[ig'zækt] · adj. · Page 61

completely correct and precise, or very careful about details

精确的, 确切的;严谨的

联想

exact 是形容词,核心是“没有大概和误差”。可说 exact time/address/number,也可说 exact scientist 表示严谨。

意思、用法与例句

adj.精确的、确切的

修饰时间、地点、数字、词语或答案,强调完全准确。

常见表达exact timeexact addressexact numberto be exact

Please tell me the exact time of the train.

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exact time 指确切时间。

We need the exact address before we leave.

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exact address 指准确地址。

adj.严谨的、细致的

形容人、方法或科学工作对细节要求严格。

常见表达an exact scientistexact workexact methodsexact records

The experiment requires exact records of every change.

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exact records 指严谨准确的记录。

She is exact in her use of words.

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exact in 表示在用词上严谨。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

precise
精确的
The machine gives precise measurements. precise 接近 exact,常强调细节精密。
accurate
准确的
The map is accurate enough for hikers. accurate 强调正确;exact 更强调一点不差。
approximate
大约的, 近似的
The approximate cost is 500 yuan. approximate 与 exact 的精确义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

原始词义用 ex- + act 作助记;现代用法重点记 exact=没有误差。

exactly
准确地;恰好地
The two pictures are exactly the same.
inexact
不精确的
An inexact answer may lose marks.

词族导图

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092

exactly

[ig'zæktli] · adv. · Page 61

precisely, completely correctly, or just at that point or in that way

准确地, 精确地, 确切地;恰好地, 正好地

联想

exactly 是 exact 的副词。它可以修饰 same/right/what,也可以表示“正好、恰好”。口语里 Exactly! 还可表示“完全正确”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.准确地、精确地、确切地

修饰动词、形容词或从句,强调完全准确。

常见表达exactly the sameexactly rightknow exactlyexplain exactly

The two pictures are exactly the same.

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exactly the same 表示完全一样。

Please explain exactly what happened.

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exactly what happened 表示准确说明发生了什么。

adv.恰好地、正好地

强调时间、位置、数量或内容正好吻合。

常见表达exactly at noonexactly ten minutesexactly whatexactly where

The meeting started exactly at noon.

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exactly at noon 表示正好中午。

That is exactly what I wanted to say.

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exactly what 表示正是……的内容。

adv.口语确认

单独用 Exactly! 表示完全同意或对方说得正对。

常见表达Exactly!not exactlyexactly so

Exactly! That is the point of the lesson.

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Exactly! 表示完全正确。

The answer is not exactly wrong, but it is not complete.

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not exactly 表示不完全是。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

precisely
精确地;正是
The train arrived precisely on time. precisely 接近 exactly,语气更正式。
about
大约
The walk takes about twenty minutes. about 表大约;exactly 表精确。

词族线索 / 同组词

exact
精确的;严谨的
We need the exact address before we leave. exact 是形容词;exactly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

exact
精确的;严谨的
She is exact in her use of words.
inexact
不精确的
An inexact answer may lose marks.

词族导图

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093

agency

星标

['eidʒənsi] · n. · Page 61

an organization that provides a service, represents others, or does official work

服务机构, 代理处, 经销处;(政府的)专门机构

联想

agency 是“做事的机构”。travel agency 是旅行社;government agency 是政府专门机构。它是组织,不是个人。

意思、用法与例句

n.服务机构、代理处、经销处

指提供旅行、广告、新闻、招聘等服务的机构。

常见表达travel agencynews agencyadvertising agencyemployment agency

The travel agency helped us book the tickets.

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travel agency 是常见搭配,表示旅行社。

An advertising agency designed the poster for the event.

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advertising agency 指广告公司或机构。

n.政府专门机构

指政府中负责某项工作的部门或机构。

常见表达government agencystate agencypublic agencyenvironmental agency

A government agency tested the drinking water.

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government agency 指政府机构。

The environmental agency warned people about the polluted river.

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environmental agency 指环保机构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

organization
组织, 机构
The organization provides free meals for children. organization 范围更宽;agency 常强调服务、代理或官方职能。
company
公司
The company sells sports equipment. company 是商业公司;agency 可是公司,也可为政府机构。

词族线索 / 同组词

agent
代理人;代理商;特工;动因
The agent arranged a meeting with the writer. agency 是机构;agent 是代表别人做事的人或起作用的事物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ag 可作 act 的变体,ag + -ency 表做事的机构或场所。

agent
代理人;起作用的事物
Soap can be used as a cleaning agent.
agenda
议程表;议事日程
The first item on the agenda was safety.

词族导图

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094

agent

['eidʒənt] · n. · Page 61

a person who acts for someone else, a spy, or a thing that causes a change

代理人, 代理商, 经纪人;特工, 间谍;动因, 原动力

联想

agent 的核心是“替别人做事或促成变化的人/物”。可指经纪人、代理商、特工,也可指 cleaning agent 这类动因或作用物。

意思、用法与例句

n.代理人、代理商、经纪人

指代表别人处理事务、销售、谈判或安排的人。

常见表达travel agentestate agentan agent foract as an agent

The travel agent arranged our hotel and train tickets.

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travel agent 是旅行代理人。

The writer's agent discussed the book with a publisher.

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writer's agent 指作家经纪人。

n.特工、间谍

指政府或组织秘密工作的人员。

常见表达secret agentgovernment agentundercover agent

The film is about a secret agent working in another country.

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secret agent 指特工。

The government agent collected information quietly.

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government agent 可指政府特工。

n.动因、原动力;作用物

指引起变化或产生作用的人、物质或因素。

常见表达cleaning agenta chemical agentagent of changeactive agent

Soap can be used as a cleaning agent.

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cleaning agent 指清洁剂。

Education can be an agent of change in a small town.

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agent of change 指促成变化的力量。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

representative
代表
A student representative spoke for the class. representative 接近代理人义,但不表示化学或清洁作用物。
client
客户, 委托人
The agent called the client after the meeting. client 是被服务的人;agent 是代表或服务客户的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

agency
服务机构;政府机构
The travel agency helped us book the tickets. agent 是人或起作用的物;agency 是机构。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ag 可作 act 的变体,-ent 可表示人或事物;agent 是做事的人或起作用的物。

agency
机构;代理处
An advertising agency designed the poster.
agenda
议程表;议事日程
The first item on the agenda was safety.

词族导图

agency / agent / agenda 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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095

agenda

星标

[ə'dʒendə] · n. · Page 61

a list of things to discuss, deal with, or do

议程表, 议事日程

联想

agenda 是“要做/要讨论的事项清单”。会议上说 item on the agenda;最重要的待办事项可说 high/top on the agenda。

意思、用法与例句

n.议程表、议事日程

指会议或安排中要讨论、处理的事项清单。

常见表达on the agendaadd sth. to the agendameeting agendafirst item on the agenda

The first item on the agenda was safety.

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first item on the agenda 指议程第一项。

Please add the library plan to tomorrow's agenda.

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add ... to the agenda 表示加入议程。

n.重要待办事项

high/top on the agenda 表示某事是最重要的待办或讨论事项。

常见表达be high on the agendabe top of the agendaput sth. high on the agenda

Clean water is high on the town's agenda this year.

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high on the agenda 表示是重要事项。

School safety should be top of the agenda at the meeting.

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top of the agenda 表示最重要议题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

schedule
日程安排
The schedule shows when each class begins. schedule 更偏时间安排;agenda 更偏讨论或处理事项。
plan
计划
The plan explains what we will do next. plan 范围更宽;agenda 通常是一份待议事项清单。
agency
机构;代理处
The travel agency helped us book the tickets. agenda 与 agency 词形相近但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ag 可作 act 的变体,agenda 可记成“要做的事情”。

agency
服务机构;政府机构
A government agency tested the drinking water.
agent
代理人;起作用的事物
Soap can be used as a cleaning agent.

词族导图

agency / agent / agenda 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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096

brave

[breiv] · adj. / vt. · Page 61

showing courage, or facing danger or difficulty bravely

勇敢的, 无畏的;勇敢地面对

联想

brave 可作形容词,也可作动词。形容词说人或行为勇敢;动词 brave sth. 表示冒着危险或困难去面对。

意思、用法与例句

adj.勇敢的、无畏的

形容人在危险、压力或困难面前敢于行动,也可形容行为。

常见表达a brave childa brave decisionIt is brave of sb. to do sth.brave enough to do

The brave child called for help during the fire.

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brave child 表示面对危险时勇敢的孩子。

It was brave of her to tell the truth in public.

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It is brave of sb. to do sth. 用来评价某人做某事很勇敢。

vt.勇敢地面对、冒着

直接接宾语,表示冒着恶劣天气、危险或困难去做事。

常见表达brave the elementsbrave the stormbrave dangerbrave criticism

The soldiers braved the snow to deliver food.

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braved the snow 表示冒雪前行。

Many volunteers braved the elements to rescue the villagers.

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brave the elements 是常见搭配,表示冒着恶劣天气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

courageous
勇敢的, 有胆量的
The doctor made a courageous decision. courageous 更强调精神上的勇气;brave 更强调行动上的勇气。
cowardly
胆怯的, 懦弱的
It was cowardly to blame others for his own mistake. cowardly 与 brave 的勇敢义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

courage
勇气, 胆量
It takes courage to admit a mistake. brave 是形容词或动词;courage 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bravery
勇气;勇敢的行为
The firefighter was praised for her bravery.
courage
勇气;胆量
It takes courage to admit a mistake.
courageous
勇敢的;有胆量的
The doctor made a courageous decision.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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097

courage

星标

['kʌridʒ] · n. · Page 61

the ability to face fear, danger, pain, or difficulty

勇气, 胆量, 勇敢

联想

courage 是不可数名词,表示面对害怕、危险或困难的勇气。常见搭配有 lose courage、with courage、have the courage to do。

意思、用法与例句

n.勇气、胆量

不可数名词,强调面对恐惧、压力或困难的内在力量。

常见表达have the courage to dotake couragelose couragewith courage

It takes courage to admit a mistake.

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It takes courage to do sth. 表示需要勇气。

She faced the interview with courage.

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with courage 表示勇敢地。

n.鼓起勇气做某事

常与动词 take、show、find 搭配,强调把勇气表现出来。

常见表达show couragefind the courage to dotake courage frommoral courage

The boy found the courage to ask for help.

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found the courage to do 表示鼓起勇气。

Her calm words helped the team take courage.

