词族 04 · Unit 4
逐词完整资料，适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。
联想 late 的核心是“比正常时间靠后”。它可以说迟到、时间很晚、某阶段后期，也可以在 the late + 人名前表示“已故的”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. / adv. 迟到；时间晚
描述人、车、回复等比约定时间晚，也可作副词表示晚地。
常见表达 be late for school arrive late a late bus late at night stay up late
I was late for school because the bus broke down.
查看翻译和讲解 由于公共汽车坏了，我上学迟到了。
be late for school 是迟到的核心搭配。
We stayed up late to finish the science project.
查看翻译和讲解 我们熬夜完成科学项目。
late 作副词表示很晚。
adj. 晚期的；后期的
表示季节、年代、人生阶段或过程接近后段。
常见表达 late summer in the late 1990s late autumn late in life
The story is set in late autumn, when the fields are already quiet.
查看翻译和讲解 故事发生在深秋，田野已经一片寂静。
late autumn 表示深秋。
This song became popular in the late 1990s.
查看翻译和讲解 这首歌在20世纪90年代末开始流行。
in the late 1990s 表示 20 世纪 90 年代后期。
adj. 已故的
the late + person 表示某人已经去世，是正式、礼貌的表达。
常见表达 the late writer the late professor the late president
The school named the library after the late professor.
查看翻译和讲解 学校以已故教授的名字命名了图书馆。
the late professor 表示已故教授。
Many readers still admire the late writer's novels.
查看翻译和讲解 许多读者仍然欣赏这位已故作家的小说。
the late writer 表示已故作家。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The early train leaves before six.
early 与 late 在时间早晚和迟到上相反。
A punctual student arrives before the bell.
punctual 强调准时；late 强调迟到或时间晚。
She has looked tired lately.
lately 表示最近，不表示迟到。
We can discuss the plan later.
later 表示以后或更晚的顺序；late 表示迟到或时间晚。
词族线索 / 同组词
The latest report came out this morning.
latest 是 late 的最高级用法。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 late 组围绕“时间靠后”展开：最近、以后、最新、最后、持续都从时间线延伸。
She has looked tired lately.
The latest report came out this morning.
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 lately 只表示“最近这段时间”，常和现在完成时或最近状态搭配。它不表示迟到，不能用 I arrived lately 表示来晚了。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 近来、最近
表示从不久前到现在的最近一段时间。
常见表达 have/has ... lately lately, ... not ... lately recently/lately
I have not seen Lily at the library lately.
查看翻译和讲解 我最近没在图书馆见到莉莉。
现在完成时 + lately 表示最近一直没见到。
Lately, more students have chosen to ride bikes to school.
查看翻译和讲解 最近，越来越多的学生选择骑自行车上学。
lately 可放句首表示最近趋势。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Recently, our class has started a reading club.
recently 和 lately 接近；lately 更强调最近一段时间的状态或变化。
The meeting started late.
late 表示迟到或时间晚；lately 表示最近。
We can talk about it later.
later 指将来或后来；lately 指最近过去。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 late + -ly 形成副词 lately，但意义已固定为 recently，不表示“迟地”。
The last bus arrived late.
Have you heard the latest news?
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 later 看的是时间顺序上的“以后、后来的、更晚的”。它不等于 late 的迟到，也不同于 lately 的最近。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 以后、后来
作副词表示当前或已提到时间之后。
常见表达 see you later later on sooner or later two days later
Finish your homework first, and you can play basketball later.
查看翻译和讲解 先把作业做完，然后再去打篮球。
later 表示以后。
Sooner or later, you will understand why practice matters.
查看翻译和讲解 迟早，你会明白为什么练习很重要。
sooner or later 表示迟早。
adj. 后来的；较晚的
作形容词修饰 train、date、years、chapters 等。
常见表达 a later train at a later date in later years later chapters
We took a later train because the first one was full.
查看翻译和讲解 我们乘坐了后来的一趟火车，因为第一趟车已经满了。
a later train 是较晚一班车。
In later chapters, the writer explains the boy's change.
查看翻译和讲解 在后面的章节中，作者解释了男孩的变化。
later chapters 是后面的章节。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We ate lunch and afterward visited the museum.
afterward 是副词；later 可作副词也可作形容词。
An earlier train leaves at six.
earlier 与 later 在先后顺序上相反。
Of the two plans, I prefer the latter.
later 讲时间以后；latter 讲两者中的后者。
He was late for the exam.
late 判断是否迟到；later 判断先后顺序。
She has been quiet lately.
lately 指最近过去；later 指以后或后来的。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 later 是 late 的比较级/时间顺序形式，表示更晚或之后。
Read the latest notice on the board.
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 latest 是 late 的最高级。最新消息往往是最晚到达的信息，所以 latest 既可表示“最新的”，也可表示“最迟的、最晚的”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 最新的、最近的
修饰 news、report、version、model、fashion 等。
常见表达 the latest news the latest report the latest version the latest model
The latest news says the match will be held indoors.
查看翻译和讲解 最新消息称，比赛将在室内进行。
the latest news 是最新消息。
Please download the latest version before you open the file.
查看翻译和讲解 请在打开文件之前下载最新版本。
the latest version 是最新版本。
adj. 最晚的、最迟的
表示允许的最后时间或时间线上最晚的一项。
常见表达 at the latest the latest date the latest bus no later than
Hand in the form by Friday at the latest.
查看翻译和讲解 最迟在周五之前提交表格。
at the latest 表示最迟。
The latest bus to our town leaves at 10 p.m.
查看翻译和讲解 开往我们镇的最晚巴士晚上 10 点出发。
the latest bus 是最晚一班车。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This is the newest model in the store.
newest 只强调新；latest 还可表示最晚或最迟。
The earliest train leaves at five.
earliest 与 latest 在时间线上相反。
The oldest version no longer works.
oldest 与 latest 的“最新”义相反。
I read that book last month.
last 可指过去最近一次或最后；latest 通常强调目前最新。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 latest = late + -est。最晚到达的信息就是最新信息。
We met again two years later.
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 latter 只用于两个对象之间，表示“后者”。它常和 former 前者成对出现；不要和 later 以后、后来的混用。
意思、用法与例句
n. the latter：两者中的后者
前文出现两个对象时，用 the latter 指第二个。
常见表达 the former ... the latter ... choose the latter prefer the latter the latter of the two
Tom and Jack both offered help; I called the latter because he lived nearby.
查看翻译和讲解 汤姆和杰克都提供了帮助；我给后者打电话，因为他住在附近。
the latter 指第二个提到的人 Jack。
Both tea and coffee are offered; I prefer the latter.
查看翻译和讲解 提供茶和咖啡；我更喜欢后者。
the latter 指第二个提到的 coffee。
The article compares online classes with face-to-face classes and says the latter allow more direct discussion.
查看翻译和讲解 文章将在线课程与面对面课程进行了比较，并表示后者可以进行更直接的讨论。
the latter 指第二个提到的 face-to-face classes。
通常用于两个对象；三个或更多对象中说 the last 更自然。
adj. 后者的；后半的
放在名词前，表示后一个的或后半部分的，语气较正式。
常见表达 the latter choice the latter method the latter half the latter part
Of the two plans, the latter choice costs less but takes more time.
查看翻译和讲解 在这两个计划中，后一种选择成本较低，但需要更多时间。
latter choice 指两个选择中的后一个。
The latter half of the film is more exciting than the beginning.
查看翻译和讲解 影片的后半段比前半段更加精彩。
the latter half 指后半部分。
作形容词时仍然强调前文或整体中的后半/后者。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
In the pair A and B, A is the former and B is the latter.
former 指两者中的前者；latter 指后者。
We can leave later if it rains.
later 讲时间以后；latter 讲两者中的后者。
This is the last question on the paper.
last 不限于两者；latter 通常用于两者。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 latter 按独立辨析词处理；former 是固定对比词，不是派生词族。
非派生记忆线索
Of health and money, the former is more important.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 last① 不是动词，而是形容词、副词或名词：可表示顺序最后，也可表示刚过去的最近一次。它和 last②“持续”同形不同义。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 最后的；最近一次的
作形容词，可说最后一个，也可说刚过去的时间。
常见表达 the last page the last chance last week last month last year
Read the last page carefully before you close the book.
查看翻译和讲解 合上书之前请仔细阅读最后一页。
the last page 是最后一页。
We visited the museum last Saturday.
查看翻译和讲解 上周六我们参观了博物馆。
last Saturday 是上周六或刚过去的周六。
adv. / n. 最后；最近一次；最后的人或事物
作副词可表示最后或最近一次，作名词表示最后的人或事物。
常见表达 at last last but not least last of all last saw/met/spoke the last to leave
At last, all the runners reached the finish line.
查看翻译和讲解 最后，所有的选手都到达了终点。
at last 表示终于、最后。
When did you last see your cousin?
查看翻译和讲解 你最后一次见到你表弟是什么时候？
last 作副词表示最近一次。
She was the last to leave the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 她是最后一个离开教室的。
the last to do 表示最后做某事的人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The final question was the hardest.
final 强调最后阶段或最终；last① 还可指最近一次。
The first speaker introduced the topic.
first 与 last 的顺序相反。
The latest report was published today.
latest 强调目前最新；last 可指刚过去的或最后。
The meeting lasted two hours.
last① 是形容词/副词/名词；last② 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 last① 与 late/latest 同属时间顺序线索，但 last① 主要处理 final 和 previous。
The latest model is lighter.
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 last② 是动词，问的是“持续多久、够用多久”。它不表示最后，也不表示上一次；看到 last 后面有 for/until/long 或宾语 sb. a week，就按动词理解。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 持续
常和 for、until、long 搭配，说明时间长度。
常见表达 last for two hours last until Friday last long the meeting lasts
The concert lasted for nearly three hours.
查看翻译和讲解 音乐会持续了近三个小时。
last for + 时间段 表示持续多久。
This cold weather may last until the weekend.
查看翻译和讲解 这种寒冷的天气可能会持续到周末。
last until + 时间点 表示持续到何时。
v. 够用；维持可用
可接间接宾语，表示某物足够某人使用多久。
常见表达 last sb. a week make sth. last last through the winter not last long
This bottle of water should last us until we reach the village.
查看翻译和讲解 这瓶水应该够我们到达村庄的。
last us until... 表示够我们用到某时。
A cheap schoolbag will not last long if you carry heavy books every day.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你每天背着沉重的书本，再便宜的书包也撑不了多久。
last long 表示耐用或持续久。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The rain continued all afternoon.
continue 更普通；last 强调持续的时间长度或够用多久。
The door remained open.
remain 强调保持状态；last 强调持续多久。
The meeting ended before noon.
end 与 last 的持续义相反。
My library card expires next month.
expire 是有效期结束；last 是持续或够用。
The last train leaves at midnight.
last① 不表示持续，是不同词性和义项。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 last② 和 last① 同形，学习时用句法区分：last② 是动词，常接 for/until/long 或表示够某人使用。
The trip left a lasting memory.
The medicine has a long-lasting effect.
词族导图 late / latter / last 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 create 的核心是“从无到有”或“造成某个结果”。宾语可以是作品、机会、条件，也可以是 problem、stress 这类结果。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 创造；创建；创作
宾语是作品、制度、机会、角色、环境等，强调从无到有。
常见表达 create a story create a new system create jobs create opportunities
The students created a short play about protecting rivers.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们创作了一部关于保护河流的小剧。
create a play 表示创作。
The new library will create more space for reading and discussion.
查看翻译和讲解 新图书馆将为阅读和讨论创造更多空间。
create space 表示创造条件。
vt. 引起；产生
宾语是 problem、effect、interest、stress、discussion 等，强调导致某种结果。
常见表达 create problems create interest create stress create a discussion
Too much noise can create stress in the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 太多的噪音会给教室带来压力。
create stress 表示造成压力。
The teacher's question created a lively discussion.
查看翻译和讲解 老师的问题引发了热烈的讨论。
create a discussion 表示引发讨论。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They made a paper bridge in science class.
make 范围最宽；create 更强调新事物或新结果的出现。
The factory produces parts for bicycles.
produce 常强调生产出产品或结果；create 强调创造性或从无到有。
The storm caused serious damage.
cause 只讲导致结果；create 既可讲创造作品，也可讲引起结果。
The fire destroyed several old houses.
destroy 是把已有东西毁掉，与 create 的创造方向相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
Creative thinking helped the group solve the problem.
create 是动作；creative 是性质。
The museum re-created an old street for visitors.
re-create 强调再次做出或重现；recreation 的休闲义要另作理解。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 create 组的真实派生要分清：creative 是形容词，re-create 是“再次创造/再现”；recreation 的休闲义已经固定为“娱乐活动”，concrete 只作为同根记忆线索，不当作普通派生词。
The team found a creative way to save water.
The creator of the app was still a student.
They re-created the experiment to check the result.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 creative 最常见是形容词，修饰 person、idea、thinking、work，表示有新想法。名词 creative 指广告、设计、内容等行业的创作者，高中阶段认识即可。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 创造性的；有创造力的
修饰人、想法、活动或作品，强调新颖、有想象力。
常见表达 creative thinking a creative idea creative writing be creative in ...
The researchers tested students' creative thinking in different noise levels.
查看翻译和讲解 研究人员测试了学生在不同噪音水平下的创造性思维。
creative thinking 是创造性思维。
The art club is looking for creative students who enjoy trying new ideas.
查看翻译和讲解 艺术俱乐部正在寻找喜欢尝试新想法、有创造力的学生。
creative students 是有创造力的学生。
n. 创作者；创意工作者
较现代的名词用法，常指广告、设计、视频或内容行业里负责创意的人。
常见表达 a creative young creatives work as a creative
The company invited young creatives to design posters for the campaign.
查看翻译和讲解 该公司邀请年轻创意人士为该活动设计海报。
creative 作可数名词。
A good creative can turn a simple message into a strong picture.
查看翻译和讲解 好的创意可以将简单的信息变成强有力的图片。
名词 creative 指创意工作者。
名词用法了解即可，考试中更常见的是形容词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The imaginative story made the children laugh.
imaginative 强调想象力；creative 更强调能产生新想法或作品。
Her original design won first prize.
original 强调不是抄来的；creative 强调有创造力。
The team used an inventive way to collect rainwater.
inventive 常用于解决问题或发明办法。
It was an ordinary answer with no new idea.
ordinary 强调普通；creative 强调新颖。
The plan followed a conventional method.
conventional 不一定差，但不强调创新。
词族线索 / 同组词
The class created a video for the school festival.
create 是动词；creative 是形容词或名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 create + -ive 形成 creative，表示“具有创造能力或创造性质的”。
They created a garden behind the school.
Music lessons can develop children's creativity.
She solved the problem creatively.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 creature 指有生命的东西，尤其常用于动物、野生生物或故事里的生物。用来说人时通常带同情、喜爱或评价色彩，不是普通的 person。
意思、用法与例句
n. 生物；动物
指任何有生命的东西，常用于自然、科学、故事语境，尤其是动物。
常见表达 a tiny creature a strange creature sea creatures living creatures
When the tiny creature arrived, it became the fortieth black rhino born at the reserve.
查看翻译和讲解 当这只小生物到达时，它成为保护区出生的第四十头黑犀牛。
tiny creature 可指刚出生的小动物。
Plastic waste can be dangerous to sea creatures.
查看翻译和讲解 塑料废物可能对海洋生物造成危险。
sea creatures 指海洋生物。
n. 人（带感情色彩）
用于人时通常表达同情、喜爱或评价，不是普通中性的 person。
常见表达 a poor creature a strange creature a lovely little creature
The old woman called the lost child a poor little creature.
查看翻译和讲解 老妇人称那个失踪的孩子是一个可怜的小动物。
poor creature 带同情。
In the story, the lonely creature only wanted a friend.
查看翻译和讲解 在故事中，孤独的生物只想要一个朋友。
故事语境里可指带人格的生物或人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The animal was too young to live alone.
animal 比 creature 更普通；creature 更像书面、故事或自然观察中的说法。
Every living thing needs water.
living thing 是解释性表达；creature 是一个名词。
No living being can survive without water.
being 更抽象或正式；creature 更具体。
Humans should protect wild creatures.
human 指人类；creature 可指动物，也可带感情色彩地指人。
People should not create danger for wild creatures.
creature 可作 create 组的词源/记忆提示，但不要理解成 create 的普通动作名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 creature 可用 create 的“被创造出来的生物”作记忆提示，但现代学习重点是 n. 生物/动物。不要把它当成 creation 的同义词。
People should not create danger for wild creatures.
The garden is her own creation.
The creator of the story made a friendly creature.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 recreate 有两条线，要靠读音和语境区分：re-create 强调“再次创造、重现”；recreate oneself 或 recreate after work 是较旧/正式的“休闲放松”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 再现；重现
把过去的场景、实验、声音或气氛重新做出来；也常写作 re-create 以避免歧义。
常见表达 recreate a scene recreate an experiment recreate the past recreate the sound
The history museum recreated a Tang Dynasty street for visitors.
查看翻译和讲解 历史博物馆为游客再现了一条唐代街道。
recreate a street 表示重现街景。
We tried to recreate the experiment to check the result.
查看翻译和讲解 我们尝试重新进行实验来检查结果。
recreate an experiment 表示重新做实验。
vi. / vt. 娱乐放松；使得到消遣
较少见，指通过活动恢复精神；常见框架是 recreate oneself，也可不及物表示休闲。
常见表达 recreate oneself recreate after work recreate in the park
After a long week, the family recreated themselves by walking in the park.
查看翻译和讲解 经过漫长的一周，一家人在公园里散步放松一下。
recreate oneself 表示放松身心。
Children need time to recreate as well as time to study.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们需要时间来娱乐，也需要时间来学习。
不及物用法表示休闲放松。
这一义项较旧或较正式，考试中更常通过 recreation 认识。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The film re-created life in a small village.
加连字符时更清楚地表示“再次创造/重现”。
Experts reconstructed the old bridge from photos.
reconstruct 强调根据证据重建结构；recreate 可重现场景、气氛或实验。
We relaxed by the lake after the exam.
relax 是普通词；recreate oneself 更正式或少见。
词族线索 / 同组词
The artist created a new poster.
create 是首次创造；recreate/re-create 是再次做出或重现。
Outdoor recreation helps students relax.
recreation 的休闲义最常见；re-creation 的再现义要和它区分。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 re- + create = re-create，再创造/重现；recreation 有双线：re-creation 可指再现，recreation 常指娱乐活动。
The students created a model bridge.
The re-creation of the old market looked real.
Basketball is healthy recreation for many teenagers.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 recreation 最常见是“娱乐、消遣活动”，如 recreation center、outdoor recreation。写作 re-creation 或出现在 of a scene 时，才更清楚地表示“再现、重现”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 娱乐；消遣活动
学习或工作之外让人放松的活动，可数或不可数。
常见表达 outdoor recreation healthy recreation places for recreation recreation center
The town built a recreation center for teenagers.
查看翻译和讲解 该镇为青少年建立了一个娱乐中心。
recreation center 是娱乐活动场所。
Reading can be a quiet form of recreation after a busy day.
查看翻译和讲解 忙碌一天后，阅读可以成为一种安静的休闲方式。
a form of recreation 表示一种消遣。
n. 再现；重现
指把过去的东西重新做出或呈现出来；写作 re-creation 更能避免和“娱乐”混淆。
常见表达 the re-creation of a scene a careful re-creation historical re-creation
The show includes a careful re-creation of an ancient market.
查看翻译和讲解 该节目精心重建了一个古老的市场。
re-creation of a market 表示古市场再现。
The re-creation of the old song brought back many memories.
查看翻译和讲解 这首老歌的重新创作勾起了很多回忆。
re-creation 表示重现旧歌。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
People need leisure as well as work.
leisure 强调空闲时间；recreation 强调具体的休闲活动。
Music gives her relaxation after school.
relaxation 是放松状态或过程；recreation 是活动。
The park offers amusement for children.
amusement 更强调有趣好玩；recreation 可更中性、更健康。
Work took most of his day.
work 与 recreation 的休闲义相对，但不适用于 re-creation 的“再现”义。
词族线索 / 同组词
They recreated the old classroom for the film.
recreate 是动词；recreation 是名词，且有休闲和再现两条线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 recreation 有双读音双义项：recreation 常指 leisure activity；re-creation 更清楚地指 act of creating again。
They recreated the sound of rain with paper.
The re-creation of village life looked real.
The school offers recreational sports after class.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 concrete 有两条高频线：名词是“混凝土”，形容词是“混凝土的”或“具体的”。con- + crete 可帮助记住“凝成一体”的材料，但不要把 concrete 当成 create 的现代派生词。
意思、用法与例句
n. 混凝土
不可数名词，指建筑材料。
常见表达 pour concrete be made of concrete a block of concrete
The workers poured concrete for the new bridge.
查看翻译和讲解 工人们为新桥浇筑混凝土。
concrete 作不可数名词。
The path is made of concrete, so it is easy to clean.
查看翻译和讲解 道路由混凝土制成，因此很容易清洁。
made of concrete 表示由混凝土制成。
adj. 混凝土的
修饰 road、wall、building、floor 等具体建筑物。
常见表达 a concrete road a concrete wall a concrete floor
A concrete wall separates the playground from the road.
查看翻译和讲解 一堵混凝土墙将操场与道路隔开。
concrete wall 是混凝土墙。
The village now has a concrete road to the school.
查看翻译和讲解 村里现在有通往学校的水泥路。
concrete road 是混凝土路。
adj. 具体的；明确的
修饰 plan、example、evidence、step、advice 等，表示清楚、可执行、非抽象。
常见表达 a concrete plan a concrete example concrete evidence concrete advice
Please give me a concrete example, not just a general idea.
查看翻译和讲解 请给我一个具体的例子，而不是一个笼统的想法。
concrete 与 general/abstract 对比。
The group needs a concrete plan before asking for money.
查看翻译和讲解 该团体在要钱之前需要一个具体的计划。
concrete plan 是具体可执行的计划。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Give me a specific date for the meeting.
specific 强调明确细节；concrete 强调具体、可感知或可执行。
We need a definite answer by Friday.
definite 强调确定；concrete 强调不抽象。
She gave practical advice about saving water.
practical 强调能用；concrete 强调具体。
Love is an abstract idea, but a hug is a concrete action.
abstract 与 concrete 的“具体的”义相反。
The answer was too general to be useful.
general 缺少细节；concrete 有明确细节。
The students created a model bridge.
create 与 concrete 可作词根记忆联系，但 concrete 不是 create 的普通派生词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 con- = together，crete 可作“造/生”的记忆线索：合在一起成为坚实材料；抽象义则从“具体可触”延伸到“明确具体”。
The teacher explained the rule concretely.
词族导图 create / concrete 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 order 的核心不是一个中文义，而是“安排”。安排先后就是顺序，安排现场就是秩序，安排别人做事就是命令，安排餐品或商品就是点菜/订购。
意思、用法与例句
n. 顺序；次序
表示人、事件、步骤、名单等排列的先后。
常见表达 in order in the right order put ... in order order of events
Put the events in order from the earliest to the latest.
查看翻译和讲解 将事件按照从最早到最晚的顺序排列。
order of events 表示事件顺序。
The names are listed in alphabetical order.
查看翻译和讲解 名称按字母顺序列出。
alphabetical order 是按字母顺序。
n. 秩序；有条理的状态
表示环境、队伍、课堂或系统有规则、不混乱；out of order 还常指机器坏了。
常见表达 keep order in good order out of order restore order
The teacher raised her hand to restore order in the room.
查看翻译和讲解 老师举手示意教室恢复秩序。
restore order 表示恢复秩序。
The printer is out of order, so we cannot use it today.
查看翻译和讲解 打印机坏了，所以我们今天不能使用它。
out of order 可指设备出故障。
n. / vt. 命令；要求
作名词指命令；作动词时常用 order sb. to do sth.，语气比 ask 强。
常见表达 give an order follow orders order sb. to do sth. be ordered to do sth.
The police officer ordered the driver to stop.
查看翻译和讲解 警察命令司机停车。
order sb. to do sth. 表示命令。
Soldiers must learn to follow orders quickly.
查看翻译和讲解 士兵必须学会快速服从命令。
follow orders 表示服从命令。
n. / v. / vt. 点菜；订购；订单
在餐馆、商店或网上购物语境中表示点餐、下单或订单。
常见表达 take your order order lunch online place an order an online order
We ordered two bowls of noodles and a glass of juice.
查看翻译和讲解 我们点了两碗面条和一杯果汁。
order 可表示点菜。
The shop sent my order to the wrong address.
查看翻译和讲解 商店将我的订单发送到了错误的地址。
order 作名词表示订单。
phr. 为了；以便
in order to 后接动词原形；in order that 后接从句，表示目的。
常见表达 in order to do sth. in order that ... in order to save time
She left home early in order to catch the first bus.
查看翻译和讲解 为了赶第一班公共汽车，她很早就离开家了。
in order to 表示目的。
The notice was written clearly in order that everyone could understand it.
查看翻译和讲解 通知写得很清楚，让大家都能看懂。
in order that 后接从句。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The photos tell the story in sequence.
sequence 只强调先后顺序；order 还可指秩序、命令、点菜或订购。
The arrangement of desks made discussion easier.
arrangement 强调安排方式；order 可指顺序或有秩序状态。
The captain gave a clear command.
command 对应 order 的命令义，不对应点菜或顺序义。
The sudden noise threw the hall into disorder.
disorder 是 order 的反方向，表示无秩序。
Traffic was in chaos after the lights failed.
chaos 比 disorder 更强，强调完全混乱。
It was an ordinary school day.
ordinary 可用 ordin = common order 作记忆线索，但不是 order 的顺序义近义词。
词族线索 / 同组词
Students left the hall in an orderly line.
order 是名词/动词/短语核心；orderly 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 order 组分两条：order/disorder/orderly 围绕“有序/无序”；ordinary/extraordinary 只用 ordin = common order 作词根记忆，实际意思是普通/非凡。
The room fell into disorder after the party.
The students waited in an orderly line.
It was an ordinary day at school.
词族导图 order / ordinary 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 disorder = dis- + order，核心是“秩序被打乱”。这里重点掌握普通的杂乱、混乱义，不扩展医学疾病义。
意思、用法与例句
n. 杂乱；混乱
常指房间、文件、活动、队伍或公共场面缺少秩序。
常见表达 in disorder complete disorder fall into disorder throw ... into disorder
After the game, the classroom was in disorder.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛结束后，教室里一片混乱。
in disorder 表示杂乱。
The sudden storm threw the outdoor party into disorder.
查看翻译和讲解 突如其来的暴风雨使户外聚会陷入混乱。
throw ... into disorder 表示使混乱。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
There was confusion when the plan changed.
confusion 可指思想困惑或场面混乱；disorder 更强调缺少秩序。
The station was in chaos after the delay.
chaos 语气更强，表示严重混乱。
His desk was a mess after the project.
mess 更口语，可指东西乱；disorder 更书面。
Please put the cards in order.
order 强调有条理；disorder 强调无序。
The meeting ended in an orderly way.
orderly 是形容词；disorder 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dis- 表示反向或否定，disorder 就是没有 order 的状态。
Keep your notes in order.
The books were kept in orderly rows.
The crowd became disorderly after the game.
词族导图 order / ordinary 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 orderly 是形容词，把 order 的“秩序”变成“有秩序的状态”。它可以形容人群守秩序，也可以形容房间、笔记、过程有条理。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 守秩序的
形容人群、队伍、离场、讨论等按规则进行、不混乱。
常见表达 an orderly line in an orderly way an orderly exit an orderly discussion
Students waited in an orderly line outside the lab.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们在实验室外有序地排队等候。
orderly line 是有秩序的队伍。
The teacher helped the class make an orderly exit after the alarm.
查看翻译和讲解 警报发生后，老师帮助全班同学有序撤离。
orderly exit 是有序离场。
adj. 有条理的；整齐的
形容房间、记录、笔记、安排等清楚整齐。
常见表达 an orderly room orderly notes keep ... orderly an orderly arrangement
Her notes are clear and orderly, so they are easy to review.
查看翻译和讲解 她的笔记清晰有序，很容易复习。
orderly notes 表示笔记有条理。
He keeps the tools orderly on a small shelf.
查看翻译和讲解 他把工具整齐地放在一个小架子上。
keep ... orderly 表示保持整齐。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her desk is neat and clean.
neat 强调整洁；orderly 强调按秩序或条理安排。
An organized notebook saves time before exams.
organized 更强调安排好；orderly 还可形容人群守秩序。
The well-behaved children listened quietly.
well-behaved 常形容人；orderly 可形容人群、过程或物品。
His bag was messy after the trip.
messy 与 orderly 的整齐义相反。
A disorderly crowd blocked the street.
disorderly 与 orderly 直接相反。
It was an ordinary school day.
ordinary 是普通；orderly 是有秩序，不能混。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 order + -ly 形成形容词 orderly，表示“带有 order 的状态”。
Please put the cards in order.
The files were left in disorder.
The room looked disorderly after the party.
词族导图 order / ordinary 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 ordinary 的实际用法就是“普通的、平常的”。common order 可作词根记忆线索，但考试中要把它和 extraordinary、special、regular 分清。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 普通的；平常的
描述人、日子、物品、经历等没有特别之处。
常见表达 ordinary people an ordinary day ordinary life an ordinary family
It was an ordinary school day until the heavy snow began.
查看翻译和讲解 这是一个普通的学校日，直到下大雪。
ordinary school day 是平常的上学日。
The story shows how ordinary people can do brave things.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事展示了普通人如何做出勇敢的事情。
ordinary people 是普通人。
adj. 一般的；不出众的
用于评价时表示没有特别好或特别差，常和 look、seem、sound 搭配。
常见表达 look ordinary seem ordinary ordinary clothes nothing ordinary
The restaurant looks ordinary, but its noodles are famous.
查看翻译和讲解 餐厅看上去很普通，但是它的面条却很有名。
look ordinary 表示看起来普通。
He wore ordinary clothes so that no one noticed him.
查看翻译和讲解 他穿着普通的衣服，所以没有人注意到他。
ordinary clothes 是普通衣服。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This bird is common in our city.
common 强调常见；ordinary 强调不特别。
She came home at the usual time.
usual 强调通常如此；ordinary 强调普通平常。
It is normal to feel nervous before a test.
normal 强调符合正常情况；ordinary 强调没有特别之处。
The meal was special because the whole family cooked together.
special 与 ordinary 相反，强调特别。
Her progress this year was extraordinary.
extraordinary = beyond ordinary，表示超出普通。
He is a regular customer at the shop.
regular 强调规律、固定或经常；ordinary 强调不特别。
The names are listed in order.
ordinary 的 ordin 词根可作 common order 记忆，不等于 order 的顺序义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ordinary 来自“of the common order”的记忆线索；extra- + ordinary 表示超出普通。
The rescue team did an extraordinary job.
Ordinarily, the library closes at six.
词族导图 order / ordinary 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 extraordinary = extra- + ordinary，字面可记“超出普通”。它既能赞美人或成就非凡，也能描述事情罕见、令人惊奇。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 非凡的；出色的
修饰 courage、achievement、person、skill、work 等，强调远高于普通水平。
常见表达 extraordinary courage an extraordinary achievement an extraordinary person extraordinary skill
The young volunteer showed extraordinary courage during the flood.
查看翻译和讲解 这位年轻的志愿者在洪水中表现出了非凡的勇气。
extraordinary courage 是非凡勇气。
Winning the national prize was an extraordinary achievement for the team.
查看翻译和讲解 获得国家奖对于该团队来说是一项非凡的成就。
extraordinary achievement 是非凡成就。
adj. 不平常的；令人惊奇的
描述事情罕见、出人意料或变化很大。
常见表达 an extraordinary event an extraordinary story extraordinary changes It is extraordinary that ...
It is extraordinary that such a small village has three libraries.
查看翻译和讲解 这么小的村庄竟然有三个图书馆，真是非同寻常。
It is extraordinary that... 表示令人惊奇。
The city has seen extraordinary changes in the last ten years.
查看翻译和讲解 过去十年来，这座城市发生了翻天覆地的变化。
extraordinary changes 是巨大而不寻常的变化。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
It is unusual to see snow here in April.
unusual 强调不常见；extraordinary 语气更强，可表示非凡或惊人。
She made remarkable progress in English.
remarkable 强调值得注意；extraordinary 强调超出普通。
The speech was excellent.
excellent 只强调优秀；extraordinary 还可强调罕见或令人惊奇。
It was an ordinary day at school.
ordinary 是普通；extraordinary 是超出普通。
This is a common mistake.
common 与 extraordinary 的罕见义相反。
She is an outstanding student in physics.
outstanding 侧重优秀突出；extraordinary 还可指事情罕见、惊人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 extra- 表示“超出”，extraordinary 就是 beyond ordinary。
He grew up in an ordinary family.
She worked extraordinarily hard before the contest.
词族导图 order / ordinary 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
019
raise
▶ 星标
[reiz] · vt. · Page 69
lift or increase something, bring up a child or animal, collect money, or mention an issue
使升高；增加, 提高；抚养, 饲养；筹集；提出
联想 raise 一定要带宾语：人把某物举高、把价格提高、把孩子养大、把钱筹起来、把问题提出来。它的方向是“让别的东西上去/出现”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 举起；使升高
宾语是手、旗帜、头、声音等，强调某人让某物升高。
常见表达 raise your hand raise the flag raise one's head raise one's voice
Please raise your hand before you answer the question.
查看翻译和讲解 回答问题前请举手。
raise your hand 是举手。
The students raised the flag at the school gate.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们在校门口升起了国旗。
raise the flag 是升旗。
vt. 增加；提高
宾语是 price、level、standard、speed、temperature 等，强调人为提高。
常见表达 raise prices raise standards raise the level of ... raise awareness
The company decided not to raise prices this year.
查看翻译和讲解 该公司决定今年不再提价。
raise prices 是提高价格。
The new reading plan helped raise students' confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 新的阅读计划有助于增强学生的信心。
raise confidence 表示提高信心。
vt. 抚养；饲养
宾语是 children、family、animals 等，表示把孩子养大或饲养动物。
常见表达 raise children raise a family raise chickens be raised by ...
Her grandparents raised her in a small town.
查看翻译和讲解 她的祖父母在一个小镇抚养她长大。
raise a child 表示抚养孩子。
The farmer raises chickens behind the house.
查看翻译和讲解 农夫在屋后养鸡。
raise animals 表示饲养动物。
vt. 筹集；提出
宾语是 money、funds、question、problem、issue 等。
常见表达 raise money raise funds raise a question raise a problem raise an issue
The students raised money for children in need.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们为有需要的儿童筹集资金。
raise money 是筹款。
He raised an important question at the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 他在会上提出了一个重要问题。
raise a question 是提出问题。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She lifted the box onto the desk.
lift 主要是具体抬起；raise 可用于价格、孩子、资金、问题等抽象对象。
The number of visitors increased in summer.
increase 可及物也可不及物；raise 作提高义时是及物动词。
His aunt brought him up after his parents moved away.
bring up 可表示抚养或提出话题；raise 更书面，也可表示筹款。
Please lower your voice in the library.
lower 是让某物变低，与 raise 的使升高/提高相反。
The school reduced waste by using fewer paper cups.
reduce 与 raise 的提高数量或水平相反。
Prices rose quickly after the storm.
raise 必须带宾语；rise 是主语自己上升。
A new problem arose during the trip.
raise a question 是人提出问题；a question arises 是问题自己出现。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 raise / rise / arise 是高频易混组，不按普通派生词族处理：raise 是及物动词，rise/arise 是不及物动词。pay raise 是名词搭配，加薪；不放在派生区。
The club held a fundraising event for the library.
词族导图 raise / rise / arise 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
020
rise
▶ 星标
[raiz] · vi. · Page 69
go up by itself, stand up, tower above, become higher in position, or rebel
上升；站起来, 起立；耸立；地位提高；升起；造反, 反抗
联想 rise 是不及物动词，过去式 rose，过去分词 risen。主语自己上升、升起、站起来或地位提高；反抗义常见于 rise up。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 上升；升起；提高
主语是太阳、烟、水位、价格、数量、地位等，不带直接宾语。
常见表达 prices rise the sun rises rise by ... rise to ... rise in rank
House prices may rise if more people move to the city.