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take courage 表示受到鼓舞、振作起来。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bravery
勇气;勇敢行为
The firefighter was praised for her bravery. bravery 接近 courage,但更常指表现出来的英勇行为。
fear
恐惧
Fear kept him from speaking at first. fear 是害怕;courage 是带着害怕仍去面对。

词族线索 / 同组词

encourage
鼓励, 激励
The coach encouraged us to keep trying. encourage 是使别人有勇气或信心。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

courageous
勇敢的;有胆量的
It was courageous of her to question the unfair rule.
discourage
使气馁;劝阻
One failure should not discourage you.
encourage
鼓励;促进
Teachers should encourage students to ask questions.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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098

bravery

['breivəri] · n. · Page 61

brave behavior, especially in danger

勇气;勇敢的行为

联想

bravery 是 brave 的名词,常指在危险中表现出来的勇气或英勇行为。boldness 也表示大胆,但不一定涉及危险。

意思、用法与例句

n.勇气、英勇行为

不可数名词,指危险或困难中表现出来的勇敢。

常见表达show braverybe praised for braveryan act of braverygreat bravery

The firefighter was praised for her bravery.

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be praised for bravery 表示因英勇受到表扬。

Saving the child from the river was an act of bravery.

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an act of bravery 指一次勇敢行为。

n.大胆

与 boldness 接近,强调敢做常人不敢做的事。

常见表达bravery and boldnessshow boldnessbold action

His bravery encouraged others to help.

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bravery 可以激励他人行动。

The speaker showed boldness by asking a difficult question.

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boldness 表示大胆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

courage
勇气;胆量
She faced the interview with courage. courage 更泛指内在勇气;bravery 更强调表现出来的勇敢行为。
boldness
大胆
The speaker showed boldness by asking a difficult question. boldness 强调大胆,不一定涉及危险。
cowardice
胆怯;懦弱
Cowardice kept him silent when others needed help. cowardice 与 bravery 相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

brave
勇敢的;勇敢地面对
Many volunteers braved the elements to rescue the villagers.
bravely
勇敢地
She spoke bravely in front of the class.
courage
勇气;胆量
The boy found the courage to ask for help.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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099

courageous

[kə'reidʒəs] · adj. · Page 61-62

showing courage, especially moral or inner courage

勇敢的, 有胆量的

联想

courageous 是 courage 的形容词,它更强调精神上的勇气;brave 更常强调行动上的勇气。拼写不要漏 courage 里的 e。

意思、用法与例句

adj.勇敢的、有胆量的

形容人、决定或行为在压力、危险或不公面前表现出精神勇气。

常见表达a courageous decisiona courageous personbe courageous enough to doIt is courageous of sb. to do sth.

The doctor made a courageous decision during the emergency.

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courageous decision 强调有胆量的决定。

It was courageous of her to question the unfair rule.

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It was courageous of her to do sth. 表示她这样做有勇气。

adj.有道德勇气的

常用于说真话、承认错误、反对不公等需要内心勇气的行为。

常见表达a courageous voicecourageous honestya courageous stand

His courageous honesty helped the group solve the problem.

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courageous honesty 强调敢于诚实。

The student took a courageous stand against bullying.

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courageous stand 表示勇敢立场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brave
勇敢的;勇敢地面对
It was brave of her to tell the truth in public. courageous 更偏精神勇气;brave 更偏行动勇气。
cowardly
胆怯的, 懦弱的
A cowardly answer avoids responsibility. cowardly 与 courageous 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

courage
勇气;胆量
It takes courage to admit a mistake. courage 是名词;courageous 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

courage + -ous 构成形容词;拼写时保留 e,使 g 仍读 /dʒ/。

courage
勇气;胆量
She faced the interview with courage.
encourage
鼓励;使有信心
The coach encouraged us to keep trying.
courageously
勇敢地
She spoke courageously about the problem.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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100

discourage

星标

[dis'kʌridʒ] · vt. · Page 62

to make someone less confident or to try to stop someone from doing something

使气馁, 使灰心;劝阻, 打消(做……的念头)

联想

discourage = dis- + courage,核心是“让勇气下降”。它有两条用法:让人灰心;discourage sb. from doing sth. 劝阻某人做某事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使气馁、使灰心

让某人失去信心或勇气。

常见表达discourage sb.be discouraged byfeel discourageddo not be discouraged

One failure should not discourage you.

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discourage you 表示让你灰心。

Do not be discouraged by a low mark.

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be discouraged by 表示被某事打击。

vt.劝阻、打消念头

阻止或劝别人不要做某事,常用 from doing。

常见表达discourage sb. from doing sth.discourage smokingdiscourage waste

Do not let a low mark discourage you from reading.

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discourage sb. from doing sth. 表示打消某人做某事的念头。

The school discourages students from wasting food.

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discourages students from wasting 表示劝阻浪费。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encourage
鼓励;促进
Teachers should encourage students to ask questions. encourage 使人有信心;discourage 使人灰心或劝阻。
deter
阻止, 威慑
Strict rules can deter people from cheating. deter 更强调阻止或威慑;discourage 可较温和地劝阻。

词族线索 / 同组词

courage
勇气;胆量
The boy found the courage to ask for help. discourage 是使失去勇气或信心。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- 表否定或相反,courage 表勇气;discourage 表使失去勇气。

encourage
鼓励;促进
The coach encouraged us to keep trying.
discouragement
气馁;劝阻
Constant criticism can lead to discouragement.
courage
勇气;胆量
It takes courage to admit a mistake.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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101

encourage

星标

[in'kʌridʒ] · vt. · Page 62

to give confidence or support, or to help something develop

鼓励, 激励;激发, 促进

联想

encourage = en- + courage,核心是“给勇气/给信心”。encourage sb. to do sth. 是重点句型;也可表示促进某事发展。

意思、用法与例句

vt.鼓励、激励

给某人信心、支持或勇气去做某事。

常见表达encourage sb. to do sth.encourage sb. in sth.encourage studentsbe encouraged by

The coach encouraged us to keep trying.

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encourage us to keep trying 表示鼓励我们继续尝试。

College can encourage students to explore new aspects of life.

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encourage students to explore 表示鼓励学生探索。

vt.激发、促进

促进某种行为、习惯、发展或变化。

常见表达encourage growthencourage discussionencourage readingencourage healthy habits

Teachers should encourage students to ask questions.

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encourage students to ask questions 可理解为鼓励并促进提问。

The new library encourages reading after school.

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encourages reading 表示促进阅读。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discourage
使气馁;劝阻
The school discourages students from wasting food. encourage 是给信心或促进;discourage 是使灰心或劝阻。
support
支持
Her parents support her plan to study art. support 更泛指支持;encourage 强调给信心或推动行动。
inspire
激励, 鼓舞
The story inspired many students to help others. inspire 更强调激发强烈愿望;encourage 可更日常。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

en- 可表 make/使,courage 表勇气;encourage 表使有勇气或信心。

encouragement
鼓励;起激励作用的事物
A few words of encouragement changed his mood.
discourage
使气馁;劝阻
One failure should not discourage you.
courage
勇气;胆量
She faced the interview with courage.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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102

encouragement

[in'kʌridʒmənt] · n. · Page 62

words, actions, or support that give someone confidence

鼓励;起激励作用的事物

联想

encouragement 是 encourage 的名词。它可作不可数“鼓励”,也可指一句话、一件事这种“起激励作用的事物”。

意思、用法与例句

n.鼓励、支持

不可数名词,表示给人信心或动力的支持。

常见表达need encouragementgive encouragementwith encouragementwords of encouragement

Her encouragement helped me finish the speech.

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encouragement 表示鼓励和支持。

A few words of encouragement changed his mood.

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words of encouragement 表示鼓励的话。

n.起激励作用的事物

可数名词,指一件让人更有信心的事或信号。

常见表达an encouragement to sb.a great encouragementsome encouragement

The small success was a great encouragement to the team.

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a great encouragement 指一件激励人的事。

Your progress is an encouragement to younger students.

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an encouragement to 表示对某人的激励。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discouragement
气馁;劝阻
Constant criticism can lead to discouragement. discouragement 是 encouragement 的反向名词。
support
支持
The team needs support from the school. support 更宽泛;encouragement 强调给信心。

词族线索 / 同组词

encourage
鼓励;促进
The coach encouraged us to keep trying. encourage 是动词;encouragement 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

encourage
鼓励;促进
College can encourage students to explore new aspects of life.
discourage
使气馁;劝阻
One failure should not discourage you.
discouragement
气馁;劝阻
Constant criticism can lead to discouragement.

词族导图

brave / courage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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103

cover

星标

['kʌvə(r)] · n. / vt. · Page 62

a cover or lid, or to put over, include, report, protect, insure, or pay for

覆盖物, 盖子, 封面;覆盖;包括;行过;报道;掩护;给……保险;足以支付

联想

cover 的核心画面是“盖住/覆盖”,再扩展到“范围覆盖、新闻报道、保险覆盖、费用够支付”。它是本组最重要的多义词。

意思、用法与例句

n.覆盖物、盖子、封面

名词指盖在外面的东西,也可指书刊封面。

常见表达a book covera plastic coverthe front covera cover for

The front cover of the book shows a mountain.

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front cover 指封面。

Put a cover on the pot to keep the soup warm.

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cover 作名词表示盖子。

vt.覆盖、遮盖

把某物盖住,或某物表面被另一物覆盖。

常见表达cover sth. with sth.be covered with/bycover the roadcover one's face

The snow covered the road in the morning.

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covered the road 表示雪覆盖道路。

The desk was covered with books and papers.

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be covered with 表示被……覆盖。

vt.包括、行过、报道

表示内容范围包括某物、走完一段距离,或媒体报道某事。

常见表达cover grammarcover ten kilometerscover a storycover an event

The course covers grammar, reading, and writing.

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covers 表示课程包括这些内容。

Two reporters covered the school sports meeting.

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cover an event 表示报道事件。

vt.掩护、给……保险、足以支付

表示保护或为某风险/费用提供保障,也可表示钱够付。

常见表达cover sb.cover damagecover the costinsurance covers

The insurance covers damage from storms.

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insurance covers 表示保险覆盖某种损失。

This card should cover the cost of the meal.

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cover the cost 表示足以支付费用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

uncover
揭开;发现
The workers uncovered an old wall under the ground. uncover 是去掉覆盖或发现;cover 是覆盖或涵盖。
include
包括
The price includes breakfast. include 接近 cover 的“包括”义,但不表示覆盖、报道或保险。
report
报道
The newspaper reported the accident. report 接近 cover 的新闻报道义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

coverage
新闻报道;覆盖范围;保险范围
TV coverage of the match started at eight.
discover
发现;查明
Scientists discovered a new plant in the forest.
recover
恢复;找回
She recovered quickly after the operation.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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104

coverage

['kʌvəridʒ] · n. · Page 62

news reporting, the range reached by something, or what insurance includes

新闻报道;覆盖范围;保险范围

联想

coverage 是 cover 的名词扩展。新闻 coverage 是报道;network coverage 是覆盖范围;insurance coverage 是保险范围。

意思、用法与例句

n.新闻报道

媒体对事件、比赛或话题的报道。

常见表达news coverageTV coveragewide coverage ofmedia coverage

The newspaper gave wide coverage to the event.

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wide coverage 指广泛报道。

TV coverage of the match started at eight.

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TV coverage of 表示电视报道。

n.覆盖范围;保险范围

表示网络、服务、信号或保险涵盖的范围。

常见表达network coveragephone coverageinsurance coveragecoverage area

Phone coverage is weak in the mountains.

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phone coverage 指手机信号覆盖范围。

The family checked the insurance coverage before the trip.

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insurance coverage 指保险范围。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reporting
报道
Good reporting should be fair and clear. reporting 接近 coverage 的新闻报道义。
range
范围
The range of the radio is about ten kilometers. range 接近 coverage 的覆盖范围义。

词族线索 / 同组词

cover
覆盖;包括;报道;保险覆盖
The insurance covers damage from storms. cover 是动词或名词;coverage 是新闻、范围或保险覆盖。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cover
覆盖;报道;保险覆盖
Two reporters covered the school sports meeting.
covered
被覆盖的;有保险的
The path was covered with leaves.
uncovered
未覆盖的;未保险的
Some medical costs are uncovered.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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105

discover

星标

[di'skʌvə(r)] · vt. · Page 62

to find something that already exists, or learn a fact

发现, 发觉, 找到;了解到, 认识到, 查明

联想

discover = dis- + cover,可理解为“揭开覆盖而发现”。discover 是发现已经存在但以前不知道的东西;invent 是发明以前没有的东西。

意思、用法与例句

vt.发现、找到

发现原本存在但以前不为人知或没有注意到的人、物或地方。

常见表达discover a placediscover a plantdiscover a factdiscover the truth

Scientists discovered a new plant in the forest.

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discover a plant 表示发现已存在的植物。

We discovered a small cafe behind the museum.

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discover a cafe 表示偶然找到。

vt.了解到、认识到、查明

通过经历、调查或思考得知事实。

常见表达discover thatdiscover whydiscover howdiscover the reason

We soon discovered that the map was wrong.

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discover that 表示发现/了解到一个事实。

The police tried to discover why the door was open.

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discover why 表示查明原因。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

invent
发明
Who invented the first practical telephone? discover 是发现已存在的事物;invent 是创造以前没有的东西。
find
找到;发现
I found my keys under the chair. find 更普通;discover 常带有首次发现或查明的意味。

词族线索 / 同组词

discovery
发现;被发现的事物
Her discovery of the old letter solved the mystery. discover 是动词;discovery 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- 可表 removing/reversing,cover 表覆盖;discover 可理解为揭开覆盖后发现。

discovery
发现;被发现的事物
The discovery changed medical research.
discoverer
发现者
The discoverer recorded the new plant carefully.
undiscovered
未被发现的
The cave remained undiscovered for many years.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

discovery

[di'skʌvəri] · n. · Page 62

the act of finding out, or the thing found

发现, 发觉;被发现的事物(或真相、人)

联想

discovery 是 discover 的名词,可指“发现这个行为/过程”,也可指“被发现的东西或真相”。

意思、用法与例句

n.发现、发觉

指发现事实、地点、规律或新信息的行为或过程。

常见表达make a discoverythe discovery oflead to a discoveryscientific discovery

Her discovery of the old letter solved the mystery.

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discovery of 表示发现某物。

Careful study led to an important discovery.

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lead to a discovery 表示带来发现。

n.被发现的事物、真相或人

指发现所得的东西、事实或人物。

常见表达a new discoveryan important discoverythe latest discovery

The new medicine was a major discovery.

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discovery 指被发现的重要事物。

The latest discovery changed how people understood the story.

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latest discovery 指最新发现。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

invention
发明
The invention saved people a lot of time. discovery 是发现已有事物或真相;invention 是创造新事物。
finding
发现;调查结果
The report's findings surprised the class. finding 可指研究发现;discovery 更常指新发现或被发现物。

词族线索 / 同组词

discover
发现;查明
We soon discovered that the map was wrong. discover 是动词;discovery 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

discover
发现;查明
Scientists discovered a new plant in the forest.
discoverer
发现者
The discoverer recorded the new plant carefully.
undiscovered
未被发现的
The cave remained undiscovered for many years.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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107

recover

星标

[ri'kʌvə(r)] · vi. / vt. · Page 63

to get well or return to normal, or to get something back

恢复健康, 康复;恢复常态;收回, 找回, 重新获得;恢复控制

联想

recover 有两条主线:人/情况恢复,东西/控制被找回或重新获得。recover 不等于 cover again。

意思、用法与例句

vi.恢复健康、恢复常态

人从疾病、手术、打击中恢复,或经济、系统恢复正常。

常见表达recover from illnessrecover after an operationrecover from shockrecover oneself

She recovered quickly after the operation.

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recovered after the operation 表示术后康复。

He took a deep breath and recovered himself.

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recover oneself 表示恢复镇定。

vt.收回、寻回、重新获得

找回丢失或被偷的东西,也可重新获得能力、控制或损失的钱。

常见表达recover a stolen bikerecover lost filesrecover controlrecover one's losses

The police recovered the stolen bicycle.

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recover the stolen bicycle 表示找回被偷自行车。

The team recovered control of the game in the second half.

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recover control 表示重新取得控制。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

get better
好转, 康复
The patient is getting better each day. get better 接近 recover 的康复义,语气更口语。
lose
丢失;失去
He lost control of the bike. recover 表示找回或重新获得,常与 lose 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

recovery
恢复;痊愈;复苏
His recovery took several months. recover 是动词;recovery 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recovery
痊愈;恢复;复苏
The town's recovery after the storm was slow.
recoverable
可恢复的;可找回的
The lost data was recoverable from a backup.
unrecoverable
无法恢复的;无法找回的
Some files were unrecoverable after the crash.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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108

recovery

[ri'kʌvəri] · n. · Page 63

the process of getting well, returning to normal, or getting something back

痊愈, 恢复;收回, 复得;复苏

联想

recovery 是 recover 的名词,既可说身体恢复,也可说经济复苏、数据恢复、失物收回。economic recovery 是常见搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.痊愈、恢复

指人从疾病、伤害或困难后逐渐好转。

常见表达make a recoveryrecovery from illnessrecovery after an operationa full recovery

His recovery took several months.

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recovery 指恢复过程。

The doctor expects her to make a full recovery.

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make a full recovery 表示完全康复。

n.收回、复得;复苏

指找回失物、恢复数据,或经济/社会恢复。

常见表达data recoveryrecovery of stolen goodseconomic recoveryrecovery after a storm

Economic recovery may take a long time after a crisis.

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economic recovery 表示经济复苏。

The recovery of the lost files saved the project.

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recovery of files 表示找回文件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decline
下降;衰退
The town faced economic decline after the factory closed. economic recovery 与 economic decline 相对。
return
返回;恢复
The return of warm weather helped the plants grow. return 接近 recovery 的回到某状态,但更宽泛。

词族线索 / 同组词

recover
恢复;找回
The police recovered the stolen bicycle. recover 是动词;recovery 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recover
恢复;找回
She recovered from the fever in a week.
recoverable
可恢复的;可找回的
The lost data was recoverable from a backup.
unrecoverable
无法恢复的;无法找回的
Some files were unrecoverable after the crash.

词族导图

cover 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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109

know

星标

[nəʊ] · v. / vt. · Page 63

to have information, understand a fact, or be familiar with a person or place

知道, 了解;认识到, 懂得, 意识到;熟悉, 认识

联想

know 是高频核心词。先分三条:know a fact 是知道,know that/how/why 是懂得或意识到,know a person/place 是认识或熟悉。

意思、用法与例句

v.知道、了解事实

表示掌握信息、答案、事实或某件事的情况。

常见表达know the answerknow aboutknow thatknow why

I know the answer to this question.

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know the answer 表示知道答案。

Do you know about the new reading club?

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know about 表示了解相关情况。

v.懂得、意识到

表示明白怎样做、认识到某个事实或道理。

常见表达know how to doknow what to docome to knowknow the importance of

Every student should know how to use the library.

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know how to do 表示知道怎样做。

She soon knew that practice mattered more than luck.

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knew that 表示意识到一个事实。

vt.熟悉、认识

表示认识某人,或熟悉某个地方、作品、规则。

常见表达know sb.know a place wellbe known toget to know

Do you know the girl standing near the gate?

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know the girl 表示认识这个女孩。

After three years, he knows the town well.

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knows the town well 表示熟悉这个地方。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

understand
理解
I understand the main idea of the passage. understand 更强调理解意义;know 可表示知道事实或认识人。
unknown
未知的;不出名的
The cause of the fire is still unknown. unknown 是 know 的否定形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

knowledge
知识;了解
Background knowledge helps you understand the passage. know 是动词;knowledge 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

knowledge
知识;了解
A good knowledge of traditions helped the architect.
acknowledge
承认;确认收到;致谢;打招呼
Please acknowledge receipt of this letter by Friday.
unknown
未知的;不出名的
The cause of the fire is still unknown.

词族导图

know / acknowledge 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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110

knowledge

星标

['nɒlidʒ] · n. · Page 63

information, understanding, or skill gained by learning or experience

知识, 学问;知道, 了解

联想

knowledge 是 know 的名词,不可数为主。常说 background knowledge、scientific knowledge、a good knowledge of。

意思、用法与例句

n.知识、学问

表示通过学习、阅读、经历获得的信息和理解。

常见表达background knowledgescientific knowledgegeneral knowledgeknowledge of

Background knowledge helps you understand the passage.

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background knowledge 指理解文章、课程或话题所需的背景知识。

Scientific knowledge grows through careful experiments.

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scientific knowledge 指科学知识。

n.了解、熟悉

表示对某领域、传统、语言或技能有了解,常用 a good knowledge of。

常见表达a good knowledge ofdeep knowledge ofwithout one's knowledgeto one's knowledge

The architect showed a good knowledge of traditions.

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a good knowledge of 表示对某领域有良好了解。

To my knowledge, the meeting starts at nine.

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to my knowledge 表示据我所知。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

information
信息
The website gives useful information about exams. information 是信息;knowledge 更强调理解后形成的知识。
ignorance
无知;不了解
Ignorance of the rule is not an excuse. ignorance 是缺乏知识或了解。

词族线索 / 同组词

know
知道;了解;认识
Every student should know how to use the library. know 是动词;knowledge 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

knowledgeable
知识渊博的
She is knowledgeable about local history.
know
知道;熟悉
After three years, he knows the town well.
known
已知的;知名的
The writer is known for short stories.

词族导图

know / acknowledge 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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111

acknowledge

星标

[ək'nɒlidʒ] · vt. · Page 63

to admit something, confirm receiving something, thank publicly, or show that you notice someone

承认;确认收到;公开感谢;打招呼, 理会

联想

acknowledge 比 know 正式得多。可按三条线记:懂得后承认,知道后确认收到,认识后打招呼或理会。

意思、用法与例句

vt.承认、认可

承认事实、错误、权威、贡献或某事存在。

常见表达acknowledge a mistakeacknowledge thatacknowledge the truthbe widely acknowledged as

He acknowledged that he had made a mistake.