查看翻译和讲解 如果更多的人搬到城市，房价可能会上涨。
prices rise 是价格自己上涨。
The sun rises over the mountains at six.
查看翻译和讲解 六点钟，太阳从山上升起。
the sun rises 是太阳升起。
She rose from a small role to team leader in three years.
查看翻译和讲解 她在三年内从一个小角色晋升为团队领导。
rise 可表示地位提高。
vi. 站起来；耸立
用于人从坐姿站起，也可描述建筑、山峰高高矗立。
常见表达 rise to one's feet rise from a chair rise above the river towers rise
When the teacher entered, the students rose to their feet.
查看翻译和讲解 老师一进来，学生们就站了起来。
rise to one's feet 是源搭配，表示站起身。
Tall buildings rise on both sides of the river.
查看翻译和讲解 河两岸高楼拔地而起。
rise 可表示建筑耸立。
vi. 造反；反抗
常用 rise up，表示人群起来反抗不公平或压迫。
常见表达 rise up rise up against ... rise in protest
The people rose up against unfair rules.
查看翻译和讲解 人民奋起反抗不公平的规则。
rise up 是源搭配，表示反抗。
Workers rose in protest when their pay was cut.
查看翻译和讲解 当工资被削减时，工人们奋起抗议。
rise in protest 表示起来抗议。
这一义项较正式，重点记搭配 rise up。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The smoke went up into the sky.
go up 更口语；rise 更正式，可用于太阳、价格、水位、地位。
The number of visitors increased in summer.
increase 可作不及物接近 rise 的数量上升义，也可作及物；rise 不带宾语。
Please stand up when you answer.
stand up 是普通说法；rise to one's feet 更正式。
The temperature fell during the night.
fall 与 rise 的上升义相反。
Prices dropped after the holiday.
drop 常用于价格、数量下降。
The teacher raised her voice.
rise 不带宾语；raise 必须带宾语。
A question arose after the speech.
rise 多指物理或水平上升；arise 多指问题、机会、情况出现。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rise 是不及物动词，变化为 rise-rose-risen；rose/risen 是变形，不是派生词。学习时优先用句法区分 raise/rise/arise。
Rising temperatures worry many farmers.
词族导图 raise / rise / arise 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
021
arise
▶ 星标
[ə'raiz] · vi. · Page 69
happen or appear, be caused by something, or formally get up
(尤指问题等)发生, 出现；由……引起；起床, 起立, 起身
联想 arise 常用于抽象主语：problem、question、need、chance、difficulty。arise from 表示“由……引起”；起身义较正式，现代学习重点仍是问题/情况出现。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 发生；出现
主语常是问题、困难、机会、需要、疑问等抽象事物。
常见表达 problems arise a need arises a question arises if the chance arises
If any problems arise, call your teacher at once.
查看翻译和讲解 如果出现任何问题，请立即致电您的老师。
problems arise 表示问题出现。
A new chance arose when the school opened a writing club.
查看翻译和讲解 当学校开设写作俱乐部时，一个新的机会出现了。
a chance arose 表示机会出现。
vi. 由……引起；因……产生
用 arise from 表示原因，主语通常是结果、问题或事故。
常见表达 arise from carelessness arise from a misunderstanding difficulties arise from ... give rise to
Accidents often arise from carelessness.
查看翻译和讲解 事故往往是由于粗心大意而引起的。
arise from 表示由……引起。
Many arguments arise from small misunderstandings.
查看翻译和讲解 许多争论都是由小误解引起的。
arise from a misunderstanding 表示因误会产生。
Heavy rain can give rise to traffic problems.
查看翻译和讲解 大雨会造成交通问题。
give rise to 表示引起。
vi. 起床；起立；起身
较正式或文学化，现代日常更常说 get up 或 rise。
常见表达 arise early arise from one's seat arise and leave
The old farmer arose before sunrise.
查看翻译和讲解 老农夫在日出前就起床了。
arise 可表示起床，但较正式。
She arose from her seat and thanked the guests.
查看翻译和讲解 她从座位上站起来，向来宾表示感谢。
arise from one's seat 表示起身。
此义项低频，了解即可；考试更常考 arise from 和 problems arise。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The accident happened on a rainy night.
happen 最普通；arise 更常用于问题、机会、需要等抽象主语。
A bright moon appeared above the trees.
appear 可用于具体可见事物；arise 多用于情况或问题出现。
A new question came up during the discussion.
come up 更口语；arise 更正式。
The dark clouds disappeared after lunch.
disappear 与 arise 的出现义方向相反。
She raised a question about safety.
raise a question 是人提出问题；a question arises 是问题出现。
Smoke rose from the kitchen window.
rise 指上升或起立；arise 指问题/情况出现或由……引起。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 arise = a- + rise，形式像 rise，但现代高频义是“问题/情况出现”。arose/arisen 是变形；give rise to 是固定搭配，不放在派生区。
The team discussed the arising problems calmly.
词族导图 raise / rise / arise 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 stand 的核心是“站住/立住”：身体站立，建筑位于某处，心理上忍受，观点上有立场；很多短语要当固定搭配记。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 站立；起立；位于
人站着或站起；建筑、树、标志等位于某处。
常见表达 stand up stand by the door stand on a hill stand in the square
Several students stood by the window and watched the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 几个学生站在窗边看雨。
stood by the window 表示站在窗边。
An old tower stands at the center of the town.
查看翻译和讲解 一座古老的塔矗立在镇中心。
stands at 表示位于某处。
vt. 忍受；经受；竖放
常用于 can't stand；也可表示物体经受住压力，或把东西竖放。
常见表达 can't stand sth. stand the heat/noise stand up to sth. stand the bottle upright
I can't stand the noise when I am trying to read.
查看翻译和讲解 当我想读书时，我无法忍受噪音。
can't stand 表示无法忍受。
This jacket can stand up to heavy rain.
查看翻译和讲解 这件夹克可以抵御大雨。
stand up to sth. 表示经受住。
Stand the board against the wall before you clean the floor.
查看翻译和讲解 清洁地板之前，请将木板靠墙放置。
stand sth. against... 表示把某物竖放。
n. 立场；货摊；看台
作名词时可指观点立场、售货摊，也可指体育场看台。
常见表达 take a stand a food stand the stands make a stand
You should take a clear stand against cheating.
查看翻译和讲解 您应该坚决反对作弊。
take a stand 表示表明立场。
We bought orange juice from a small stand near the gate.
查看翻译和讲解 我们从大门附近的一个小摊买了橙汁。
a stand 可指货摊。
Fans in the stands cheered when the team scored.
查看翻译和讲解 当球队进球时，看台上的球迷欢呼雀跃。
the stands 指看台。
phr. stand 常见短语
stand by/for/out/up for/up to 含义差别大，要按搭配整块记。
常见表达 stand by a friend stand by and watch stand for peace stand out stand up for sb. stand up to sb.
Good friends stand by each other in difficult times.
查看翻译和讲解 好朋友在困难的时候互相扶持。
stand by sb. 可表示支持。
UN stands for the United Nations.
查看翻译和讲解 UN代表联合国。
stand for 表示代表。
She stood up for a classmate who was treated unfairly.
查看翻译和讲解 她为一位受到不公平对待的同学挺身而出。
stand up for 表示维护。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please sit down after you answer.
sit 与 stand 的站立义相反。
He lay on the sofa after dinner.
lie 与 stand 的直立状态相反。
I can't bear the smell of smoke.
bear 接近 stand 的忍受义，但 stand 更常见于 can't stand。
Her position on the issue is clear.
position 接近 stand 的立场义；stand 还可指货摊和看台。
词族线索 / 同组词
The school set a high standard for safety.
standard 可用 stand hard 作记忆线索，实际义是标准。
Her performance was outstanding.
outstanding 可由 stand out 记，但现代用作形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 stand 组要分层：standard/outstanding 与 stand 关系较清楚；stable/constant/distance/destination 多是词根或书本记忆线索，不要都当现代派生词。
The work is up to standard.
The team made outstanding progress.
From my standpoint, the rule is fair.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 standard 是衡量用的“标尺”：学习水平、生活水平、道德水准都可用它；作形容词时表示标准规格。
意思、用法与例句
n. 标准；水平；道德水准
用来衡量质量、能力、行为或生活条件。
常见表达 set a standard up to standard living standards high moral standards
The coach set a high standard for every player.
查看翻译和讲解 教练为每个球员设定了很高的标准。
set a standard 是制定标准。
Clean water has improved living standards in the village.
查看翻译和讲解 干净的水源改善了村里的生活水平。
living standards 是源搭配。
The story asks whether success should be judged by moral standards.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事询问成功是否应该以道德标准来判断。
moral standards 表示道德水准。
adj. 标准的；普通规格的
表示符合常规规格、版本或形式。
常见表达 standard English a standard room standard size a standard test
Please write the answer in standard English.
查看翻译和讲解 请用标准英语写出答案。
standard English 是标准英语。
A standard ticket is cheaper than a first-class ticket.
查看翻译和讲解 标准票比头等票便宜。
standard 作形容词表示标准规格。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Safety is the main criterion for the design.
criterion 更正式，指判断准则；standard 更常用，也可表示水平。
Her English level improved quickly.
level 只讲水平高低；standard 还可指标准规则。
Wearing uniforms is the norm at this school.
norm 强调常规；standard 强调衡量标准。
Substandard food should not be sold.
substandard 表示未达到标准。
Her work was exceptional.
exceptional 可表示超过普通标准，与 standard 的普通规格义相对。
The club holds regular meetings.
regular 强调固定规律；standard 强调标准规格或衡量尺度。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 stand hard 记忆 standard：像稳固立住的标尺，用来衡量水平或规格。
The company standardized the form.
Students took a standardized test.
Standardization made the reports easier to compare.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 outstanding 可从 stand out 记：站出来就显眼，表现站出来就是优秀；在问题/任务上还可表示“未解决的”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 优秀的；杰出的
修饰人、表现、成绩、作品等，表示明显高于普通水平。
常见表达 an outstanding student outstanding performance outstanding achievement outstanding work
She won the prize for her outstanding performance in the debate.
查看翻译和讲解 她因在辩论中的出色表现而获奖。
outstanding performance 表示出色表现。
The school is proud of its outstanding science team.
查看翻译和讲解 学校为其杰出的科学团队感到自豪。
outstanding science team 表示优秀团队。
adj. 突出的；明显的；未解决的
可指特征很突出，也可指问题、任务仍然没有处理完。
常见表达 an outstanding feature outstanding problems outstanding questions outstanding tasks
The outstanding feature of the plan is its low cost.
查看翻译和讲解 该计划的突出特点是成本低。
outstanding feature 是突出特征。
Several outstanding problems must be solved before the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 出行前必须解决几个突出问题。
outstanding problems 表示尚未解决的问题。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her speech was excellent.
excellent 强调好；outstanding 强调明显高出别人。
He made remarkable progress.
remarkable 强调值得注意；outstanding 可表示优秀或显眼。
There was a noticeable change in his voice.
noticeable 对应明显义，不对应优秀义。
It was an ordinary answer.
ordinary 与 outstanding 的杰出义相反。
The team made a poor start.
poor 与 outstanding 的优秀义相反。
His work is above the usual standard.
standard 是衡量线；outstanding 是明显超过标准。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 outstanding 可由 stand out 记，但 stand out 是短语，不放进派生词族；outstanding 现在主要作形容词。
The team performed outstandingly in the final.
He was the standout player in the match.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 stable 的核心是“站得住”：结构稳、局势稳、情绪稳。作名词时是另一条线，表示马厩。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 稳定的；稳固的
描述价格、关系、结构、病情、局势等不易变化或倒下。
常见表达 remain stable stable condition a stable job a stable relationship a stable structure
The patient is in stable condition after the operation.
查看翻译和讲解 患者术后情况稳定。
stable condition 是病情稳定。
A stable chair will not shake when you sit on it.
查看翻译和讲解 一把稳定的椅子，当你坐在上面时不会摇晃。
stable chair 是稳固的椅子。
adj. 沉稳的；镇静的
描述人的性格或情绪可靠、不容易慌乱。
常见表达 a stable character emotionally stable keep a stable mood stay stable under pressure
A stable person can stay calm under pressure.
查看翻译和讲解 一个稳定的人在压力下也能保持冷静。
stable person 是沉稳的人。
Regular sleep helps students keep a stable mood.
查看翻译和讲解 规律的睡眠有助于学生保持稳定的情绪。
stable mood 是稳定情绪。
n. 马厩
可数名词，指养马的建筑。
常见表达 in the stable clean the stable a horse stable
The horse was resting in the stable after the race.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛结束后，这匹马在马厩里休息。
stable 作名词表示马厩。
The farmer asked his son to clean the stable.
查看翻译和讲解 农夫让他的儿子打扫马厩。
clean the stable 是清理马厩。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Keep the camera steady while you take the photo.
steady 更强调不摇晃或持续；stable 更强调整体不易变化。
The ladder must stand on firm ground.
firm 偏物理牢固；stable 可讲局势、工作、情绪。
She stayed calm before the exam.
calm 对应情绪稳定义。
The old table is unstable.
unstable 是 stable 的直接反义。
The chair felt shaky.
shaky 多指物理或信心不稳。
The machine works at a constant speed.
constant 强调持续或不变；stable 强调可靠、不易变化或倒下。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 st = stand + -able 记忆 stable：能站得住，所以稳定、稳固。
The plan brought stability to the market.
The medicine helped stabilize his condition.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 stability 是 stable 的名词，常讲社会、经济、身体状况、系统或结构的稳定性。
意思、用法与例句
n. 稳定；稳固
表示状态持续、可靠、不容易被打乱。
常见表达 economic stability social stability bring stability the stability of ...
Good communication brings stability to a team.
查看翻译和讲解 良好的沟通可以给团队带来稳定性。
bring stability 表示带来稳定。
The doctor was pleased with the stability of the patient's condition.
查看翻译和讲解 医生对病人病情的稳定感到满意。
condition 的 stability 是病情稳定。
n. 平衡性；牢固性
指物体或结构不容易倒下、移动或失衡。
常见表达 the stability of a bridge improve stability lose stability
Engineers tested the stability of the bridge after the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 工程师测试了暴风雨过后桥梁的稳定性。
stability 可指结构稳固性。
A wider base can improve the stability of a desk lamp.
查看翻译和讲解 较宽的底座可以提高台灯的稳定性。
improve stability 表示提高稳定性。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her steadiness helped the team stay calm.
steadiness 更普通；stability 更常用于系统、局势、结构。
The firmness of the ground made it safe.
firmness 偏牢固或坚定；stability 偏整体稳定。
Good balance keeps the bike from falling.
balance 接近物理平衡性，不能覆盖所有 stability 义。
Political instability made travel difficult.
instability 是 stability 的直接反义。
词族线索 / 同组词
The patient is stable now.
stable 是形容词或名词；stability 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 stable 去 e 加 -ity 形成 stability，表示 stable 的状态。
The price remained stable.
New rules helped stabilize the market.
The old wall showed signs of instability.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 establish 有“使稳固”的感觉：建立机构、制度、关系、习惯，也可用证据确定事实。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 建立；设立
宾语常是 school、company、system、relationship、habit、rule 等。
常见表达 establish a school establish a company establish a system establish a relationship establish a habit
The village established a small reading room for children.
查看翻译和讲解 村里为孩子们建立了一个小阅览室。
establish a reading room 表示设立。
It takes time to establish good study habits.
查看翻译和讲解 养成良好的学习习惯需要时间。
establish a habit 表示养成并固定。
vt. 确定；证实
通过事实、证据或调查确认某事。
常见表达 establish the truth establish a fact establish the cause establish that ...
The police tried to establish the cause of the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 警方试图查明起火原因。
establish the cause 表示确定原因。
The report established that exercise helped the students sleep better.
查看翻译和讲解 报告证实，锻炼可以帮助学生睡得更好。
establish that... 表示证实。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They set up a club after school.
set up 更口语；establish 更正式，强调稳定存在。
The school was founded in 1998.
found 常用于创立机构；establish 还可证实事实。
The test proved that the water was clean.
prove 对应证实义；establish 更正式。
The message confirmed the time of the meeting.
confirm 强调确认；establish 强调通过证据确定。
The fire destroyed the old hall.
destroy 与 establish 的建立义相反。
The new evidence disproved the old idea.
disprove 与 establish 的证实义相反。
A stable plan is easier to carry out.
stable 可作 establish 的记忆线索，但现代用法重点是建立/证实。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 e- + stable + -ish 记忆 establish 的“使稳固/确立”感觉；实际用法不要翻成 stable。
She is an established writer.
The establishment of the club took two months.
They re-established contact after many years.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 constant 有两层：生活语境里是“不断的”，科学/数值语境里是“恒定不变的”。它不等于 stable，stable 强调状态稳。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 经常发生的；不断的
修饰 noise、calls、changes、practice、support、care 等，强调反复或持续。
常见表达 constant noise constant change constant support constant care constant practice
Constant noise from the street made it hard to sleep.
查看翻译和讲解 街上不断传来的噪音让人难以入睡。
constant noise 表示持续噪音。
Her constant practice helped her win the speech contest.
查看翻译和讲解 她不断的练习帮助她赢得了演讲比赛。
constant practice 表示不断练习。
adj. 恒定的；不变的
用于数值、速度、温度、原则等保持不变。
常见表达 a constant speed a constant temperature remain constant keep sth. constant
Drive at a constant speed on this part of the road.
查看翻译和讲解 在这一段道路上匀速行驶。
constant speed 是恒定速度。
The temperature in the lab must remain constant.
查看翻译和讲解 实验室内的温度必须保持恒定。
remain constant 表示保持恒定。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Continuous rain lasted all night.
continuous 强调不中断；constant 可指不断反复或恒定。
Continual practice made her more confident.
continual 强调反复发生；constant 可指反复，也可指数值恒定。
The machine runs at a fixed speed.
fixed 对应恒定不变义。
Her unchanging support gave him courage.
unchanging 对应恒定义。
Occasional rain is expected this week.
occasional 与 constant 的不断发生相反。
The speed was variable on the rough road.
variable 与 constant 的恒定义相反。
The patient is in stable condition.
stable 强调可靠稳定；constant 强调持续或恒定。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 con- + stant(stand) 记忆“一直站在一起”。现代重点是 continuous / unchanging。
People's attention wanders constantly.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 constantly 是 constant 的副词，修饰动作或整句，表示动作不断发生或状态持续。attention wanders constantly 表示注意力会不断分散。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 不断地；反复地
修饰动词，强调动作反复发生。
常见表达 constantly change constantly ask constantly check be constantly doing
People's attention wanders constantly when there are too many messages.
查看翻译和讲解 当信息太多时，人们的注意力会不断分散。
attention wanders constantly 表示注意力不断分散。
The teacher constantly reminds us to read the questions carefully.
查看翻译和讲解 老师不断提醒我们仔细看题。
constantly reminds 表示不断提醒。
adv. 持续地；始终
说明动作或状态长期持续。
常见表达 work constantly remain constantly alert constantly improve
The rescue team worked constantly through the night.
查看翻译和讲解 救援队彻夜不停地工作。
worked constantly 表示持续工作。
Good learners are constantly improving their methods.
查看翻译和讲解 优秀的学习者会不断改进他们的方法。
constantly improving 表示持续改进。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The machine ran continuously for six hours.
continuously 强调不中断；constantly 可指反复或持续。
He repeatedly checked the answer.
repeatedly 强调一遍又一遍；constantly 更宽。
She is always ready to help.
always 更普通；constantly 常暗示频率很高。
We occasionally meet after school.
occasionally 与 constantly 频率相反。
He rarely watches TV.
rarely 与不断地相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
The baby needs constant care.
constant 是形容词；constantly 是副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 constant + -ly 形成副词 constantly。
The machine makes a constant sound.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 distance 的核心是“两点分开”：空间距离、时间久远、远处、关系疏远、差异差距都从这个图像来。
意思、用法与例句
n. 距离；远处；久远
表示空间或时间上的远近，也可用 in the distance 表示远方。
常见表达 at/from a distance in the distance a short/long distance walking distance
We could see the village in the distance.
查看翻译和讲解 我们可以看到远处的村庄。
in the distance 是源搭配。
From a distance, the small island looked like a cloud.
查看翻译和讲解 远远望去，小岛就像一朵云。
from a distance 是从远处。
n. 疏远；差异；差距
表示关系不亲近，或观点、水平、目标之间有差距。
常见表达 keep sb. at a distance the distance between A and B social distance a great distance in opinion
After the argument, she kept him at a distance.
查看翻译和讲解 争吵后，她与他保持了距离。
keep sb. at a distance 是源搭配。
There is still a distance between his dream and his present skill.
查看翻译和讲解 他的梦想和现在的技术还有一段距离。
distance 可指差距。
vt. 使疏远；拉开距离
常用 distance oneself from，表示主动与某人、观点或事件保持距离。
常见表达 distance oneself from distance A from B
The writer tried to distance himself from the rumor.
查看翻译和讲解 作者试图与谣言保持距离。
distance oneself from 表示与传闻保持距离。
Careful planning can distance our team from careless mistakes.
查看翻译和讲解 仔细的计划可以让我们的团队避免粗心的错误。
distance A from B 表示拉开距离。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
There is a gap between the two walls.
gap 可指空隙或差距；distance 更常指两点距离。
Leave enough space between the desks.
space 强调空间；distance 强调两点之间的长度或关系远近。
The separation from home was hard.
separation 更强调分开状态或过程。
Their closeness surprised everyone.
closeness 与 distance 的空间或情感距离相反。
The nearness of the station is helpful.
nearness 是物理接近。
We arrived at our destination before sunset.
distance 是距离；destination 是要到达的地点。
词族线索 / 同组词
The mountains looked distant in the morning light.
distance 是名词/动词；distant 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 di(s)- = apart + stance 记忆 distance：分立两处就是距离。
A distant light appeared on the lake.
Social distancing changed many habits.
He smiled distantly and turned away.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 distant 是 distance 的形容词：地点远、时间久远、关系远，也可说态度冷淡或眼神心不在焉。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 遥远的；久远的
描述空间或时间上很远。
常见表达 a distant village distant memories be distant from in the distant past
A distant village can be seen across the river.
查看翻译和讲解 河对岸可以看到远处的一个村庄。
a distant village 是遥远村庄。
The song brought back distant memories of childhood.
查看翻译和讲解 这首歌勾起了我对童年遥远的回忆。
distant memories 是久远记忆。
adj. 冷淡的；心不在焉的；远亲的
描述关系不亲近、态度冷淡、注意力不集中，或亲属关系很远。
常见表达 a distant look sound distant a distant relative be distant with sb.
He sounded distant on the phone, as if something was worrying him.
查看翻译和讲解 电话里他的声音很冷漠，好像有什么事情让他担心。
sound distant 表示听起来冷淡或心不在焉。
A distant relative invited us to stay on his farm.
查看翻译和讲解 一位远房亲戚邀请我们住在他的农场。
a distant relative 是远亲。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They visited a remote village in the mountains.
remote 更强调偏远难到达；distant 可指时间、关系或态度。
She dreamed of faraway places.
faraway 多修饰地方或梦想；distant 范围更广。
His cold reply hurt her.
cold 对应态度冷淡义，不对应空间距离。
The nearest shop is across the road.
near 与 distant 的空间义相反。
They are close friends.
close 可表示距离近或关系亲近。
词族线索 / 同组词
The distance between the two cities is about 80 kilometers.
distance 是名词/动词；distant 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 distance 去 ce 变 distant，形成形容词。
Keep a safe distance from the machine.
He nodded distantly and walked away.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 instant 先抓“时间很近”：作形容词是马上发生或马上可用，作名词是一个很短的瞬间；the instant (that) 整块表示“一……就……”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 立刻的；即时的
修饰 reply、feedback、access、success 等，强调几乎马上发生或得到。
常见表达 an instant reply instant feedback instant access instant success
The app gives students instant feedback after each question.
查看翻译和讲解 该应用程序会在每个问题后为学生提供即时反馈。
instant feedback 指即时反馈。
She sent an instant reply because the question was urgent.
查看翻译和讲解 因为问题紧急，她立即回复了。
an instant reply 指马上回复。
adj. 即食的；速溶的；方便的
修饰 food、coffee、noodles、soup 等，强调准备很快、方便使用。
常见表达 instant coffee instant noodles instant soup instant food
Instant noodles are useful when people have little time to cook.
查看翻译和讲解 当人们没有时间做饭时，方便面很有用。
instant noodles 指方便面。
He made a cup of instant coffee before the early meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 他在早会之前煮了一杯速溶咖啡。
instant coffee 指速溶咖啡。
n. 瞬间；片刻；某一时刻
常用单数，表示很短的一刻，也可指某个具体时刻。
常见表达 for an instant at that instant in an instant at the same instant
For an instant, nobody knew what to say.
查看翻译和讲解 一时之间，没有人知道该说什么。
for an instant 表示刹那间。
At that instant, the lights went out.
查看翻译和讲解 就在这时，灯灭了。
at that instant 指就在那一刻。
phr. the instant (that) ...
整块引导时间状语，意思接近 as soon as，表示某事一发生另一事就发生。
常见表达 the instant (that) ... the instant I saw/heard/arrived ...
The instant the bell rang, the students rushed to the playground.
查看翻译和讲解 下课铃声一响，同学们就纷纷涌向操场。
the instant 引导时间状语，表示一……就……。
I recognized her the instant I heard her voice.
查看翻译和讲解 我一听到她的声音就认出了她。
the instant I heard... 表示一听到就。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The teacher gave an immediate answer.
immediate 对应 instant 的“马上”义，更正式一些。
We need a quick decision.
quick 范围更宽；instant 强调几乎没有等待。
Wait here for a moment.
moment 接近 instant 的名词义，语气更普通。
The delayed train arrived two hours late.
delayed 与 instant 的即时义相反。
The slow reply made everyone nervous.
slow 与 instant reply 的速度义相反。
This is an instance of careful planning.
instant 是即时或瞬间；instance 是例子，不是派生词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 in- + stant 的 standing near 帮助记 instant；和 instance 是形近/同图复习关系，不能当成普通现代派生。
She smiled instantly when she saw the gift.
The change was almost instantaneous.
词族导图 instant / instance 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 instance 的核心是“一个具体例子/个案”。最常见的 for instance 等于 for example；它和 instant 只形近，意思不能互换。
意思、用法与例句
n. 事例；例子；个案
用来说明一个观点、规律或类别中的具体例子。
常见表达 for instance an instance of ... give an instance a clear instance
Some animals sleep standing up; horses, for instance, often do this.
查看翻译和讲解 有些动物是站着睡觉的；例如，马经常这样做。
for instance 表示例如。
This is an instance of how small habits can change daily life.
查看翻译和讲解 这是小习惯如何改变日常生活的一个例子。
an instance of 表示……的一个例子。
n. 某一次情况；某个具体场合
指某一次发生的情况，常用于 this/one/several/every instance。
常见表达 in this instance in one instance several instances in every instance
In one instance, a student solved the problem without using a calculator.
查看翻译和讲解 在一个例子中，一名学生在没有使用计算器的情况下解决了这个问题。
in one instance 指在一个具体情况中。
The rule is useful, but it may not work in every instance.
查看翻译和讲解 该规则很有用，但可能并不适用于所有情况。
every instance 表示每一种情况。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This example shows how teamwork matters.
example 最普通；instance 更常用于具体个案或正式说明。
In this case, the answer is simple.
case 接近 instance 的个案义，也可指案件。
On one occasion, the class met outside.
occasion 接近某一次场合，但不直接等于 example。
A general rule cannot explain every small detail.
instance 是具体个案；general rule 是概括性规则。
The answer was instant.
instance 是例子；instant 是即时或瞬间。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 instance 与 instant 可共用形近/词根记忆线索，但现代学习重点是 example/case。不要把 for instance 当派生词；它是固定搭配。
非派生记忆线索
Check the spelling before you choose instant or instance.
词族导图 instant / instance 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 substance 的核心是“有实在内容的东西”：可以是看得见的物质，也可以是支撑观点的事实根据、文章讲话的主旨，或事情真正重要的部分。
意思、用法与例句
n. 物质；材料
指一种材料、化学物质或不明物质；这种用法常可数。
常见表达 a chemical substance a dangerous substance a sticky substance a white substance
The lab must label every chemical substance clearly.
查看翻译和讲解 实验室必须清楚地标记每种化学物质。
chemical substance 指化学物质。
A white substance covered the rock near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 河边的岩石上覆盖着一种白色的物质。
a white substance 指一种白色物质。
n. 事实基础；根据；实质内容
用于观点、传闻、计划或报告，表示它有真实依据或有内容，不是空话。
常见表达 have substance without substance no substance to a rumor a claim with substance
Her argument has substance because she uses real data.
查看翻译和讲解 她的论点有实质内容，因为她使用了真实的数据。
have substance 表示有事实根据、有内容。
There was no substance to the rumor, so the teacher stopped it quickly.
查看翻译和讲解 谣言没有实质内容，所以老师很快就制止了。
no substance to a rumor 表示传闻没有根据。
n. 要点；主旨；重要性
表示讲话、文章或讨论中真正核心、重要的部分。
常见表达 the substance of a speech the substance of a report matters of substance a question of substance
The substance of the speech was simple: protect clean water.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲的内容很简单：保护清洁水源。
the substance of the speech 指讲话主旨。
The meeting dealt with matters of substance, not just small details.
查看翻译和讲解 会议讨论的是实质性问题，而不仅仅是小细节。
matters of substance 指有重要性的事情。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Glass is a useful material for windows.
material 对应 substance 的物质义；substance 还可指观点或文章的实质内容。
Facts are the basis of a good argument.
basis 接近事实根据义，不能表示化学物质。
The content of the article is clear.
content 接近主旨内容义；substance 更强调有实质、有分量。
Do not judge a plan only by its appearance.
appearance 强调表面；substance 强调真实内容或根据。
The speech was full of noise but showed emptiness.
emptiness 可与 have substance 的“有内容”相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
The project made substantial progress.
substance 是名词；substantial 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 sub- = under + stance 记忆 substance：站在下面支撑的实质。现代用法要分物质、根据、主旨、重要性。
The project made substantial progress.
The new road substantially reduced travel time.
词族导图 substance / substantial 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 substantial 是 substance 的形容词：有“实实在在的分量”。数量上是相当大的，影响上是重要的，物体上是厚实坚固的。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 大量的；相当大的；重要的
修饰 amount、number、progress、support、change、evidence 等，强调数量、影响或重要性够大。
常见表达 a substantial amount a substantial number of substantial progress substantial evidence substantial support
The city has made substantial progress in cleaning the river.
查看翻译和讲解 我市河道整治工作取得实质性进展。
substantial progress 指明显、相当大的进展。
A substantial number of students joined the volunteer program.
查看翻译和讲解 大量学生加入了志愿者计划。
a substantial number of 表示相当多。
The police found substantial evidence that the door had been broken.
查看翻译和讲解 警方发现大量证据表明门被打破。
substantial evidence 指有分量的证据。
adj. 大而坚固的；厚实的；量足的
描述建筑、墙、家具、饭菜等有实体分量、结实或够量。
常见表达 a substantial building substantial walls a substantial meal a substantial desk
They built a substantial wall to protect the garden from floods.
查看翻译和讲解 他们建造了一堵坚固的墙来保护花园免受洪水侵袭。
substantial wall 指坚固厚实的墙。
After the long walk, we needed a substantial meal.
查看翻译和讲解 长途跋涉之后，我们需要一顿丰盛的饭菜。
substantial meal 指量足的一餐。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The plan saved a considerable amount of money.
considerable 对应数量大；substantial 还可指坚固或有实质。
This was a significant change for the school.
significant 强调重要或显著；substantial 更强调有分量。
The chair is made of solid wood.
solid 对应坚固厚实义，不对应数量大。
There was only a slight change in the plan.
slight 与 substantial 的相当大义相反。
It was a minor problem.
minor 与 substantial 的重要/有分量义相对。
The flimsy table shook in the wind.
flimsy 与 substantial 的坚固厚实义相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
The report has substance because it uses real data.
substance 是名词；substantial 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 substantial = substance + -al，可理解为“有实质分量的”。注意它不只表示大，也可表示重要或结实。
The substance of the report was clear.
The new road substantially reduced travel time.
词族导图 substance / substantial 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 destination 是旅程或运输最后要到的点，不是 distance“距离”。可以用“下一个立足点”作记忆线索，学生端按 travel/delivery 场景掌握。
意思、用法与例句
n. 目的地；终点
指旅行、路线、运输或计划最后要到达的地方。
常见表达 arrive at one's destination reach one's destination final destination tourist destination holiday destination
We arrived at our destination just before sunset.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在日落之前到达了目的地。
arrive at one's destination 是源搭配。
The old town has become a popular tourist destination.
查看翻译和讲解 老城区已成为热门旅游目的地。
tourist destination 是源搭配。
n. 目标地点；投递去处
用于包裹、车辆、信息、导航等最终去处。
常见表达 destination address choose a destination set a destination send sth. to its destination
Please write the destination address clearly on the box.
查看翻译和讲解 请在盒子上清楚地写下目的地地址。
destination address 是投递地址。
The driver set the destination on the map before leaving.
查看翻译和讲解 司机出发前在地图上设定了目的地。
set the destination 是设置目的地。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The endpoint of the path is a small lake.
endpoint 强调路线终点；destination 强调人或物要去的地方。
This station is the final stop.
final stop 更口语，常用于交通。
The target place was marked on the map.
target place 是解释性表达；destination 是常用名词。
The bridge was our starting point.
starting point 与 destination 的旅程方向相反。
The distance to the station is three kilometers.
distance 是距离；destination 是终点。
The island is distant but beautiful.
distant 是形容词；destination 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 de- + stin(stand) + -ation 理解为“下一处立足点”。这是记忆线索，不要把 destination 当 stand 的普通派生词。
The train was destined for Chengdu.
She believed that hard work could change her destiny.
The goods were destined for the coast.
词族导图 stand / stable / distant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 regular 的核心是“按规律或常规来”：事情按固定时间重复，人是常客，物品是普通规格。它和 regulate / regulation 同属“规则”线，但词性完全不同。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 有规律的；定期的；固定的
描述运动、会议、检查、节目或间隔按规律重复或固定安排。
常见表达 regular exercise regular meetings regular checks at regular intervals a regular program
Regular exercise helps students stay healthy.
查看翻译和讲解 定期锻炼有助于学生保持健康。
regular exercise 指有规律的锻炼。
The club holds regular meetings every Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 俱乐部每周五定期举行会议。
regular meetings 指定期开会。
Buses arrive at regular intervals during the morning rush hour.
查看翻译和讲解 公共汽车在早高峰期间定期到达。
at regular intervals 表示每隔固定时间。
adj. 惯常的；经常的
描述某人经常去某地、使用某服务或阅读某内容。
常见表达 a regular customer a regular visitor a regular reader a regular user
My father is a regular customer at the small bookshop.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲是这家小书店的常客。
regular customer 表示常客。
She is a regular reader of the school newspaper.
查看翻译和讲解 她是校报的常客。
regular reader 指经常阅读的人。
adj. 普通的；常规的；标准规格的
表示普通类型或常规安排，不是 special、large、extra 或 unusual。
常见表达 regular size regular class regular ticket regular classroom
I ordered a regular size drink, not a large one.
查看翻译和讲解 我点了一杯普通杯的饮料，不是大杯的。
regular size 指普通规格。
This is our regular classroom, but today we are using the science lab.