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acknowledge that 表示承认一个事实。

The scientist is widely acknowledged as a leader in the field.

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be acknowledged as 表示被公认为。

vt.确认收到

正式告知对方信件、款项、礼物或信息已经收到。

常见表达acknowledge receipt ofacknowledge a letteracknowledge a chequeacknowledge an email

Please acknowledge receipt of this letter by Friday.

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acknowledge receipt of 表示确认收到。

Please acknowledge this cheque as soon as you receive it.

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acknowledge this cheque 表示收到支票后告知对方。

vt.公开感谢、致谢

在演讲、文章或正式场合感谢某人的帮助或贡献。

常见表达acknowledge helpacknowledge supportacknowledge one's contribution

The school acknowledged her contribution to the project.

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acknowledge contribution 表示公开感谢贡献。

At the end of the report, he acknowledged his teacher's help.

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acknowledge help 表示致谢。

vt.打招呼、理会

用微笑、点头、话语等表示注意到某人。

常见表达acknowledge sb. with a smileacknowledge sb. with a nodbarely acknowledge sb.

She acknowledged the visitors with a polite smile.

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acknowledge sb. with a smile 表示微笑致意。

I met him in town, but he did not even acknowledge me.

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did not even acknowledge me 表示甚至没有理会我。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

admit
承认
She admitted her mistake at once. admit 接近 acknowledge 的承认义;acknowledge 更正式,且还有确认收到、致谢、打招呼义。
deny
否认
He denied taking the money. deny 是拒绝承认;acknowledge 是承认或确认。
ignore
忽视;不理会
He ignored my question. ignore 与 acknowledge 的打招呼/理会义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

acknowledge 与 know/knowledge 有词形和意义联系,但现代用法要按四个正式动词义记。

acknowledgement
确认;感谢
The email included an acknowledgement of receipt.
knowledge
知识;了解
A good knowledge of traditions helped the architect.
known
已知的;知名的
The writer is known for short stories.

词族导图

know / acknowledge 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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112

unknown

[,ʌn'nəʊn] · adj. · Page 63

not known, or not famous

不知道的, 未知的;不出名的

联想

unknown = un- + known,意思是“未知的”或“不出名的”。可作表语 be unknown,也可放在名词前,如 an unknown cause、an unknown writer。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不知道的、未知的

表示原因、地点、身份、结果等还没有被知道。

常见表达be unknownremain unknownan unknown causeunknown to sb.

The cause of the fire is still unknown.

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cause is unknown 表示原因仍未知。

The exact number of visitors remains unknown.

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remains unknown 表示仍然未知。

adj.不出名的

形容人、作者、艺术家或地方不为大众熟知。

常见表达an unknown writeran unknown artistunknown outsidelargely unknown

An unknown writer sent the newspaper a letter.

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unknown writer 指不出名的作者。

The small village was unknown to most tourists.

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unknown to sb. 表示不为某人所知。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

known
已知的;知名的
The writer is known for short stories. known 是已知或知名;unknown 是未知或不出名。
famous
著名的
The singer became famous after the show. famous 与 unknown 的不出名义相反。
mysterious
神秘的
The mysterious sound came from the old room. mysterious 强调神秘;unknown 只表示不知道或不出名。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

known
已知的;知名的
The writer is known for short stories.
know
知道;认识
Do you know about the new reading club?
unknowingly
不知不觉地;无意中
He unknowingly left his notebook in the library.

词族导图

know / acknowledge 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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113

port

[pɔ:t] · n. · Page 64

a harbor where ships stop, or a town with such a harbor

港, 港口;港口城市

联想

port 本义是港口,也可指港口城市。本组里它还作为 carry/带、运 的词根线索出现,但 port 自身现代常用义就是港口。

意思、用法与例句

n.港、港口

船只停靠、装卸货物或避风的地方。

常见表达arrive at a portreturn to portleave porta fishing port

The ship arrived at the port before sunrise.

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arrived at the port 表示到港。

Many fishing boats returned to port before the storm.

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returned to port 表示回港。

n.港口城市;习语

可指以港口为中心的城市,也出现在 any port in a storm 中。

常见表达a busy porta port cityany port in a storm

The old port grew into a busy city.

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port 可指港口城市。

In a crisis, any port in a storm may seem useful.

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any port in a storm 是固定习语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

harbor
港口, 港湾
The boats were safe in the harbor. harbor 接近 port,但更强调天然或人工停泊水域。
airport
机场, 航空港
We arrived at the airport two hours early. airport 是飞机起降场所;port 是船舶港口。
transport
运输, 运送
Trucks transport fresh fruit from the farm to the city. transport 用 port 的 carry 线索,现代义是运输。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

airport
机场, 航空港
We arrived at the airport two hours early.
passport
护照;通向某事的手段
A passport is needed for international travel.
transport
运输, 运送
Public transport is convenient in this part of town.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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114

export

星标

[ik'spɔ:t]; ['ekspɔ:t] · v. / n. · Page 64

to send goods or data out to another country or system, or goods sent out

出口, 输出;出口;出口商品

联想

export 的 ex- 是“向外”。动词重音常在后,名词重音常在前;可用于商品出口,也可用于电脑数据输出。

意思、用法与例句

v.出口、输出

把商品运到国外销售,或把数据从系统中导出。

常见表达export goodsexport tea toexport dataexport a file

The company exports tea to several European countries.

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exports tea to 表示向国外出口。

You can export the chart as a picture file.

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export the chart 表示导出图表。

n.出口;出口商品

表示出口行为、出口量或出口商品,常用复数 exports。

常见表达oil exportsexports of riceimports and exportsexport market

Oil exports brought money to the country.

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exports 指出口商品或出口额。

The report compares imports and exports for the year.

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imports and exports 是进出口。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

import
进口;输入
The country imports oil from abroad. import 是向内带入;export 是向外送出。
send out
送出
The factory sends out goods every Friday. send out 更普通;export 常指跨国商品或系统数据输出。
port
港口
The ship arrived at the port before sunrise. export 与 port 可用“从港口向外送出”记忆,但现代可不限港口。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ex- 表 out,port 表 carry;export 可记成向外运出。

import
进口;输入
The program can import data from a spreadsheet.
exporter
出口商
A large exporter sells goods abroad.
exported
出口的;导出的
Exported goods were checked at the port.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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115

import

星标

[im'pɔ:t]; ['impɔ:t] · v. / n. · Page 64

to bring goods or data in from another country or system, or goods brought in

进口, 输入;进口商品;输入, 引进

联想

import 的 im- 表“向内”。它和 export 方向相反:import goods 是进口商品,import data 是导入数据。

意思、用法与例句

v.进口、输入

把商品从国外带入本国,或把数据导入系统。

常见表达import goodsimport oil fromimport dataimport a file

The country imports oil from abroad.

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imports oil from 表示从国外进口石油。

The program can import data from a spreadsheet.

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import data 表示导入数据。

n.进口商品;输入、引进

表示被进口的商品或引进的行为,常用复数 imports。

常见表达food importsimports and exportsimport of technologyimport controls

Food imports rose after the poor harvest.

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food imports 指进口食品。

The port handles many imports every day.

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imports 指进口货物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

export
出口;输出
The company exports tea to several European countries. export 向外送出;import 向内带入。
bring in
带入, 引进
The new program brings in fresh ideas. bring in 更宽泛;import 常指贸易或数据导入。
port
港口
Many ships entered the port at night. import 可用“从港口向内带入”记忆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

im-/in- 表 in,port 表 carry;import 可记成向内运入。

export
出口;输出
The report compares imports and exports for the year.
importer
进口商
The importer buys goods from abroad.
imported
进口的;导入的
Imported food became expensive after the storm.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

opportunity

[,ɒpə'tju:nəti] · n. · Page 64

a good chance to do something

机会, 时机

联想

opportunity 的现代核心就是“机会、时机”。港口风向故事只作记忆辅助,不要把它按港口义翻译。

意思、用法与例句

n.机会、时机

可数或不可数,表示适合做某事的好机会。

常见表达an opportunity to dohave an opportunitytake the opportunitymiss the opportunity

The competition gave her an opportunity to show her talent.

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an opportunity to do 表示做某事的机会。

Do not miss the opportunity to practise speaking English.

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miss the opportunity 表示错过机会。

n.发展机会

可用于学习、工作、旅行或成长语境。

常见表达learning opportunityjob opportunityequal opportunityopportunity for

The summer program offers students a learning opportunity.

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learning opportunity 指学习机会。

Everyone should have an equal opportunity to succeed.

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equal opportunity 指平等机会。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chance
机会
This is a good chance to learn from others. chance 更口语;opportunity 稍正式,常指有价值的机会。
possibility
可能性
There is a possibility of rain tomorrow. possibility 是可能性,不一定是好机会。
obstacle
障碍
Lack of time was a major obstacle. obstacle 会阻碍机会的实现,但不是 opportunity 的严格反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索:op- 朝向 + portun=port + -ity,原义可理解为吹向港口的风;现代义记为机会。

opportune
适时的
The call came at an opportune moment.
opportunely
适时地
She arrived opportunely before the meeting began.
opportunities
机会, opportunity 的复数
Good books create opportunities for discussion.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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117

airport

['eəpɔ:t] · n. · Page 64

a place where planes take off and land

航空港, 机场

联想

airport = air + port,可理解为飞机的“港口”。它是地点名词,常和 arrive at、leave、terminal、international 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.机场、航空港

飞机起飞、降落和乘客办理登机的地方。

常见表达at the airportarrive at the airportleave the airportinternational airport

We arrived at the airport two hours early.

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arrive at the airport 表示到达机场。

The airport was crowded during the holiday.

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airport was crowded 表示机场拥挤。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

terminal
航站楼;终点站
The bus stops outside the airport terminal. terminal 是机场或车站建筑/终点,不等于整个 airport。
station
车站
The train station is near our school. station 常用于火车或公交;airport 用于飞机。

词族线索 / 同组词

port
港口
The ship arrived at the port before sunrise. port 是船的港口;airport 是飞机的港口。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

air
空气;航空
Air travel is faster over long distances.
port
港口
Many fishing boats returned to port.
airline
航空公司;航线
The airline opened a new route to the city.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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118

passport

['pɑ:spɔ:t] · n. · Page 64

an official travel document, or a means that helps someone reach a goal

护照;(to) 途径, 手段

联想

passport 最常用义是护照;抽象义 a passport to success/freedom 表示通向某目标的手段。

意思、用法与例句

n.护照

用于国际旅行的官方证件。

常见表达show a passportpassport controla valid passportapply for a passport

You need a passport to travel abroad.

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passport 指出国旅行证件。

He checked his passport before entering the airport.