查看翻译和讲解 这是我们的常规教室，但今天我们使用科学实验室。
regular classroom 指平时使用的普通教室。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This is his usual seat in the classroom.
usual 接近 regular 的常规义，但不一定强调固定间隔。
The doctor gave him a routine check.
routine 强调例行程序；regular 强调规律重复或常规。
The class has a fixed starting time.
fixed 对应定期/固定义，不覆盖常客或普通规格义。
His irregular sleep made him tired in class.
irregular 是 regular 的直接反义。
She makes occasional visits to the old library.
occasional 与 regular 的经常/定期义相对。
The school prepared a special program for the guests.
special 与 regular 的普通/常规义相对。
The machine runs at a constant speed.
constant 强调持续或不变；regular 强调按规律重复。
词族线索 / 同组词
Traffic lights regulate the flow of cars.
regular 是形容词；regulate 是动词，使事物受规则控制。
Students must follow the safety regulations.
regulation 是名词，指规则或管理。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 regular / regulate / regulation 都围绕 regul- “规则、使有规则”展开：regular 描述有规律，regulate 表示用规则控制，regulation 是规则或管理。
She exercises regularly after school.
Irregular meals can make students feel tired.
Traffic lights regulate the flow of cars.
Students must follow the safety regulations.
词族导图 regular / regulate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 rule 的核心是“让行为或判断有标准”：可以是学校规定、通常做法、科学定律，也可以是统治权；动词 rule 可表示统治、裁定，rule out 是排除可能性。
意思、用法与例句
n. 规定；条例；规则
指人们必须遵守的规定，可来自学校、比赛、交通或组织。
常见表达 school rules safety rules traffic rules follow/obey a rule break a rule
Students must follow the safety rules in the science lab.
查看翻译和讲解 学生必须遵守科学实验室的安全规则。
safety rules 指安全规定。
A player who breaks a rule may leave the game.
查看翻译和讲解 违反规则的玩家可以离开游戏。
break a rule 表示违反规定。
n. 常规；通常情况；定律
可指通常做法、语言或科学中的规律。
常见表达 as a rule a general rule a grammar rule a rule of nature
As a rule, I read for ten minutes before breakfast.
查看翻译和讲解 通常，我在早餐前阅读十分钟。
as a rule 表示通常、一般说来。
This grammar rule helps students choose the right tense.
查看翻译和讲解 该语法规则帮助学生选择正确的时态。
grammar rule 指语法规则。
n. / vt. 统治；控制；统治
作名词可指统治时期或统治权；作动词指统治国家、地区或人民。
常见表达 under the rule of ... rule a country rule over ... foreign rule
The country changed greatly under the rule of a young king.
查看翻译和讲解 在年轻国王的统治下，这个国家发生了巨大的变化。
under the rule of... 指在……统治下。
No ruler can rule a country well without listening to its people.
查看翻译和讲解 如果不听取人民的意见，任何统治者都无法治理好一个国家。
rule a country 指统治国家。
vt. / phr. 裁定；排除
正式语境中 rule 可表示裁定；rule out 表示排除某种可能或不予考虑。
常见表达 rule that ... rule in favor of ... rule out a possibility rule out an idea
The judge ruled that the school had acted properly.
查看翻译和讲解 法官裁定学校行为正确。
rule that... 表示正式裁定。
Doctors ruled out a serious illness after the tests.
查看翻译和讲解 检查后，医生排除了严重疾病的可能性。
rule out 表示排除。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The new regulation limits the use of plastic bags.
regulation 更正式，常来自政府或机构；rule 可更日常。
The law protects children's safety.
law 更正式或更高层级；rule 可指学校规定、比赛规则或常规。
The same principle works in many experiments.
principle 强调基本原则；rule 更像可遵守或可应用的具体规则。
There is one exception to this rule.
exception 是不按规则走的情况。
The new rule gave students more freedom after class.
freedom 与 rule 的限制/控制语境相对。
Good leaders govern with fairness.
govern 对应 rule 的动词统治义。
词族线索 / 同组词
A ruler can make rules, and a ruler can also draw a straight line.
ruler 可由 rule + -er 记统治者，但也有尺子义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rule 的真词族可记 ruler / ruling；rail / railway 是形象助记线索，不是 rule 的现代派生词。
A ruler measured the line on the map.
The court's ruling surprised many people.
A rule-based game is easier to explain.
非派生记忆线索
A rail guides the train in one direction.
The railway connects the town with the capital.
词族导图 rule / rail 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 regulate 是把事情“调到有规则”：政府或制度可以 regulate traffic / markets，机器或身体机制可以 regulate temperature / speed / blood sugar。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 管理；控制
指用规则、法律、制度或权力控制某个活动，使其有秩序。
常见表达 regulate traffic regulate the market regulate an industry be strictly regulated regulate food safety
The new law helps regulate traffic around the school.
查看翻译和讲解 新法律有助于规范学校周围的交通。
regulate traffic 指用规则使交通有秩序。
Food safety is strictly regulated in many countries.
查看翻译和讲解 许多国家对食品安全进行严格监管。
be regulated 表示受到监管。
The government needs clear rules to regulate the online market.
查看翻译和讲解 政府需要明确的规则来规范在线市场。
regulate the market 指管理市场。
vt. 调节；校准
指调节机器、仪器、温度、速度或身体功能，使其保持合适状态。
常见表达 regulate temperature regulate speed regulate blood sugar regulate an instrument regulate the flow of water
This device can regulate the temperature in the greenhouse.
查看翻译和讲解 该装置可以调节温室内的温度。
regulate temperature 是常见科技语境。
A healthy body can regulate blood sugar more easily.
查看翻译和讲解 健康的身体可以更轻松地调节血糖。
regulate blood sugar 指调节血糖。
The technician regulated the instrument before the test began.
查看翻译和讲解 测试开始前，技术人员对仪器进行了调节。
regulate an instrument 可表示校准仪器。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Parents should control how much time young children spend online.
control 更普通；regulate 常强调通过规则或系统控制。
She manages the school library well.
manage 强调负责处理；regulate 强调按规则监管或调节。
Please adjust the light before you take the photo.
adjust 对应调节义；regulate 更强调保持在合适范围。
Doctors monitor the patient's heart rate.
monitor 是观察记录；regulate 是实际控制或调节。
Some industries were deregulated to allow more competition.
deregulate 是减少或取消 regulation。
The company ignored safety rules.
ignore rules 与 regulate 的按规则管理相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
Regular checks help regulate the machine.
regular 是形容词；regulate 是动词。
Factories must follow environmental regulations.
regulation 是名词，指规则或管理过程。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 regular → regul- 规则；regulate 表示“使某事按规则运行或保持合适状态”。
Factories must follow environmental regulations.
A speed regulator keeps the machine safe.
Regular checks help teachers notice problems early.
词族导图 regular / regulate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 regulation 是 regulate 的名词：最常见是正式规章，常用复数 regulations；也可表示“监管/调节”这个过程。
意思、用法与例句
n. 规章；条例；规则
指机构、学校、政府或公司制定的正式规则，常用复数 regulations。
常见表达 rules and regulations safety regulations traffic regulations government regulations school regulations
The company made a number of rules and regulations.
查看翻译和讲解 公司制定了多项规章制度。
rules and regulations 指正式规章制度。
Drivers must obey the parking regulations near the station.
查看翻译和讲解 司机必须遵守车站附近的停车规定。
parking regulations 是具体规章。
Students read the safety regulations before entering the lab.
查看翻译和讲解 学生在进入实验室前阅读安全规定。
safety regulations 指安全规定。
n. 管理；监管；调节
表示通过规则或机制进行控制、管理或调节的过程。
常见表达 the regulation of ... price regulation traffic regulation temperature regulation
The regulation of online games has become a public topic.
查看翻译和讲解 网络游戏的监管已成为公众话题。
the regulation of ... 表示对……的管理。
Temperature regulation is important in a science lab.
查看翻译和讲解 温度调节在科学实验室中很重要。
temperature regulation 指温度调节。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This school rule is simpler than the city regulation.
rule 可日常；regulation 更正式，常来自机构或政府。
The law protects children's safety.
law 比 regulation 更高层级；regulation 常是具体规定。
Wearing safety glasses is a requirement in the lab.
requirement 强调必须做到的要求；regulation 强调正式规则。
Too many rules may reduce freedom.
freedom 与 regulation 的限制/监管语境相对。
Deregulation allowed more companies to enter the market.
deregulation 是减少或取消 regulation。
词族线索 / 同组词
The law regulates traffic near schools.
regulate 是动词；regulation 是名词。
The club holds regular meetings every Friday.
regular 是形容词，不是规章本身。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 regulation = regulate + -ion，表示“规章”或“监管/调节这个过程”。
The law regulates traffic near schools.
A regulator checked the safety report.
The club holds regular meetings every Friday.
Deregulation changed the market quickly.
词族导图 regular / regulate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 ruler 两个义项靠语境分：历史/国家语境是统治者，课堂/测量语境是尺子。
意思、用法与例句
n. 统治者
指拥有统治权的人，常见于历史、国家和政治语境。
常见表达 a powerful ruler a fair ruler the ruler of ... under a ruler
The young ruler tried to listen to ordinary people.
查看翻译和讲解 这位年轻的统治者试图倾听普通民众的意见。
ruler 指统治者。
A fair ruler should protect the weak.
查看翻译和讲解 一个公正的统治者应该保护弱者。
fair ruler 指公正的统治者。
n. 尺子；直尺
指用来量长度、画直线的工具。
常见表达 a 30-centimeter ruler use a ruler draw a line with a ruler measure with a ruler
Use a ruler to draw a straight line under the title.
查看翻译和讲解 使用尺子在标题下方画一条直线。
ruler 在课堂语境中常指尺子。
I forgot my ruler, so I could not measure the map accurately.
查看翻译和讲解 我忘记带尺子了，所以无法准确测量地图。
measure 与 ruler 搭配自然。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A good leader listens to different opinions.
leader 更宽泛；ruler 强调统治权。
The king ruled for twenty years.
king 是具体身份；ruler 是更宽的统治者。
The ruler listened to his subjects.
subject 可指被 ruler 统治的人。
A measuring tape is useful for a long table.
measuring tape 与尺子同属测量工具。
词族线索 / 同组词
The king ruled the country for many years.
rule 是动词或名词；ruler 是人或工具。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ruler 可由 rule + -er 记“统治者”；尺子义可理解为帮助画 straight rule/line 的工具。
The king ruled the country for many years.
The court's ruling ended the argument.
词族导图 rule / rail 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
042
rail
▶ [reil] · n. · Page 71
a metal bar in a track, a rail transport system, or a bar used for support or fencing
铁轨, 轨道；铁路系统；围栏, 栏杆
联想 rail 的画面是一根长条：铺在地上让火车按路线走是铁轨；作为交通方式是铁路系统；装在楼梯或桥边是栏杆。
意思、用法与例句
n. 铁轨；轨道
常用复数 rails，指火车行驶的金属轨。
常见表达 rails rail tracks on the rails repair the rail
Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived.
查看翻译和讲解 工人们在下一趟火车到达之前修复了损坏的铁轨。
rail 指铁轨本身。
The train moved slowly along the rails after the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 暴风雨过后，火车沿着铁轨缓慢行驶。
rails 常用复数。
n. 铁路系统；铁路运输
不可数用法，指铁路运输方式或系统。
常见表达 by rail rail transport travel by rail send goods by rail
Sending goods by rail can reduce road traffic.
查看翻译和讲解 通过铁路发送货物可以减少公路交通。
by rail 表示通过铁路。
The city plans to improve rail transport next year.
查看翻译和讲解 该市计划明年改善铁路交通。
rail transport 指铁路交通。
n. 围栏；栏杆；扶手
指楼梯、桥、阳台、围栏上的横杆。
常见表达 hold the rail a safety rail a stair rail lean on the rail
Please hold the rail when you go down the stairs.
查看翻译和讲解 下楼梯时请扶住栏杆。
hold the rail 是安全提示中的自然搭配。
A safety rail kept visitors away from the deep water.
查看翻译和讲解 安全栏杆使游客远离深水。
safety rail 指安全栏杆。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The train runs on a track made of rails.
track 强调整条路线；rail 强调金属轨或栏杆。
A low fence stood around the garden.
fence 是围栏整体；rail 可指其中的横杆。
Goods by road can be slower in heavy traffic.
road 是公路运输；rail 是铁路运输。
The railway connects the town with the capital.
rail 是铁轨或栏杆；railway 是铁路线路或系统。
A rail guides the train in one direction.
可用 rule 记 rail，但这是助记线索，不是现代派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rail 与 railway 是真复合关系；rule -> rail 是形象助记，表示轨道/围栏像规则一样限制方向。
The new railway shortened the trip by two hours.
The old railroad carried coal to the city.
非派生记忆线索
rule
助记线索：规则限制行为，rail 限制方向 A rail guides the train in one direction.
词族导图 rule / rail 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 railway = rail + way，是火车走的路；可指一条铁路线，也可指铁路系统、车站或工作人员。
意思、用法与例句
n. 铁路；铁道；铁路线
指火车运行的线路。
常见表达 a railway line build a railway along the railway a high-speed railway
A new railway line will make the mountain village easier to reach.
查看翻译和讲解 一条新的铁路线将使到达山村变得更加容易。
railway line 是具体线路。
The town grew quickly after the railway was built.
查看翻译和讲解 铁路建成后，该镇迅速发展。
railway 可指带来交通变化的铁路。
n. 铁路系统；铁路相关机构
指铁路交通系统、车站、工作人员或服务。
常见表达 railway station railway workers railway system railway service
Railway workers checked the station before the holiday rush.
查看翻译和讲解 铁路工作人员在假期高峰前检查车站。
railway 作定语修饰 station/workers/system。
The railway system carries millions of passengers every day.
查看翻译和讲解 铁路系统每天运送数百万乘客。
railway system 指铁路系统。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived.
rail 是单根铁轨或栏杆；railway 是线路或系统。
The railroad brought new jobs to the town.
railroad 在美式英语中常见；railway 在英式英语中常见。
The train arrived at the railway station on time.
train 是车辆；railway 是车辆运行的线路系统。
The village has a road but no railway.
road 给汽车走；railway 给火车走。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 railway 是 rail + way 的复合词，表示由 rails 构成、供 train 行驶的线路或系统。
The child held the rail while crossing the bridge.
The old railroad carried coal to the city.
We met at the railway station.
词族导图 rule / rail 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 double 的核心是“二”：数量是两倍、结构有两层、房间供两人、比赛是双打；作动词时可表示加倍，也可按源义表示把东西折起来。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 两倍的；双重的；成双的
修饰名词，表示数量为两倍、由两部分组成，或具有双重意义。
常见表达 double the amount a double meaning double doors a double line
The new bridge is double the length of the old one.
查看翻译和讲解 新桥的长度是旧桥的两倍。
double the length 表示长度是两倍。
The sentence has a double meaning, so read it carefully.
查看翻译和讲解 这句话有双重含义，所以要仔细阅读。
a double meaning 指双重含义。
The hall has double doors at the front.
查看翻译和讲解 大厅前面有双门。
double doors 指两扇门组成的一组。
adj. / n. 双人的；双打
在住宿、座位或运动语境中，double 可表示供两人使用，doubles 指双打项目。
常见表达 a double room a double bed play doubles a doubles match
We booked a double room because my brother and I would share it.
查看翻译和讲解 我们预订了一间双人房，因为我和我的兄弟会共用一间。
a double room 是双人间。
They won the doubles match after a long final set.
查看翻译和讲解 经过漫长的决赛，他们赢得了双打比赛。
doubles match 指双打比赛。
adv. / n. 双倍地；两倍
可作副词或名词，表示双倍数量、双倍价钱或两倍的结果。
常见表达 pay double charge double double the amount twice the amount
If you lose the key, you may have to pay double.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你丢失了钥匙，你可能需要支付双倍的费用。
pay double 表示付双倍的钱。
This month our reading total is nearly double last month's total.
查看翻译和讲解 这个月我们的阅读总数几乎是上个月总数的两倍。
double 可作名词/限定表达，表示两倍。
vt. / vi. (使)加倍
作动词时，主语可自己增加到两倍，也可使某个数量、时间或效果变为两倍。
常见表达 double in size double the number of ... double the time prices double
The town doubled in size after the railway opened.
查看翻译和讲解 铁路开通后，该镇的规模扩大了一倍。
double in size 表示规模扩大一倍。
The teacher doubled the reading time from ten minutes to twenty minutes.
查看翻译和讲解 老师把阅读时间从十分钟增加了一倍到二十分钟。
double the time 表示把时间加倍。
vt. 折叠；对折
较具体的动作义，指把布、纸等折成两层，考试中常作为识别义处理。
常见表达 double the paper over double a cloth fold something double
She doubled the paper over before putting it in the envelope.
查看翻译和讲解 她把纸对折，然后放进信封。
double over 可表示对折。
Double the cloth before you cut it into two equal pieces.
查看翻译和讲解 将布折叠成两块，然后将其切成相等的块。
double the cloth 指把布叠成双层。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The box is twice as heavy as it looks.
twice 常作副词；double 可作形容词、名词或动词。
The plan has a twofold purpose.
twofold 较正式；double 更常用。
I booked a single room for one night.
single 与 double 的“单/双”相对。
The school halved the price for students.
halve 是使变成一半；double 是使变成两倍。
The problem had multiple causes.
multiple 强调多个或倍数；double 只强调二或两倍。
The music teacher mentioned duple rhythm.
duple 比 double 少见，常在音乐或正式术语中出现。
I doubt whether he can finish on time.
可把 doubt 与 double 作同源记忆；现代用法中二者不是近义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 double 的真词族可记 doubly / doubling；doubt、duple、diploma 只按同源或折叠线索辅助记忆，不当作现代可互换派生。
We must be doubly careful on rainy roads.
The doubling of the class size made teaching harder.
Please double-check your answers before handing in the paper.
非派生记忆线索
I doubt whether the plan will work.
The song has a duple rhythm.
She received her diploma at graduation.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 doubt 不是简单的“不喜欢”或“反对”，而是心里没把握：可作动词“怀疑/不确定”，也可作名词“疑问/怀疑”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. / vi. 怀疑；不确定
作动词时可接人、话、能力、事实或 whether/if/that 从句，表示没有把握。
常见表达 doubt whether/if ... doubt that ... doubt someone's words doubt it
I doubt whether he can finish the report tonight.
查看翻译和讲解 我怀疑他今晚能否完成报告。
doubt whether... 表示怀疑能否完成。
She never doubted her friend's honesty.
查看翻译和讲解 她从不怀疑她朋友的诚实。
doubt someone's honesty 指怀疑某人的诚实。
He said he could solve the problem alone, but I doubt it.
查看翻译和讲解 他说他一个人就能解决这个问题，但我对此表示怀疑。
I doubt it 是自然口语，表示我不太相信。
n. 怀疑；疑问；不确定感
作名词时可指心中的疑问，也可在固定短语中表示确定或无疑。
常见表达 have doubts about ... no doubt without doubt beyond/out of doubt There is no doubt that ...
We all have doubts and regrets at times.
查看翻译和讲解 我们每个人都会有怀疑和遗憾的时候。
have doubts 表示有疑问或顾虑。
There is no doubt that reading widely helps writing.
查看翻译和讲解 毫无疑问，广泛阅读有助于写作。
There is no doubt that... 是写作常用句式。
Her courage was beyond doubt after she saved the child.
查看翻译和讲解 救下孩子后，她的勇气是毋庸置疑的。
beyond doubt 表示毫无疑问。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Several students questioned the result.
question 可作动词“质疑”；doubt 更强调心里不确定。
Uncertainty about the weather changed our plan.
uncertainty 是名词状态；doubt 可作动词或名词。
The police suspect that the driver was careless.
suspect 常带有怀疑坏事或犯罪的语气；doubt 是不确定。
I trust her because she always keeps her promise.
trust 与 doubt 的怀疑感相对。
There is no certainty that the weather will improve.
certainty 是确定感；doubt 是不确定感。
The word has a double meaning.
可把 doubt 与 double 关联记忆；考试中按各自真实用法区分。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 doubt 的常用真词族围绕“确定/不确定”展开；与 double 的联系只作同源记忆线索。
I am doubtful about the result because the data is incomplete.
Exercise is undoubtedly important for health.
The news is doubtless important to local families.
非派生记忆线索
The question has a double meaning.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 duple 也围绕“二、双”，但远不如 double 常用。高中学习中重点识别它的 two-part / two-beat 含义，不要把它当成日常替代词。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 双重的；二拍的；两部分的
用于较正式或音乐语境，表示由两个部分、两层或两拍构成。
常见表达 duple rhythm duple meter duple form duple structure
The song has a simple duple rhythm that students can clap easily.
查看翻译和讲解 这首歌有简单的二重奏节奏，学生可以轻松拍手。
duple rhythm 指二拍节奏。
The old poem is arranged in a duple structure.
查看翻译和讲解 这首古诗采用双层结构。
duple structure 指双重结构。
A duple form has two main parts.
查看翻译和讲解 双重形式有两个主要部分。
duple form 指两部分结构。
日常表达“两倍的”优先用 double；duple 更像识别性词汇。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We booked a double room for two people.
double 更常用，可用于数量、房间和动词加倍；duple 范围窄。
The project has a twofold aim.
twofold 比 duple 更常见于正式表达。
A single line is easier to read.
single 与 duple 的“双”相对。
The plan has multiple steps.
multiple 是多于一个，常不止两个；duple 强调两个。
She received her diploma at the ceremony.
可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆线索；diploma 的现代意义是证书。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 duple 与 double 可按 p/b 音变和 two/fold 线索同组复习；但 duple 在现代高中语境中主要是低频识别词。
They live in a duplex with two floors.
非派生记忆线索
The number doubled in one year.
A diploma proves that a course has been completed.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 diploma 的重点不是“double”，而是“完成学习或考试后的官方证明”。折叠纸线索可以帮助记忆词形，但考试中要按 certificate / graduation document 来理解。
意思、用法与例句
n. 文凭；结业证书；考试证书
指学校、培训课程或考试机构颁发的正式证书，证明完成学习或通过考试。
常见表达 get/receive/earn a diploma a high school diploma a college diploma a diploma in ...
She received her diploma at the graduation ceremony.
查看翻译和讲解 她在毕业典礼上获得了毕业证书。
receive a diploma 指收到毕业文凭。
Some jobs require a high school diploma.
查看翻译和讲解 有些工作需要高中文凭。
a high school diploma 是高中毕业文凭。
He earned a diploma in computer studies after two years of evening classes.
查看翻译和讲解 经过两年的夜校学习后，他获得了计算机研究文凭。
a diploma in... 表示某领域证书。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Each volunteer received a certificate after the course.
certificate 范围更宽；diploma 常和毕业、课程完成或考试证书有关。
She got a degree in medicine.
degree 通常指大学学位；diploma 更常指文凭或课程证书。
Many students graduate before they receive their diplomas.
graduate 是动词或名词；diploma 是证书。
The course gives students a useful qualification.
qualification 强调资格；diploma 是证明资格的文件之一。
The music has a duple rhythm.
可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆，不代表 diploma 和 duple 现代同义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠 + -ma 记忆“折叠文件”；现代学习应落在“官方证书/文凭”。这里保留为记忆线索，不把 diploma 当作 double 的普通派生。
A diplomatic answer avoided an argument.
The diplomat worked to improve relations between the two countries.
非派生记忆线索
A duple form has two parts.
She doubled the paper over.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 multiple 一条线是“多个/多种”，如 multiple reasons；另一条线是数学“倍数”，如 a multiple of three。multiple choice 是核心搭配，指选择题。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 多个的；多种的；多重的
修饰名词，强调不止一个、来源多样或涉及多个方面。
常见表达 multiple causes multiple reasons multiple problems multiple skills multiple choices
The accident had multiple causes, including heavy rain and poor light.
查看翻译和讲解 事故原因有多种，其中包括大雨和光线不佳。
multiple causes 表示多种原因。
Students can choose from multiple activities after class.
查看翻译和讲解 学生可以在课后从多种活动中进行选择。
multiple activities 指多个活动。
A good project often requires multiple skills.
查看翻译和讲解 一个好的项目往往需要多种技能。
multiple skills 指多方面技能。
adj. 选择题的；多项选择的
multiple choice 常用于考试题型，通常指从给定选项中选择答案。
常见表达 multiple-choice questions a multiple-choice test choose the right answer
The test includes twenty multiple-choice questions.
查看翻译和讲解 该测试包括二十道多项选择题。
multiple-choice questions 是选择题。
Read every option before you answer a multiple-choice question.
查看翻译和讲解 在回答多项选择题之前，请阅读每个选项。
multiple-choice question 要看所有选项。
n. 倍数
数学中指某个数乘以整数后得到的数。
常见表达 a multiple of ... common multiple least common multiple
Twelve is a multiple of three and four.
查看翻译和讲解 十二是三和四的倍数。
12 是 3 和 4 的倍数。
The least common multiple of two and three is six.
查看翻译和讲解 二和三的最小公倍数是六。
least common multiple 是最小公倍数。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Several students stayed after class.
several 强调几个；multiple 更正式，强调多个或多方面。
Many problems can be solved by teamwork.
many 更普通；multiple 常修饰 causes, choices, skills 等。
The problem has no single answer.
single 与 multiple 的“单/多”相对。
The number doubled in one year.
double 强调二或两倍；multiple 可指多个或任意倍数。
词族线索 / 同组词
Multiply four by three and you get twelve.
multiply 是动词；multiple 是形容词或名词。
Multiplication is faster than repeated addition.
multiplication 是名词，表示相乘过程。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 multi- 表示 many/much，多；multiple / multiply / multiplication 都围绕“多倍、相乘、增加”展开。
We can multiply six by seven to get forty-two.
Multiplication is useful in everyday shopping.
multiple-choice
选择题的；多项选择的 The teacher prepared a multiple-choice test.
The class used a multimedia presentation.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 multiply 一条线是数学“相乘”，另一条线是数量、力量、问题“迅速增加”。multiply the force 表示把力量放大。
意思、用法与例句
vt. / vi. 乘；相乘
数学中表示一个数乘以另一个数，也可泛指做乘法。
常见表达 multiply A by B multiply two numbers multiply together multiply to get ...
If you multiply eight by five, you get forty.
查看翻译和讲解 如果将八乘以五，则得到四十。
multiply A by B 是 A 乘以 B。
The children learned how to multiply large numbers.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们学会了如何进行大数乘法。
multiply large numbers 指做大数乘法。
Multiply the length by the width to find the area.
查看翻译和讲解 将长度乘以宽度即可得出面积。
求面积时 length by width 是常见数学语境。
vt. / vi. (使)大大增加；倍增
指数量、力量、影响、错误或问题迅速增加，常比普通 increase 更强调成倍扩大。
常见表达 multiply rapidly multiply the effect multiply the force mistakes/problems multiply
Simple machines can multiply the force of our hands.
查看翻译和讲解 简单的机器可以增加我们双手的力量。
multiply the force 表示放大力量。
Small mistakes can multiply if no one corrects them early.
查看翻译和讲解 如果没有人及早纠正，小错误就会愈演愈烈。
mistakes multiply 表示错误越来越多。
Good teamwork can multiply the effect of each person's effort.
查看翻译和讲解 良好的团队合作可以使每个人的努力效果倍增。
multiply the effect 表示放大效果。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Three times four is twelve.
times 是口语/数学表达；multiply 是动词。
The number of visitors increased last year.
increase 范围更宽；multiply 强调大幅或成倍增加。
Divide forty by five and you get eight.
divide 是数学相反操作；multiply 是相乘。
The school reduced waste by using fewer plastic bottles.
reduce 与 multiply 的增加义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
Twelve is a multiple of three.
multiple 是形容词或名词；multiply 是动词。
Multiplication is easier after practice.
multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 multi- 表示 many/much；multiply 是“让数量成多倍”，multiplication 是过程，multiple 是形容词或结果数字。
The project requires multiple skills.
The multiplication table helps students calculate faster.
In this problem, five is the multiplier.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式，核心场景是数学“乘法”。看到 multiplication table、multiplication and division，要立刻回到运算语境。
意思、用法与例句
n. 乘法；相乘
指把数字相乘的过程、方法或运算。
常见表达 multiplication table do multiplication multiplication and division a multiplication problem
The multiplication table helps students calculate faster.
查看翻译和讲解 乘法表可以帮助学生更快地计算。
multiplication table 是乘法表。
This problem requires multiplication before addition.
查看翻译和讲解 这道题要求先乘后加。
multiplication before addition 表示先乘后加。
Many students find multiplication easier after they understand repeated addition.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生在理解了重复加法后发现乘法变得更容易。
repeated addition 可帮助理解乘法。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Division is the opposite operation of multiplication.
division 是乘法的相反运算。
Addition can be slower than multiplication when the same number is repeated.
addition 是加法；multiplication 是相乘。
The times table helps young learners remember multiplication facts.
times table 是更口语的乘法表说法。
词族线索 / 同组词
Multiply seven by six to get forty-two.
multiply 是动词；multiplication 是名词。
Thirty is a multiple of ten.
multiple 可指倍数结果；multiplication 指运算过程。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 multiplication = multiply + -cation，表示 multiply 这个动作或过程；和 multiple 同属 multi- 多倍/相乘线。
We multiply the length by the width to find the area.
Nine is a multiple of three.
A multiplicative pattern grows by multiplying.
词族导图 double / multi / diploma 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 rest① 是“停下来恢复或支撑”的 rest：人休息，身体或物体靠在某处。它和 rest② 拼写读音相同，但 rest② 是“剩下的部分”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 休息；休息时间
指一段停止工作或活动、恢复体力的时间。
常见表达 take/have a rest need a rest a short rest a good rest
After climbing the hill, we stopped to have a rest.
查看翻译和讲解 爬完山后，我们停下来休息。
take/have a rest 表示休息一下。
A short rest helped the runners continue the race.
查看翻译和讲解 短暂的休息帮助跑者继续比赛。
a short rest 指短暂休息。
vi. 休息；歇息
作不及物动词，表示停止活动、恢复体力或精神。
常见表达 rest for a while rest at home rest after work rest before the exam
You should rest for a while if you feel dizzy.
查看翻译和讲解 如果感到头晕，就应该休息一会儿。
rest for a while 表示休息一会儿。
She rested at home for two days after the fever.
查看翻译和讲解 发烧后她在家休息了两天。
rested at home 是自然恢复语境。
vt. / vi. 倚靠；放置在……上
指把身体、头、手或物体放在支撑物上。
常见表达 rest your head on ... rest against ... rest on the table rest a hand on ...
She rested her head on her mother's shoulder.
查看翻译和讲解 她把头靠在妈妈的肩膀上。
rest one's head on... 表示把头靠在……上。
The ladder rested against the wall.
查看翻译和讲解 梯子靠在墙上。
rest against 表示靠着某物。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Let's take a ten-minute break.
break 更口语，可指课间或工作间歇；rest 更强调恢复。
Music helps me relax after school.
relax 强调放松心情或身体；rest 可指实际停下来休息。
People need rest after hard work.
work 与 rest 的活动/休息相对。
The machine kept moving all night.
rest 的静止或停下与 keep moving 相对。
I ate one apple and gave the rest to my sister.
rest① 是休息/倚靠；rest② 是 the rest 剩余部分。
The city returned to calm after weeks of unrest.
unrest 是 un- + rest 的社会不安状态，不是个人没休息。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rest① 可扩展 restful / restless / unrest：有休息感、无法安静、社会不安；rest② 是同形异义词，单独按 the rest 学。
The quiet room felt restful after a busy day.
The restless child could not sit still.
Economic problems led to unrest in the city.
非派生记忆线索
The rest of the class stayed after school.
The police arrested the suspect.
词族导图 rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
052
asleep
▶ /əˈsliːp/ · adjective
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 睡着的
sleeping, not awake
常见表达 be asleep fall asleep fast asleep
The baby was fast asleep by nine o’clock.
查看翻译和讲解 九点时婴儿已经睡得很熟了。
be fast asleep 表示“熟睡”。
I fell asleep while listening to the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 我听着雨声睡着了。
fall asleep 表示“入睡”。
asleep 通常作表语，常用 be asleep 或 fall asleep。
一般不说 an asleep child；要说 a sleeping child。
asleep 通常不用 very 修饰；可说 fast asleep 表示“熟睡”。
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 醒着的
not sleeping
常见表达 be awake wide awake stay awake
I was still awake when the rain began.
查看翻译和讲解 开始下雨时我还醒着。
be awake 表示“醒着”。
Coffee helped her stay awake during the late study session.
查看翻译和讲解 咖啡帮助她在深夜学习时保持清醒。
stay awake 表示“保持清醒”。
be awake 是常用结构；与 asleep 相对。
v. 唤醒；醒来
to wake or make someone become conscious after sleep
常见表达 awake from a dream awake sb be awoken by
The loud bell awoke the children from their sleep.
查看翻译和讲解 响亮的铃声把孩子们从睡梦中唤醒。
awake 作及物动词可接人。
She awoke early to review her notes.
查看翻译和讲解 她早早醒来复习笔记。
awake 作不及物动词可表示“醒来”。
动词用法较文学化，日常口语多用 wake/wake up。词形：awakes—awaking—awoke（过去式；美式亦见 awaked）—awoken（过去分词；美式亦见 awaked）。不说 *was awoke。
v.（文学） 使意识到；唤起（感情、记忆）
to make someone aware of a danger, feeling, or idea
常见表达 awake sb to a risk awake a memory awake a feeling
The warning awoke residents to the danger of the rising river.
查看翻译和讲解 警告使居民意识到河水上涨的危险。
awake sb to sth 表示使某人意识到某事。
The familiar song awoke memories of her primary school.
查看翻译和讲解 那首熟悉的歌唤起了她对小学的回忆。
awake 可接 memory/feeling 作宾语。
此义较文学化；awake to 表示“意识到”。
054
sleep
▶ /sliːp/ · vi. / n. [U]
to rest with your eyes closed and your body inactive; the natural state of resting with your eyes closed
睡觉；睡眠
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 睡觉
to rest with your eyes closed and your body inactive
常见表达 sleep well sleep through
I could not sleep because the room was too warm.
查看翻译和讲解 房间太热，我睡不着。
could not sleep
The baby slept through the thunderstorm.
查看翻译和讲解 婴儿在雷雨中一直睡着，没有醒来。
slept through
sleep through 表示睡着而没有被声音等吵醒。
n. [U] 睡眠
the natural state of resting with your eyes closed
常见表达 get enough sleep a good night’s sleep
Teenagers need enough sleep to stay focused in class.
查看翻译和讲解 青少年需要充足睡眠才能在课堂上集中注意力。
enough sleep
I had a good night’s sleep before the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前一晚我睡得很好。
a good night’s sleep
sleep 作名词通常不可数；a good night’s sleep 是常用搭配。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
词形提示：sleep 是动词/名词；sleeping 指睡着或供睡觉用，sleepy 指困倦。
055
sleeping
▶ /ˈsliːpɪŋ/ · adj.
being asleep; used for sleeping
睡着的；供睡觉用的
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 睡着的
being asleep
常见表达 a sleeping baby sleeping peacefully
Please do not wake the sleeping baby.
查看翻译和讲解 请不要吵醒正在睡觉的婴儿。
sleeping baby
The cat lay sleeping peacefully by the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 猫安静地睡在火炉旁。
sleeping peacefully
sleeping 放在名词前可描述正在睡的人或动物。
adj. 供睡觉用的
used for sleeping
常见表达 sleeping bag sleeping car
We packed sleeping bags for the camping trip.
查看翻译和讲解 我们为露营旅行收拾了睡袋。
sleeping bags
They booked a sleeping car for the overnight journey.
查看翻译和讲解 他们为夜间旅程订了一节卧铺车厢。
sleeping car
sleeping bag、sleeping car 中 sleeping 表示用途，不表示“正在睡”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
词形提示：sleeping 指睡着或供睡觉用；sleepy 指困倦。
056
sleepy
▶ /ˈsliːpi/ · adj.
needing or wanting to sleep
困倦的；想睡的
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 困倦的；想睡的
needing or wanting to sleep
常见表达 feel sleepy get sleepy
I feel sleepy after a long afternoon of reading.
查看翻译和讲解 读了一整个下午书后，我感到困倦。
feel sleepy
The warm bus made the children sleepy.
查看翻译和讲解 温暖的公交车让孩子们昏昏欲睡。
made ... sleepy
sleepy 描述“感到困”，不是“已经睡着”。
057
wake
▶ /weɪk/ · vi. / vt.
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
vi. / vt. 醒来；叫醒
to stop sleeping
常见表达 wake up wake somebody
I wake up at seven.
查看翻译和讲解 我七点醒来。
wake up
Please wake me at six.
查看翻译和讲解 请六点叫醒我。
wake somebody
wake up 可作不及物短语；wake 后可直接接人。
058
yawn
▶ /jɔːn/ · v. / n.
to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply, often because you are tired or bored; an act of opening the mouth wide and taking a deep breath when tired or bored
打哈欠；哈欠
学习关联：围绕休息区分睡眠、困倦、熟睡和醒来，避免把状态词当动作。
意思、用法与例句
v. 打哈欠
to open your mouth wide and breathe in deeply, often because you are tired or bored
常见表达 yawn with tiredness yawn widely
He yawned as he waited for the early morning train.
查看翻译和讲解 等候清晨的火车时，他打起了哈欠。
yawn 是不及物动词
Yawn usually takes no direct object. It may show tiredness or boredom, so the situation matters when interpreting it.
n. 哈欠
an act of opening the mouth wide and taking a deep breath when tired or bored
常见表达 stifle a yawn a huge yawn
She covered her mouth to hide a yawn during the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 开会时，她捂住嘴，掩饰自己打的哈欠。
a yawn 指一次打哈欠的动作
Yawn is countable as a noun. Stifle a yawn means try to stop or hide it.
059
rest②
▶ [rest] · n. · Page 73
the remaining part, people, or things after some have been used, taken, or mentioned
剩余部分；其余的人或物
联想 rest② 固定抓 the rest：前面拿走或提到一部分，剩下的人、物、时间就是 the rest。它不表示休息。
意思、用法与例句
n. 剩余部分；其余的人或物
常和 the 连用，指一部分之外剩下的内容、人、物或时间。
常见表达 the rest of ... for the rest of ... leave the rest the rest is/are ...
I finished the first question and left the rest for tomorrow.
查看翻译和讲解 我完成了第一个问题，剩下的留到明天。
leave the rest 表示把剩余部分留下。
The rest of the students waited outside the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 其余的学生都在教室外等候。
the rest of the students 指其余学生。
She spent the rest of the day reading in the library.
查看翻译和讲解 这一天剩下的时间她都在图书馆看书。
the rest of the day 指当天剩下时间。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The remainder of the money was saved for food.
remainder 较正式；the rest 更常用。
Please finish the remaining work today.
remaining 是形容词；the rest 是名词短语。
Some students went home, and the others stayed.
others 指其他人/物；the rest 强调剩下的全部。
All of the students joined the activity.
all 是全部；the rest 是扣除一部分后的剩余。
Take a rest before you do the rest of the work.
同词形不同义：第一个 rest 是休息，第二个 the rest 是剩余部分。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rest② 按 the rest 固定名词短语学习；arrest / unrest 与它同组来自静止/停留线索，但不放进 rest② 的现代派生词族。
非派生记忆线索
A short rest helped him continue.
The police made an arrest.
The unrest lasted for several days.
词族导图 rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 arrest 的底层画面是“让某事停住”：警察逮捕让人失去自由行动；arrest the spread 是阻止扩散；arrest attention 是抓住注意力。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 逮捕；拘留
警方或执法人员因某项指控逮捕某人。
常见表达 arrest sb. for ... arrest sb. on a charge of ... arrest a suspect arrest the driver
The police arrested the suspect near the railway station.
查看翻译和讲解 警方在火车站附近逮捕了嫌疑人。
arrest a suspect 是逮捕嫌疑人。
He was arrested for stealing a bike.
查看翻译和讲解 他因偷自行车而被捕。
arrest sb. for... 表示因……逮捕某人。
The man was arrested on a charge of dangerous driving.
查看翻译和讲解 该男子因危险驾驶罪被捕。
on a charge of... 表示以……罪名。
n. 逮捕；拘留
作名词时指逮捕行为或被捕状态。
常见表达 be under arrest make an arrest after the arrest place sb. under arrest
The man was under arrest for stealing a bike.
查看翻译和讲解 该男子因偷自行车而被捕。
under arrest 表示被捕。
The officer made an arrest after checking the camera video.
查看翻译和讲解 警察在查看摄像机视频后将其逮捕。
make an arrest 指执行逮捕。
vt. 停止；阻止
较正式用法，指阻止坏情况、扩散或过程继续发展。
常见表达 arrest the spread of ... arrest the decline arrest the damage
Doctors worked hard to arrest the spread of the disease.
查看翻译和讲解 医生们努力阻止疾病的传播。
arrest the spread 表示阻止扩散。
New rules helped arrest the decline in water quality.
查看翻译和讲解 新规定有助于遏制水质下降。
arrest the decline 指阻止下降趋势。
vt. 吸引；抓住注意力
与 attention 等词搭配，表示让人停下来注意。
常见表达 arrest one's attention an arresting picture arrest the eye
The bright poster arrested the children's attention at once.
查看翻译和讲解 鲜艳的海报立刻吸引了孩子们的注意力。
arrest attention 表示吸引注意。
An arresting photo on the wall made visitors stop and look.
查看翻译和讲解 墙上一张引人注目的照片让参观者驻足观看。
arresting 表示引人注目的。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The police detained him for questioning.
detain 更正式，强调短期扣留；arrest 更明确表示依法逮捕。
Soldiers captured the enemy leader.
capture 强调抓住；arrest 强调警方依法逮捕。
The police released the man after questioning him.
release 与 arrest 的拘留相反。
The wall stopped the fire from spreading.
stop 普通；arrest the spread/decline 更正式。
The bright color attracted my attention.
attract attention 比 arrest attention 更常用；arrest 更强调一下抓住注意。
Police made several arrests after the unrest turned violent.
unrest 是社会局面；arrest 是警方动作或逮捕行为。
The rest of the crowd went home.
同组来自 rest 的停住/剩余线索，但 arrest 不是 the rest 的派生用法。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 arrest 可从“使停止”理解多义：停止自由行动是逮捕，停止扩散是阻止，停止视线是吸引注意。
The arrested driver refused to answer questions.
The photo has an arresting beauty.
Some offences are arrestable under the law.
非派生记忆线索
The rest of the group waited outside.
The unrest led to several arrests.
词族导图 rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
061
unrest
▶ [ʌn'rest] · n. · Page 73
public disorder, anger, or anxiety, often involving protests or trouble
动荡；动乱；骚动；不安定
联想 unrest = un- + rest 的画面是“没有安定下来”。它讲的是社会或群体的不安、动荡，不是个人没睡好。
意思、用法与例句
n. 社会动荡；骚动；不安定
不可数名词，常用于社会、政治、校园或群体场景，表示不满、紧张和混乱。
常见表达 social unrest political unrest public unrest cause/lead to unrest a period of unrest
The sudden price rise caused unrest in several cities.
查看翻译和讲解 突然的物价上涨引发了多个城市的骚乱。
cause unrest 表示引发动荡。
Schools stayed closed during the period of social unrest.
查看翻译和讲解 社会动荡期间，学校保持关闭。
social unrest 指社会动荡。
The government tried to calm public unrest after the accident.
查看翻译和讲解 事故发生后，政府试图平息公众骚乱。
public unrest 指公众不安和骚动。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The strike led to disorder in the streets.
disorder 强调秩序混乱；unrest 强调社会不满和不安定。
There was tension between the two groups.
tension 可是紧张关系；unrest 通常更公开、更社会化。
People hope for peace after months of unrest.
peace 与 unrest 的动荡相对。
The city returned to calm after the storm.
calm 强调平静状态；unrest 强调不安和骚动。
Teachers restored order in the hall.
order 是有秩序；unrest 是秩序不稳。
The police made arrests after the unrest turned violent.
arrest 是警方动作；unrest 是动荡局面。
词族线索 / 同组词
The restless crowd waited for news.
restless 可描述人群不安；unrest 是抽象社会状态。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 un- 表示 not；unrest 是没有 rest/calm 的社会状态。它和 restless 同属“不安”线，但 unrest 是不可数名词，restless 是形容词。
The restless crowd waited outside the gate.
Restlessness spread through the room before the result came out.
The situation remained unsettled for weeks.
非派生记忆线索
A good rest helped her feel calm again.
Police made several arrests after the unrest.
词族导图 rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 pair 的核心是“两者配成一组”：鞋、袜子、眼镜、剪刀、搭档都可用 a pair of；作动词时表示把两人或两物配成一组。
意思、用法与例句
n. 一双；一对；一副；一把；一条
指两个配套使用或被看作一组的人、动物或物品。
常见表达 a pair of shoes a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of trousers a pair of students
I bought a new pair of running shoes for the sports meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 我为运动会买了一双新跑鞋。
a pair of shoes 是一双鞋。
This pair of glasses helps my grandfather read clearly.
查看翻译和讲解 这副眼镜可以帮助我的祖父清晰地阅读。
a pair of glasses 是一副眼镜。
Please cut the paper with a pair of scissors.
查看翻译和讲解 请用剪刀把纸剪下来。
a pair of scissors 是一把剪刀。
phr. 成对地；两人一组
in pairs 表示按两人或两个一组行动、讨论或排列。
常见表达 in pairs work in pairs walk in pairs put them in pairs
The teacher asked us to work in pairs and discuss the question.
查看翻译和讲解 老师让我们两人一组，讨论这个问题。
work in pairs 表示两人一组。
The children walked in pairs across the road.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们成双成对地走过马路。
walk in pairs 表示成对行走。
vt. 使成对；把……配成一组
指把两个人或物搭配起来共同工作、比赛或使用。
常见表达 pair A with B be paired with ... pair students together
The coach paired a new player with an experienced one.
查看翻译和讲解 教练将一名新球员与一名经验丰富的球员配对。
pair A with B 表示把 A 和 B 配对。
Each student was paired with a partner for the science project.
查看翻译和讲解 每个学生都与一个科学项目的合作伙伴配对。
be paired with 表示被配成一组。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A couple of students arrived early.
couple 可指两个或一对人；pair 更强调配套或成组。
I need a single ticket, not two.
single 与 pair 的一对相对。
These two socks do not match.
match 强调相配；pair 强调两者成组。
A pair of shoes may need repair after years of use.
pair 与 repair 形近且同组复习，但 repair 不是 pair 的普通派生义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 pair 的真用法线是 a pair of / in pairs / pair A with B；repair 只作同组和拼写防混，不放入 pair 的现代派生词族。
The paired students checked each other's answers.
The pairing worked well in the speaking activity.
非派生记忆线索
The repairer came to repair the broken window.
词族导图 pair / repair 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 repair 是把坏了、破了、受损的东西修好。可作动词 repair a bike，也可作名词 repairs / under repair。它和 repairer 是真词族；和 pair 只需防混。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 修理；修补；修复
接具体物品、道路、损害或关系，表示把损坏处修好。
常见表达 repair a bike repair a road repair the damage repair a relationship
My father helped me repair the broken bike.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲帮我修理了坏掉的自行车。
repair a bike 是修自行车。
Workers repaired the road after the heavy rain.
查看翻译和讲解 大雨过后，工人们正在修复道路。
repair a road 是修路。
The apology helped repair the friendship between the two girls.
查看翻译和讲解 道歉有助于修复两个女孩之间的友谊。
repair a relationship/friendship 是修复关系。
n. 修理；修补；维修状态
作名词时可指修理行为、修理工作或维修状态。
常见表达 do/make repairs under repair beyond repair in good repair need repair
These kids are happiest when doing repairs.
查看翻译和讲解 这些孩子在修理时最开心。
do repairs 是做修理工作。
The bridge is under repair, so buses must take another route.
查看翻译和讲解 这座桥正在维修，因此公交车必须走另一条路线。
under repair 表示正在维修。
The old radio was beyond repair after it fell into the water.
查看翻译和讲解 旧收音机掉进水里后就无法修复了。
beyond repair 是无法修复。
The house is old but still in good repair.
查看翻译和讲解 房子很旧，但仍保养得很好。
in good repair 是状况良好。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Can you fix my bike this afternoon?
fix 更口语，范围更宽；repair 较正式，强调修好损坏。
She mended a hole in her coat.
mend 常用于衣物、裂缝或关系；repair 可用于机器、道路、损害。
He broke the phone screen.
break 是弄坏；repair 是修好。
The storm damaged the roof.
damage 是造成损害；repair 是修复损害。
A pair of shoes may need repair.
pair 与 repair 形近，但含义和用法不同。
词族线索 / 同组词
The repairer checked the engine carefully.
repair 是动作或修理工作；repairer 是做修理的人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 repair 的真词族围绕 fix/repair 展开：repairer 是修理的人，repairable 是可修的，repairs 是修理工作。
The repairer checked the engine carefully.
The old phone is still repairable.
The repairs took two days.
非派生记忆线索
A pair of gloves was on the desk.
词族导图 pair / repair 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
064
build
▶ /bɪld/ · verb / noun
to make a structure by putting materials together; to develop something gradually over time; the shape and size of a person’s body
建造；修建；逐步建立；增强；体格；身材
学习关联：围绕修理场景比较 mend、fix、repair 和重建。
意思、用法与例句
v. 建造；修建
to make a structure by putting materials together
常见表达 build a bridge build a house
The workers will build a footbridge across the stream.
查看翻译和讲解 工人们将要在小溪上修建一座人行桥。
will build a footbridge
They built a small library for the village.
查看翻译和讲解 他们为村子建了一座小图书馆。
built a small library
过去式和过去分词都是 built。
v. 逐步建立；增强
to develop something gradually over time
常见表达 build confidence build trust
Reading every day can build your confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 每天阅读能逐步增强你的信心。
build your confidence
Keeping promises helps build trust in a team.
查看翻译和讲解 信守承诺有助于在团队中建立信任。
build trust
可用于抽象事物，如 build confidence、build trust。
n. 体格；身材
the shape and size of a person’s body
常见表达 a strong build a slim build
The runner has a strong build.
查看翻译和讲解 这名跑步运动员体格强健。
a strong build
这一义常见于 a strong build；与动词 build 的“建造”义不同。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
冻结的书本词族证据将 building 与 build 关联；两者仍是独立词条。
冻结的书本词族证据将 rebuild 与 build 关联；re- 表示再次进行。
065
mend
▶ /mend/ · v.
to repair something that is broken or torn
修理；缝补
学习关联：围绕修理场景比较 mend、fix、repair 和重建。
意思、用法与例句
v. 修理；缝补
to repair something that is broken or torn
常见表达 mend a fence mend torn clothes mend a broken chair
Grandma mended the tear in my coat.
查看翻译和讲解 祖母缝补了我外套上的破口。
mended the tear
The workers mended the broken fence.
查看翻译和讲解 工人修好了损坏的篱笆。
mended the fence
常用于小范围修补，如衣物、篱笆或关系。
066
rebuild
▶ /ˌriːˈbɪld/ · verb
to build a damaged or destroyed structure or place again; to restore something such as trust or a relationship after harm or loss
重建（受损或被毁的建筑、地点等）；恢复；重新建立（信任、关系等）
学习关联：围绕修理场景比较 mend、fix、repair 和重建。
意思、用法与例句
v. 重建（受损或被毁的建筑、地点等）
to build a damaged or destroyed structure or place again
常见表达 rebuild a bridge rebuild a town
The community worked together to rebuild the damaged bridge.
查看翻译和讲解 社区居民齐心协力重建了受损的桥。
rebuild the damaged bridge
过去式和过去分词都是 rebuilt。
v. 恢复；重新建立（信任、关系等）
to restore something such as trust or a relationship after harm or loss
常见表达 rebuild trust rebuild a relationship
Honest conversations helped them rebuild trust.
查看翻译和讲解 坦诚的交流帮助他们重建了信任。
rebuild trust
过去式和过去分词都是 rebuilt；此义用于抽象事物。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
冻结的书本词族证据将 rebuild 与 build 关联；本卡只覆盖“再次建造或恢复”的含义。
联想 repairer = repair + -er，是做修理的人。它可指修自行车、鞋、电器、机器等的人；在美式或日常英语中 mechanic 也常用于机械维修人员。
意思、用法与例句
n. 修理工；维修人员
指以修理某类物品为工作的人。
常见表达 a bike repairer a shoe repairer a TV repairer call a repairer
We called a repairer when the fridge stopped working.
查看翻译和讲解 当冰箱停止工作时，我们打电话给修理工。
call a repairer 是叫维修人员。
The bike repairer changed the tire in ten minutes.
查看翻译和讲解 自行车修理工在十分钟内就换好了轮胎。
bike repairer 是自行车修理工。
A shoe repairer can fix the broken heel.
查看翻译和讲解 修鞋匠可以修复破损的鞋跟。
shoe repairer 是修鞋的人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The mechanic checked the car engine.
mechanic 常修汽车或机器；repairer 范围更宽。
A worker repaired the road.
worker 范围很宽；repairer 专门做修理。
The customer asked the repairer about the cost.
customer 是请人修理的人；repairer 是修理的人。
词族线索 / 同组词
They repaired the roof before the storm arrived.
repair 是动作或工作；repairer 是人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 repairer = repair + -er，-er 表示做某事的人。
They repaired the roof before the storm arrived.
The repairs were finished before noon.
词族导图 pair / repair 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tractor 的画面是“能拉重物的车”：农田里拉农具的是拖拉机，track tractor 是轨道牵引车，walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。
意思、用法与例句
n. 拖拉机；牵引车
指用于农田、建筑或运输中拉动机器、农具或重物的强力车辆。
常见表达 drive a tractor a farm tractor tractor driver walking tractor track tractor
The farmer used a tractor to pull the heavy machine across the field.
查看翻译和讲解 农民用拖拉机拉着重型机器穿过田地。
tractor 的核心动作是拉动重物。
A walking tractor is useful on small farms.
查看翻译和讲解 手扶拖拉机在小型农场很有用。
walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。
The track tractor pulled heavy equipment at the work site.
查看翻译和讲解 履带式拖拉机在工地牵引重型设备。
track tractor 是轨道牵引车。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A truck carried the vegetables to the market.
truck 主要运输货物；tractor 主要拉动农具或重物。
The tractor pulled a plough through the field.
plough 是被拖拉机拉动的农具之一。
The festival attracts visitors from nearby towns.
tractor 和 attract 可用 tract “拉”记忆，但词性和语境完全不同。
The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.
tractor 是车；track 是路线、轨道或留下的痕迹。
A train runs on railway tracks.
可用 tract/拉的图像记 train，但 train① 是铁路车辆，不是 tractor 派生词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tract- 可记 draw/pull 拉、引：tractor 是拉重物的车；attract 是把注意力或人“拉过来”。track / train① 只保留图像或形近记忆，不当普通派生。
The tires need good traction on wet ground.
非派生记忆线索
The show attracted many students.
The tractor left tracks in the mud.
The train left the station at nine.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 attract 是“把人、注意力、兴趣或物体拉过来”：景点吸引游客，活动吸引学生，磁铁吸引金属。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 吸引人、注意力或兴趣
接 visitors, attention, interest, settlers 等宾语，表示让人靠近、关注或感兴趣。
常见表达 attract attention attract visitors attract interest attract sb. to ...
What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
查看翻译和讲解 是什么吸引了早期定居者来到纽约市？
attract sb. to a place 表示把某人吸引到某地。
The science show attracted many students because it was full of experiments.
查看翻译和讲解 科学表演吸引了很多学生，因为它充满了实验。
attract students 表示吸引学生参加或关注。
Bright colors can attract children's attention quickly.
查看翻译和讲解 鲜艳的色彩可以很快吸引孩子的注意力。
attract attention 是高频搭配。
vt. 吸引物体靠近
物理语境中，磁铁、重力等可吸引物体。
常见表达 magnets attract metal attract iron opposites attract
A magnet can attract small pieces of iron.
查看翻译和讲解 磁铁可以吸引小铁片。
magnet attract/repel 是常见科学对比。
In science class, we learned that opposite poles attract each other.
查看翻译和讲解 在科学课上，我们了解到异性相吸。
opposite poles attract 是科学语境。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The story drew readers into its world.
draw 与 attract 接近，常用于吸引兴趣或注意。
The topic interested many students.
interest 更直接表示让人感兴趣；attract 还可指游客、注意力或物体靠近。
Like poles repel each other.
repel 与物理图中的 attract 相反，也可表示让人反感。
High prices may drive away customers.
drive away 与 attract visitors/customers 相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
The museum is a popular tourist attraction.
attract 是动词；attraction 是名词。
The plan is attractive because it saves time.
attractive 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tract=draw 拉、引、伸；attract 是把注意力、人或物体“拉过来”。
The lake is the town's main attraction.
The poster is attractive to young readers.
The old design looked unattractive.
非派生记忆线索
The tractor pulled the machine across the field.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 attraction 有三层：吸引力本身、吸引人的地方/事物，以及对某人或某事的喜欢。tourist attraction 是最常见的“景点”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 吸引力；吸引
不可数或单数用法，指让人感兴趣或想靠近的力量。
常见表达 the attraction of ... strong attraction the power of attraction
The attraction of the job is that it allows her to travel.
查看翻译和讲解 这份工作的吸引力在于它可以让她去旅行。
the attraction of... 指某事的吸引力。
The power of attraction between magnets is easy to see in class.
查看翻译和讲解 磁铁之间的吸引力在课堂上很容易看出。
物理语境中 attraction 可指吸引力。
n. 景点；吸引人的事物
可数名词，指吸引游客或公众的地点、活动或事物。
常见表达 tourist attraction main attraction popular attraction local attraction
The lake has become the main attraction of the town.
查看翻译和讲解 该湖已成为该镇的主要景点。
main attraction 是主要景点/亮点。
The museum is a popular tourist attraction for families.
查看翻译和讲解 该博物馆是深受家庭欢迎的旅游景点。
tourist attraction 是旅游景点。
n. 喜爱；好感
单数或不可数用法，指对某人、某事或活动产生的喜欢或向往。
常见表达 feel an attraction to ... have an attraction for ... a strong attraction to ...
He felt a strong attraction to music when he was a child.
查看翻译和讲解 当他还是个孩子的时候，他就感受到了音乐的强烈吸引力。
feel an attraction to... 指喜欢或向往。
The small town has a special attraction for writers.
查看翻译和讲解 这个小镇对作家有着特殊的吸引力。
have an attraction for... 指对某类人有吸引力。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The idea has strong appeal for young people.
appeal 强调吸引人的品质；attraction 还可指景点。
The old temple is a tourist site.
tourist site 是旅游地点；tourist attraction 强调吸引游客。
Her dislike of noise made city life difficult.
dislike 与 attraction 的喜爱义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
The festival attracts visitors.
attract 是动词。
The garden looks attractive in spring.
attractive 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 attraction = attract + -ion，表示吸引的力量、结果或对象。
The festival attracts visitors from nearby towns.
The course is attractive to students.
The plan became unattractive after the price rose.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 attractive 不只形容外貌“好看”，也可形容想法、价格、机会、课程“有吸引力”。看它修饰什么名词，决定中文怎么译。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 好看的；美观的
描述人、物、地方的外观让人喜欢。
常见表达 look attractive an attractive building an attractive design an attractive face
The old street looks more attractive after the trees were planted.
查看翻译和讲解 植树之后，老街显得更加迷人了。
look attractive 指看起来更美观。
The poster uses an attractive design to catch students' eyes.
查看翻译和讲解 海报采用了吸引学生眼球的设计。
attractive design 指好看的设计。
adj. 有吸引力的；值得考虑的
描述计划、价格、机会、课程等让人感兴趣或愿意选择。
常见表达 an attractive idea an attractive price an attractive offer be attractive to sb.
The course is attractive to students who enjoy working with computers.
查看翻译和讲解 该课程对喜欢使用计算机的学生很有吸引力。
attractive to students 表示对学生有吸引力。
The shop offered an attractive price for the new schoolbag.
查看翻译和讲解 这家商店对新书包的价格很有吸引力。
an attractive price 是有吸引力的价格。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The new plan is appealing to young families.
appealing 接近 attractive，可用于想法、计划、外观。
The garden is beautiful in spring.
beautiful 更偏外观美；attractive 还可指价格、计划有吸引力。
The lecture was interesting to many students.
interesting 强调内容引发兴趣；attractive 强调整体让人想要或喜欢。
The room looked unattractive without enough light.
unattractive 是直接反义词。
The boring speech made students sleepy.
boring 与 attractive 的兴趣吸引义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
A good title can attract readers.
attract 是动词。
The tower is the city's main attraction.
attraction 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 attractive = attract + -ive，表示具有 attract 能力的。
A good title can attract readers.
The temple is a famous local attraction.
The color made the room look unattractive.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 abstract 是多词性词：形容词表示“抽象的”，名词表示“摘要”，动词表示“提取、抽取”。记忆时可以把它想成“从长内容里抽出核心”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 抽象的；抽象派的
指思想、概念、艺术等不是具体可触摸的，常需要例子帮助理解。
常见表达 abstract idea abstract concept abstract thinking abstract art too abstract
Love and freedom are abstract ideas, not objects you can touch.
查看翻译和讲解 爱和自由都是抽象的概念，不是你可以触摸到的物体。
abstract ideas 指抽象概念。
The book discusses abstract concepts such as change, number, and memory.
查看翻译和讲解 本书讨论了变化、数字和记忆等抽象概念。
abstract concepts 是阅读中常见搭配。
Pictures can make an abstract idea easier to understand.
查看翻译和讲解 图片可以使抽象的想法更容易理解。
抽象概念常需要具体例子帮助理解。
形容词读 ['æbstrækt]，核心反义词是 concrete。
n. [C] 摘要；概要
指文章、论文或报告前的简短概括。
常见表达 write an abstract read the abstract a research abstract the abstract of a paper
Read the abstract first to understand the main idea of the paper.
查看翻译和讲解 首先阅读摘要以了解论文的主要思想。
abstract 作名词指摘要。
The student wrote a short abstract for her science report.
查看翻译和讲解 该学生为她的科学报告写了一篇简短的摘要。
write an abstract 是写摘要。
作名词时是可数名词，常见于论文、报告语境。
vt. 提取；抽取
较正式，指从文章、资料或数据中抽取有用信息。
常见表达 abstract information from... abstract data from... abstract the main points abstract useful facts
The program can abstract useful data from thousands of messages.
查看翻译和讲解 该程序可以从数千条消息中提取有用的数据。
abstract 作动词表示提取。
Good readers can abstract the main points from a long passage.
查看翻译和讲解 优秀的读者能够从长篇文章中提取要点。
从长文中提取要点。
动词读 [æb'strækt]，比 take out 更正式。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Concrete examples make abstract ideas easier to understand.
abstract 与 concrete 是核心反义对：抽象 vs 具体。
An abstract is a short summary of a report or paper.
summary 更普通；abstract 常用于论文、报告前的正式摘要。
The program extracts useful data from many messages.
动词义中 extract 更常用；abstract 更正式。
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ.
可以用 -tract 辅助记忆，但不要把它们当成同义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ab- 可联想到“离开、从……出来”，-tract 可联想到“拉、抽”；abstract 作动词时就是把信息从较长材料里抽出来。
A simple picture helped explain the abstraction.
非派生记忆线索
Concrete examples help explain abstract ideas.
The writer extracted key facts from the report.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 contract 要按重音和词性分开：名词 ['kɒntrækt] 是合同；动词 [kən'trækt] 可表示订合同、收缩、感染。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 合同；契约
指双方正式同意并通常具有法律效力的协议。
常见表达 sign a contract a work contract a one-year contract under contract break a contract
Before starting the job, she signed a one-year contract.
查看翻译和讲解 在开始工作之前，她签订了一份为期一年的合同。
sign a contract 是签合同。
The singer is under contract with a music company.
查看翻译和讲解 这位歌手与一家音乐公司签订了合同。
under contract 表示受合同约束。
名词重音靠前，读 ['kɒntrækt]。
vi. 订合同；订约
正式表达，指与某人或某机构达成合同关系。
常见表达 contract with... contract to do something contract for a service
The school contracted with a company to build a new library.
查看翻译和讲解 学校与一家公司签约建造一座新图书馆。
contract with... to do... 是正式签约表达。
The city contracted for better bus services this year.
查看翻译和讲解 该市今年签订了改善公交服务的合同。
contract for a service 表示签约获得服务。
动词重音靠后，读 [kən'trækt]。
vi. / vt. (使)收缩；缩小
指肌肉、金属、材料等变小、变短或变紧。
常见表达 muscles contract contract in the cold contract the muscles contract and expand
Metal contracts when it becomes cold.
查看翻译和讲解 金属变冷时会收缩。
contract 作不及物动词表示收缩。
Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
查看翻译和讲解 空气受热时膨胀，冷却时收缩。
contract 与 expand 构成反义对。
这个义项常和 expand 对比。
vt. 感染；患上
正式表达，指染上疾病。
常见表达 contract a disease contract flu avoid contracting an illness
Travelers should wash their hands often to avoid contracting flu.
查看翻译和讲解 旅行者应经常洗手，以避免感染流感。
contract flu 表示感染流感。
Clean water can reduce the risk of contracting a disease.
查看翻译和讲解 干净的水可以降低感染疾病的风险。
contract a disease 是正式表达。
感染义比 get/catch a disease 更正式。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A contract is a formal written agreement.
agreement 更宽泛；contract 常更正式、有法律效力。
Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled.
contract 表示收缩时，反义词是 expand。
Crowded trains often make it easier to catch flu.
catch 更日常；contract a disease 更正式。
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ.
可以用 -tract 辅助记忆，但不要把它们当成同义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 con- = together，tract = pull，可辅助理解为“拉到一起”形成合同；也可引出“收缩”。这是记忆辅助，不把 tract 当作同单元真词族。
The contractor promised to finish the bridge before winter.
非派生记忆线索
The metal expands when heated.
The two sides reached an agreement.
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联想 track 的核心是“可以沿着走或追的线”：脚印是线索，跑道是路线，铁轨是列车走的线；作动词时是跟踪或记录。
意思、用法与例句
n. 小道；轨道；跑道
指可走、可跑或列车行驶的路线。
常见表达 a narrow track a railway track running track on the track
The athletes warmed up on the running track before the race.
查看翻译和讲解 赛前，运动员们在跑道上进行热身。
running track 是跑道。
The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track.
查看翻译和讲解 火车停了下来，因为一棵树倒在了铁轨上。
track 可指铁路轨道。
We followed a narrow track through the forest.
查看翻译和讲解 我们沿着一条狭窄的小路穿过森林。
track 可指小道。
n. 足迹；踪迹；线索
常用复数 tracks，指人、动物、车辆留下的痕迹。
常见表达 animal tracks deep tracks leave tracks follow the tracks
We saw animal tracks in the snow near the forest.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在森林附近的雪地里看到了动物的足迹。
animal tracks 是动物足迹。
The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.
查看翻译和讲解 拖拉机在潮湿的田野里留下了深深的痕迹。
deep tracks 是车辆留下的深痕。
vt. 跟踪；追踪；记录
作动词时指追踪人或物的位置，也可记录进展、数据或变化。
常见表达 track a package track progress track changes track down
The app can track how many steps you take each day.
查看翻译和讲解 该应用程序可以跟踪您每天走了多少步。
track 数据是记录变化。
Police used cameras to track the missing car.
查看翻译和讲解 警方使用摄像机追踪失踪的汽车。
track a car 是追踪车辆。
The volunteer finally tracked down the owner of the lost bag.
查看翻译和讲解 志愿者最终找到了丢失包的失主。
track down 表示追踪到。
phr. 记录/不了解情况；恢复正轨
keep/lose track of 和 back on track 常用于学习、工作和生活进度。
常见表达 keep track of ... lose track of ... back on track get back on track
I use a notebook to keep track of new words.
查看翻译和讲解 我用笔记本来记录新单词。
keep track of 表示记录或了解情况。
After a difficult week, the project is back on track.
查看翻译和讲解 经过艰难的一周后，该项目已重回正轨。
back on track 表示恢复正常。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The path led to a small river.
path 更普通；track 可指小路、跑道、轨道或踪迹。
We followed the trail through the hills.
trail 可指野外小路或痕迹；track 更可用于跑道、轨道和记录。
The train runs on rails.
rail 强调金属轨；track 可指轨道线路整体。
I lost track of time while reading.
lose track of 与 keep track of 相对，是短语对比，不是 track 的普通反义词。
The tractor left tracks in the field.
tractor 是车，track 是痕迹或路线。
The train runs on the track, not on the road.
train 是车辆；track 是轨道或路线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 可用 tract(拖) -> track(拖行的痕迹) 帮助记忆；现代学习重点是 path/rail/running lane/mark/follow-record。
Online tracking shows where the package is now.
The tracker helped scientists follow the animal.
非派生记忆线索
tractor
形近/痕迹线：拖拉机留下 tracks The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.
train①
交通线：train runs on tracks The train moved slowly along the track.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 track and field 是固定短语“田径运动”。track 指跑道上的径赛，field 指跳远、跳高、投掷等田赛；合在一起是一个运动项目类别。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 田径运动
跑、跳、投等田径项目的总称，常作为不可数整体名词使用。
常见表达 track and field events a track and field team a track and field meet compete in track and field train for track and field track and field athletes
Li joined the school track and field team last year.
查看翻译和讲解 李去年加入了学校田径队。
track and field team 是田径队。
Track and field events include running, jumping, and throwing.
查看翻译和讲解 田径项目包括跑、跳、投掷。
这句话直接说明短语覆盖范围。
Many students compete in track and field at the school sports meet.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生在学校运动会上参加田径比赛。
compete in track and field 是参加田径比赛。
She trains for track and field after school every afternoon.
查看翻译和讲解 她每天下午放学后都进行田径训练。
train for track and field 是为田径训练。
通常作整体不可数名词；具体项目用 events。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Athletics is popular in many school sports meetings.
athletics 可接近 track and field；在不同英语地区范围可能略有差异。
The 400-meter race is a track event.
track event 是跑道上的跑步比赛。
The long jump is a field event.
field event 通常是跳跃或投掷项目。
The final race was the most exciting event of the day.
race 是具体比赛；track and field 是运动类别。
Our class won the relay at the sports meet.
relay 是常见径赛项目之一。
Basketball is a ball game, not a track and field event.
ball games 与 track and field 属于不同运动类别。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 track and field 是固定运动短语，不按普通派生词族扩展。track 是组合成分，field 是组合成分；学习重点是短语整体和项目分类。
非派生记忆线索
Runners compete on the track.
Jumping and throwing events happen in the field part.
Track and field events are common at a school sports meet.
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076
train①
▶ 星标
[trein] · n. · Page 74
a railway vehicle made of connected cars that carries people or goods
火车；列车
联想 train① 是名词“火车/列车”。看到 station、platform、railway、track、arrive、depart、catch，多半是交通义。它和 train②“训练”同形同音但意义不同。
意思、用法与例句
n. 火车；列车
指在铁路轨道上运行、运送乘客或货物的车辆。
常见表达 take/catch a train by train train station miss the train get on/off a train
We took an early train to Beijing to avoid the holiday crowds.
查看翻译和讲解 我们乘坐早班火车前往北京，以避免假日人群。
take a train 是乘火车。
Hurry up, or we will miss the last train.
查看翻译和讲解 快点吧，不然我们就要错过末班车了。
miss the train 是错过火车。
The train arrived at the railway station on time.
查看翻译和讲解 火车准时到达火车站。
train station / railway station 是火车站语境。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A train runs on a railway.
train 是车辆；railway 是线路或系统。
The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track.
track 是列车运行的轨道或路线。
We took a bus because there was no train at night.
bus 走公路；train 走铁路。
I train every day, but I take a train only on weekends.
train① 是名词火车；train② 是动词训练。
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town.
training 来自 train②，不来自 train①。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 train① 只按交通词学习；tract -> train 是图像记忆线索。train② / training 是同形异义的训练线，不放入 train① 的现代 word-family。
非派生记忆线索
We met at the train station.
I bought a train ticket online.
The coach trains the team every day.
A tractor pulls heavy machines.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 train② 是动词“训练/培训”：教别人技能，也可以自己为比赛、职业或目标进行训练。它和 train① 火车同形同音，但不是同一个学习义项。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 训练；培训；培养
接人、团队、动物或工作人员，表示有计划地教会技能或习惯。
常见表达 train sb. to do sth. train a team train workers train a dog
The coach trained the players to pass the ball faster.