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checked his passport 表示检查护照。

n.途径、手段

抽象表示通向某种机会、成功或自由的手段。

常见表达a passport to successa passport to freedoma passport to a better future

Education can be a passport to a better future.

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passport to 是通向某目标的途径。

Good communication is a passport to better teamwork.

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passport to better teamwork 是比喻义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ID card
身份证
Students must show an ID card at the gate. ID card 证明身份;passport 用于国际旅行。
visa
签证
She applied for a visa before the trip. visa 是入境许可;passport 是旅行证件。

词族线索 / 同组词

pass
通过;通行证
The guard checked the visitor pass. passport 含 pass 的通行线索,但现代义是护照。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pass
通过;通行证
The guard checked the visitor pass.
port
港口;港口城市
Many fishing boats returned to port.
passports
护照, passport 的复数
The officer checked all passports carefully.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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119

portable

星标

['pɔ:təbl] · adj. / n. · Page 64

easy to carry or move, or a portable computer/device

便于携带的;便携机

联想

portable 来自 port=carry 的线索,核心是“便于携带”。它可以作形容词,也可作名词指便携设备。

意思、用法与例句

adj.便于携带的

形容设备、家具、工具等轻便、容易移动。

常见表达portable radioportable chargerportable computerportable device

This portable radio is small enough to carry in a bag.

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portable radio 指便携收音机。

A portable charger is useful during a long trip.

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portable charger 指便携充电器。

n.便携机、手提电脑

名词用法较旧,指便携电脑或设备。

常见表达a portableuse a portableportable computer

A portable computer is useful during travel.

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portable computer 指便携电脑。

The old portable still works for simple writing.

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portable 作名词可指便携设备。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mobile
可移动的;移动的
Mobile phones changed daily life. mobile 强调移动使用;portable 强调容易携带。
fixed
固定的
The machine is fixed to the floor. fixed 与 portable 的可携带/可移动相反。
transport
运输, 运送
Workers transported the equipment by truck. portable 与 transport 都含 carry/move 线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

port=carry,-able 表能够;portable 表能够被携带的。

portability
便携性
Portability is important for a travel computer.
transport
运输
Trucks transport fresh fruit to the city.
porter
搬运工;门卫
The porter carried our bags to the room.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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120

porter

['pɔ:tə(r)] · n. · Page 64

a person whose job is to carry bags, or a person at an entrance

搬运工;门卫

联想

porter 与 port=carry 线索相关:在旅馆、车站等帮人搬运行李的人;也可表示门卫。

意思、用法与例句

n.搬运工

在车站、旅馆等帮助搬运行李或货物的人。

常见表达hotel porterstation portercarry bagsporter carried

The porter carried our bags to the room.

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porter carried bags 表示搬运行李。

A station porter helped the old man with his suitcase.

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station porter 指车站搬运工。

n.门卫

在入口处值守或接待的人。

常见表达porter at the gatenight porterhotel entrance

The porter works at the hotel entrance.

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porter 可指旅馆门卫。

The night porter opened the door for late guests.

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night porter 指夜班门卫。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

carrier
搬运者;运输工具
A carrier delivered the package. carrier 范围更宽;porter 常指车站或旅馆搬运工。
reporter
记者
A reporter interviewed the rescue workers. porter 是搬运工/门卫;reporter 是记者,拼写相近但意义不同。
portable
便于携带的
This portable radio is small enough to carry. porter 是搬运的人;portable 是能被携带的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

port=carry,-er 表人;porter 可记成搬运的人。

portable
便于携带的
A portable charger is useful during a trip.
transport
运输
Workers transported the equipment by truck.
porters
搬运工, porter 的复数
Two porters helped the passengers with their bags.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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121

report

星标

[ri'pɔ:t] · v. / n. · Page 64

to give information officially or publicly, or a written or spoken account

报道;报告, 汇报;公布;告发;报到;新闻报道;报告

联想

report 的核心是“把信息带回来/说出来”。它可以是新闻报道、调查报告、向老师汇报、检举问题,也可作 vi. 表报到。

意思、用法与例句

v.报道、报告、汇报

把新闻、情况、研究结果等告诉别人或公开发布。

常见表达report newsreport an accidentreport thatreport to sb.

Witnesses reported smoke near the factory.

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reported smoke 表示报告看到的情况。

The newspaper reported that the river was cleaner.

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reported that 表示报道一个事实。

vt. / vi.公布、告发、报到

公布数据,向有关人员检举问题,或到某处报到。

常见表达report a problemreport sb. toreport for dutyreport to the office

Students should report any broken equipment to the teacher.

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report sth. to sb. 表示向某人报告问题。

All players must report to the gym at eight.

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report to 表示报到。

n.新闻报道、报告

可指新闻报道、调查报告、学习报告或成绩报告。

常见表达a news reporta school reportwrite a reportreport about/on

The students wrote a report about the river.

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write a report about 表示写报告。

Her school report showed clear progress in science.

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school report 指成绩或学校报告。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

announce
宣布, 公布
The school announced the exam date. announce 强调公开宣布;report 强调提供信息或报道。
hide
隐藏
He tried to hide the mistake. hide 与 report 的告知/报道方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

reporter
记者, 通讯员
A reporter interviewed the rescue workers. report 是报道/报告;reporter 是做报道的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re-=back,port=carry;report 可记成把消息带回来。

reporter
记者, 通讯员
The reporter wrote down every detail.
reported
被报道的;据报道的
The reported problem was fixed quickly.
reporting
报道;报告工作
Careful reporting made the story clear.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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122

reporter

[ri'pɔ:tə(r)] · n. · Page 64

a person who collects and reports news

记者, 通讯员

联想

reporter = report + -er,是做报道的人。常见搭配有 news reporter、a reporter from、interviewed by a reporter。

意思、用法与例句

n.记者、通讯员

采访、收集并报道新闻的人。

常见表达news reportera reporter frominterviewed by a reporterreporter wrote

A reporter interviewed the rescue workers.

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reporter 指采访报道的人。

The reporter wrote down every detail of the interview.

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reporter wrote down 表示记者记录细节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

journalist
新闻工作者, 记者
A journalist wrote an article about the village. journalist 比 reporter 更正式,范围也可更宽。
porter
搬运工;门卫
The porter carried our bags to the room. porter 和 reporter 拼写接近但意义完全不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

report
报道;报告
The newspaper reported that the river was cleaner. report 是动作或报告;reporter 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

report
报道;报告
The students wrote a report about the river.
reported
被报道的;据报道的
The reported problem was fixed quickly.
reporting
报道;报告工作
Careful reporting made the story clear.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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123

support

星标

[sə'pɔ:t] · vt. / n. · Page 64

to help, agree with, or hold something up; help or approval

支持;帮助, 援助

联想

support 来自“在下面承担”的记忆线索。现代用法分三条:支持观点/计划,帮助某人,支撑重量。名词 support 表支持或帮助。

意思、用法与例句

vt.支持、赞成

支持某个计划、决定、观点或人。

常见表达support a plansupport a decisionsupport sb.in support of

Her parents supported her decision to study art.

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supported her decision 表示支持决定。

Many students spoke in support of the new library rules.

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in support of 表示支持某事。

vt.帮助、援助;支撑

提供帮助、资金或情感力量,也可物理支撑。

常见表达financial supportemotional supportsupport the roofsupport a family

The project needs financial support from the community.

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financial support 表示资金支持。

These columns support the roof of the old hall.

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support the roof 表示支撑屋顶。

n.支持、帮助

不可数名词,指支持、援助或支撑。

常见表达public supportsupport forwith supportwithout support

The plan won strong public support.

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public support 指公众支持。

With support from friends, she finished the task.

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with support 表示在支持下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oppose
反对
Several parents opposed the change. oppose 与 support 的赞成义相反。
help
帮助
Can you help me move this desk? help 接近 support 的帮助义;support 还可表示赞成或支撑。
carry
承载, 搬运
The bridge carries heavy traffic. support 的词根助记是从下面承担。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sup-/sub- 表 under,port=carry;support 可记成在下面承担。

supporter
支持者
Supporters of the plan signed their names.
supportive
支持的;给予帮助的
Her family was supportive of her plan.
unsupported
没有支持的;无支撑的
The claim was unsupported by evidence.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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124

transport

星标

[træn'spɔ:t]; ['trænspɔ:t] · vt. / n. · Page 64

to carry people or goods from one place to another, or a transport system

运输, 运送;交通运输系统;交通车辆, 运输工具

联想

transport = trans- + port,trans- 表 from...to...,port 表 carry。它可作动词“运输”,也可作名词“交通运输”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.运输、运送

把人或货物从一个地方运到另一个地方。

常见表达transport goodstransport sb. tobe transported bytransport from ... to ...

Trucks transport fresh fruit from the farm to the city.

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transport from ... to ... 表示从一地运到另一地。

The injured workers were transported to the nearest hospital.

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transported to 表示被运送到。

n.运输、交通系统、交通工具

不可数名词,指运输方式、交通系统或交通工具。

常见表达public transportair transportroad transportmeans of transport

Public transport is convenient in this part of town.

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public transport 指公共交通。

Air transport made the long journey much faster.

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air transport 指航空运输。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

carry
搬运, 运送
The workers carried the boxes upstairs. carry 更普通;transport 强调从一地到另一地运输。
import
进口;输入
The country imports oil from abroad. import/export 关注进出边界;transport 关注运输过程。
store
储存
The grain was stored in a dry room. store 是保存不动;transport 是移动运送。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

trans-=from...to...,port=carry;transport 表从一地运到另一地。

transportation
运输;交通
Transportation in the city improved last year.
transporter
运输车;运输者
A transporter carried the equipment to the hall.
portable
便于携带的
A portable charger is useful during travel.

词族导图

port 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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125

collapse

[kə'læps] · vi. / n. · Page 65

to fall down suddenly, fail completely, or a sudden fall or failure

倒塌, 垮下;崩溃, 突然失败

联想

collapse 可作动词也可作名词。实体结构 collapse 是倒塌;计划、公司、身体或信心 collapse 是崩溃或突然失败。

意思、用法与例句

vi.倒塌、垮下

建筑、桥梁、墙或人因支撑不住而突然倒下。

常见表达the building collapsedcollapse aftercollapse undercollapse to the ground

The old bridge collapsed after heavy rain.

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bridge collapsed 表示桥倒塌。

The chair collapsed under his weight.

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collapse under 表示因承受不住而垮掉。

vi.崩溃、突然失败

计划、公司、系统、价格或身体突然失败、垮掉。

常见表达the plan collapsedtalks collapsedcollapse from exhaustionprices collapsed

The company's plan collapsed when costs rose.

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plan collapsed 表示计划失败。

She nearly collapsed from exhaustion after the race.

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collapse from exhaustion 表示累得快倒下。

n.倒塌;崩溃

名词指倒塌事件、失败或突然垮掉。

常见表达the collapse ofa sudden collapseeconomic collapsebuilding collapse

The collapse of the wall blocked the road.