查看翻译和讲解 教练训练球员传球更快。
train sb. to do sth. 是训练某人做某事。
The company trains new workers before they use the machines.
查看翻译和讲解 该公司在新工人使用机器之前对其进行培训。
train workers 是培训员工。
Parents can train young children to tidy their rooms.
查看翻译和讲解 父母可以训练幼儿整理房间。
train children 可表示培养习惯。
vi. 受训练；进行练习
主语自己为比赛、考试或工作而训练。
常见表达 train for a race train hard train as a nurse train every day
She trains for the 800-meter race after school.
查看翻译和讲解 她放学后训练800米比赛。
train for a race 是为比赛训练。
He is training as a doctor in a city hospital.
查看翻译和讲解 他正在市一家医院接受医生培训。
train as... 是作为某职业接受培训。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The teacher taught us how to write a report.
teach 强调教知识；train 强调通过练习形成技能或能力。
The coach helped her improve her start.
coach 常用于运动或个人指导；train 更广。
Students practise speaking English in pairs.
practise 是练习动作；train 可包括教学、计划和长期准备。
Untrained workers should not use the machine.
untrained 与 trained 相对。
The athlete trains on weekdays and takes the train home on Friday.
train② 是训练；train① 是火车。
词族线索 / 同组词
Regular training helped the team improve.
training 是 train② 的名词。
The trainer showed us how to use the equipment.
trainer 是训练者。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 train② 的真词族是 training / trainer / trained / untrained，围绕“训练、培训、培养”展开。
The safety training lasted two hours.
The trainer showed us how to use the equipment.
A trained guide led us through the museum.
Untrained workers should ask for help.
非派生记忆线索
The train left the station at nine.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 training 是 train② 的名词：可以是体育训练、职业培训、安全培训、教师培训。它不是 train① 火车的派生义。
意思、用法与例句
n. 训练；培训
不可数名词，指为了提高技能或准备工作、比赛而进行的学习、教学和练习过程。
常见表达 training course sports training receive training teacher training safety training
All volunteers receive training before the event begins.
查看翻译和讲解 所有志愿者在活动开始前都接受培训。
receive training 是接受培训。
Sports training should include enough rest to prevent injuries.
查看翻译和讲解 运动训练应包括足够的休息，以防止受伤。
sports training 是体育训练。
The teacher training course lasts for six weeks.
查看翻译和讲解 教师培训课程为期六周。
teacher training course 是教师培训课程。
Safety training is necessary before workers use the machine.
查看翻译和讲解 工人使用机器之前必须进行安全培训。
safety training 是安全培训。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Daily practice improves speaking skills.
practice 强调反复练习；training 可包含课程、指导和计划。
Coaching helped the team play better.
coaching 常指教练指导；training 更宽泛。
The instruction was clear and useful.
instruction 强调教导；training 强调形成能力的过程。
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town.
training 来自 train②，不来自 train① 火车。
词族线索 / 同组词
The coach trains us every morning.
train② 是动词；training 是名词。
A good trainer gives clear advice.
trainer 是提供 training 的人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 training = train② + -ing，表示训练或培训过程。
They train young players every summer.
A good trainer gives clear advice.
The trained volunteers handled the problem calmly.
词族导图 tract / track / train 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 traitor 是“背叛者”，语气很重：背叛国家可译卖国贼，背叛组织、团队或朋友可译叛徒。普通意见不同不要轻易叫 traitor。
意思、用法与例句
n. 叛徒；卖国贼；背叛者
指背叛自己所属国家、组织、团队、朋友或事业的人。
常见表达 a traitor to ... turn traitor call sb. a traitor be treated as a traitor
The soldier was called a traitor after he sold secrets to the enemy.
查看翻译和讲解 这名士兵因向敌人出卖秘密而被称为叛徒。
traitor 语气重，常与 secrets/enemy 等背叛语境连用。
In the story, the guard turned traitor and opened the gate for the enemy.
查看翻译和讲解 故事中，守卫叛变，为敌人打开了大门。
turn traitor 表示叛变。
He was treated as a traitor to the team after he gave the plan to their rivals.
查看翻译和讲解 当他将计划透露给对手后，他被视为团队的叛徒。
a traitor to... 表示对某组织或群体的背叛者。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
No one wanted to work with a betrayer.
betrayer 是泛指背叛者；traitor 语气更重，常涉及国家、组织或重大信任。
The spy sent secret information to another country.
spy 是从事情报活动的人；traitor 强调背叛自己一方。
A patriot works for the good of the country.
patriot 与卖国贼/traitor 的国家忠诚语境相对。
A loyal friend keeps your secrets.
loyal friend 与背叛朋友的 traitor 相对。
A traitor betrays the group that trusted him.
betray 是动作；traitor 是做这种事的人。
The betrayal destroyed their trust.
betrayal 是背叛行为或事件。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 traitor 的核心是“背叛者”。betray / betrayal 是同一语义场中的动作和行为名词，但不当作 traitor 的普通派生词。
The traitorous act shocked the whole group.
非派生记忆线索
He refused to betray his friends.
The betrayal destroyed their friendship.
词族导图 traitor / betray 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 betray 的核心是“把本该守住的信任、秘密或情绪露出去”：可以背叛组织，泄露秘密，辜负信任，也可以声音/表情无意中暴露真实情绪。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 背叛；出卖
对国家、组织、朋友等不忠，把他们置于危险或交给敌人。
常见表达 betray one's country betray a friend betray the organization betray sb. to the enemy
He promised never to betray the organization.
查看翻译和讲解 他承诺永远不会背叛组织。
betray the organization 表示背叛组织。
The officer betrayed his country by selling military secrets.
查看翻译和讲解 该军官因出卖军事机密而背叛了他的国家。
betray one's country 是背叛国家。
vt. 泄露秘密；出卖信息
指把本应保密的信息告诉不该知道的人。
常见表达 betray a secret betray information betray the plan
She would not betray the secret even under pressure.
查看翻译和讲解 即使在压力之下，她也不会泄露这个秘密。
betray a secret 是泄露秘密。
The careless email betrayed the plan before the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 这封粗心的电子邮件背叛了会议前的计划。
betray the plan 指泄露计划。
vt. 辜负；失信于
指让信任自己的人失望，违背承诺或责任。
常见表达 betray someone's trust betray a promise feel betrayed
A true friend will not betray your trust.
查看翻译和讲解 真正的朋友不会辜负你的信任。
betray your trust 是辜负信任。
Many fans felt betrayed when the player broke his promise.
查看翻译和讲解 当球员违背诺言时，许多球迷感到被背叛了。
feel betrayed 表示感到被辜负。
vt. 无意中暴露；显露
指声音、表情、动作等不自觉地显示真实情绪或想法。
常见表达 betray fear betray no sign of ... her voice betrayed ... his face betrayed ...
His shaking voice betrayed his fear.
查看翻译和讲解 他颤抖的声音暴露了他的恐惧。
声音显露恐惧，是非故意暴露。
She betrayed no sign of nervousness before the speech.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲前她没有表现出任何紧张的迹象。
betray no sign of... 表示没有显露。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He deceived his classmates with a false story.
deceive 强调欺骗；betray 强调背弃信任或泄露秘密。
The report revealed important facts.
reveal 可中性地揭示；betray 常带不该透露或无意显露的意味。
She protected her friend's secret.
protect secrets 与 betray a secret 相对。
He remained loyal to his team.
be loyal 与 betray 的背叛义相对。
A good leader keeps faith with the people.
keep faith 与 betray trust 相对。
A traitor is someone who betrays a country or group.
traitor 是人；betray 是动作。
词族线索 / 同组词
The betrayal destroyed their friendship.
betrayal 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 betray 的真词族可记 betrayal / betrayer；traitor 是同语义场的人称词，强调背叛者。
The betrayal destroyed their friendship.
The betrayer was no longer trusted.
非派生记忆线索
The traitor gave the plan to the enemy.
词族导图 traitor / betray 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 speak 的核心是“开口表达”。它可表示说话、交谈、公开发言、会说语言；短语 speak for / speak of / speak out / speak up 要按整块记。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 说话；讲话；交谈
表示开口说话或与某人交谈，常接 to/with。
常见表达 speak to/with sb. speak clearly speak softly speak about ...
Please speak clearly so that everyone can hear you.
查看翻译和讲解 请说清楚，以便每个人都能听到您的声音。
speak clearly 是说清楚。
I need to speak with my teacher about the project.
查看翻译和讲解 我需要和我的老师讨论这个项目。
speak with sb. 是与某人谈话。
vi. 演说；发言
在会议、课堂或公共场合正式讲话。
常见表达 speak at a meeting speak in public speak on/about ... speak for the class
She will speak at the school meeting about reading habits.
查看翻译和讲解 她将在学校会议上谈论阅读习惯。
speak at a meeting 是在会上发言。
He was chosen to speak for our class at the ceremony.
查看翻译和讲解 他被选为我们班在典礼上发言。
speak for 可表示代表发言。
vt. 会说；会讲某种语言
后接语言名词，表示能使用这种语言。
常见表达 speak English speak three languages speak Chinese well
My grandfather can speak a little English.
查看翻译和讲解 我的祖父会说一点英语。
speak English 是会说英语。
The guide speaks three languages, so many visitors can understand her.
查看翻译和讲解 导游会讲三种语言，所以很多游客都能听懂她的意思。
speak languages 表示会讲多种语言。
phr. 代表；表明；公开反对；大声点说/明确表态
这些短语意义分散，需要按整块记。
常见表达 speak for ... speak of ... speak out speak up
These numbers speak of real progress in the village.
查看翻译和讲解 这些数字说明了该村的实际进步。
speak of 可表示表明、说明。
Several students spoke out against wasting food.
查看翻译和讲解 一些学生公开反对浪费食物。
speak out 是公开反对或说出立场。
Could you speak up? I can't hear you at the back.
查看翻译和讲解 你能说出来吗？我在后面听不到你说话。
speak up 可表示大声点说。
She spoke up for students who needed more time.
查看翻译和讲解 她为需要更多时间的学生发声。
speak up for 可表示为某人明确发声。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We talked about the trip after class.
talk 更偏交谈；speak 可更正式，也可接语言。
She said sorry at once.
say 强调说出的内容；speak 强调说话行为、能力或场合。
He remained silent during the meeting.
be silent 与 speak 的开口表达相对。
A spokesman for the hospital answered questions.
spokesman 是代表组织发声的人，不是普通 speaker。
词族线索 / 同组词
The speaker spoke slowly and clearly.
speaker 是人或设备；speak 是动词。
Her speech was short but powerful.
speech 是名词。
Spoken English is often less formal than written English.
spoken 是形容词或过去分词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 speak 的核心词族包括 speaker / speech / spoken / outspoken / spokesman / spokeswoman；spokesman/spokeswoman 强调代表组织正式发言。
speaker
说话者；演讲者；讲某语言的人；扬声器 The speaker took questions after the speech.
The president gave a speech on education.
Spoken English is often different from written English.
She is outspoken about local problems.
The spokesman spoke for the company.
The spokeswoman answered reporters' questions.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
082
aloud
▶ /əˈlaʊd/ · adverb
in a voice that can be heard
出声地；大声地
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 出声地；大声地
in a voice that can be heard
常见表达 read aloud say aloud
Please read the final paragraph aloud.
查看翻译和讲解 请把最后一段朗读出来。
read aloud 表示出声朗读。
She did not say what worried her aloud.
查看翻译和讲解 她没有把让自己担心的事说出来。
say what worried her aloud 表示把担忧说出口。
read/say aloud 强调声音被听见，常用于朗读
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 响亮的；大声的
making a lot of noise
常见表达 loud music a loud voice
The loud music made it hard to concentrate.
查看翻译和讲解 响亮的音乐让人难以集中注意力。
loud 修饰名词。
We heard a loud knock at the door.
查看翻译和讲解 我们听到很响的敲门声。
a loud knock 指很响的声音。
loud 修饰名词，如 music、voice、noise
adv. 大声地
in a loud voice, especially in speak loud
常见表达 speak loud talk loud
Please do not talk so loud in the corridor.
查看翻译和讲解 请不要在走廊里说得这么大声。
talk loud 中 loud 作副词。
Please speak loud and clear so everyone can hear.
查看翻译和讲解 请大声而清楚地说，让每个人都能听见。
speak loud and clear 是非正式副词用法。
作副词时 talk/speak loud 属非正式用法，尤其见于美式英语；一般叙述动作更常用 loudly
084
loudly
▶ /ˈlaʊdli/ · adverb
in a way that makes a lot of noise
大声地；响亮地
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 大声地；响亮地
in a way that makes a lot of noise
常见表达 speak loudly laugh loudly
The guide spoke loudly so everyone could hear.
查看翻译和讲解 导游大声说话，让每个人都能听见。
loudly 修饰 spoke。
The children laughed loudly at the surprise.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们因惊喜而大声笑起来。
loudly 修饰 laughed。
loudly 通常修饰动作，如 speak、laugh、play；不作形容词
085
say
▶ /seɪ/ · vt. / vi. / phr.
to express words or give information; to show or express an opinion or meaning; used to introduce an example or an imagined situation
说；讲；表明；显示；表达；比如说；假定
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
vt., vi. 说；讲
to express words or give information
常见表达 say hello say that
She said hello to the new student.
查看翻译和讲解 她向新同学问好。
said hello
He said that the train was late.
查看翻译和讲解 他说火车晚点了。
said that
say 后可接说话内容；不直接接人作宾语。
vt. 表明；显示；表达
to show or express an opinion or meaning
常见表达 the sign says say a lot about
The notice says the museum opens at nine.
查看翻译和讲解 通知上说博物馆九点开门。
the notice says
Her calm reply says a lot about her character.
查看翻译和讲解 她平静的回答很能说明她的性格。
says a lot about
常见物作主语，如 sign、report。
phr. 比如说；假定
used to introduce an example or an imagined situation
常见表达 say, for example let's say
Take a city, say London, and compare its parks.
查看翻译和讲解 以一座城市为例，比如伦敦，比较它的公园。
say London
Let's say we meet at the gate at six.
查看翻译和讲解 假定我们六点在门口见。
let's say
此处是话语用法，不按普通及物动词处理。
086
saying
▶ /ˈseɪɪŋ/ · n. [C]
a short well-known expression that gives advice or an idea
谚语；格言；警句
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 谚语；格言；警句
a short well-known expression that gives advice or an idea
常见表达 an old saying as the saying goes
“Practice makes perfect” is a familiar saying.
查看翻译和讲解 “熟能生巧”是一句常见谚语。
a familiar saying
As the saying goes, honesty is the best policy.
查看翻译和讲解 俗话说，诚实是上策。
as the saying goes
可数名词。
087
talk
▶ /tɔːk/ · vi. / n.
speak with someone in a conversation; a conversation or a short formal speech
谈话；交谈；谈话；报告
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 谈话；交谈
speak with someone in a conversation
常见表达 talk to sb talk about sth
Talk to your teacher if the homework feels too difficult.
查看翻译和讲解 如果作业太难，就和老师谈谈。
talk to your teacher
They talked about their plans for the holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 他们谈了谈假期计划。
talked about
talk to/with sb 都可表示“和某人交谈”。
n. 谈话；报告
a conversation or a short formal speech
常见表达 have a talk give a talk
We had a long talk on the way home.
查看翻译和讲解 回家路上我们谈了很久。
had a long talk
The scientist will give a talk about clean energy.
查看翻译和讲解 这位科学家将作一场关于清洁能源的报告。
give a talk
give a talk 表示“作报告”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
talk 是“谈话”；talkative 描述“爱说话的”。
088
talkative
▶ /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ · adj.
学习关联：对照 speak、say、talk 的搭配，再区分大声说与声音很大。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 爱说话的；健谈的
talking a lot
常见表达 a talkative child become talkative
Our new classmate is talkative and easy to get along with.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的新同学很健谈，也很容易相处。
talkative and easy
The normally quiet boy became talkative after lunch.
查看翻译和讲解 那个平时安静的男孩午饭后变得健谈起来。
became talkative
通常为中性，也可因“话太多”而带批评意味，须看语境。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
talkative 指爱说话的，和动词 talk 有真实词形关联。
联想 speaker 有人和设备两条线：人可以是说话者、演讲者、某语言使用者；设备是扬声器。看语境里是 guest/native/main，还是 volume/Bluetooth。
意思、用法与例句
n. 说话者；演讲者；发言者
指正在说话或正式向听众发言的人。
常见表达 a guest speaker the main speaker a public speaker speaker at a meeting
The guest speaker shared stories about life in space.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲嘉宾分享了太空生活的故事。
guest speaker 是嘉宾演讲者。
The speaker paused until the room became quiet.
查看翻译和讲解 说话者停了下来，直到房间里安静下来。
speaker 指发言者。
n. 讲某种语言的人
和语言名词连用，表示使用该语言的人。
常见表达 an English speaker a native speaker Chinese speakers French speakers
The app helps English speakers learn basic Chinese.
查看翻译和讲解 该应用程序可以帮助说英语的人学习基本的中文。
English speaker 是英语使用者。
A native speaker can help you improve your pronunciation.
查看翻译和讲解 母语人士可以帮助您提高发音。
native speaker 是母语使用者。
n. 扬声器；喇叭；音箱
指播放声音的设备。
常见表达 turn up/down the speaker a Bluetooth speaker speaker volume computer speakers
The speaker was too loud, so we turned it down.
查看翻译和讲解 扬声器声音太大，所以我们把声音调小。
speaker 是扬声器。
She connected her phone to a small Bluetooth speaker.
查看翻译和讲解 她将手机连接到一个小型蓝牙扬声器。
Bluetooth speaker 是蓝牙音箱。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Good speakers care about their listeners.
listener 只和 speaker 的人义形成角色对比，不适用于扬声器义。
The presenter introduced each photo clearly.
presenter 强调展示或主持；speaker 强调说话或演讲。
The spokesman answered questions for the company.
spokesman 是代表组织正式发言的人；speaker 更宽泛。
A spokeswoman for the school gave a short statement.
spokeswoman 是女性官方发言人。
词族线索 / 同组词
The speaker speaks three languages.
speaker 是名词，speak 是动词。
The speaker prepared her speech carefully.
speech 是发言内容或说话能力。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 speaker = speak + -er，可表示说话的人、演讲者、语言使用者，也可转指发声设备。
Please speak more slowly.
His speech lasted ten minutes.
The test includes spoken English.
The announcement came through a loudspeaker.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
090
speech
▶ 星标
[spi:tʃ] · n. · Page 75
a formal talk given to an audience, or the ability or act of speaking
演说；发言；说话能力；言语
联想 speech 是名词：可以是一场正式演讲，也可以是人的说话能力或言语权利。give/make a speech 是高频搭配。
意思、用法与例句
n. 演说；发言
面向听众的正式讲话。
常见表达 give/make a speech a short speech a speech on/about ... opening speech
The headmaster gave a short speech at the opening ceremony.
查看翻译和讲解 校长在开幕式上发表了简短讲话。
give a speech 是发表演讲。
Her speech about clean water moved many students.
查看翻译和讲解 她关于洁净水的演讲感动了许多学生。
a speech about... 表示关于某主题的演讲。
The opening speech welcomed all the guests to the festival.
查看翻译和讲解 开幕致辞对各位来宾的到来表示欢迎。
opening speech 是开幕致辞。
n. 说话能力；言语；言论
指人说话的能力、语言表达或言论权利。
常见表达 speech problems lose speech freedom of speech speech and language
The illness affected his speech for several weeks.
查看翻译和讲解 疾病影响了他几周的讲话。
speech 指说话能力。
Freedom of speech does not mean freedom to hurt others.
查看翻译和讲解 言论自由并不意味着伤害他人的自由。
freedom of speech 是言论自由。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The teacher gave a talk on reading.
talk 较宽泛，可正式可非正式；speech 更偏正式演说。
The president gave an address to the nation.
address 比 speech 更正式。
A minute of silence followed the speech.
silence 与 speech 的说话/发言相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
The speaker took questions after the speech.
speaker 是人；speech 是内容或能力。
She will speak on behalf of the class.
speak 是动词。
Spoken language is often less formal than written language.
spoken 描述语言形式。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 speech 是 speak 的名词线，既可指一场演讲，也可指说话能力或言论。
He will speak on behalf of the class.
The speaker took three questions.
Spoken language is often less formal than written language.
She was speechless when she heard the news.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 spoken 是 speak 的过去分词形容词，重点是“说出来的、口头的”。spoken English 与 written English 对比最常见。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 口语的；口头的；说出的
描述语言、信息、交流方式是说出来的，而不是写出来的。
常见表达 spoken English spoken language spoken words spoken communication spoken message
Spoken English is often less formal than written English.
查看翻译和讲解 英语口语通常不如书面英语正式。
spoken English 是口语英语。
The spoken message was short, but everyone understood it.
查看翻译和讲解 口头信息很短，但每个人都听懂了。
spoken message 是口头信息。
We need more practice in spoken communication.
查看翻译和讲解 我们需要更多的口语交流练习。
spoken communication 是口头交流。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The students gave an oral report.
oral 更正式，常用于考试、报告；spoken 更强调说出来而非写出来。
Written English is usually more formal.
written 与 spoken 相对。
She is outspoken about unfair rules.
outspoken 不是“口语的”，而是直率表达意见。
词族线索 / 同组词
Students speak English to improve their spoken English.
spoken 来自 speak。
Speech practice can improve spoken communication.
speech 是名词；spoken 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 spoken 是 speak 的过去分词形容词；outspoken = out + spoken，表示把想法说出来、直言不讳。
The speech was recorded for later study.
She is outspoken about local problems.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 outspoken = out + spoken，画面是“把想法说出来”。它形容人或观点直率、敢公开表达，语气可褒可贬。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 坦率的；直言不讳的
形容人、评论或观点公开直接，尤其在批评、公共问题或价值判断中。
常见表达 be outspoken about/on sth. an outspoken critic an outspoken supporter outspoken in one's views
She is outspoken about the need to protect local rivers.
查看翻译和讲解 她直言不讳地表示需要保护当地河流。
be outspoken about... 是对某事直言。
The coach was outspoken in his criticism of the team's lazy training.
查看翻译和讲解 主教练直言不讳地批评了球队懒惰的训练。
outspoken in criticism 表示批评直率。
He became an outspoken supporter of equal education.
查看翻译和讲解 他成为平等教育的直言不讳的支持者。
outspoken supporter 是公开坚定支持者。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her frank advice helped me see the problem.
frank 强调坦诚；outspoken 更强调公开直接地说出来。
His direct answer surprised everyone.
direct 可形容表达方式；outspoken 常形容人的公开态度。
He is reserved and rarely shares his opinion.
reserved 与 outspoken 的直言相对。
Her guarded answer avoided a direct opinion.
guarded 强调说话谨慎保留，和 outspoken 的直率相对。
She stayed silent during the discussion.
silent 是不说话；outspoken 是公开直接地表达，二者只是语境对比。
Spoken English is often less formal than written English.
spoken 是口头的；outspoken 是直言不讳的。
Students spoke out against wasting food.
speak out 是动词短语；outspoken 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 outspoken = out + spoken，表示把想法向外说出来。
The instructions were spoken slowly.
Her outspokenness made the discussion more honest.
非派生记忆线索
Several people spoke out against the plan.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 spokesman 不是普通 speaker，而是代表某个组织正式对外说明情况的男性发言人。现代正式写作常用 spokesperson 作不限定性别的表达。
意思、用法与例句
n. 男发言人
代表机构、团队、公司或政府向公众、记者说明情况的男性。
常见表达 a spokesman for ... a company spokesman a government spokesman act as spokesman official spokesman
A spokesman for the hospital said the injured students were safe.
查看翻译和讲解 医院发言人表示，受伤学生目前安全。
a spokesman for... 是……的发言人。
The company spokesman answered reporters' questions after the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 会后，公司新闻发言人回答了记者提问。
company spokesman 是公司发言人。
He acted as spokesman for the volunteer group during the interview.
查看翻译和讲解 他在采访中担任志愿者团体的发言人。
act as spokesman 是担任发言人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A spokeswoman for the school explained the new rule.
spokesman 指男性；spokeswoman 指女性。
A spokesperson gave a short statement to the press.
spokesperson 是更中性的正式表达。
The guest speaker gave a talk on science.
speaker 很宽；spokesman 强调代表组织正式发声。
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions.
statement 是发言人发布的正式说明。
词族线索 / 同组词
He will speak for our group at the meeting.
speak 是动作；spokesman 是承担发言职责的人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 spokesman 来自 spoke/speak + man；spokeswoman 与 spokesperson 是同岗位不同表达。
The spokeswoman gave a short statement to the press.
The spokesperson answered questions calmly.
非派生记忆线索
He will speak for our group at the meeting.
The spokesman gave a statement after the meeting.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 spokeswoman 是女性发言人：她不是普通聊天者，而是代表组织正式说明情况的人。和 spokesman 职责相同，只是性别不同；spokesperson 是中性表达。
意思、用法与例句
n. 女发言人
代表组织、公司、学校或政府正式向公众发言的女性。
常见表达 a spokeswoman for ... a school spokeswoman a company spokeswoman act as spokeswoman official spokeswoman
A spokeswoman for the airline apologized for the delay.
查看翻译和讲解 该航空公司发言人对航班延误表示歉意。
a spokeswoman for... 是……的女发言人。
The school spokeswoman said the sports meeting would be held on Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 学校发言人表示，运动会将于周五举行。
school spokeswoman 是学校发言人。
She acted as spokeswoman for the team after the final match.
查看翻译和讲解 决赛后她担任球队发言人。
act as spokeswoman 是担任女发言人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions.
spokesman 指男性；spokeswoman 指女性。
The spokesperson answered reporters' questions.
spokesperson 是性别中性表达。
The speaker gave a speech about clean water.
speaker 更宽泛；spokeswoman 是官方代表。
The spokeswoman gave a statement to the press.
statement 是正式声明。
词族线索 / 同组词
She was chosen to speak for the class.
speak 是动作；spokeswoman 是人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 spokeswoman = spoke/speak + woman；与 spokesman / spokesperson 同属发言人表达。
The spokesman denied the report at once.
The spokesperson answered reporters' questions.
非派生记忆线索
She was chosen to speak for the class.
The spokeswoman gave a statement to the press.
词族导图 speak / speech 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 force 的根义是“力”。名词可以是自然力量、武力、部队、法律效力；动词是“迫使”。核心搭配 by force、come into force、be in force、force sb. to do 必须分开记。
意思、用法与例句
n. 力量；力；威力
指身体、自然、物理或影响力上的“力”。
常见表达 physical force the force of... a powerful force the force of gravity
The force of the wind knocked down several young trees.
查看翻译和讲解 风的力量吹倒了几棵小树。
the force of the wind 指风的力量。
Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the earth.
查看翻译和讲解 重力是将物体拉向地球的力。
物理语境中 force 可指“力”。
Her calm words had a real force in the argument.
查看翻译和讲解 她平静的话语在争论中产生了真正的力量。
force 也可指话语或影响的力量。
n. 武力；暴力；部队
by force 指用强力或武力；forces 常指军队、部队。
常见表达 by force use force armed forces police force
The police said the door had been opened by force.
查看翻译和讲解 警方称，门是被强行打开的。
by force 表示用强力或武力。
Many young people joined the armed forces during the war.
查看翻译和讲解 战争期间，许多年轻人加入了武装部队。
armed forces 指武装部队。
n. 法律、规则的效力
用于法律、规定、制度已经开始实施或仍在实施。
常见表达 come into force bring ... into force be in force in force
The new traffic rule will come into force next month.
查看翻译和讲解 新的交通规则将于下个月生效。
come into force 表示开始生效。
The safety rule is still in force in every lab.
查看翻译和讲解 安全规则在每个实验室仍然有效。
be in force / in force 表示仍然有效。
vt. 强迫；迫使
及物动词，常接宾语和不定式；被动 be forced to do 很常见。
常见表达 force sb. to do sth. be forced to do sth. force a smile force the door open
Heavy rain forced us to cancel the outdoor concert.
查看翻译和讲解 大雨迫使我们取消了户外音乐会。
force us to cancel 表示迫使我们取消。
No one should be forced to give up a fair chance to study.
查看翻译和讲解 任何人都不应该被迫放弃公平的学习机会。
be forced to do 表示被迫做某事。
She forced a smile, though she was worried about the result.
查看翻译和讲解 她强颜欢笑，但心里还是有些担心结果。
force a smile 指勉强挤出笑容。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Regular exercise builds strength.
strength 多指体力、强度或内在能力；force 更强调作用出来的力、武力或迫使。
Education gives people the power to choose.
power 范围更宽，可指权力和能力；force 更像施加出来的力。
The plan's weakness soon became clear.
weakness 可和 force 的 strength/power 义相对，不适用于 force 的法律效力义。
Students need freedom to ask questions.
freedom 只和 be forced to do 的“被迫”相对，不是所有 force 义项的反义词。
A larger workforce helped the factory finish the order.
workforce = work + force，表示工作中的人力，不是武力。
His kind words brought comfort to the family.
fort/force 可作记忆线索；现代学习中 comfort 不是 force 的同义词。
She made a real effort to improve her pronunciation.
effort 强调主动付出力气；force 强调力量本身或强迫。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 force 的现代高频词族要分清：workforce 是 compound；comfort / effort 共享 fort/force 记忆线索，但不能当 force 的同义派生。
Women make up nearly half of the local workforce.
非派生记忆线索
The warm room gave the children some comfort after the storm.
With effort, the class finished the project on time.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 workforce = work + force，这里的 force 是“人力”。它是集合名词，通常指公司、行业、地区或国家的全体劳动力。
意思、用法与例句
n. 劳动力；全体员工
常作集合名词，指某个公司、行业、城市或国家可工作的人群。
常见表达 the workforce a skilled workforce women in the workforce join/enter the workforce the local workforce
Two thirds of the workforce are women.
查看翻译和讲解 三分之二的劳动力是女性。
workforce 在本句中指全体职工。
The city needs a skilled workforce to support its new factories.
查看翻译和讲解 该市需要熟练的劳动力来支持其新工厂。
skilled workforce 指有技能的劳动力。
Many graduates enter the workforce after vocational training.
查看翻译和讲解 许多毕业生在接受职业培训后进入劳动力市场。
enter the workforce 表示进入劳动市场。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The hotel staff were helpful and polite.
staff 常指某机构现有员工；workforce 可指更大的行业、地区或国家劳动力。
The workers finished the bridge before winter.
workers 强调具体劳动者；workforce 强调整体劳动力。
The labor force grew as more young people found jobs.
labor force 更偏经济统计；workforce 更日常。
The force of the river can turn a small wheel.
workforce 中 force 表示人力线索，不等于武力或强迫。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 workforce 是 work + force 的复合词，核心是用于工作的“人力”。
The new law came into force in January.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 comfort 的记忆线索是“给人力量”。动词 comfort sb. 是安慰人；名词 comfort 可表示心理慰藉、身体舒适，也可表示令人宽慰的人或事。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 安慰；抚慰
及物动词，宾语通常是伤心、害怕、焦虑的人。
常见表达 comfort sb. comfort sb. with words/a hug comfort a child/friend be comforted by...
The nurse comforted the child before the operation.
查看翻译和讲解 手术前护士安抚孩子。
comforted the child 表示安慰孩子。
Her letter comforted me when I felt lonely in a new school.
查看翻译和讲解 当我在新学校感到孤独时，她的信安慰了我。
comfort sb. 可指用话语给人安慰。
He was comforted by the news that everyone was safe.
查看翻译和讲解 每个人都安全的消息使他感到安慰。
be comforted by... 表示因某事得到安慰。
n. 安慰；慰藉；令人安慰的人或事
指心理上的宽慰、支持，或带来宽慰的人和事。
常见表达 take comfort in... bring/give comfort to sb. be a comfort to sb. words of comfort
I took comfort in the fact that my friends were waiting for me.
查看翻译和讲解 朋友们在等我，这让我感到很安慰。
take comfort in 表示从某事中获得安慰。
Her quiet support was a great comfort to the family.
查看翻译和讲解 她默默的支持给这个家庭带来了极大的安慰。
a comfort to sb. 指令人宽慰的人或事。
n. 舒适；舒适地生活
指身体或生活条件上的舒适，常与 live/travel/sit 等语境连用。
常见表达 in comfort live/travel in comfort comfort and safety home comforts
They had enough money to live in comfort in their old age.
查看翻译和讲解 他们有足够的钱来过上舒适的晚年。
in comfort 表示舒适地生活。
The new buses were designed for comfort and safety.
查看翻译和讲解 新巴士的设计注重舒适性和安全性。
comfort 可指乘坐、使用时的舒适感。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She tried to console her friend after the loss.
console 更正式，常用于悲伤损失；comfort 更常用，也可指舒适。
The medicine helped ease the pain.
ease 可表示舒适或减轻疼痛；comfort 可作动词安慰，也可作名词慰藉。
The long ride caused discomfort in his back.
discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
The question made everyone uncomfortable.
uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的反义形容词。
词族线索 / 同组词
This chair is comfortable enough for a long reading class.
comfort 是名词/动词；comfortable 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 comfort -> comfortable / uncomfortable / discomfort 是本组清楚的 comfort 词族；fort 线索只帮助记忆“给予力量”。
She felt comfortable speaking English with her partner.
The hard seat made the trip uncomfortable.
He felt mild discomfort after running too fast.
非派生记忆线索
Do not force others to accept your idea.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 comfortable = comfort + -able。它既可形容物让身体舒服，也可形容人对环境、关系或做某事感到自在。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 舒服的；安逸的
形容椅子、鞋、房间、生活条件等让身体或生活状态舒适。
常见表达 a comfortable chair/room comfortable shoes a comfortable bed live a comfortable life
These shoes are comfortable enough for a whole day of walking.
查看翻译和讲解 这双鞋足够舒适，适合一整天的步行。
comfortable shoes 指鞋穿着舒服。
The old couple live a comfortable life in a small town.
查看翻译和讲解 老两口在小镇上过着安逸的生活。
comfortable life 表示生活安逸。
The library has comfortable seats for long reading.
查看翻译和讲解 图书馆设有舒适的座椅，可供长时间阅读。
comfortable seats 指座位舒适。
adj. 自在的；不紧张的
形容人在某关系、环境或做某事时感到放松。
常见表达 feel comfortable with sb. feel comfortable about sth. be comfortable doing sth. comfortable in a new place
I do not feel comfortable speaking in front of so many people yet.
查看翻译和讲解 在这么多人面前讲话我还不太舒服。
be comfortable doing sth. 表示做某事时自在。
She felt comfortable with her new classmates after the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 旅行结束后，她和新同学在一起感觉很舒服。
comfortable with sb. 表示和某人相处自在。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We had a pleasant walk after dinner.
pleasant 更宽泛；comfortable 更强调身体舒服或心理自在。
He felt relaxed after talking with his teacher.
relaxed 只描述人或气氛；comfortable 还可描述椅子、鞋、房间。
He felt uncomfortable when everyone looked at him.
uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的直接反义词。
She felt uneasy about the sudden change.
uneasy 更偏心理不安；uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。
词族线索 / 同组词
Music can bring comfort after a hard day.
comfort 是名词/动词；comfortable 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 comfort + -able -> comfortable；un- + comfortable -> uncomfortable。
A warm meal gave the hikers comfort.
The room was hot and uncomfortable.
The medicine may cause slight discomfort.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 uncomfortable = un- + comfortable。它可以说身体不舒服，也可以说心理不自在、场面尴尬；注意词形：comfortable 的反义形容词用 un-，名词 comfort 的反向常用 discomfort。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 不舒服的
形容座位、衣服、温度、疼痛等让身体不舒服。
常见表达 an uncomfortable seat uncomfortable shoes feel uncomfortable make sb. uncomfortable
The classroom became uncomfortable when the fan stopped working.
查看翻译和讲解 当风扇停止运转时，教室变得不舒服。
环境让身体不舒服。
He changed his shoes because the new ones were uncomfortable.
查看翻译和讲解 他换了鞋子，因为新鞋不舒服。
uncomfortable shoes 指鞋穿着不舒服。
adj. 不自在的；尴尬的
形容谈话、问题、沉默或处境让人紧张、不安或尴尬。
常见表达 feel uncomfortable about/with sth. an uncomfortable silence an uncomfortable question an uncomfortable situation
She felt uncomfortable about telling a lie to her parents.
查看翻译和讲解 她对向父母撒谎感到不舒服。
uncomfortable about 后接让人不自在的事。
An uncomfortable silence followed his sudden question.
查看翻译和讲解 他突然的问题引起了一阵令人不安的沉默。
uncomfortable silence 是尴尬的沉默。
His direct question put me in an uncomfortable situation.
查看翻译和讲解 他直接的问题让我陷入了一种不舒服的境地。
uncomfortable situation 指令人不自在的处境。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
I felt uneasy when the room became silent.
uneasy 偏心理不安；uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。
There was an awkward pause in the conversation.
awkward 常指社交尴尬或动作笨拙；uncomfortable 更强调感受不舒服。
I feel comfortable asking my teacher for help.
comfortable 表示舒服/自在，uncomfortable 表示相反。
She sounded relaxed before the test.
relaxed 只和心理紧张义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
Standing for two hours caused discomfort in her legs.
uncomfortable 是形容词；discomfort 多作名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 un- + comfortable -> uncomfortable；dis- + comfort -> discomfort。UN-/DIS- 不要混。
The sofa is soft and comfortable.
Her words gave him comfort.
He felt discomfort after eating too quickly.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 discomfort = dis- + comfort，核心是“没有舒适感”。高考阅读里优先按名词记：身体不适或心理不自在；动词义知道即可，不要把它当最常用表达。
意思、用法与例句
n. 不适；不舒服；不自在
常指轻微疼痛、身体不适，也可指尴尬或心理不自在。
常见表达 feel discomfort cause discomfort mild discomfort discomfort in... a sense of discomfort
If you feel any discomfort in your chest, call a doctor at once.
查看翻译和讲解 如果您感到胸部有任何不适，请立即就医。
discomfort in 身体部位，表示不适。
His rude joke caused discomfort among the guests.
查看翻译和讲解 他的粗鲁笑话引起了客人的不适。
心理上不自在也可用 discomfort。
The long bus ride caused mild discomfort in her back.
查看翻译和讲解 长时间的公交车旅行让她的背部出现了轻微的不适。
mild discomfort 指轻微不适。
vt. 使不适；使不自在
较少见，表示让人身体或心理不舒服；阅读中遇到能识别即可。
常见表达 discomfort sb. be discomforted by sth.
The heat and noise discomforted the children on the bus.
查看翻译和讲解 炎热和噪音让车上的孩子们感到不舒服。
作动词时表示使人不舒服。
She was discomforted by the personal question.
查看翻译和讲解 她对这个私人问题感到不安。
被动形式表示被问题弄得不自在。
动词 discomfort 不如 make sb. uncomfortable 常见，写作时优先用更自然的表达。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A sense of unease spread through the room.
unease 更偏心理不安；discomfort 可身体也可心理。
The runner felt mild pain in his knee.
mild pain 只指身体疼痛；discomfort 可更轻、更宽。
The soft light brought comfort to the tired reader.
discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
He spoke with ease after weeks of practice.
ease 可与 discomfort 的不适/不自在相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
The plastic chair was uncomfortable after an hour.
uncomfortable 是形容词；discomfort 多作名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dis- + comfort -> discomfort，主要作名词；comfortable 的反义形容词是 uncomfortable。
The message brought comfort to his parents.
A comfortable desk helps students study longer.
The question made everyone uncomfortable.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
101
effort
▶ 星标
['efət] · n. · Page 76
hard work, energy, or a serious attempt to do something difficult
努力；费力；艰难的尝试；尽力
联想 effort 的记忆线索是“把力气用出来”。它不是普通 work，而是强调为目标付出精力、时间和意志；make an effort、spare no effort、be worth the effort 是核心搭配。
意思、用法与例句
n. 努力；费力
可数或不可数，强调为了完成任务投入时间、精力或意志。
常见表达 make an effort to do sth. spare no effort to do sth. be worth the effort with effort put effort into...
The good news is that it is simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
查看翻译和讲解 好消息是它很容易学习并且值得付出努力。
worth the effort 表示值得付出努力。
You need to make an effort to read English aloud every day.
查看翻译和讲解 你需要每天努力大声朗读英语。
make an effort to do sth. 是高频搭配。
Our teachers spare no effort to help us prepare for the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的老师不遗余力地帮助我们准备考试。
spare no effort to do 表示不遗余力。
n. 艰难的尝试；有组织的努力
可数名词，指一次具体尝试，常用于救援、清理、保护、改进等语境。
常见表达 a rescue effort a team effort a clean-up effort an effort to improve/protect every effort
The clean-up effort brought many students and parents together.
查看翻译和讲解 此次清理工作让许多学生和家长聚集在一起。
effort 可指一次有组织的努力。
Every effort to save water matters during a dry summer.
查看翻译和讲解 在干燥的夏季，节约用水的一切努力都很重要。
every effort 强调每一次努力。
The rescue effort continued through the night.
查看翻译和讲解 救援工作持续了一夜。
rescue effort 是救援行动。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
His first attempt at cooking failed.
attempt 强调尝试本身；effort 强调投入的力气和过程。
Hard work helped the team improve.
hard work 更口语直接；effort 可指一次具体行动或总体付出。
She solved the problem with ease.
ease 与 effort 的费力相对。
Her speech looked effortless, but she had practised for weeks.
effort 是付出的力气；effortless 表示看起来不费力。
Do not force others to accept your idea.
effort 是主动努力，force 更强调力量或强迫。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 effort -> effortless 是本组清楚的 -less 反向形容词；force 只保留 fort/force 记忆线索。
The dancer made every movement look effortless.
非派生记忆线索
The force of the water damaged the bridge.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 effortless = effort + -less，字面是“没有努力”。实际常用于评价动作、风格、表现看起来轻松自然，但不一定真的没有准备。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 不费力的；轻松自然的
形容动作、风格、表现、笑容等看起来顺畅自然，常用于赞美。
常见表达 look/seem effortless effortless style effortless smile effortless performance make sth. look effortless
The swimmer made the long race look effortless.
查看翻译和讲解 这位游泳运动员使长距离比赛看起来毫不费力。
make sth. look effortless 表示把难事做得像很轻松。
Her effortless smile helped the nervous child relax.
查看翻译和讲解 她轻松的微笑帮助紧张的孩子放松下来。
effortless smile 指自然、不勉强的微笑。
His speech seemed effortless, but he had prepared for days.
查看翻译和讲解 他的演讲看似毫不费力，但他已经准备了好几天。
seem effortless 表示看起来不费力，不一定没有准备。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her smooth answer impressed the judges.
smooth 强调无阻碍、流畅；effortless 强调看起来不用费力。
His natural style made the talk lively.
natural 强调不做作；effortless 强调看起来轻松。
The task was difficult for beginners.
difficult 与 effortless 的轻松相对。
His forced smile made everyone worry.
forced 与 effortless 的自然轻松相对，也和 force 形近，要注意语境。
词族线索 / 同组词
It took a lot of effort to prepare the speech.
effortless 并不一定真的没努力，而是看起来不费力。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 effort + -less -> effortless；-less 表示 without。
Their effort finally turned the empty land into a garden.
She moved effortlessly across the stage.
词族导图 force / comfort / effort 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 take 的核心画面是“把某物/某事拿到自己这边或带走”。从拿走、乘坐、服药，到花时间、记笔记、接受任务，再到 take off / take over 等短语，都要看宾语和小品词。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 拿走；带领；乘坐；服用
表示拿、带、引领，也可用于乘坐交通工具或服药。
常见表达 take sth. with you take sb. to... take a bus/train/taxi take medicine take away
Please take your umbrella with you because it may rain.
查看翻译和讲解 请带上雨伞，因为可能会下雨。
take sth. with you 表示随身带走。
My brother took me to the station after dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 吃完晚饭，哥哥送我去车站。
take sb. to... 表示带某人去某地。
She takes the bus to school when her father is busy.
查看翻译和讲解 当她父亲很忙时，她乘公共汽车去学校。
take the bus 表示乘公交。
Take this medicine twice a day after meals.
查看翻译和讲解 这种药每天两次，饭后服用。
take medicine 表示服药。
vt. 花费；记下；考虑
用于时间花费、记录信息、考虑因素或接受建议。
常见表达 It takes sb. time to do sth. take notes take ... into account take one's advice take time
It took us two hours to finish the science report.
查看翻译和讲解 我们花了两个小时才完成科学报告。
It takes sb. time to do sth. 表示花费时间。
Remember to take notes while listening to the lecture.
查看翻译和讲解 听讲座的时候记得记笔记。
take notes 表示记笔记。
We should take the weather into account before choosing the date.
查看翻译和讲解 在选择日期之前我们应该考虑天气。
take ... into account 表示把……考虑进去。
I took my teacher's advice and checked the essay again.
查看翻译和讲解 我听取了老师的建议，再次检查了论文。
take one's advice 表示接受建议。
vt. 就座；取得；夺取；攻占
用于固定名词搭配，如 take a seat；也可表示赢得、夺取或攻占。
常见表达 take a seat take first place take control of... take the city take a photo
Please take a seat and wait for your number.
查看翻译和讲解 请坐下来等待您的号码。
take a seat 是就座。
Our team took first place in the science competition.
查看翻译和讲解 我们队在科学竞赛中获得了第一名。
take first place 表示获得第一名。
The soldiers took the city after a long fight.
查看翻译和讲解 经过长时间的战斗，士兵们占领了这座城市。
take the city 表示攻占城市。
phr. 方向类短语：拿走/外卖、撤回、写下/取下、脱下/起飞
take 与 away/back/down/off 等搭配时，意义由小品词决定。
常见表达 take away: remove; buy food to eat elsewhere take back: withdraw words or return something take down: write down; remove from a higher place take off: remove clothes; leave the ground
The waiter took away the empty plates.
查看翻译和讲解 服务员收走了空盘子。
take away 表示拿走。
We bought noodles to take away after the game.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛结束后我们买了面条带走。
take away 也可表示买外卖食物。
He took back his words after learning the truth.
查看翻译和讲解 得知真相后，他收回了自己的话。
take back 表示收回话语。
Could you take down the address for me?
查看翻译和讲解 你能帮我记下地址吗？
take down 表示写下、记下。
They took down the old notice from the wall.
查看翻译和讲解 他们把墙上的旧告示取下来。
take down 也可表示取下。
The plane took off on time despite the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 尽管下着雨，飞机仍准时起飞。
take off 在飞机语境中表示起飞。
phr. 关系/责任类短语：相像、欺骗/理解/收留/吸入、雇用/呈现、接管、喜欢/养成、继续/占用/开始/接受
这些短语需要整块记，不可按 take 的基础义硬译。
常见表达 take after: look or behave like an older family member take in: deceive; understand; shelter; breathe in take on: employ; begin to have a quality take over: take control take to: begin to like; develop a habit take up: continue; occupy; start; accept
Lucy takes after her mother in her warm smile.
查看翻译和讲解 露西的笑容很像她的母亲。
take after 表示在外貌或性格上像。
Do not be taken in by messages that ask for your password.
查看翻译和讲解 不要被要求输入密码的消息所欺骗。
take in 可表示欺骗。
It took me a minute to take in what he had said.
查看翻译和讲解 我花了一分钟才明白他说的话。
take in 可表示理解。
The family took in a lost child for the night.
查看翻译和讲解 这家人收留了一个走失的孩子过夜。
take in 可表示收留。
Take in a deep breath before you speak.
查看翻译和讲解 说话前先深吸一口气。
take in 可表示吸入。
The old house took on a new look after the repair.
查看翻译和讲解 老房子经过修缮后焕然一新。
take on 可表示呈现。
The shop will take on two students for the summer.
查看翻译和讲解 该店将在暑假招收两名学生。
take on 可表示雇用。
A young teacher will take over the club next term.
查看翻译和讲解 一位年轻的老师将在下学期接管俱乐部。
take over 表示接手、接管。
She quickly took to the quiet life in the village.
查看翻译和讲解 她很快就适应了村里平静的生活。
take to 可表示开始喜欢。
He took to checking the doors before bed.
查看翻译和讲解 他开始在睡觉前检查门。
take to 可表示养成习惯。
Reading takes up a large part of my free time.
查看翻译和讲解 读书占据了我很大一部分空闲时间。
take up 可表示占用时间。
She took up painting again after the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试结束后，她又重新开始画画。
take up 可表示开始或继续做某事。
He took up the offer to study abroad.
查看翻译和讲解 他接受了出国留学的邀请。
take up 也可表示接受机会或建议。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please bring your notebook to class.
bring 通常朝说话者或目标地带来；take 常指带走或带某人去别处。
He carried the box into the room.
carry 强调搬着、带着；take 强调拿走、使用或进入某个固定搭配。
She accepted the advice with thanks.
accept 与 take advice / take a job 接近；take 的范围更宽。
She gave me a clear answer.
give 与 take 的拿取/接受义相对。
He refused to take the money.
refuse 只和 take 的接受义相对。
I made a mistake in the last question.
mistake = mis- + take，表示错误地理解或认作，不是 take 的近义词。
The team undertook the survey of every classroom.
undertake 含 take 词形，但比 take 正式，强调承担任务或承诺。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 take 的不规则变化是 take - took - taken；mistake 和 undertake 共享 take 词形，但意义分别由 mis- 和 under- 改变。
Do not mistake silence for agreement.
You are mistaken about the time of the meeting.
The group undertook to finish the survey by Friday.
词族导图 take / mistake / undertake 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 mistake = mis- + take，mis- 表示“错误地”。名词常用 make a mistake / by mistake；动词重点是 mistake A for B，把 A 错当成 B。
意思、用法与例句
n. 错误；失误
可数名词，指答案、判断、地址、行为等出现错误。
常见表达 make a mistake by mistake a common/serious/careless mistake learn from mistakes
I made a mistake in the address and sent the letter to the wrong house.
查看翻译和讲解 我写错了地址，把信寄到了错误的房子。
make a mistake 表示犯错。
She took my notebook by mistake because the covers looked the same.
查看翻译和讲解 她误拿了我的笔记本，因为封面看起来一样。
by mistake 表示错误地、无意中。
A careless mistake cost our team two points.
查看翻译和讲解 一个粗心的错误让我们队损失了两分。
careless mistake 是粗心错误。
vt. 弄错；误解；错认
及物动词，常用 mistake A for B，表示把 A 错当成 B；被动 be mistaken for 也常见。
常见表达 mistake A for B be mistaken for... mistake silence/kindness for... mistook ... for ...
In the dark, I mistook a rope for a snake.
查看翻译和讲解 在黑暗中，我把一根绳子误认为是一条蛇。
mistake A for B 是核心搭配。
Do not mistake his quiet voice for weakness.
查看翻译和讲解 不要误认为他安静的声音是软弱的。
抽象语境中也可表示误解。
The tourist was mistaken for a local because he spoke the language well.
查看翻译和讲解 这位游客被误认为是当地人，因为他的语言说得很好。
be mistaken for 表示被误认为。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
There is an error in the final number.
error 更正式，可用于系统、计算、数据；mistake 更日常。
It was not your fault that the bus was late.
fault 强调责任；mistake 强调做错或判断错。
Check the correct answer after you finish.
correct answer 只和 mistake 的答案错误相对。
It takes practice to avoid careless mistakes.
mistake 来自 mis- + take，含错误理解或认作的线索，不是 take 的近义词。
词族线索 / 同组词
I was mistaken about the date of the test.
mistake 是名词/动词；mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 mis- = wrongly；mistake 的变化是 mistake - mistook - mistaken。
His first answer was based on a mistaken idea.
This work will take about half an hour.
词族导图 take / mistake / undertake 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 mistaken 是 mistake 的形容词/过去分词形式，常说人“判断错了”，也可说 idea/belief/impression 是错误的。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 错误的；误解的
形容判断、想法、印象或身份认定不正确。
常见表达 be mistaken about... a mistaken idea/belief/impression be mistaken for... if I am not mistaken
I was mistaken about the meeting place, so I arrived late.
查看翻译和讲解 我搞错了集合地点，所以迟到了。
be mistaken about 表示对某事弄错。
It is a mistaken belief that success comes without practice.
查看翻译和讲解 认为不经过实践就能成功的想法是错误的。
mistaken belief 指错误观念。
If I am not mistaken, the museum closes at five.
查看翻译和讲解 如果我没记错的话，博物馆五点关门。
if I am not mistaken 是常见插入语。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Your answer is wrong, but your method is close.
wrong 最普通；mistaken 常指判断、信念、印象弄错。
The report included incorrect dates.
incorrect 更正式；mistaken 更强调人的判断或观点有误。
The correct time is nine o'clock.
correct 与 mistaken 相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
One small mistake changed the result of the experiment.
mistake 是名词/动词；mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 mistaken 是 mistake 的过去分词，也可作形容词。
He mistook the stranger for an old friend.
I mistook the date and arrived a day early.
Take your time and check the answer carefully.
词族导图 take / mistake / undertake 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 undertake 比 take 正式，核心是“把任务接下来并负责做”。它有两个重点：undertake a task/project/research 是承担并开展；undertake to do sth. 是正式承诺。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 承担；着手做
正式用语，宾语常是 task、project、survey、research、work、responsibility。
常见表达 undertake a task/project undertake a survey undertake research/work undertake responsibility undertake repairs
The students undertook a survey on food waste in their school.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们对学校的食物浪费情况进行了调查。
undertake a survey 表示承担并开展调查。
Only trained workers should undertake such dangerous repairs.
查看翻译和讲解 只有经过培训的工人才能进行此类危险的维修。
undertake repairs 指承担维修任务。
The group undertook responsibility for cleaning the river bank.
查看翻译和讲解 该小组承担了清理河岸的责任。
undertake responsibility 表示承担责任。
vt. 承诺；保证
较正式，常用 undertake to do sth. 或 undertake that...。
常见表达 undertake to do sth. undertake that... undertake to pay/return/finish
The organizer undertook to return the money if the trip was cancelled.
查看翻译和讲解 主办方承诺，如果行程取消，将退还费用。
undertake to do sth. 表示承诺做某事。
The company undertook that the information would be kept safe.
查看翻译和讲解 公司承诺将确保信息安全。
undertake that 从句表示作出保证。
They undertook to finish the bridge before the rainy season.
查看翻译和讲解 他们承诺在雨季之前完成这座桥。
undertake to finish 表示承诺完成。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She decided to take on more responsibility.
take on 更口语；undertake 更正式，常用于书面语、项目、责任。
He promised to send the report by Monday.
promise 更日常；undertake to do 更正式。
accept responsibility
承担责任 The team accepted responsibility for the mistake.
accept responsibility 强调责任；undertake 可接任务、研究、工程。
They refused to accept the unsafe task.
refuse 与 undertake 的承担/承诺相对。
She declined the offer because she was too busy.
decline 比 refuse 委婉，和 undertake to do / take up an offer 相对。
Do not avoid responsibility when problems appear.
avoid responsibility 与 undertake responsibility 相对。
Who will take the book back to the library?
undertake 含 take 词形，但语义是更正式的承担/承诺，不是普通拿取。
A careful plan can help us avoid mistakes.
同含 take 词形，但 mistake 的 mis- 表示错误，意义分化很远。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 undertake = under + take；学习重点不是字面“在下面拿”，而是正式承担或承诺。变化：undertake - undertook - undertaken。
The trip will take three hours.
Do not mistake speed for real progress.
Her report was based on mistaken information.
Building the new library was a large undertaking.
词族导图 take / mistake / undertake 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 advance 的核心是“向前”。人和队伍可以向前推进，计划、科技、理解可以取得进展；作名词可指前进、进步，也可指预付款；in advance 是“提前”。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 前进；向前移动
不及物动词，常指人、队伍、车辆等向前推进。
常见表达 advance towards... advance slowly/steadily advance on... advance through...
The soldiers advanced slowly through the heavy snow.
查看翻译和讲解 士兵们在大雪中缓慢前进。
advance 可指队伍向前推进。
The rescue team advanced towards the village after the road was cleared.
查看翻译和讲解 道路清理完毕后，救援队向村庄进发。
advance towards 表示朝某处前进。
vi. / vt. 进展；促进；推动
可不及物表示事情进展，也可及物表示促进知识、计划、事业等向前发展。
常见表达 the project advances advance knowledge/science advance a plan/cause advance our understanding
The project advanced quickly after more volunteers joined.
查看翻译和讲解 随着更多志愿者的加入，项目进展迅速。
project advanced 表示项目进展。
Reading widely can advance our understanding of different cultures.
查看翻译和讲解 广泛阅读可以增进我们对不同文化的理解。
advance understanding 表示促进理解。
The new lab will advance medical research in the city.
查看翻译和讲解 新实验室将推进该市的医学研究。
advance research 表示推动研究。
n. 前进；进步；进展
可指一次向前移动，也可指科技、医学、社会等方面的进步。
常见表达 an advance towards... technological advances medical advances great/major advances advances in science
Recent medical advances have helped many patients live longer.
查看翻译和讲解 最近的医学进步帮助许多患者延长了寿命。
medical advances 指医学进步。
There have been major advances in clean energy in recent years.
查看翻译和讲解 近年来，清洁能源取得了重大进展。
advances in... 表示某领域进展。
n. 预付款；垫付款
常作可数名词，表示提前支付的一笔钱。
常见表达 pay an advance receive an advance an advance on one's salary ask for an advance
The writer received an advance before finishing the book.
查看翻译和讲解 作者在完成这本书之前收到了预付款。
advance 可指预付款。
He asked for an advance on his salary to pay the hospital bill.
查看翻译和讲解 他要求预支工资以支付医院费用。
an advance on salary 是工资预支。
phr. 提前；在……之前
in advance / in advance of 是高频重点搭配，表示时间上提前。
常见表达 in advance book/pay/prepare in advance in advance of... well in advance
Please book your ticket in advance during the holiday season.
查看翻译和讲解 放假期间请提前订票。
in advance 表示提前。
The team arrived in advance of the opening ceremony.
查看翻译和讲解 团队在开幕式前抵达。
in advance of 表示在……之前。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The class made progress in listening this month.
progress 强调进步过程或结果；advance 更正式，也可指向前移动或预付款。
The activity promotes reading among children.
promote 与 advance 的促进义接近；advance 更强调向前发展。
There was a clear improvement in her writing.
improvement 是变好；advance 可指某领域的重大进展。
The soldiers had to retreat across the bridge.
retreat 只和 advance 的前进义相对。
Do not fall behind in your reading plan.
fall behind 与 advance 的进展义相对。
Good pronunciation is an advantage in a speech contest.
可用 advance 的“在前、先”帮助记 advantage；advantage 不是 advance 的同义词。
Living far from school can be a disadvantage.
disadvantage 是 advantage 的反向，不是 advance 的直接反义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 advance 的学习重点是“向前/提前”；advantage 可用 advance -> advant 的记忆线索连接，但现代用法要分开。
The course is designed for advanced learners.
非派生记忆线索
Teamwork gave us an advantage in the match.
A lack of sleep is a serious disadvantage before an exam.
词族导图 advance / advantage 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 advantage 是“站在更有利的位置”。名词表示优势、优点、好处；take advantage of 要分两种语气：利用机会是中性，利用别人/占便宜是负面。
意思、用法与例句
n. 优势；有利条件
可数或不可数，表示让人更容易成功的条件。
常见表达 have an advantage over... give sb. an advantage gain/get an advantage an advantage in... a clear advantage
Students who read every day have an advantage in writing.
查看翻译和讲解 每天读书的学生在写作方面有优势。
have an advantage in 表示在某方面有优势。
Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players.
查看翻译和讲解 她的经验使她比其他球员更具优势。
give sb. an advantage over... 表示让某人相对更有利。
n. 优点；好处；利益
指某方法、计划或选择带来的好处。
常见表达 the advantage of... one advantage is that... advantages and disadvantages bring advantages to...
One advantage of online learning is that students can replay difficult parts.
查看翻译和讲解 在线学习的优点之一是学生可以重温困难的部分。
the advantage of 表示某事的好处。
The plan has advantages and disadvantages, so we should discuss both.
查看翻译和讲解 这个计划有优点也有缺点，所以我们应该两者都讨论。
advantages and disadvantages 是优缺点。
phr. 利用；占……便宜
take advantage of 可中性表示利用机会，也可负面表示利用某人、占便宜。
常见表达 take advantage of a chance/opportunity take advantage of free time take advantage of sb. take full advantage of...
We should take advantage of every chance to practise speaking.
查看翻译和讲解 我们应该利用一切机会练习口语。
take advantage of a chance 是中性“利用机会”。
It is wrong to take advantage of people who trust you.
查看翻译和讲解 利用信任你的人是错误的。
take advantage of sb. 可表示占便宜。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Exercise has clear benefits for health.
benefit 强调好处；advantage 强调让人处于更有利位置。
Patience is one of her strengths.
strength 可指个人长处；advantage 可指条件、位置或方法的有利之处。
Careful preparation gave our team an edge.
edge 较口语，表示竞争中的一点优势。
Being shy can be a disadvantage in a debate.
advantage 是有利条件，disadvantage 是不利条件。
The plan's main weakness is its cost.
weakness 可与 advantage 的优点义相对。
The project advanced quickly after more students joined.
advance 强调向前发展；advantage 强调有利位置或好处。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 advantage 与 disadvantage 是清楚的反向词组；advance 只作记忆线索，不当同义词。
The plan has one clear disadvantage: it costs too much.
非派生记忆线索
Technology continues to advance quickly.
词族导图 advance / advantage 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 disadvantage = dis- + advantage，就是“不利的位置或条件”。重点搭配是 be at a disadvantage、put sb. at a disadvantage、to sb.'s disadvantage。
意思、用法与例句
n. 不利条件；缺点；劣势
可数或不可数，指让人处于较差位置的条件、弱点或问题。
常见表达 a disadvantage of... be at a disadvantage put sb. at a disadvantage to sb.'s disadvantage advantages and disadvantages
A poor internet connection is a disadvantage for online classes.
查看翻译和讲解 网络连接不佳是在线课程的一个缺点。
disadvantage for 表示对某事不利。
Students without enough sleep are at a disadvantage in the morning exam.
查看翻译和讲解 睡眠不足的学生在上午的考试中处于不利地位。
be at a disadvantage 是固定搭配。
The rule puts smaller schools at a disadvantage.
查看翻译和讲解 该规则使规模较小的学校处于不利地位。
put sb. at a disadvantage 表示使某人处于不利地位。
The late start worked to our disadvantage.
查看翻译和讲解 起步较晚对我们不利。
to one's disadvantage 表示对某人不利。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The main drawback of the plan is the high cost.
drawback 常指计划或选择的缺点；disadvantage 可指人、条件或处境的不利。
The team must work on its weaknesses.
weakness 可指人的弱点或方案不足；disadvantage 强调不利位置。
Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players.
advantage 有利，disadvantage 不利。
The new bridge brought many benefits to the town.
benefit 与 disadvantage 的不利/缺点义相对。
The team advanced to the next round.
advance 是前进或进步，不是 disadvantage 的直接反义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dis- 表示 not/opposite；disadvantage 是 advantage 的反向名词。
This method has the advantage of saving time.
非派生记忆线索
Scientific advances can change daily life.
词族导图 advance / advantage 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 different 是最常用的“不同的”。核心搭配是 be different from，不说 different with；various 只适合 many different kinds 这一类名词前用法。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 不同的；有差异的
形容两个或多个对象不一样，可指外观、观点、方法、结果或处境。
常见表达 be different from... different kinds/types of... look/sound/taste different in a different way
City life is very different from life in a small village.
查看翻译和讲解 城市生活与小村庄的生活有很大不同。
be different from 是高频搭配。
Different people may solve the same problem in different ways.
查看翻译和讲解 不同的人可能会以不同的方式解决同一个问题。
different 可放在复数名词前表示“不同的”。
The two pictures look similar at first, but the colors are different.
查看翻译和讲解 两张图片乍一看很相似，但颜色不同。
different 可与 similar 对比。
various 可表示“各种各样的”，但不能替换 be different from 中的 different。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The two answers are the same.
same 与 different 直接相对。
The two plans are similar, but not exactly the same.
similar 是相似，不是完全相同；different 是不同。
The club offers various activities after school.
various 只在 many different kinds 这类语境接近 different，不能说 be various from。
He was indifferent to the result of the match.
indifferent 不是“没有不同”，而是“不关心”。
词族线索 / 同组词
Can you explain the difference between these two words?
different 是形容词；difference 是名词。
The two reports differ in several details.
differ 是不及物动词，常接 from / in / on。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 different / difference / differ 是真词族；indifferent 是形近高频辨析词，意思已经转向“漠不关心”。
A small choice can make a big difference.
Their views differ on this question.
非派生记忆线索
She seemed indifferent to the news.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
111
alike
▶ /əˈlaɪk/ · adv. / adj.
in a similar way; similar to each other
相像地；同样地；相像的
学习关联：先比较异同，再用 compare / comparison 表达比较过程。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 相像地；同样地
in a similar way
常见表达 look alike dress alike
The two sisters look alike in old photographs.
查看翻译和讲解 这对姐妹在老照片中看起来很像。
look alike
For the play, the children were dressed alike.
查看翻译和讲解 为了演出，孩子们穿得一样。
dressed alike
Alike normally follows a verb such as look, seem, or dress; it is not placed before a noun.
adj. 相像的
similar to each other
常见表达 be alike seem alike
The two designs are alike in shape.
查看翻译和讲解 这两个设计在形状上相像。
are alike
As a predicative adjective, alike follows be or seem rather than coming before a noun.
112
compare
▶ /kəmˈpeə/ · vt. / vi.
to examine two or more things for similarities and differences; used in the phrase compared with/to when setting a reference point
比较；对比；与……相比
学习关联：先比较异同，再用 compare / comparison 表达比较过程。
意思、用法与例句
vt./vi. 比较；对比
to examine two or more things for similarities and differences
常见表达 compare A with B compare A to B compare prices
Compare the two maps and find three differences.
查看翻译和讲解 比较这两张地图，找出三处不同。
Compare the two maps
The teacher compared the brain to a computer.
查看翻译和讲解 老师把大脑比作电脑。
compared the brain to
Compare A with B focuses on differences and similarities; compare A to B can highlight a likeness.
phr. 与……相比
used in the phrase compared with/to when setting a reference point
常见表达 compared with last year compared to the old model in comparison with
Compared with last year, the river is much cleaner.
查看翻译和讲解 与去年相比，这条河干净多了。
Compared with last year
This phone is small compared to the old model.
查看翻译和讲解 与旧型号相比，这部手机很小。
compared to the old model
Compared with/to usually introduces the standard used for comparison.
113
comparison
▶ /kəmˈpærɪsn/ · n. [C,U]
the act of examining things for similarities and differences
比较；对比
学习关联：先比较异同，再用 compare / comparison 表达比较过程。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 比较；对比
the act of examining things for similarities and differences
常见表达 make a comparison in comparison with a comparison of
A comparison of the two plans shows which is cheaper.
查看翻译和讲解 比较这两个计划可以看出哪个更便宜。
comparison of the two plans
In comparison with the old phone, this one is faster.
查看翻译和讲解 与旧手机相比，这部更快。
In comparison with
Comparison is often followed by of or with when naming the things being compared.
114
unlike
▶ /ˌʌnˈlaɪk/ · prep.
学习关联：先比较异同，再用 compare / comparison 表达比较过程。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 不像；与……不同
different from
常见表达 unlike sb/sth unlike in the past
Unlike her brother, Mei enjoys speaking in public.
查看翻译和讲解 与哥哥不同，梅喜欢在公共场合发言。
Unlike her brother
Unlike in the past, the library now opens on Sundays.
查看翻译和讲解 与过去不同，图书馆现在周日也开放。
Unlike in the past
Unlike is usually a preposition before a noun or pronoun and introduces a contrast.
联想 difference 是名词“差异”。介词要分清：两者之间用 between，某方面差异用 in，差额大小用 of；make a difference 表示“有影响”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 不同；差异；差别
可数或不可数，常比较两个事物、观点或方法之间的不同。
常见表达 the difference between A and B a big/small/clear difference difference in... a difference of + number/amount
There is a clear difference between advice and orders.
查看翻译和讲解 建议和命令之间有明显的区别。
difference between A and B 比较两者差异。
The main difference in their plans is the cost.
查看翻译和讲解 他们计划的主要区别在于成本。
difference in 表示在某方面的差别。
There was a difference of ten degrees between the two cities.
查看翻译和讲解 两个城市之间的气温相差十度。
difference of + 数量 表示相差多少。
between / in / of 三个介词分别对应对象、方面和差额大小。
n. 影响；作用
make a difference to sb./sth. 表示对某人或某事产生影响；make no difference 表示没有差别或不起作用。
常见表达 make a difference to... make a big/real difference make little/no difference It makes no difference to sb.
A few kind words can make a big difference to a new student.
查看翻译和讲解 几句善意的话可以对新学生产生很大的影响。
make a difference to 表示产生影响。
Changing the time by five minutes will make no difference to the result.
查看翻译和讲解 将时间更改五分钟不会对结果产生任何影响。
make no difference 表示没有影响。
It makes no difference to me whether we start at eight or nine.
查看翻译和讲解 无论八点还是九点开始对我来说都没有区别。
It makes no difference to sb. 是重点句型。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The writer makes a distinction between facts and opinions.
distinction 更正式，强调清楚区分。
There is a wide gap between the two test scores.
gap 强调距离或差距；difference 范围更宽。
The new rule had a strong effect on traffic.
effect 只对应 make a difference 的影响义，不对应普通差异义。
The similarities between the two stories are clear.
similarity 与 difference 的差异义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
The two answers are different, but both are reasonable.
different 是形容词；difference 是名词。
My answer differs from yours in one detail.
differ 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 different / difference / differ 是真词族。difference 的考试价值集中在介词和 make a difference。
This book is different from the one I read last week.
The twins differ in character though they look alike.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 differ 是不及物动词：事物 differ from each other，也可 differ in 某方面；人们 differ on/over/about 一个问题。不要把它当及物动词直接接宾语。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 相异；不同于
不及物动词，常用 differ from 或 differ in，表示事物在某方面不同。
常见表达 differ from... differ in... differ greatly/widely not differ much
The two kinds of tea differ in taste and smell.
查看翻译和讲解 这两种茶的味道和气味不同。
differ in 表示在某方面不同。
Our results did not differ much from the first report.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的结果与第一份报告没有太大差异。
differ from 表示与……不同。
Creative thinking may not differ much in response to silence and background noise.
查看翻译和讲解 创造性思维对于安静和背景噪音的反应可能没有太大差异。
not differ much 表示差异不大。
differ 是不及物动词，不说 differ something。
vi. 有分歧；意见不同
用于人或观点，常接 on/over/about，也可用 differ with sb. 表示与某人意见不同。
常见表达 differ on/over/about sth. differ with sb. views/opinions differ
The students differ on whether phones should be allowed in class.
查看翻译和讲解 对于课堂上是否允许使用手机，学生们意见不一。
differ on 表示在某问题上有分歧。
Good friends may differ about a plan but still respect each other.
查看翻译和讲解 好朋友可能对计划有不同意见，但仍然互相尊重。
differ about 表示对计划意见不同。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The two writers disagree about the ending.
disagree 更直接表示不同意；differ 更正式。
Prices vary from city to city.
vary 强调变化或不同；differ 强调两者或多者存在差异。
The parents agreed on the final plan.
agree 与 differ 的分歧义相对。
The two copies are the same.
be the same 与 differ 的差异义相对。
The judges conferred before choosing the winner.
confer 共享 -fer 助记，但不是 differ 的派生词。
Readers infer meaning from context.
infer 共享 -fer 助记，意思和 differ 不同。
The school offered students a new reading course.
offer 共享 -fer 助记，不能当 differ 的同族同义词。
词族线索 / 同组词
The two rooms look different in the morning light.
different 是形容词；differ 是动词。
Small habits can make a difference over time.
difference 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 differ 可用 fer=bring/carry apart 的词根线索记“分开、不同”。confer、infer、offer 只保留 -fer 记忆线索，不标为 differ 的现代派生词。
The two methods are different from each other.