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collapse 作名词表示倒塌。

The sudden collapse of the talks surprised everyone.

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collapse of talks 表示谈判破裂。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fall down
倒下
The tree fell down in the storm. fall down 更普通;collapse 强调突然整体垮掉。
stand
站立;保持不倒
The old tower still stands by the river. stand 与 collapse 的倒塌义相反。
combine
结合;联合
The lesson combines reading and speaking practice. collapse 是垮掉;combine 是合在一起,不能互作同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

col-=together,lapse=fall;collapse 可记成整体一起倒下。

collapsed
倒塌的;崩溃的
The collapsed wall blocked the road.
collapsible
可折叠的
A collapsible chair is easy to carry.
collapsing
正在倒塌的;正在崩溃的
People ran away from the collapsing building.

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126

combine

星标

[kəm'bain] · v. · Page 65

to join, mix, or bring two or more things together

(使)联合;(使)结合, 组合;混合

联想

combine 的核心是“合在一起”。重点搭配 combine sth. with sth.,也要会 be combined with。

意思、用法与例句

v.结合、组合

把两个或多个事物、方法或活动合在一起。

常见表达combine sth. with sth.be combined withcombine study with practicecombine A and B

The study of traditions should be combined with practice.

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be combined with 表示与……结合。

The lesson combines reading and speaking practice.

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combines reading and speaking 表示组合两种练习。

v.联合、混合

人或力量联合起来,或物质混合在一起。

常见表达combine to docombine forcescombine ingredientscombine efforts

Several small groups combined to finish the project.

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combined to finish 表示联合起来完成。

Combine the eggs with the milk before adding flour.

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combine ingredients 表示混合材料。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

join
加入;连接
Join the two lines at the corner. join 强调连接;combine 强调合成一个整体或共同发挥作用。
separate
分开
Separate the clean paper from the waste paper. separate 与 combine 的结合义相反。
mix
混合
Mix the water with the flour. mix 接近 combine 的混合义,常用于物质。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

com-=together,bine 可记作 two at a time;combine 表把东西放到一起。

combination
结合;混合;组合
A combination of hard work and luck helped him succeed.
combined
合并的;联合的
Their combined efforts solved the problem.
combining
结合;组合
Combining study with practice helps students remember better.

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127

combination

[,kɒmbi'neiʃn] · n. · Page 65

a joining or mixture of things

结合(体);混合

联想

combination 是 combine 的名词。a combination of A and B 表示 A 和 B 的结合;也可指密码锁的数字组合。

意思、用法与例句

n.结合、组合体

两个或多个因素、品质、方法结合在一起。

常见表达a combination ofin combination withwinning combinationright combination

A combination of hard work and luck helped him succeed.

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a combination of 表示……的结合。

The medicine works best in combination with rest.

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in combination with 表示与……结合使用。

n.混合;数字组合

可指混合物,也可指锁或密码的数字组合。

常见表达color combinationnumber combinationcombination lock

The lock opens with a three-number combination.

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combination 指数字组合。

The room uses a calm combination of blue and white.

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color combination 指颜色搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mixture
混合物
The drink is a mixture of fruit juice and tea. mixture 接近 combination 的混合义;combination 还可指策略或数字组合。
separation
分离
The separation of waste paper and plastic saves time. separation 与 combination 的结合义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

combine
结合;联合;混合
Combine the eggs with the milk before adding flour. combine 是动词;combination 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

combine
结合;混合
The lesson combines reading and speaking practice.
combined
合并的;联合的
Their combined efforts solved the problem.
combinations
组合, combination 的复数
Different combinations of colors change the mood of a room.

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128

compulsory

[kəm'pʌlsəri] · adj. · Page 65

required by a rule, law, or authority

义务的, 强制的

联想

compulsory 是“制度要求必须做”的形容词,常修饰 subject、course、education、attendance。它比 required 更正式,和 optional/voluntary 相对。

意思、用法与例句

adj.按规则必须的、强制的

表示法律、学校、制度或组织规定必须做或必须参加。

常见表达be compulsorycompulsory for sb.compulsory subjectcompulsory course

English is a compulsory subject in many schools.

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compulsory subject 指必修科目。

Attendance is compulsory for all first-year students.

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compulsory for 表示对某群体强制。

adj.义务性的

用于教育、服务、训练等公共制度,强调不是自愿选择。

常见表达compulsory educationcompulsory trainingcompulsory servicenot compulsory

Compulsory education gives every child a basic chance to learn.

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compulsory education 指义务教育。

The safety training is compulsory before the trip.

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compulsory training 指强制培训。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mandatory
强制性的, 必须的
Wearing a helmet is mandatory on this road. mandatory 与 compulsory 接近,常见于规章或正式要求。
required
必需的, 要求的
Safety training is required before the trip. required 更通用;compulsory 更强调制度或法律强制。
optional
可选择的
The music course is optional this term. optional 是可选;compulsory 是必需。
voluntary
自愿的
The clean-up activity is voluntary. voluntary 强调自愿参加,与 compulsory 相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

com- + puls=drive + -ory 可作助记;现代重点记 compulsory=由规则或权威要求必须做。

compel
迫使, 强迫
The law can compel companies to protect workers.
compulsion
强制;强迫
There was no compulsion; students joined the club freely.
compulsorily
强制地
Some tests are taken compulsorily.

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129

concert

['kɒnsət] · n. · Page 65

a public performance of music

音乐会, 演奏会

联想

concert 是可数名词,指公开的音乐表演。常见动作是 go to/attend a concert、give/hold a concert。

意思、用法与例句

n.音乐会、演奏会

公开的音乐表演,可在学校、音乐厅、户外场地举行。

常见表达go to a concertattend a concertgive a concerthold a concertconcert ticket

The school concert began at seven.

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school concert 指学校音乐会。

Thousands of fans went to the outdoor concert.

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outdoor concert 指户外音乐会。

n.音乐会相关场所和安排

用于音乐厅、门票、节目和表演者等语境。

常见表达concert hallconcert ticketconcert programconcert audience

The concert hall was full before the performance began.

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concert hall 指音乐厅。

She bought two concert tickets for her parents.

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concert tickets 指音乐会门票。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

performance
表演;演出
The evening performance began at seven. performance 范围更宽;concert 主要指音乐会。
show
演出;节目
The show included songs and short plays. show 可包含多种节目;concert 以音乐为主。
rehearsal
排练
The rehearsal helped the band prepare. rehearsal 是正式演出前的排练,不是正式 concert。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con-=together + cert=sing 可作助记,一起歌唱引申为音乐会。

concerts
音乐会, concert 的复数
The city holds free concerts in summer.
concertgoer
听音乐会的人
Concertgoers waited outside the hall.
concertgoing
听音乐会;去音乐会的
Concertgoing became popular among the students.

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130

complain

[kəm'plein] · v. · Page 65

to say that something is wrong, unfair, or unsatisfactory

抱怨, 不满

联想

complain 是“把不满说出来”。重点不是争论观点,而是对某事提出抱怨或投诉。

意思、用法与例句

v.抱怨某事

说明某事不好、不公平或让人不满意,常接 about/of 或 that 从句。

常见表达complain about sth.complain of paincomplain thatkeep complaining

Several students complained about the noise.

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complain about 表示抱怨某事。

She complained that the room was too cold.

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complain that 后接抱怨内容。

v.向某人投诉

把问题告诉负责人,希望对方处理。

常见表达complain to sb.complain to the managercomplain about the service

Customers complained to the manager about the delay.

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complain to sb. about sth. 表示向某人投诉某事。

If the food is unsafe, you should complain to the restaurant.

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complain to 表示向负责方投诉。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

argue
争论
They argued about the best way to solve the problem. argue 强调争论观点;complain 强调表达不满或投诉。
praise
表扬
The teacher praised her clear answer. praise 是表扬;complain 是抱怨。

词族线索 / 同组词

complaint
抱怨;投诉
The manager listened carefully to the customer's complaint. complain 是动词;complaint 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

com- 加强意义 + plain=击打可作助记;现代用法重点记 complain about/to/that。

complaint
抱怨;投诉
The manager listened carefully to the customer's complaint.
complaining
抱怨的;抱怨
Constant complaining does not solve the problem.
complained
抱怨了;投诉了
Several students complained about the noise.

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131

defeat

星标

[di'fi:t] · vt. / n. · Page 65

to beat an opponent; a loss in a contest

击败, 战胜;失败

联想

defeat 既可作动词“击败、战胜”,也可作名词“失败”。它还能表示“把人难住”和“使计划失败”,这两条都要看宾语判断。

意思、用法与例句

vt.击败、战胜对手

宾语通常是人、队伍、敌人或计划中的对手,语气比 beat 稍正式。

常见表达defeat an opponentdefeat a teamdefeat the enemybe defeated by

Our school team defeated last year's champions.

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defeated 后接被击败的队伍。

The soldiers were defeated after a long battle.

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be defeated by/after 可用于战争或比赛。

vt.把人难住;使计划失败

宾语也可是不容易解决的问题,或人的希望、计划、目的。

常见表达a problem defeats sb.defeat a plandefeat one's purposedefeat one's hopes

The last math problem defeated many students.

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problem defeats sb. 表示问题把人难住。

Heavy rain defeated our plan to climb the mountain.

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defeat a plan 表示使计划失败。

n.失败;被击败

作名词时表示失败这件事或被击败的结果,常与 suffer、accept、admit 搭配。

常见表达suffer a defeataccept defeatadmit defeata narrow defeat

The team suffered a narrow defeat in the final.

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suffer a defeat 表示遭受失败。

She accepted defeat calmly and congratulated the winner.

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accept defeat 表示承认失败。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

beat
打败;击败
They beat us by one point. beat 更口语、更常用于比赛;defeat 更正式,也可作名词。
overcome
克服;战胜困难
She overcame her fear of speaking in public. overcome 常接 difficulty/fear/problem;defeat 更常接 opponent/team/enemy。
loss
失败;损失
The loss taught the players an important lesson. loss 是名词,可指比赛失败或损失;defeat 更突出被击败。
victory
胜利
The victory gave the team confidence. victory 是名词反义线索,对应 defeat 作名词。
win
赢;获胜
We hope to win the next match. win 是动词反义线索,对应 defeat 作动词或 suffer defeat。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de-=dis-/相反 + feat=功绩 可作助记:让对手没有功绩,引申为击败。这个助记只帮助记忆,不替代现代用法。

defeated
被击败的;受挫的
The defeated players still thanked their fans.
undefeated
未被击败的
The team remained undefeated for the whole season.
defeatist
失败主义的;容易认输的人
A defeatist attitude makes hard work feel impossible.