There is a clear difference between the two methods.
非派生记忆线索
The teachers conferred about the exam plan.
We inferred the answer from the clues.
They offered help to the new student.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 confer 的 con- 有“一起”线索：把意见拿到一起商讨。另一个正式及物义是“授予”，常授予 degree、honor、title、right。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 交换意见；商讨
较正式，常指为了决定事情而与别人讨论。
常见表达 confer with sb. confer about/on sth. confer for ten minutes confer before deciding
The teacher conferred with the parents about the student's progress.
查看翻译和讲解 老师与家长讨论了学生的进步情况。
confer with sb. about sth. 表示与某人商讨。
The judges conferred for ten minutes before announcing the winner.
查看翻译和讲解 评委们商议了十分钟，然后宣布了获胜者。
评委短暂商议也可用 confer。
The doctors conferred on the best treatment for the patient.
查看翻译和讲解 医生们为病人提供了最好的治疗方案。
confer on sth. 可表示就某事商讨。
vt. 授予；赋予
正式动词，宾语常是 degree、honor、title、right、power 等。
常见表达 confer a degree/title/honor on sb. confer sth. upon sb. confer rights/powers on sb.
The university conferred an honorary degree on the scientist.
查看翻译和讲解 该大学授予这位科学家荣誉学位。
confer sth. on sb. 表示授予。
The new law confers more rights on local communities.
查看翻译和讲解 新法律赋予当地社区更多权利。
法律赋予权利时可用 confer。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
You should consult your teacher before changing the topic.
consult 更常见，可表示咨询专家；confer 更正式，强调共同商讨。
The group discussed the plan after class.
discuss 更普通；confer 更正式。
The school granted him a scholarship.
grant 与 confer 的授予义接近。
Their views differ on this question.
differ 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记，但不是同义词。
We inferred the answer from the clues.
infer 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记，但语义和搭配完全不同。
词族线索 / 同组词
The conference focused on clean energy.
conference 是名词“会议”；confer 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 con- = together，fer = bring/carry：confer 可记为把意见拿到一起商讨；授予义可理解为正式把荣誉或权利交给某人。
They held a conference on public health.
非派生记忆线索
The two reports differ in several details.
Readers infer meaning from context.
The club offered free lessons to beginners.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 conference 是由 confer 的“共同商讨”发展出的名词。它通常比 ordinary meeting 更正式，常围绕一个主题、行业或新闻发布来组织。
意思、用法与例句
n. 正式会议；讨论会
可数名词，指围绕某个主题进行正式讨论的会议。
常见表达 hold/attend a conference a press conference an international conference a conference on/about sth. in conference
Our school held a conference on reading habits last Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 上周五我们学校召开了一次关于阅读习惯的会议。
hold a conference 表示召开会议。
Reporters waited outside while the leaders were in conference.
查看翻译和讲解 领导人开会时，记者在外面等候。
in conference 表示正在开会。
She attended an international conference on climate change.
查看翻译和讲解 她参加了气候变化国际会议。
international conference 是国际会议。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We have a short meeting every Monday morning.
meeting 范围更宽；conference 通常更正式、规模更大或主题更明确。
The discussion lasted for half an hour.
discussion 是讨论过程；conference 是正式会议。
词族线索 / 同组词
The two teachers conferred about the new course.
conference 是会议本身；confer 是商讨这个动作。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 conference 与 confer 是真词族关系，核心画面是多人聚在一起商讨。
The judges conferred before making their final decision.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 infer 的记忆线索是 in- + fer：话里“带出”隐藏信息。它不是随便 guess，而是根据 evidence、facts、context clues 推断。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 推论；推断
及物动词，常从证据、事实、上下文或线索中得出结论。
常见表达 infer sth. from sth. infer that... infer meaning from context infer the speaker's feelings
We can infer from his smile that he was pleased with the result.
查看翻译和讲解 从他的笑容我们可以看出他对这个结果很满意。
infer from 表示从线索推断。
Readers should infer the speaker's feelings from the last paragraph.
查看翻译和讲解 读者应该从最后一段中推断出说话者的感受。
阅读理解中常要求从文本推断。
From the wet ground, we inferred that it had rained during the night.
查看翻译和讲解 从湿漉漉的地面来看，我们推断夜里下过雨。
infer that... 表示推断出一个结论。
infer 必须基于证据或上下文；randomly guess 不是 infer。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
From the data, we concluded that the plan worked.
conclude 强调得出结论；infer 强调从线索中推断。
The detective deduced the truth from small clues.
deduce 更正式，常强调逻辑推理。
I guessed the answer without reading the passage.
guess 可以没有充分证据；infer 应基于证据。
The writer states the answer in the first sentence.
state 是直接说出；infer 是读者从线索推出。
Their opinions differ on this question.
differ 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记，但不是同一现代词族。
The teachers conferred before making a decision.
confer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记，但搭配和意义不同。
The guide offered help to the visitors.
offer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记，不是 infer 的派生词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in- + fer 可作记忆线索：话中带话。different / differ / offer / confer 只可作同组 -fer 识别线索，不放进 infer 的现代 word_family。
非派生记忆线索
The two reports differ in detail.
The doctors conferred about the treatment.
They offered us a chance to try again.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 offer 的记忆线索是 of-/ob- + fer：把东西带到别人面前。现代用法分三块：offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.，offer to do，an offer / make an offer。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 给予；提供
及物动词，可接双宾语或 offer sth. to sb.，表示提供帮助、机会、服务或物品。
常见表达 offer sb. sth. offer sth. to sb. offer help/advice/a chance offer a ticket/place/service
The museum offers students free tickets on Wednesdays.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆每周三为学生提供免费门票。
offer sb. sth. 表示向某人提供某物。
A Toronto man offered a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman.
查看翻译和讲解 一名多伦多男子向合适的女士提供了一张免费的环球机票。
offer sth. to sb. 表示提供。
The school offers a quiet room to students who need to study after class.
查看翻译和讲解 学校为需要课后学习的学生提供安静的房间。
offer sth. to sb. 是核心搭配。
v. 主动提出
常用 offer to do sth.，表示主动愿意做某事。
常见表达 offer to do sth. offer to help/explain/pay offer help
When I looked lost, a stranger offered to show me the way.
查看翻译和讲解 当我迷路时，一个陌生人主动提出给我带路。
offer to do sth. 表示主动提出做某事。
Several students offered to clean the classroom after the activity.
查看翻译和讲解 活动结束后，一些学生主动要求打扫教室。
offer to clean 表示主动愿意打扫。
n. [C] 提议；工作机会；报价
可数名词，指建议、帮助的提出，工作录用机会，或买卖中的价格。
常见表达 accept/refuse an offer make an offer a job offer an offer for sth. a special offer
She accepted the offer to study at the summer camp.
查看翻译和讲解 她接受了参加夏令营学习的邀请。
accept an offer 表示接受提议/机会。
He received a job offer from a local company.
查看翻译和讲解 他收到了一家当地公司的工作邀请。
job offer 是工作机会。
The buyer made an offer for the old house.
查看翻译和讲解 买家对老房子提出了报价。
make an offer 可表示出价。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The library provides free internet for readers.
provide 与 offer 的提供义接近；offer 更强调主动给出。
The teacher gave us useful advice.
give 更普通；offer 常带主动提出或供选择。
She proposed a new plan at the meeting.
propose 与 offer 的提议义接近，但 offer 还可作报价或提供。
He accepted the offer after thinking about it.
accept an offer 是接受提议，和 refuse an offer 对比。
She refused the offer because she was too busy.
refuse an offer 是拒绝提议或机会。
The company withdrew its offer last week.
withdraw an offer 是撤回已提出的提议。
The teachers conferred about the exam plan.
offer 和 confer 共享 -fer 助记，但不是现代派生词族。
Readers infer meaning from context.
infer 与 offer 共享 -fer 助记，但意思不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 of-/ob- + fer=bring 可作记忆线索：带到面前。confer、infer、differ 只保留 -fer 识别线索，不能当 offer 的同义或派生词。
非派生记忆线索
The judges conferred before choosing the winner.
We inferred the answer from the clues.
Their views differ on this question.
词族导图 differ / confer / offer 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 prefer 是“把一个选择放在另一个前面”。它是及物动词，重点是 prefer doing/to do、prefer A to B、prefer doing to doing 和 prefer to do rather than do。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 更喜欢某人/某物
用于两个选择之间的比较；prefer A to B 中 to 是介词。
常见表达 prefer A to B prefer sb./sth. to sb./sth. prefer one choice to another much prefer A to B
I prefer tea to coffee, especially in the evening.
查看翻译和讲解 与咖啡相比，我更喜欢茶，尤其是在晚上。
prefer A to B 表示比起 B 更喜欢 A。
Many children prefer stories with a clear ending to open-ended stories.
查看翻译和讲解 许多孩子更喜欢有明确结局的故事，而不是开放式故事。
prefer sth. to sth. 可比较两种事物。
不要把 prefer A to B 误写成 prefer A than B。
vt. 更喜欢做某事
可接 doing 或 to do，表示一般偏好或具体选择。
常见表达 prefer doing sth. prefer to do sth. would prefer to do sth. would prefer not to do sth.
Many students prefer reading paper books to reading on a screen.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生更喜欢阅读纸质书籍而不是在屏幕上阅读。
prefer doing to doing 中 to 是介词。
I would prefer to finish the report before dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 我宁愿在晚饭前完成报告。
would prefer to do 可表示更想做某事。
She would prefer not to discuss the result in public.
查看翻译和讲解 她不愿公开讨论结果。
would prefer not to do 表示更不想做某事。
vt. 与做……相比更愿意做……
比较两个动作时，常用 prefer doing to doing 或 prefer to do rather than do。
常见表达 prefer doing sth. to doing sth. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. prefer not to do sth.
He prefers cycling to taking the crowded bus.
查看翻译和讲解 他更喜欢骑自行车而不是乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。
两个动作比较时，doing 和 doing 要平行。
She prefers to walk rather than take a crowded bus.
查看翻译和讲解 她更喜欢步行而不是乘坐拥挤的公共汽车。
prefer to do rather than do 是等值句型。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
I like both tea and coffee.
like 表示喜欢；prefer 表示在比较中更喜欢。
I would rather stay at home tonight.
would rather 后接动词原形；prefer 后可接名词、doing 或 to do。
She chose the blue dress for the party.
choose 强调作出选择；prefer 强调偏好。
He dislikes noisy places.
dislike 是不喜欢；prefer 是比较中更喜欢。
I like this plan less than the first one.
prefer 的比较反向更自然是 like less。
The club offered free lessons to beginners.
offer 和 prefer 都可用 -fer 词根助记，但 offer 是给出选择，prefer 是表达选择倾向。
词族线索 / 同组词
He has a strong preference for quiet music.
prefer 是动词；preference 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 pre- = before 和 fer = take/bring 可作记忆线索：把某个选择拿到前面，所以是“更喜欢”。offer 只保留同组 -fer 助记，不放进 prefer 的现代 word_family。
Food preference often changes with age.
非派生记忆线索
The school offered students a new reading course.
词族导图 prefer / preference 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
122
dislike
▶ /dɪsˈlaɪk/ · vt. / n.
not like someone or something; a feeling of not liking something
不喜欢；厌恶；不喜欢；厌恶
学习关联：围绕偏好比较 like 与 prefer；favourite 表示最喜爱的。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 不喜欢；厌恶
not like someone or something
常见表达 dislike doing sth dislike the idea of
Many students dislike getting up before sunrise.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生不喜欢在日出前起床。
dislike getting up
She disliked the idea of speaking without preparation.
查看翻译和讲解 她不喜欢毫无准备地发言这个想法。
disliked the idea of
Dislike is stronger and more formal than not like; it can take a noun or an -ing form.
n. 不喜欢；厌恶
a feeling of not liking something
常见表达 a dislike of strong dislike
Her dislike of loud noises made concerts difficult.
查看翻译和讲解 她不喜欢嘈杂声音，因此很难去听音乐会。
dislike of loud noises
Dislike as a noun is countable for a particular aversion and uncountable for the feeling in general.
123
favour
▶ /ˈfeɪvə/ · n. [C] / vt.
a helpful act that someone does for another person; to prefer or support one person, plan, or side
帮助；恩惠；支持；偏爱
学习关联：围绕偏好比较 like 与 prefer；favourite 表示最喜爱的。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 帮助；恩惠
a helpful act that someone does for another person
常见表达 do sb a favour ask a favour return a favour
Could you do me a favour and close the window?
查看翻译和讲解 你能帮我个忙把窗户关上吗？
do sb a favour
She asked a favour of her neighbour.
查看翻译和讲解 她请邻居帮个忙。
ask a favour
Do someone a favour means help them; it is not the same as approve of an idea.
vt. 支持；偏爱
to prefer or support one person, plan, or side
常见表达 favour a plan favour one side be favoured by
Most students favoured the earlier starting time.
查看翻译和讲解 大多数学生支持更早开始上课。
favour a plan
The judges did not favour either team.
查看翻译和讲解 裁判没有偏袒任何一队。
favour either team
As a verb, favour is often used in formal discussion of plans or choices.
学习关联：围绕偏好比较 like 与 prefer；favourite 表示最喜爱的。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 最喜欢的
liked more than all the other things of the same kind
常见表达 favourite subject favourite colour all-time favourite
History is her favourite subject at school.
查看翻译和讲解 历史是她在学校最喜欢的科目。
favourite subject
This is my favourite photograph from the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 这是我旅行中最喜欢的一张照片。
my favourite photograph
Favourite is the standard British spelling; American English commonly uses favorite.
n. [C] 最喜欢的人（或物）
a person or thing that is liked best
常见表达 a firm favourite the favourite to win family favourite
The soup is a firm favourite with my family.
查看翻译和讲解 这道汤深受我家人喜爱。
a firm favourite
She is the favourite to win the race.
查看翻译和讲解 她是最有希望赢得比赛的人。
the favourite to win
As a noun, favourite can name the preferred person or thing.
125
like
▶ /laɪk/ · vt.
enjoy or want something
喜欢；愿意
学习关联：围绕偏好比较 like 与 prefer；favourite 表示最喜爱的。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 喜欢；愿意
enjoy or want something
常见表达 like doing sth would like to do sth
I like reading by the window when it rains.
查看翻译和讲解 下雨时我喜欢在窗边阅读。
like reading
We would like to join the science club.
查看翻译和讲解 我们想加入科学社团。
would like to join
Like + -ing often means enjoy an activity; would like + to-infinitive makes a polite wish or request.
学习关联：围绕偏好比较 like 与 prefer；favourite 表示最喜爱的。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 像；如同
similar to
常见表达 look like sound like
That cloud looks like a sailing boat.
查看翻译和讲解 那朵云看起来像一艘帆船。
looks like a sailing boat
From upstairs, it sounded like rain on the roof.
查看翻译和讲解 从楼上听起来，像是雨打在屋顶上。
sounded like rain
Like is a preposition here, so it is followed by a noun, pronoun, or -ing form rather than a full clause.
conj. 好像；仿佛
as if
常见表达 it looks like it seems like
It looks like the train will be late.
查看翻译和讲解 看来火车要晚点了。
looks like the train
Like can introduce a clause in informal English after verbs such as look and seem.
adj. 相似的
similar
常见表达 be like very like
The two brothers are very like in appearance.
查看翻译和讲解 这两兄弟外貌很相像。
are very like
Predicative like meaning similar is chiefly British and follows be.
联想 preference 是 prefer 的名词形式。两条重点搭配：a preference for... 表示对……的偏爱；in preference to... 表示优先于/而不是。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U, sing.] 偏爱；偏好
常接 for 表示偏爱的对象，也可说 personal preference 或 have no preference。
常见表达 a preference for... have/show a preference for... personal preference have no preference reading/food preference
My father has a preference for simple home-cooked meals.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲偏爱简单的家常饭菜。
a preference for 后接偏爱的对象。
The survey asked students about their reading preferences.
查看翻译和讲解 该调查询问了学生的阅读偏好。
preferences 可指多个偏好。
I have no preference, so either restaurant is fine with me.
查看翻译和讲解 我没有偏好，所以任何一家餐厅都适合我。
have no preference 表示没有特别偏好。
n. [C] 偏爱的事物；优先选择
可数名词，指被更喜欢的选择；in preference to 表示“优先于/而不是”。
常见表达 in preference to... first preference give preference to... one's preference is...
She chose the window seat in preference to the seat near the door.
查看翻译和讲解 她选择了靠窗的座位，而不是靠近门的座位。
in preference to 表示优先选择前者。
Music is his first preference for the talent show.
查看翻译和讲解 音乐是他对选秀节目的第一偏好。
first preference 指最优先的选择。
Some schools give preference to students who live nearby.
查看翻译和讲解 有些学校优先考虑住在附近的学生。
give preference to 表示优先考虑。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her first choice was the window seat.
choice 强调选择本身；preference 强调偏好。
This song is my favorite.
favorite 是最喜欢的对象；preference 可指偏好或偏爱的事物。
Her dislike of noise is easy to understand.
dislike 是不喜欢；preference 是偏好。
If you have no preference, we can choose the cheaper room.
no preference 不是反义词，而是没有特别偏好。
词族线索 / 同组词
Most children prefer stories with a clear ending.
prefer 是动词；preference 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 preference = prefer + -ence，是 prefer 的名词形式；拼写注意 prefer 双写 r 后加 -ence。
I prefer working in a quiet room.
词族导图 prefer / preference 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 refer 的记忆线索是 re- + fer：把问题带回出处或解决处。考试重点几乎都带 to：refer to 提到/涉及/指代/查阅，refer to A as B 把 A 称为 B。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 提到；涉及；指代
常用 refer to，表示说到、谈及某人某事；阅读中也可表示某词指代什么。
常见表达 refer to sb./sth. the word/it/they refers to... refer briefly/directly to...
The word “they” in this sentence refers to the volunteers.
查看翻译和讲解 这句话中的“他们”指的是志愿者。
阅读中 refer to 可表示“指的是”。
The speaker referred to the accident only briefly.
查看翻译和讲解 发言者只是简单地提到了这起事故。
refer to 表示提到。
This rule refers to students who arrive late more than three times.
查看翻译和讲解 此规则适用于迟到超过 3 次的学生。
refer to 可表示规则、说明涉及某类对象。
refer 表示提到或查阅时通常要带 to。
vi. 参考；查阅
refer to 后接字典、地图、笔记、资料、文章等信息来源。
常见表达 refer to a dictionary/map/notes refer to the passage refer to the chart/table refer back to...
You may refer to your notes while writing the report.
查看翻译和讲解 写报告时你可以参考你的笔记。
refer to notes 表示查阅笔记。
If you do not know the word, refer to the dictionary at the back of the book.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你不认识这个词，请查阅本书后面的词典。
refer to a dictionary 表示查词典。
Please refer back to the passage before answering the question.
查看翻译和讲解 回答问题之前请先回顾一下这段话。
refer back to 呼应“带回出处”的记忆线索。
phr. 把……称为……
refer to A as B 表示把某人或某物称为某名，常有被动 be referred to as。
常见表达 refer to A as B be referred to as... commonly/often referred to as...
People often refer to Hangzhou as a city of water and tea.
查看翻译和讲解 人们常说杭州是一座水城和茶城。
refer to A as B 表示把 A 称作 B。
This period is sometimes referred to as the golden age of travel.
查看翻译和讲解 这一时期有时被称为旅行的黄金时代。
被动 be referred to as 也常见。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The article mentions several famous scientists.
mention 更普通；refer to 更常见于正式说明、阅读指代或查阅。
Please consult the timetable before choosing a train.
consult 可表示查阅资料或咨询专家；refer to 也可表示查阅资料。
People call this city the Garden City.
call A B 更普通；refer to A as B 更正式。
词族线索 / 同组词
Please list your references at the end of the report.
reference 是 refer 的名词形式，意义随语境变化。
The referee stopped the game after the foul.
referee 可从 refer + -ee 记忆为问题被带去裁决的人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 re- = back，fer = bring/carry：refer 可记为把问题带回出处、资料或裁决处。reference 和 referee 与 refer 有清楚词族关系，但用法要按词性分开。
The article made no reference to the writer's early life.
The referee made a fair decision in the final minute.
词族导图 refer / reference 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 referee 可由 refer + -ee 记：问题被带到他那里裁决。最常见是体育裁判；在申请语境中可指推荐人，不是 reference 推荐信。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 体育比赛裁判
指在比赛中执行规则、吹哨、作出判罚的人。
常见表达 a football/basketball referee the referee blows the whistle the referee's decision ask/argue with the referee
The referee blew the whistle and the match began.
查看翻译和讲解 裁判吹响了哨子，比赛开始了。
referee 在体育语境中指裁判。
Players must accept the referee's decision during the game.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛期间，选手必须接受裁判的决定。
referee's decision 指裁判判罚。
The coach asked the referee about the red card after the match.
查看翻译和讲解 赛后主教练向裁判询问了红牌的情况。
red card 场景可帮助记体育裁判义。
n. [C] 仲裁者；调解者
指被请来帮助解决争端、作出公正判断的人。
常见表达 act as a referee serve as a referee a neutral referee referee a disagreement
A senior teacher acted as a referee in the disagreement between the two clubs.
查看翻译和讲解 一名资深老师在两家具乐部的分歧中充当了裁判。
act as a referee 表示担任调解者。
Both sides trusted him because he was a neutral referee.
查看翻译和讲解 双方都信任他，因为他是一名中立的裁判。
neutral referee 强调公正调解者。
n. [C] 证明人；推荐人；介绍人
申请学校、奖学金或工作时，能证明申请人能力或品行的人。
常见表达 name/list sb. as a referee a referee for an application contact a referee academic referee
She listed her English teacher as a referee for the scholarship.
查看翻译和讲解 她将她的英语老师列为该奖学金的推荐人。
申请材料中 referee 可指推荐人。
The company contacted two referees before offering him the job.
查看翻译和讲解 该公司在向他提供这份工作之前联系了两名推荐人。
referees 可指被联系核实情况的推荐人。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The judge gave high scores to the final speaker.
judge 范围更宽；referee 常用于体育或调解。
The official checked whether the ball crossed the line.
official 可指比赛官员；referee 是具体裁判。
A mediator helped the two sides reach an agreement.
mediator 对应 referee 的调解者义。
Choose a recommender who knows your work well.
recommender 对应申请语境中的 referee。
词族线索 / 同组词
The article refers to several famous scientists.
refer 是动词；referee 是负责裁判、调解或推荐的人。
The student asked for a reference from his teacher.
reference 可指推荐信；referee 可指推荐人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 -ee 可表示动作承受者；referee 可记为“问题被 refer 回去裁决的人”。
Please refer to the map before choosing a route.
The report includes a list of references.
词族导图 refer / reference 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 reference 是 refer 的名词形式。它有三条高考价值线：make reference to 是提到，for reference / references 是参考资料，a reference 是推荐信。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 提到；论及
表示文章、讲话或讨论中提及某人某事。
常见表达 make reference to... make no reference to... in/with reference to... a reference to...
The speech made no reference to the cost of the plan.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲没有提及该计划的成本。
make/no reference to 表示提到或没有提到。
I am writing with reference to your question about the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 我写信是为了回答你关于旅行的问题。
with reference to 是正式表达“关于”。
There is only one brief reference to the old bridge in the article.
查看翻译和讲解 文章中只有一处简要提及了旧桥。
a reference to... 表示一次提及。
n. [U] / n. [C] 参考；查阅；参考资料；参考书目
可指查资料的行为、供参考的材料，或文末列出的参考资料。
常见表达 for reference a reference book a list of references reference materials keep sth. for reference
Keep this map for reference during the field trip.
查看翻译和讲解 保留这张地图以供实地考察时参考。
for reference 表示供参考。
The student added three references at the end of the report.
查看翻译和讲解 该学生在报告末尾添加了三篇参考文献。
references 可指参考资料列表。
This reference book gives clear examples for each word.
查看翻译和讲解 这本参考书为每个单词都提供了清晰的示例。
reference book 是参考书。
n. [C] 推荐信；介绍信
申请学校、奖学金或工作时，由他人证明能力或品行的信。
常见表达 write/give a reference ask sb. for a reference a strong reference a reference from sb.
She asked her coach to write a reference for the summer program.
查看翻译和讲解 她要求她的教练为暑期项目写一份参考资料。
write a reference 表示写推荐信。
A strong reference can help a student apply for a scholarship.
查看翻译和讲解 强有力的推荐可以帮助学生申请奖学金。
reference 可指推荐信。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The report made no mention of the problem.
mention 对应 reference 的提到义。
Always check the source before using a fact.
source 对应 reference 的资料来源义。
She needed a recommendation letter for the program.
recommendation letter 对应 reference 的推荐信义。
词族线索 / 同组词
The guide refers to this building as the old post office.
refer 是动词；reference 是名词。
The referee checked the players before the match.
referee 可指推荐人，reference 可指推荐信或资料。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 reference = refer + -ence，是 refer 的名词形式；同一拼写在“提到、参考资料、推荐信”三个语境中换义。
Refer to the passage when answering the question.
The referee made sure both teams followed the rules.
词族导图 refer / reference 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 suffer 的记忆线索是“身负重压”。用法必须拆开：suffer from + 疾病/痛苦/问题是不及物；suffer + loss/damage/defeat/injury 是及物。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 受苦；受难；患病
不及物动词，常用 suffer from 表示因疾病、痛苦或问题而受苦。
常见表达 suffer from illness/pain/stress suffer from a shortage suffer badly/greatly suffer for years
Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.
查看翻译和讲解 许多公司都面临着熟练员工短缺的问题。
suffer from a shortage 表示苦于短缺。
People in the flooded village suffered greatly during the cold night.
查看翻译和讲解 被洪水淹没的村庄里的人们在寒冷的夜晚遭受了极大的痛苦。
suffer greatly 表示受苦严重。
Some students suffer from stress before important exams.
查看翻译和讲解 有些学生在重要考试前会感到压力。
suffer from stress 是常见高中语境。
suffer from 后接导致痛苦的问题；不要把 from 丢掉。
vt. 遭受；蒙受
及物动词，直接接不好的结果，常见宾语是 loss、damage、defeat、injury、pain、consequences。
常见表达 suffer a loss/defeat suffer damage/injury suffer pain suffer the consequences
The team suffered a heavy defeat in the final game.
查看翻译和讲解 球队在最后一场比赛中惨败。
suffer a defeat 表示遭受失败。
Several houses suffered serious damage in the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 多栋房屋在暴风雨中遭受严重损坏。
suffer damage 表示遭受损害。
If we ignore the warning, we may suffer the consequences later.
查看翻译和讲解 如果我们忽视这个警告，我们可能会在以后承受后果。
suffer the consequences 表示承担不良后果。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The town experienced heavy rain last night.
experience 范围更宽，可好可坏；suffer 常指痛苦或损失。
The patient underwent a difficult operation.
undergo 较正式；suffer 强调痛苦或不利结果。
He recovered from the illness after two weeks.
recover from illness 与 suffer from illness 方向相反。
Careful planning can help avoid losses.
avoid a loss 与 suffer a loss 方向相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
The story shows the suffering caused by war.
suffer 是动词；suffering 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 suf-/sub- = under，fer = carry：suffer 可记为“在重压之下承受”。现代用法重点是 suffer from 与及物 suffer 的句法差异。
The medicine reduced the patient's suffering.
词族导图 suffer / suffering 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 suffering 是 suffer 的名词形式。可作不可数名词讲总体痛苦，也可用 sufferings 指多种痛苦经历；pain and suffering 是常见搭配。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 疼痛；苦难；痛苦
常指疾病、事故、战争、贫困等造成的身体或精神痛苦。
常见表达 human suffering pain and suffering cause/reduce/relieve suffering the suffering of... the sufferings of...
These road accidents caused pain and suffering for many families.
查看翻译和讲解 这些交通事故给许多家庭带来了痛苦和痛苦。
pain and suffering 表示痛苦。
Doctors and volunteers worked together to reduce the suffering of the injured.
查看翻译和讲解 医生和志愿者共同努力减轻伤者的痛苦。
reduce suffering 表示减轻痛苦。
The book describes the sufferings of people during the long winter.
查看翻译和讲解 书中描写了人们在漫长的冬季所遭受的苦难。
sufferings 可指多种痛苦经历。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The medicine helped reduce the pain.
pain 可指身体或精神痛苦；suffering 更常指持续或严重的痛苦状态。
The family went through great hardship.
hardship 强调生活艰难；suffering 强调痛苦体验。
The medicine brought relief from the pain.
relief 与 suffering 的痛苦状态相对。
The kind words gave her comfort.
comfort 可缓解 suffering。
词族线索 / 同组词
The village suffered serious damage in the flood.
suffer 是动词；suffering 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 suffering = suffer + -ing 作名词。注意 sufferings 不是动词现在分词复数，而是名词复数“痛苦经历”。
Many children suffer from stress before important exams.
词族导图 suffer / suffering 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 set 的过去式和过去分词仍是 set。核心画面是“放到某个位置或状态”：太阳落下，物品放好，时间/规则/目标定好，机器设好；短语动词要整块记。
意思、用法与例句
vi. (日、月)落下
不及物动词，主语通常是 sun 或 moon；sunset 是名词“日落”。
常见表达 the sun sets the moon sets set behind... at sunset
The sun set behind the mountains, and the sky turned red.
查看翻译和讲解 太阳落山后，天空染红了。
set 可指太阳落下。
We reached the village just before the moon set.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在月亮落山前到达了村庄。
moon set 表示月亮落下。
vt. 放置；摆放；安排；确定；设置
及物动词，表示把人/物放好，摆餐具，安排时间/任务，确定日期或设置设备。
常见表达 set sth. on/in... set the table set a date/time set a deadline set an alarm set a rule/limit set the temperature
Please set the cups on the table before dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 请在晚餐前将杯子放在桌子上。
set sth. on... 表示放置。
My brother set the table while I cooked the soup.
查看翻译和讲解 我煮汤的时候，哥哥摆好了桌子。
set the table 表示摆餐具。
The teacher set a clear deadline for the history project.
查看翻译和讲解 老师为历史项目设定了明确的截止日期。
set a deadline 表示确定截止日期。
I set my alarm for six so that I would not miss the train.
查看翻译和讲解 我把闹钟定为六点，这样我就不会错过火车。
set an alarm 表示设置闹钟。
vt. 树立；开创；释放；以……为背景
用于 set an example/record、set sb. free、be set in 等固定搭配。
常见表达 set an example set a record set sb. free be set in... set a story in...
Our monitor set a good example by arriving early every day.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的班长每天早到，树立了良好的榜样。
set an example 表示树立榜样。
The runner set a new school record in the 800 meters.
查看翻译和讲解 这位赛跑运动员在 800 米赛跑中创造了新的学校纪录。
set a record 表示创纪录。
The judge set the man free after new evidence appeared.
查看翻译和讲解 新证据出现后，法官释放了该男子。
set sb. free 表示释放某人。
The novel is set in a small town by the sea.
查看翻译和讲解 小说以一个海边小镇为背景。
be set in 表示故事以某地为背景。
phr. set 短语动词
set 短语多，必须按小品词整块记，不要只按 set 的“放”硬译。
常见表达 set about doing set apart from set aside set back set down set off set out for/to do set up
The students set about cleaning the classroom after the activity.
查看翻译和讲解 活动结束后，学生们开始打扫教室。
set about doing 表示开始着手做。
Her clear voice set her apart from the other speakers.
查看翻译和讲解 她清晰的声音使她与其他演讲者区分开来。
set ... apart from 表示使……与众不同。
Please set aside ten minutes each day for reading aloud.
查看翻译和讲解 请每天留出十分钟大声朗读。
set aside 可表示留出时间。
The heavy snow set back the building plan by two weeks.
查看翻译和讲解 大雪使建筑计划推迟了两周。
set back 表示使推迟、耽误。
Set down your ideas before you begin writing the report.
查看翻译和讲解 在开始撰写报告之前先写下您的想法。
set down 可表示写下、记下。
The rules set down what each team must do.
查看翻译和讲解 规则规定了每个团队必须做的事情。
set down 也可表示规定。
We set out for the museum early in the morning.
查看翻译和讲解 我们一早就出发去博物馆。
set out for 表示出发去某地。
The school set up a new reading club this term.
查看翻译和讲解 本学期学校成立了新的读书俱乐部。
set up 表示建立、创立。
n. [C] 一套；电视机；布景
可数名词，指一组东西、电视机或舞台/电影布景。
常见表达 a set of... a TV set a stage/film set a complete set
She bought a set of brushes for the art class.
查看翻译和讲解 她为美术课买了一套画笔。
a set of 表示一套。
The film set looked like a real street.
查看翻译和讲解 电影布景看起来就像一条真实的街道。
film set 指电影布景。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Put the books on the shelf.
put 是普通“放”；set 更常带安排、设定或固定搭配。
We arranged the chairs in a circle.
arrange 对应 set 的安排/布置义。
We fixed the date for next Friday.
fix 与 set 的确定日期/时间义接近。
Please remove the cups from the table.
remove 与 set 的放置义相对。
We took photos at sunset.
sunset 是 sun + set，专指日落/晚霞。
She was upset about losing her notebook.
upset 可用 up + set 助记，但现代用法不等于 set 的普通派生。
They finally settled the argument peacefully.
settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记，但要单独学习搭配。
词族线索 / 同组词
The story has a modern school setting.
setting 是名词，来自 set 的环境/设定义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 set 的核心是“放到位置/状态”。setting、sunset 与 set 联系较清楚；upset 和 settle 只按词形/词根助记连接，现代意义要分开。
The setting of the story is a quiet fishing village.
The sunset over the lake was beautiful.
非派生记忆线索
The bad news upset everyone in the room.
The family settled into their new flat quickly.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 setting 是 set 的名词线：事情被“放在”某个环境里，故事被“设定”在某个时间地点，机器也有设定档位。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 环境；背景
指事情发生的地点、环境或场景，尤其用于故事、电影、活动。
常见表达 the setting of a story a natural/beautiful setting in a school setting historical setting
The setting of the story is a small village during winter.
查看翻译和讲解 故事的背景是冬天的一个小村庄。
story setting 指故事背景。
The old house provides a beautiful setting for the music festival.
查看翻译和讲解 老房子为音乐节提供了美丽的环境。
beautiful setting 指优美环境。
The film uses a historical setting to show changes in family life.
查看翻译和讲解 影片以历史为背景，展现了家庭生活的变迁。
historical setting 表示历史背景。
n. [C] 调节点；设定的位置
指机器、手机、相机、程序等的设置或档位。
常见表达 change/check the settings camera/phone settings temperature setting default setting
Check the camera settings before you take photos at night.
查看翻译和讲解 在夜间拍照之前检查相机设置。
camera settings 指相机设置。
The temperature setting was too high, so the room felt hot.
查看翻译和讲解 温度设置太高，所以房间感觉很热。
temperature setting 指温度设定。
You can return the phone to its default settings.
查看翻译和讲解 您可以将手机恢复到默认设置。
default settings 指默认设置。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The background of the story is a small town.
background 与 setting 的故事背景义接近。
Children need a safe learning environment.
environment 是环境；setting 更强调事情发生的具体场景。
The sunset painted the clouds orange.
sunset 与 setting 形近但意义不同。
词族线索 / 同组词
Set the timer for twenty minutes.
set 是动词/名词；setting 是环境或设定。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 setting = set + -ing 作名词，保留“放置/设定后形成的环境或参数”。
The teacher set a difficult but fair test.
非派生记忆线索
They returned home at sunset.
The family settled into their new flat quickly.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 sunset = sun + set。不可数时多指日落时刻，at sunset 是核心搭配；可数时可指一次美丽的日落或晚霞。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 日落；傍晚
通常作不可数，表示太阳落下的时刻。
常见表达 at sunset before/after sunset watch the sunset towards sunset
The fishermen returned to the village at sunset.