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132

delete

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[di'li:t] · vt. · Page 65

to remove written or digital information

删除

联想

delete 是及物动词,核心是把文字、文件、消息或记录从原处删掉。它比 remove 范围窄,常见于电脑、手机、表格、文章修改等场景。

意思、用法与例句

vt.删除文字、文件或记录

常接 file、message、email、word、sentence、record 等信息类宾语。

常见表达delete a filedelete a messagedelete an emaildelete a worddelete a record

Please delete the old file before you upload the new one.

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delete a file 是电脑语境中的删除。

The editor deleted one sentence to make the paragraph clearer.

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delete a sentence 表示编辑文章时删去句子。

vt.从名单、文本或系统中删去

强调让某项信息不再出现在列表、文本或数据库里。

常见表达delete sth. from a listdelete a name from the recorddelete unnecessary details

You can delete my old address from the list.

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delete sth. from a list 表示从名单中删去。

Do not delete important details from your report.

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delete details from a report 表示从报告中删去细节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remove
移除;去掉
Please remove your name from the old list. remove 范围更宽,可用于人、物、污渍、障碍;delete 常用于文字、文件、记录等信息。
erase
擦掉;抹去
She erased the wrong answer from the board. erase 可指擦掉黑板字迹或清除数据;delete 更常指按操作删除数字或文字内容。
cancel
取消
The school cancelled the outdoor concert because of rain. cancel 是取消活动、订单或计划;delete 是删掉信息内容。
add
添加
Add your phone number to the form. add 是把内容加进去,对应 delete 把内容删掉。
insert
插入
Insert a comma after this word. insert 常指把文字或项目插入某处,与 delete 在编辑动作上相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de-=away/离 + lete=抹掉 可作记忆线索,帮助记住“把信息抹掉、移走”。

deletion
删除;被删去的内容
The deletion of one sentence made the paragraph clearer.
deleted
已删除的
The deleted email was still in the trash folder.
deletable
可删除的
Temporary files are usually deletable.

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133

deny

[di'nai] · vt. · Page 65

to say something is not true; to refuse to give or allow

否认, 不承认;拒绝给予

联想

deny 是及物动词,先记“否认事实”,再记“拒绝给予”。它常接名词、doing 或 that 从句;表示拒绝给予时常见 deny sb. sth. 或 be denied access/entry。

意思、用法与例句

vt.否认事实或责任

宾语可以是事实、责任、指控,也可以接 doing 或 that 从句。

常见表达deny doing sth.deny that ...deny a factdeny responsibilitydeny a charge

He denied breaking the window.

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deny doing sth. 是高频结构,不能改成 deny to do。

The company denied responsibility for the accident.

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deny responsibility 表示否认责任。

She denied that she had copied the answer.

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deny that 从句表示否认一个说法。

vt.拒绝给予;不准享有

常接 person + thing,或用于被动结构 be denied access/entry/right。

常见表达deny sb. sth.deny access to sb.be denied entrybe denied the right to do sth.

The guard denied us entry because we had no tickets.

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deny us entry 表示拒绝让我们进入。

No child should be denied the chance to learn.

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be denied the chance 表示被拒绝给予机会。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

refuse
拒绝
She refused to answer the question. refuse 常接 to do,强调不愿做;deny 可表示否认事实,也可表示拒绝给予。
reject
拒绝接受;驳回
The school rejected the unsafe plan. reject 强调不接受建议、请求或计划;deny 更常否认事实或拒绝给予权利。
admit
承认
He admitted making a mistake. admit 是 deny 的反义线索,常接 doing 或 that 从句。
acknowledge
承认;确认
She acknowledged that the report was late. acknowledge 较正式,表示承认或确认;deny 是否认。
allow
允许
The teacher allowed us to use dictionaries. allow 对应 deny 的“准许/给予”反义线索。
grant
准予;授予
The school granted him permission to leave early. grant 正式表示给予许可或权利,与 deny access/right 相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 加强意义 + ny=neg/否认 可作记忆线索:把“不承认”这一方向加强。

denial
否认;拒绝承认
His denial did not convince the police.
denied
被否认的;被拒绝给予的
The request was denied because it arrived too late.
undeniable
不可否认的
It is undeniable that clean water is important to health.

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134

detail

['di:teil] · n. / vt. · Page 66

a small piece of information; to describe fully or assign

细节, 详情;详述;指派

联想

detail 的核心是“被细分出来的小信息”。作名词时是细节、详情或资料;作动词时可表示详细说明,正式语境中还可表示指派某人去做任务。

意思、用法与例句

n.细节、详情、资料

可数时是一项细节;不可数或复数时表示全部细节、详细资料或消息。

常见表达every detailsmall detailsthe details of sth.in detailgo into detail(s)

The police asked for every detail of the accident.

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every detail 指每一个具体细节。

Please send me the details of the school trip.

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details 常指具体资料或消息。

The report explains the plan in detail.

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in detail 表示详细地。

vt.详述、详细说明

宾语通常是 plan、history、steps、reasons 等需要说明的内容。

常见表达detail a plandetail the stepsdetail the reasonsdetail how/why ...

The guide detailed the history of the old temple.

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detail 作动词表示详细说明。

The notice detailed how students should apply.

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detail how... 表示详细说明方法。

vt.指派某人执行任务

较正式,常用于被动结构,表示某人被安排去做特定工作。

常见表达be detailed to do sth.detail sb. to a taskbe detailed for duty

Two officers were detailed to guard the gate.

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be detailed to do sth. 表示被指派去做某事。

A teacher was detailed for duty at the school gate.

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be detailed for duty 表示被安排值勤。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

point
要点;观点;分数点
One point in the report was especially important. point 常指要点或观点;detail 更强调小而具体的信息。
fact
事实;具体情况
The article included several important facts. fact 是可验证事实;detail 是构成整体说明的小信息。
information
信息;资料
The website gives useful information about the museum. information 范围更宽且常不可数;details 更强调具体项目。
summary
摘要;概要
Write a short summary of the passage. summary 抓大意;detail 抓小信息。
outline
提纲;概要
The teacher gave us an outline of the lesson. outline 给框架;detail 给具体内容。
describe
描述
The witness described what happened. describe 是普通描述;detail 强调说明得很具体。
assign
指派;分配
The coach assigned each student a role. assign 是常用“分配任务”;detail 作“指派”更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 加强意义 + tail=切、分割 可作助记:把整体切小、细分,就得到 detail 细节。

details
细节;资料
Please send me the details of the school trip.
detailed
详细的;细致的
The teacher gave detailed comments on each essay.
detailing
详细说明;细节处理
The report needs clearer detailing of the safety rules.

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135

emerge

[i'mɜ:dʒ] · vi. / v. · Page 66

to come out, appear, become clear, or become known

浮现, 出现;显露, 暴露;开始被人所知

联想

emerge 的画面是“从里面或背后出来”。可指太阳从云后出来、问题显露,也可指事实开始被人知道。

意思、用法与例句

vi.浮现、出现

人或物从某处出来,或原本看不见的东西出现。

常见表达emerge fromemerge out ofemerge into view

The sun emerged from behind the clouds.

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emerged from behind the clouds 表示从云后出现。

A small boat emerged out of the fog.

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emerged out of the fog 表示从雾中出现。

vi.显露、暴露;成为

问题、事实、模式或身份逐渐显现。

常见表达problems emergedetails emergeemerge asemerge stronger

New problems emerged after the rule changed.

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problems emerged 表示问题显露。

She emerged as a strong leader during the project.

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emerge as 表示作为某种角色显现出来。

v.开始被人所知

常用于 it emerged that...,表示事实后来被发现或公开。

常见表达it emerged thatthe truth emergednews emerged

It later emerged that the report was incomplete.

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it emerged that 表示后来人们知道。

The truth emerged after several students spoke up.

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truth emerged 表示真相显露。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appear
出现
A rainbow appeared after the rain. appear 更普通;emerge 强调从隐藏、不清楚或背景中出现。
disappear
消失
The path disappeared into the forest. disappear 是消失;emerge 是出现或显露。

词族线索 / 同组词

emergency
紧急情况, 突发事件
Call this number in an emergency. emergency 是突然出现、需要快速处理的情况;emerge 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

e-/ex- 表 out,merge 可作沉没线索;emerge 可记成从沉没或隐藏中出来。

emergence
出现;兴起
The emergence of new technology changed the class.
emergency
紧急情况;突发事件
Emergency services arrived quickly.
emerged
出现了的;显露了的
New problems emerged after the rule changed.

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136

emergency

星标

[i'mɜ:dʒənsi] · n. · Page 66

a sudden dangerous situation that needs quick action

紧急情况, 突发事件

联想

emergency 是突然出现且必须马上处理的情况。常见短语有 in an emergency、emergency room、emergency services。

意思、用法与例句

n.紧急情况、突发事件

突然发生、需要立即处理的危险或严重情况。

常见表达in an emergencyduring an emergencymedical emergencydeclare an emergency

Call this number in an emergency.

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in an emergency 表示在紧急情况下。

The school has a plan for a fire emergency.

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fire emergency 指火灾突发事件。

n. as adj.急救、应急相关

放在名词前,表示用于紧急情况的服务、房间、电话或出口。

常见表达emergency roomemergency servicesemergency callemergency exit

The hospital opened a new emergency room.

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emergency room 指急诊室。

Emergency services arrived within ten minutes.

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emergency services 指应急服务。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

crisis
危机
The city faced a water crisis during the drought. crisis 通常持续更久、影响更大;emergency 强调需要立即行动。
routine
常规情况
The check was part of a routine visit. routine 是常规;emergency 是紧急情况。
urgent
紧急的
The message was urgent and needed a quick reply. urgent 是形容词;emergency 是名词或名词修饰语。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

emerg(e)=出现,-ency 构成名词;emergency 可记成突然出现、必须处理的事。

emerge
出现;显露;被人知道
New problems emerged after the rule changed.
emergence
出现;兴起
The emergence of new technology changed the class.
emergencies
紧急情况, emergency 的复数
Schools prepare for emergencies such as fires.

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137

excellent

星标

['eksələnt] · adj. · Page 66

extremely good or of very high quality

优秀的, 极好的

联想

excellent 比 good 强,表示质量、表现、能力或服务非常好。要会 be excellent in/at...,也要会 excellent service / performance 这类评价质量的搭配。

意思、用法与例句

adj.质量、表现或能力极好

修饰 work、service、speech、result、student、performance 等,表示明显高于普通 good。

常见表达excellent workexcellent serviceexcellent resultsan excellent speechbe excellent in sth.be excellent at sth.

Her English speech showed excellent pronunciation and clear ideas.

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excellent pronunciation / ideas 具体说明优秀在哪里。

The restaurant is known for excellent service.

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excellent service 表示服务极好。

He is excellent at solving difficult math problems.

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be excellent at 表示擅长某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

good
好的
The essay was good but still needed a clearer ending. good 是普通好;excellent 表示非常好、优秀,强度更高。
great
很好的;伟大的
You did a great job on the project. great 较口语,可表示很棒;excellent 更正式,常评价质量或表现。
outstanding
杰出的;突出的
Her outstanding performance impressed the judges. outstanding 强调在一群人或事物中突出;excellent 强调质量极高。
poor
差的;贫乏的
Poor preparation led to a weak presentation. poor 是质量差,方向与 excellent 相反。
terrible
糟糕的
The weather was terrible during the trip. terrible 比 poor 更口语、更强烈。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 ex-=出、向外 + cel(l)=升高 + -ent 记忆:高出一般水平,因此表示“优秀的、极好的”。

excellence
优秀;卓越
The school encourages excellence in both study and service.
excel
擅长;突出
She excels in science and music.
excellently
出色地
The team performed excellently in the final match.

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138

exercise

['eksəsaiz] · n. / vi. / vt. · Page 66

physical activity, a practice task, or the formal use of a right or power

锻炼, 运动;练习, 习题;运用, 行使

联想

exercise 有三条高考常见线:身体锻炼、学习练习、正式语境中的行使权利。名词“运动”常不可数,练习题是可数;动词可表示锻炼,也可接 right、power、control 表示行使或运用。

意思、用法与例句

n. / vi.锻炼、运动

作不可数名词表示身体活动;作不及物动词表示进行锻炼。

常见表达do exercisetake exerciseregular exerciseexercise every dayexercise outdoors

Regular exercise helps students stay healthy during exam season.

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regular exercise 指规律锻炼。

My father exercises in the park every morning.

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exercise 作不及物动词表示锻炼。

n.练习、习题;体操动作

可数名词,指课本练习、训练任务,或一套身体训练动作。

常见表达grammar exercisesreading exercisesdo an exercisebreathing exercisesmorning exercisesexercise book

Students finished three grammar exercises before class ended.

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grammar exercises 指语法练习题。

The doctor taught him simple breathing exercises.

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breathing exercises 指呼吸练习或体操动作。

Write the answers in your exercise book.

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exercise book 是学习语境里的常见复合搭配。

vt.运用、行使权利或力量

正式用法,宾语常是 right、power、authority、control、choice 等抽象名词。

常见表达exercise a rightexercise powerexercise authorityexercise controlexercise choice

Citizens should exercise their right to vote.

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exercise a right 表示行使权利。

Parents need to exercise control over young children's screen time.

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exercise control 表示运用控制力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

workout
一次锻炼;健身训练
A short workout after school helped him relax. workout 更口语,通常指一次健身训练;exercise 更通用,也可作不可数名词。
practice
练习;实践
Daily practice helped her speak more clearly. practice 强调反复练技能;exercise 可指练习题,也可指身体运动或正式行使权利。
training
训练
The team started winter training early. training 更系统、有目标;exercise 可是普通锻炼或练习题。
rest
休息
After the race, the runners needed rest. rest 与身体锻炼相对,但不对应 exercise 的习题或行使权利义。
use
使用;运用
Use your time wisely. use 更普通;exercise a right/power 是正式搭配。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 ex-=出、向外 + erc=限制 + -ise 记忆:从限制中活动出来,引申为锻炼身体,也可表示让权利或能力发挥出来。

exerciser
锻炼者;健身器械
A regular exerciser usually has more energy during the day.

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139

release

[ri'li:s] · vt. / n. · Page 66

to set free, let go, or make public

释放;放开;发布, 发行

联想

release 的底层动作是“松开、放出去”。人或动物被放出来是释放;手松开是放开;信息、电影、产品被放出来就是发布、发行。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / n.释放;放开;解除

用于人、动物、压力、手、职位或责任等从束缚中出来。

常见表达release a prisonerrelease a birdrelease one's handrelease pressurerelease sb. from dutythe release of sb.

The police released the man after questioning him.

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release a person 表示释放某人。

The child released the bird back into the sky.

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release a bird 表示放生或放走。

The manager released him from duty for the afternoon.

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release sb. from duty 表示解除职责或让某人离岗。

vt. / n.发布、发行、上映;新发行物

用于消息、报告、电影、歌曲、产品等对外公布或投放。

常见表达release a reportrelease a filmrelease a songrelease informationrelease datepress releasea new release

The school released the exam schedule on its website.

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release information/schedule 表示发布信息。

The company will release the new film next week.

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release a film 表示发行或上映电影。

The singer's latest release became popular online.

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a release 可指新发行的歌曲、电影或产品。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

free
使自由;释放
The workers freed the bird from the net. free 强调让人或动物自由;release 还可指发布、发行或放出压力。
publish
出版;公布
The magazine published the interview last week. publish 常用于书、文章、采访;release 可用于报告、消息、电影、歌曲或产品。
announce
宣布
The school announced the final results. announce 强调公开说出;release 强调把信息正式放出。
launch
推出;发起
The company launched a new app. launch 强调开始推出产品或活动;release 强调发行或可获得。
hold
扣留;握住
The police held the suspect overnight. hold 可表示扣留或握住,与 release 的释放/放开相对。
keep
保留;保持
Keep the old files until the project ends. keep 强调保留不放出;release 强调放出或公开。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 re-=back + lease=loosen 记忆:把被束缚的东西松开、放回去,引申出释放、放开、发布。

released
被释放的;已发布的
The newly released report answered several public questions.

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140

result

星标

[ri'zʌlt] · n. / vi. · Page 66

something caused by an action or event

结果, 后果;因……产生

联想

result 是因果链里的“结果”。作名词时看 the result of / as a result;作不及物动词时最容易错的是方向:result from 后面接原因,result in 后面接结果。

意思、用法与例句

n.结果、后果;成绩

表示一件事之后出现的结果,也可指考试、比赛、实验的结果。

常见表达the result of sth.test resultsexam resultsas a resultas a result of sth.

The test results showed that many students needed more reading practice.

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test results 指考试结果。

Heavy snow blocked the road; as a result, the bus arrived late.

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as a result 连接前因后果。

Several trees fell as a result of the storm.

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as a result of 后接原因。

vi.因……产生;导致

不及物动词,靠 from/in 表示方向:from 接原因,in 接结果。

常见表达result from a causeresult from careless workresult in problemsresult in serious accidents

The delay resulted from a signal problem at the station.

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result from 后接原因。

Careless driving can result in serious accidents.

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result in 后接结果。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outcome
结果;结局
The outcome of the match surprised the fans. outcome 常指事件最终结局;result 更通用,也常指成绩或实验结果。
effect
影响;效果
The new rule had a clear effect on traffic. effect 强调影响;result 强调事情之后产生的结果。
consequence
后果
One consequence of the flood was a shortage of clean water. consequence 常指后果,尤其是不良后果;result 中性更强。
cause
原因;导致
The cause of the fire is still unknown. cause 是原因;result 是结果。
reason
原因;理由
The reason for his absence was illness. reason 解释为什么;result 说明后来发生了什么。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 re-=向后、往回 + sult=跳 记忆:事情向后“跳回”产生出来的东西,就是结果或后果。

resulting
由此产生的
The resulting problem was harder than anyone expected.

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141

rescue

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['reskju:] · vt. / n. · Page 66

to save someone from danger; an act of saving

营救, 救援;营救行动

联想

rescue 的核心是“从危险中救出来”。它比 help 更紧急,比 save 更强调危险场景和救援过程。作名词时既可不可数表示救援,也可可数表示一次营救行动。

意思、用法与例句

vt.从危险中营救

宾语通常是人或动物,from 后接危险、地点或困境。

常见表达rescue sb. from dangerrescue sb. from a firerescue a child from waterbe rescued by

Firefighters rescued the child from the burning building.

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rescue sb. from... 表示从危险处救出。

A fisherman rescued the dog from the river.

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rescue 可用于人或动物。

n.救援;营救行动

不可数时表示救援这件事;可数时表示一次具体行动。

常见表达a rescuethe rescue of sb.rescue workrescue teamrescue workerrescue operation

The rescue took place in heavy rain.

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a/the rescue 可指一次营救行动。

Several volunteers joined the rescue team after the flood.

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rescue team 指救援队。

Rescue workers searched the damaged building carefully.

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rescue worker 是救援人员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

save
挽救;救下
The doctor saved the boy's life. save 范围更宽,可救生命、金钱或时间;rescue 强调从危险中救出。
help
帮助
Neighbors helped the family after the storm. help 范围最宽,不一定有危险;rescue 一定带危险或困境。
protect
保护
A helmet protects your head. protect 是事前保护;rescue 是危险发生后救出。
abandon
抛弃;遗弃
They refused to abandon the injured climber. abandon 是把人留在危险或困境中,与 rescue 方向相反。
trap
困住
The hikers were trapped by the rising water. trap 是被困;rescue 是把被困者救出。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 re- 强调 + -s-=ex-/out + cue=摇动 记忆:把人从危险中“带出去”,引申为营救。

rescuer
救援者
The rescuer carried the child away from the river.

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142

reveal

[ri'vi:l] · vt. · Page 66

to make something hidden known or visible

揭露;展现

联想

reveal 像把面纱掀开:原来不知道、看不见或隐藏的事实、原因、感情、景象被显露出来。它比普通的 show 更强调“原先隐藏或未知”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.揭露、透露隐藏信息

宾语常是 truth、cause、secret、result、plan,也可接 that 从句。

常见表达reveal the truthreveal the causereveal a secretreveal that ...reveal details

The survey revealed that many students slept less than seven hours.

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reveal that... 表示调查揭示了事实。

New evidence revealed the cause of the accident.

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reveal the cause 表示揭示原因。

vt.展现、显露可见内容或感情

用于景象、表情、动作等把隐藏状态显现出来。

常见表达reveal a viewreveal one's feelingsreveal characterbe revealed by

Opening the curtains revealed a snow-covered street.

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reveal a view 表示让景象显现。

Her shaking hands revealed her nervousness.

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动作显露出感情或状态。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

expose
暴露;揭露
The article exposed serious safety problems. expose 常带批判或揭丑色彩;reveal 更中性,可揭示事实或展现景象。
uncover
揭开;发现
The report uncovered several important facts. uncover 强调把被盖住或隐藏的东西揭开;reveal 可由证据、调查或动作显露出来。
show
显示;展示
The photo shows the bridge before it was repaired. show 范围宽;reveal 强调原来隐藏或未知的信息被显露。
discover
发现
Scientists discovered a new plant in the forest. discover 是人发现未知事物;reveal 是事物或证据把信息显示出来。
hide
隐藏
He tried to hide his surprise. hide 是把信息或东西藏起来;reveal 是显露出来。
conceal
隐瞒;隐藏
The old wall concealed a small door. conceal 比 hide 更正式,与 reveal 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 re-=off + veal=veil 记忆:去掉面纱,让隐藏内容显露出来。

revelation
揭示;被揭露的事实
The revelation changed how people understood the event.
revealing
发人深省的;暴露真相的
The interview was revealing because it showed his real reasons.

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