查看翻译和讲解 日落时分，渔民们回到了村庄。
at sunset 表示日落时。
We climbed the hill to watch the sunset over the lake.
查看翻译和讲解 我们爬上山去观看湖上的日落。
watch the sunset 表示看日落。
n. [C] 晚霞；日落景色
可数名词，指日落时天空的色彩景象或一次日落。
常见表达 a beautiful sunset a red/golden sunset paint/watch a sunset
A golden sunset filled the sky after the rain stopped.
查看翻译和讲解 雨停后，金色的夕阳布满天空。
sunset 可指晚霞景象。
The painter used warm colors to show a quiet sunset.
查看翻译和讲解 画家用暖色调表现了静谧的夕阳。
艺术语境中 sunset 可指日落景色。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We got up early to watch the sunrise.
sunrise 与 sunset 时间方向相反。
The streets grew quiet at dusk.
dusk 是黄昏时段；sunset 更具体指太阳落下或晚霞。
The sun sets later in summer.
sunset 是由 sun + set 构成的名词。
The beach was a perfect setting for the photo.
setting 是环境或设置，不是日落。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 sunset 是 sun + set 的透明复合词，只与 set 的“太阳落下”义直接相关。
The sun sets behind the hills.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 upset 的助记是 up + set，心里“七上八下”。现代用法分三类：be upset about/over，upset sb./a plan，名词 upset/stomach upset。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 心烦的；苦恼的；沮丧的
形容人因某事不开心、担心或难过，常接 about/over。
常见表达 be upset about/over sth. feel upset look/sound upset get upset
She was upset about losing the book her friend had given her.
查看翻译和讲解 她因为失去了朋友送给她的书而感到难过。
be upset about 表示因某事难过。
Do not be upset over one poor test result; learn from it.
查看翻译和讲解 不要因为一次糟糕的测试结果而感到沮丧；从中学习。
be upset over 也可表示为某事沮丧。
vt. 使烦恼；使生气；搅乱
及物动词，宾语可为人，也可为 plan、schedule、stomach 等。
常见表达 upset sb. upset a plan/schedule upset one's stomach upset the balance/order
The news upset his parents, but they tried to stay calm.
查看翻译和讲解 这个消息让他的父母感到不安，但他们试图保持冷静。
upset sb. 表示使某人难过。
The sudden rain upset our plan for an outdoor lesson.
查看翻译和讲解 突如其来的雨打乱了我们户外课的计划。
upset a plan 表示打乱计划。
Too much cold food can upset your stomach.
查看翻译和讲解 吃太多生冷食物会导致胃部不适。
upset one's stomach 表示使胃不舒服。
n. [C,U] 烦闷；苦恼；混乱
名词较少见，可指情绪上的烦闷、局面的混乱或胃部不适。
常见表达 cause upset a great upset stomach upset
The decision caused great upset among the students.
查看翻译和讲解 这个决定引起了学生们的极大不满。
cause upset 表示引起不安/烦闷。
He missed class because of a stomach upset.
查看翻译和讲解 他因胃部不适而缺课。
stomach upset 是常见名词搭配。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She looked worried before the exam.
worried 主要是担心；upset 可包含难过、生气或不安。
The loud music disturbed our study.
disturb 与 upset 的搅乱义接近。
The teacher stayed calm during the emergency.
calm 与 upset 的情绪不安义相对。
The teacher helped settle the argument.
settle 可使问题或情绪安定下来。
Set your books on the desk before class.
upset 可用 up + set 助记，但现代核心是情绪不安或打乱。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 upset 的 up + set 只作图像助记：心中七上八下。不要按 set 的普通“放置”义硬译。
非派生记忆线索
The sun set behind the hills.
The room settled down after the teacher arrived.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 settle 可从 set 的“放稳/定下”理解，但现代搭配要单独记：settle down 定居或平静，settle in/into 适应，settle on/upon 决定，settle a problem 解决问题。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 定居；安顿；适应
常用 settle down 或 settle in/into，表示住下来、适应新环境。
常见表达 settle down settle in/into settle into a new school/job settle in a place
Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.
查看翻译和讲解 除了我之外，家里的每个人都很快融入了这座城市。
settle into 表示适应并安顿下来。
After years of travel, they decided to settle down in a quiet town.
查看翻译和讲解 经过多年的旅行，他们决定在一个安静的小镇定居。
settle down 可表示定居下来。
vt. / vi. 解决；确定；决定
可及物表示解决问题、争端，也可用 settle on/upon 表示选定某事。
常见表达 settle a problem/argument/dispute settle the matter settle on/upon sth. settle a question
What will the woman do to settle the problem about the fridge?
查看翻译和讲解 这位女士将如何解决冰箱问题？
settle the problem 表示解决问题。
After a long discussion, we settled on a simple plan.
查看翻译和讲解 经过长时间的讨论，我们确定了一个简单的计划。
settle on 表示决定选择。
The two schools settled the disagreement through patient talks.
查看翻译和讲解 两校通过耐心谈判解决了分歧。
settle a disagreement 表示解决分歧。
vi. / vt. (使)平静下来；开始专心
settle down 可表示人、班级或情绪安静下来，也可表示开始专心做事。
常见表达 settle down settle sb. down settle down to work/study settle one's nerves
The classroom settled down when the teacher walked in.
查看翻译和讲解 当老师走进来时，教室里安静了下来。
settle down 可表示安静下来。
After lunch, the students settled down to their homework.
查看翻译和讲解 吃完午饭，同学们就开始做作业了。
settle down to sth. 表示开始专心做某事。
vi. / vt. 降落；落下；安放；使舒适
可表示灰尘、鸟等落下，也可表示把某人安置到舒适位置。
常见表达 dust/snow settles settle on/onto... settle sb. into... settle oneself in a chair
Dust settled on the books after the room was left empty for months.
查看翻译和讲解 房间空了几个月后，书上落满了灰尘。
dust settled 表示灰尘落下。
She settled the child into a warm chair near the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 她把孩子安置在火边一张温暖的椅子上。
settle sb. into... 表示把某人安顿好。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We need to solve the traffic problem.
solve 更普通；settle 常用于争议、问题或安排被定下来。
We decided on a date for the trip.
decide 与 settle on/upon 的决定义接近。
The child calmed down after a few minutes.
calm down 对应 settle down 的平静义。
The loud noise upset the baby.
upset 使人不安；settle 可使人平静或解决问题。
The school set a new rule for the library.
settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记，但搭配和意义要单独学。
词族线索 / 同组词
The two sides finally reached a peaceful settlement.
settlement 是 settle 的名词。
Early settlers built houses near the river.
settler 是 settle 的人称名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 settle 走向“定下来、安顿好”。settlement 和 settler 是真词族；set 是助记线索，不把所有 set 短语直接套到 settle 上。
The two sides finally reached a peaceful settlement.
Early settlers built houses near the river.
非派生记忆线索
Set the chair near the window.
The news upset the whole class.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 settlement 来自 settle：人安顿下来形成定居点；争议被 settle 后形成协议或解决结果；过程义可表示移民、殖民或处理。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] / [U] 定居点；移民；殖民
指一群人在新地方建立的居住点，也可指移民定居这一过程。
常见表达 an early settlement a small settlement the settlement of an area human settlement
The first settlement grew beside the river because people needed fresh water.
查看翻译和讲解 第一个定居点建在河边，因为人们需要淡水。
settlement 指人们定居形成的地方。
The museum shows how settlement changed life in the valley.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆展示了定居点如何改变了山谷里的生活。
这里 settlement 指定居、开发的过程。
表示地点时常可数；表示移民定居过程时常不可数。
n. [C] / [U] 协议；解决；处理
指争议、问题、付款等经过协商后的处理结果或处理过程。
常见表达 reach a settlement a peace settlement the settlement of a dispute settlement of a problem
After long talks, the two sides finally reached a settlement.
查看翻译和讲解 经过长时间的谈判，双方最终达成和解。
reach a settlement 是达成协议。
The settlement of the dispute allowed the project to continue.
查看翻译和讲解 争端的解决使该项目得以继续进行。
settlement of a dispute 指争议的解决。
协议是可数名词；“解决、处理”这个抽象过程常不可数。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The two sides reached an agreement.
agreement 对应 settlement 的协议义。
We need a practical solution to the problem.
solution 强调解决办法；settlement 更常是协商后的结果。
The dispute lasted for months.
settlement 可结束 dispute。
词族线索 / 同组词
Many families settled near the lake.
settle 是动词；settlement 是名词。
The settlers built houses near the new settlement.
settler 是人；settlement 是地点、过程或协议。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 settlement = settle + -ment，表示 settle 的结果或过程。
The argument was settled peacefully.
The settlers learned to grow crops in the new land.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 settler = settle + -er，是在新地方安顿下来的人。历史语境中可指殖民者；和 settlement 的区别是：settler 是人，settlement 是地点、过程或协议。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 移民；殖民者；定居者
指迁到新地区生活并建立家园的人，历史语境中可指殖民者。
常见表达 early settlers European settlers settlers in a new land the first settlers
Early settlers built simple houses and planted food near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 早期的定居者在河边建造了简单的房屋并种植了食物。
settler 指迁到新地方并生活下来的人。
The article describes the difficult winter faced by the settlers.
查看翻译和讲解 文章描述了定居者所面临的艰难冬天。
settlers 是复数，指一群定居者。
The first settlers chose the valley because the soil was rich.
查看翻译和讲解 第一批定居者选择这个山谷是因为土壤肥沃。
first settlers 表示最早定居者。
注意历史语境中 settler / colonist 可能带殖民背景。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An immigrant may become a settler if he or she makes a new home there.
immigrant 强调从别国迁入；settler 强调在新地方定居、开拓。
Colonists built farms along the coast.
colonist 更直接表示殖民者；settler 范围稍宽。
Local residents helped clean the river.
resident 是居民，不一定是新定居者。
词族线索 / 同组词
The family settled in a small town.
settle 是动词；settler 是人。
The settlers slowly turned the camp into a settlement.
settler 是人；settlement 可以是定居点。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 settler = settle + -er，-er 表示做某事的人。
The family settled in a small town.
The settlement later became a busy port.
词族导图 set / settle 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 lose 是动词，过去式和过去分词都是 lost，读 /lu:z/。核心是“失去”：丢东西、错失机会、输掉比赛、迷路、损失时间或金钱。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 失去；丢失；错失
宾语通常是东西、机会、时间、工作、信心、耐心等。
常见表达 lose one's keys/card lose a chance/opportunity lose time/money lose confidence lose one's temper
If you lose your student card, report it to the school office at once.
查看翻译和讲解 如果学生卡丢失，请立即向学校办公室报告。
lose 后接具体物品，表示丢失。
The team lost a chance to score in the last minute.
查看翻译和讲解 球队在最后时刻失去了进球的机会。
lose a chance 表示错失机会。
Do not lose confidence just because one answer is wrong.
查看翻译和讲解 不要仅仅因为一个答案是错误的而失去信心。
lose confidence 表示失去信心。
lose 是动词，不能用作形容词；丢失的状态用 lost。
vt. / vi. 输掉；失败
可及物接比赛、战争、争论，也可不及物表示输。
常见表达 lose a match/game lose to another team lose by two points lose the argument
We lost the match, but no one gave up during the game.
查看翻译和讲解 我们输掉了比赛，但比赛过程中没有人放弃。
lose the match 是输掉比赛。
Our team lost to a stronger school by two points.
查看翻译和讲解 我们队以两分之差输给了实力更强的学校。
lose to 表示输给某方。
vt. 迷失方向；沉浸于
lose one's way 表示迷路；lose oneself in 表示沉浸、专心。
常见表达 lose one's way lose oneself in reading/music/work get lost
The child lost his way in the station and asked a worker for help.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子在车站迷了路，向工作人员求助。
lose one's way 是迷路。
She often loses herself in music after a long day.
查看翻译和讲解 经过漫长的一天后，她经常沉浸在音乐中。
lose oneself in 表示沉浸于、专心于。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
I misplaced my glasses and found them under the sofa.
misplace 常指暂时放错地方；lose 可能是真的丢失。
They failed to win the final match.
fail to win 对应 lose 的输掉义。
I found my student card in my bag.
find 与 lose 的丢失义相对。
They won the match by one point.
win 与 lose 的比赛义相对。
Keep your ticket until the end of the trip.
keep 与 lose 的失去义相对。
A loose button may fall off, but you do not lose it until it is gone.
lose 读 /z/，是动词；loose 读 /s/，是形容词。
词族线索 / 同组词
The loss of sleep made him tired in class.
lose 是动作；loss 是名词结果。
The lost child was found near the gate.
lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词，也可作形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 lose -> lost / loss 是清楚词族；loose 只按音变和形近辨析处理，不放进现代 word_family。
The loss of the old photos made her sad.
lost
丢失的；迷路的；lose 的过去式和过去分词 He lost his map and soon felt lost.
非派生记忆线索
The button is loose and may fall off.
词族导图 lose / loose 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 miss 的核心是“目标没有碰上”：没赶上车、没听到信息、缺课迟到、没击中目标；也可表示想念。大写 Miss 是小姐/女士/老师称谓，要和动词 miss 分开。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 错过；未看到或未听到；迟到缺席
宾语常是 bus、train、chance、class、point、call、message、lesson 等。
常见表达 miss the bus/train miss a chance/opportunity miss class/school miss the point miss a call/message
She missed the bus because she spent too long looking for her phone.
查看翻译和讲解 她错过了公共汽车，因为她花了太长时间寻找手机。
miss the bus 是错过公交车。
I missed the main point of the speech because the hall was noisy.
查看翻译和讲解 由于大厅里很吵，我错过了演讲的要点。
miss the point 表示未理解要点。
He missed two classes while he was ill.
查看翻译和讲解 他生病期间缺席了两节课。
miss class 可表示缺课。
miss 表示没赶上、没听到、没看到，不是 lose 的丢失。
vt. 想念；发觉不见了
可表示因某人某地不在身边而想念，也可表示发现某物不见了。
常见表达 miss home miss sb. badly miss one's family notice/find that something is missing
During the first week at the new school, he missed his old friends badly.
查看翻译和讲解 在新学校的第一周，他非常想念他的老朋友。
miss someone 是想念某人。
When I counted the books, I noticed that one copy was missing.
查看翻译和讲解 当我清点书籍时，我发现少了一本。
notice that ... was missing 表示发现不见了。
vt. 未击中；未命中
作动词时表示没有打中目标、投篮或射门没中。
常见表达 miss the target miss a shot miss the goal miss by inches
The player missed the shot, but he quickly got the ball again.
查看翻译和讲解 这名球员射失了，但他很快又得球了。
miss a shot 是投篮/射门未中。
The arrow missed the target by a few centimeters.
查看翻译和讲解 箭偏离了目标几厘米。
miss the target 表示未击中目标。
n. [C] 未击中一次
名词 miss 多用于击中目标的语境，表示一次未命中。
常见表达 a near miss a complete miss count as a miss
The arrow was a miss, landing just outside the circle.
查看翻译和讲解 箭没有射中，正好落在圆圈外。
miss 作名词表示一次未击中。
The ball flew past the goal in a near miss.
查看翻译和讲解 球差点飞过球门。
near miss 表示差点命中或险些出事。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We failed to catch the early train.
对应 miss the bus/train 的错过义。
She longed for home during the first month away.
对应 miss home/sb. 的想念义。
The player hit the target on his second try.
hit 与 miss 的未击中义相对。
We caught the last bus home.
catch 与 miss the bus 的错过义相对。
I noticed a small spelling mistake.
notice 与 miss the point/detail 的未看到义相对。
You can miss a bus, but you lose a key.
miss 强调没赶上、没听到、未击中；lose 强调失去、丢失或输掉。
Miss Li teaches us English.
大写 Miss 是称谓，小写 miss 是动词或名词。
词族线索 / 同组词
The missing page made the story hard to understand.
miss 是动词或名词；missing 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 miss -> missing 是清楚的动词/形容词关系；大写 Miss 是称谓，学习时按大小写和语境分开。
Police helped find the missing child.
词族导图 miss / missing 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 loss 是 lose 的名词形式，读 /lɒs/。它可指损失、失去，也可委婉指去世；at a loss 是核心搭配，表示不知所措。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 丧失；丢失；损失
可指物品、时间、健康、金钱、能力等的失去。
常见表达 the loss of something a great/heavy loss financial loss suffer a loss at a loss
The loss of clean water became the biggest problem after the flood.
查看翻译和讲解 清洁水的流失成为洪水过后最大的问题。
the loss of clean water 指清洁用水的失去/缺乏。
The small shop suffered a serious financial loss during the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 这家小商店在暴风雨中遭受了严重的经济损失。
financial loss 表示经济损失。
He was at a loss when the machine suddenly stopped working.
查看翻译和讲解 当机器突然停止工作时，他不知所措。
at a loss 是固定搭配，表示不知所措。
loss 是名词，不能直接接宾语表达“丢东西”。
n. [C,U] 死亡；去世；失败；输
可委婉指亲友去世，也可指比赛或战争中的失败。
常见表达 feel the loss of sb. a great loss to... a loss to another team the first loss of the season
The whole community felt the loss of the old doctor.
查看翻译和讲解 整个社区都感到失去了这位老医生。
loss 可委婉指去世带来的失去。
After three wins, the team accepted its first loss of the season.
查看翻译和讲解 三场胜利后，球队接受了本赛季的首场失利。
loss 可指比赛失败。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The flood caused serious damage to the bridge.
damage 强调损害；loss 强调失去或损失结果。
The project ended in failure.
failure 对应 loss 的失败义。
The company reported a small gain this year.
gain 与 loss 的损失义相对。
The win gave the team confidence.
win 与 loss 的失败义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
If you lose too much time, the loss may affect your work.
lose 是动词；loss 是名词。
The lost files caused a serious loss of time.
lost 描述状态；loss 表示失去造成的结果。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 loss 是 lose 的名词形式，读音从 /z/ 变为 /s/，注意和 loose /lu:s/ 区分。
Do not lose heart after one mistake.
The lost ticket was found under the desk.
词族导图 lose / loose 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 lost 既是 lose 的过去式/过去分词，也是形容词。东西 lost 是丢失，人 get lost 是迷路；be lost in 可表示沉浸于、全神贯注于。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 丢失的；迷路的
描述东西不见了，或人不知道路在哪里。
常见表达 a lost child/wallet lost property lost and found get lost be lost
The lost wallet was returned to its owner the next day.
查看翻译和讲解 第二天，丢失的钱包就被归还失主。
lost wallet 是丢失的钱包。
We got lost in the old part of the city and had to use a map.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在城市的老城区迷路了，不得不使用地图。
get lost 表示迷路。
Please take the umbrella to the lost and found office.
查看翻译和讲解 请将雨伞带到失物招领处。
lost and found 是固定搭配，表示失物招领处。
lost 作形容词时常放在名词前或 be/get 后。
adj. 全神贯注的；茫然的
be lost in 可表示沉浸在某种想法或活动中；也可描述不知所措的状态。
常见表达 be lost in thought be lost in a book/story be lost in work look lost
She was so lost in the novel that she forgot the time.
查看翻译和讲解 她沉浸在小说里，忘记了时间。
be lost in a book/novel 表示沉浸于。
The new student looked lost until a classmate showed him the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 这位新生一脸茫然，直到一位同学带他参观了教室。
look lost 可表示看起来茫然、不知所措。
be lost in 不一定是迷路，要看后面接的是地点还是活动/思想。
v-ed lose 的过去式和过去分词
lost 也是 lose 的过去式和过去分词，用于完成时或被动/形容词化结构。
常见表达 lost-lost have lost... be lost
He lost his map yesterday and has not found it yet.
查看翻译和讲解 他昨天丢了地图，至今还没有找到。
lost 是 lose 的过去式。
The match was lost in the final minute.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛在最后一刻输掉了。
lost 可作过去分词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The lost page is still missing from the book.
lost 强调已经丢失；missing 强调不在应在的位置。
The found wallet was returned to its owner.
found 与 lost 的丢失义相对。
Her plan was clear after the teacher explained it.
clear 可与 look lost 的茫然义相对。
The loose rope was not lost; it was just not tight.
lost 和 loose 拼写、读音、含义都不同。
词族线索 / 同组词
He lost his way and felt lost.
lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词，也可作形容词。
The loss of the map made the trip harder.
loss 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 lost 是 lose 的过去式、过去分词和形容词；不要和 loose 的“松的”混淆。
Do not lose your way in the forest.
The loss of the map made the trip harder.
非派生记忆线索
The loose rope was not tight.
词族导图 lose / loose 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
144
loose
▶ [lu:s] · adj. · Page 81
not tight, not firmly fixed, or free from control
松的；宽松的；不受约束的；自由的
联想 loose 是形容词，读 /lu:s/，核心是“不紧、不固定、不受约束”。它和 lose /lu:z/ 是高频易混：lose 是动词“失去/输掉”，loose 是形容词“松的”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 松的；宽松的；不牢的
描述衣服、绳子、牙齿、螺丝、按钮等不紧或不牢固。
常见表达 loose clothes a loose tooth/button/screw come loose hang loose
Wear loose clothes when you exercise in hot weather.
查看翻译和讲解 在炎热的天气锻炼时，请穿宽松的衣服。
loose clothes 指不紧身的衣服。
One screw was loose, so the chair made a noise.
查看翻译和讲解 一颗螺丝松动了，所以椅子发出了噪音。
loose 可描述东西没有固定牢。
The button came loose, but it was not lost.
查看翻译和讲解 纽扣松了，但并没有丢失。
come loose 表示变松；lost 才是丢失。
loose 不是丢失；丢失用 lose/lost。
adj. 不受约束的；自由的；限制少的
描述人或动物没有被关住、固定或严格控制，也可描述安排较宽松。
常见表达 break loose set sb./sth. loose let sb./sth. loose a loose plan/rule
The dog broke loose and ran across the playground.
查看翻译和讲解 那只狗挣脱了束缚，跑过操场。
break loose 表示挣脱。
The teacher gave us a loose plan and allowed us to choose our own topic.
查看翻译和讲解 老师给了我们一个宽松的计划，让我们选择自己的主题。
loose plan 可指限制不严格的计划。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This shirt is not tight, so it is comfortable.
not tight 是 loose 的基础解释。
The bird was free after the door opened.
free 只对应 loose 的不受约束义。
These shoes are too tight for me.
tight 与 loose 的松紧义相对。
The shelf is fixed to the wall.
fixed 与 loose 的不牢固义相对。
Do not lose the loose button before you sew it back.
lose 是动词，读 /lu:z/；loose 是形容词，读 /lu:s/。
A loose button can become a lost button.
loose 表示松；lost 表示丢了。
The loss of the button was not serious.
loss 读 /lɒs/，是名词；loose 读 /lu:s/，是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 lose/loss/loose 需要一起做音变辨析：lose /z/ 是动词，loss /s/ 是名词，loose /s/ 是形容词。现代学习中 loose 不放进 lose 的 word_family。
非派生记忆线索
The loss of sleep made him tired.
The lost key was under the sofa.
词族导图 lose / loose 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 missing 强调“应该在，却不在”。可指人或物丢失/失踪，也可指页面、信息、词语等缺少。它是形容词；miss 是动词。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 丢失的；失踪的
描述人或物找不到、不在应在的位置。
常见表达 go missing be missing have been missing a missing person/child missing from...
My gloves have been missing for ages, so I bought a new pair.
查看翻译和讲解 我的手套已经失踪很久了，所以我买了一双新的。
missing 表示丢失的。
The missing boy was found safely near the station.
查看翻译和讲解 失踪的男孩在车站附近被安全找到。
missing 可用于人，表示失踪的。
Three books are missing from the classroom shelf.
查看翻译和讲解 教室书架上丢失了三本书。
missing from 表示从某处缺失。
missing 作形容词；miss 是动词。
adj. 缺少的；遗漏的
表示某部分没有包括进去，导致整体不完整。
常见表达 a missing page missing information the missing part missing words
The report is hard to understand because two pages are missing.
查看翻译和讲解 该报告很难理解，因为缺少两页。
missing 指应该有的页没有了。
Please fill in the missing words in the passage.
查看翻译和讲解 请填写短文中缺少的单词。
missing words 是缺失的词。
缺少某部分时，missing 常放在名词前。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The lost key is still missing.
lost 强调丢失后的状态；missing 强调不在应该在的位置。
Two students were absent from class.
absent 偏缺席或不存在；missing 偏应在却不在。
All students were present today.
present 与 missing 的不在场/缺失义相对。
The final page is included in the file.
included 与 missing 的遗漏义相对。
The missing bag was found under the desk.
found 与 missing 的丢失义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
If you miss a class, some information may be missing from your notes.
miss 是动作；missing 描述缺失状态。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 missing = miss + -ing 作形容词，表示被错过、找不到或缺少的状态。
I missed the call while I was in class.
词族导图 miss / missing 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 possible 表示现实条件下“有可能、做得到、会发生”。它与 potential 不同：possible 看可行性或发生概率，potential 看尚未显现的未来发展。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 可能的；可做到的
表示事情有机会发生，或在条件允许时可以做到。
常见表达 it is possible to do something a possible solution if possible as ... as possible
It is possible to finish the work today if everyone helps.
查看翻译和讲解 如果大家帮忙的话今天的工作就有可能完成。
It is possible to do sth. 是常见句型。
Please reply as soon as possible so that we can book the tickets.
查看翻译和讲解 请尽快回复，以便我们订票。
as soon as possible 表示“尽快”。
possible 说明事情可行；potential 常说明某人或某物“有潜力、潜在的”。
adj. 可能存在或发生的
用于讨论原因、风险、选择等可能存在的情况。
常见表达 a possible reason a possible risk all possible ways
One possible reason for the fire was a broken wire.
查看翻译和讲解 火灾的一个可能原因是电线断裂。
possible reason 指“可能的原因”。
The coach tried every possible way to encourage the players.
查看翻译和讲解 教练想尽一切办法鼓励队员们。
every possible way 表示“所有可能的方法”。
possible 常修饰 answer, reason, solution, way, risk 等名词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The task looked impossible, but it became possible with teamwork.
im- 是否定前缀，impossible 是 possible 的反义词。
A possible problem is already likely to happen; a potential problem may develop later.
possible 强调可发生或可做到；potential 强调未来发展空间。
词族线索 / 同组词
There is a possibility that the meeting will be moved online.
possible 是形容词；possibility 是名词。
Please arrive as early as you possibly can.
possibly 是 possible 的副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 possible / impossible / possibility / possibly 是清楚词族；potential 与 possible 是同组语义辨析，不放进 possible 的现代 word_family。
It is impossible to be in two places at once.
We discussed the possibility of studying abroad.
Could you possibly open the window?
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 impossible = im- + possible，表示“没有可能、做不到”。常用 It is impossible for sb. to do sth.。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 不可能的；做不到的
表示事情无法完成或无法发生。
常见表达 it is impossible to do something impossible for someone to do something almost impossible make something impossible
It is impossible to finish the report in ten minutes.
查看翻译和讲解 十分钟内完成报告是不可能的。
It is impossible to do sth. 是常见结构。
Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.
查看翻译和讲解 情况太糟糕了，他不可能再找到踪迹了。
impossible for sb. to do sth. 表示“某人不可能做某事”。
impossible 常和 to do 或 for sb. to do 搭配。
adj. 难以忍受或难以处理的
口语中也可形容人或情况非常难处理，但高考阅读中以“不可能”为主。
常见表达 an impossible situation an impossible demand
The heavy rain made the rescue work almost impossible.
查看翻译和讲解 大雨使救援工作几乎不可能进行。
make sth. impossible 表示“使某事不可能”。
The plan sounded impossible at first, but the students found a better way.
查看翻译和讲解 这个计划一开始听起来似乎不可能，但学生们找到了更好的方法。
sound impossible 表示“听起来不可能”。
almost impossible 是“几乎不可能”，不是“完全不可能”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
What seemed impossible yesterday may become possible with new technology.
possible 表示有可能；impossible 表示没有可能。
词族线索 / 同组词
There was no possibility of finishing it, so the task was impossible.
possibility 是名词；impossible 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索
A shorter route is possible if we leave early.
We cannot ignore the possibility of rain.
Call me as soon as you possibly can.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 possibility 是 possible 的名词形式。重点结构是 possibility of (doing) sth.；There is no possibility of doing sth. 表示“做某事是不可能的”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 可能性；可能发生的事
既可指抽象的可能性，也可指一个可能的选择或情况。
常见表达 the possibility of something the possibility of doing something there is a possibility that... there is no possibility of doing something a real possibility
There is a possibility that the sports meeting will be put off.
查看翻译和讲解 运动会有可能推迟。
There is a possibility that... 表示有可能。
We discussed the possibility of using solar power in the school.
查看翻译和讲解 我们讨论了在学校使用太阳能的可能性。
the possibility of doing sth. 是重点结构。
There is no possibility of finishing the work before noon.
查看翻译和讲解 中午之前不可能完成这项工作。
There is no possibility of doing sth. 是重点句型。
possibility 后常接 of 或 that 从句。
n. 可能的选择
指可考虑的方案或选项。
常见表达 one possibility is that... another possibility open up new possibilities
One possibility is that we invite students from other schools.
查看翻译和讲解 一种可能性是我们邀请其他学校的学生。
possibility 可指“一个可考虑的方案”。
Online learning has opened up new possibilities for children in distant villages.
查看翻译和讲解 在线学习为偏远村庄的孩子们开辟了新的可能性。
new possibilities 指新的发展机会或选择。
作“可选方案”时 possibility 是可数名词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A possibility is a chance; potential is an ability that may grow.
possibility 侧重发生概率；potential 更强调未发挥的能力或潜在状态。
词族线索 / 同组词
If something is possible, there is a possibility that it may happen.
possible 是形容词；possibility 是名词。
There is no possibility of finishing it, so the task is impossible.
impossible 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索
It is possible to solve the problem.
Without water, life there would be impossible.
The answer is possibly correct, but we need to check it.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 possibly 是 possible 的副词形式。它可以表示“也许”，也可在 as...as one possibly can 中加强“尽可能”。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 可能；也许
表示不确定的推测，语气比 certainly 弱。
常见表达 possibly true possibly because may possibly could possibly
The noise was possibly caused by the strong wind.
查看翻译和讲解 噪音可能是由强风引起的。
possibly 表示不确定的推测。
She may possibly join us after she finishes her homework.
查看翻译和讲解 她完成作业后可能会加入我们。
may possibly 加强“也许”的语气。
possibly 常与 may, might, could 搭配表达不确定。
adv. 尽可能；用于礼貌请求
表示把某事做到最大程度，也可让请求更委婉。
常见表达 as ... as possible as ... as one possibly can Could you possibly...?
Please arrive as early as you possibly can.
查看翻译和讲解 请尽早抵达。
as early as you possibly can 表示“尽你所能地早”。
Could you possibly lend me your notes for one day?
查看翻译和讲解 你能把你的笔记借给我一天吗？
Could you possibly...? 是礼貌请求。
as soon as possible 和 as soon as you possibly can 都常见。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky.
possibly 表示不确定推测；potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。
词族线索 / 同组词
It is possible, so it may possibly happen.
possible 是形容词；possibly 是副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索
A later start is possible.
There is a possibility of snow.
It is impossible to know everything.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 potential 的重点是“还没有完全显现，但未来可能发展”。作形容词是潜在的，作不可数名词是潜力；与 possible 的区别是 potential 更看未来发展空间。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 潜在的；可能的
描述问题、风险、顾客、影响等尚未完全出现但可能发展。
常见表达 a potential problem a potential risk a potential customer potential victims
The teacher warned us about potential problems before the experiment.
查看翻译和讲解 实验前老师警告我们可能出现的问题。
potential problems 指“可能出现但尚未出现的问题”。
A cheater might use personal information to control potential victims.
查看翻译和讲解 作弊者可能会利用个人信息来控制潜在的受害者。
potential victims 指“潜在受害者”。
potential 不等于一定会发生，只说明有发展成某种结果的可能。
n. [U] 潜力；可能性
表示人、事物或计划未来发展的能力或空间。
常见表达 have potential great/full potential show potential realize/fulfil one's potential potential for doing something
The young player has great potential, but he still needs training.
查看翻译和讲解 这位年轻球员潜力巨大，但仍需要训练。
have great potential 表示“很有潜力”。
The new technology shows potential for saving energy.
查看翻译和讲解 新技术显示出节约能源的潜力。
show potential for doing sth. 表示“显示出做某事的潜力”。
名词 potential 常不可数。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A possible answer can be used now; a potential answer may become useful later.
possible 强调现在是否可行；potential 强调未来发展空间。
The student has the ability to solve hard problems.
ability 是已经具备的能力；potential 是未来可发展的能力。
The actual cost was higher than expected.
actual 与 potential 的潜在未实现义相对。
词族线索 / 同组词
A potential danger is something that is potentially dangerous.
potential 是形容词或名词；potentially 是副词。
Potentiality is a formal noun close to potential.
potentiality 更正式，日常和高考语境中 potential 更常用。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 potential / potentially / potentiality 是清楚词族；possible 是语义辨析词，不是 potential 的派生词。
The medicine is potentially helpful, but more tests are needed.
The word potentiality is formal and less common than potential.
非派生记忆线索
It is possible to finish today.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 potentially 是 potential 的副词，常放在形容词前，表示“有潜在可能地”，尤其常见于风险、好处、影响。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 潜在地；可能地
修饰形容词或整个判断，说明某种结果尚未发生但可能发展。
常见表达 potentially dangerous potentially useful potentially harmful could potentially
The old bridge is potentially dangerous after the heavy rain.
查看翻译和讲解 大雨过后，这座老桥有潜在的危险。
potentially dangerous 指“可能有危险”。
This simple idea could potentially help many students save time.
查看翻译和讲解 这个简单的想法可能会帮助许多学生节省时间。
could potentially 表示“可能会”。
potentially 常用于正式说明风险、影响或价值。
adv. 带有未来发展可能
强调现在还不是确定结果，但未来可能变成某种状态。
常见表达 potentially important potentially successful potentially valuable
The research is potentially important for people with heart disease.
查看翻译和讲解 这项研究对于患有心脏病的人来说可能很重要。
potentially important 表示“可能重要”。
A small mistake in the plan can be potentially costly.
查看翻译和讲解 计划中的一个小错误可能会造成高昂的代价。
potentially costly 指“可能造成高代价”。
potentially 和 possibly 都可译“可能”，但 potentially 更强调未来发展出的影响。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky.
possibly 表示不确定推测；potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。
词族线索 / 同组词
A potential risk is potentially harmful.
potential 是形容词或名词；potentially 是副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索
The project has potential.
Potentiality is a formal noun and is less common in everyday use.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 potentiality 是 potential 的较正式名词形式，意思接近“潜在可能、发展潜力”。高考中以认读为主，表达时通常优先用 potential。
意思、用法与例句
n. 潜力；潜在可能
较正式名词，指未来可能发展出来的能力或可能性；高考中以认读为主。
常见表达 the potentiality of something future potentiality human potentiality
The article discusses the potentiality of online lessons in small villages.
查看翻译和讲解 本文讨论了小村庄在线课程的潜力。
the potentiality of... 是较正式书面表达。
The word potentiality is formal; in most school writing, potential is clearer.
查看翻译和讲解 潜力这个词是正式的；在大多数学校写作中，潜力更加清晰。
写作优先用 potential，potentiality 以识别为主。
不要把 potentiality 当作常用口语词；普通表达优先用 potential。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Possibility is about whether something may happen; potentiality is about future ability.
possibility 侧重发生概率；potentiality 侧重发展潜力。
词族线索 / 同组词
Potential is much more common than potentiality.
potential 可作名词或形容词，常用；potentiality 是较正式名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索
The student has great potential.
The change is potentially useful.
词族导图 possible / potential 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 oral 来自“口、说”的线索。最常考的是 spoken rather than written：oral English、oral test、oral presentation；健康语境里也可表示口腔的。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 口头的；口述的
强调用嘴说出来，而不是写在纸上或屏幕上。
常见表达 oral English an oral test an oral exam an oral report an oral presentation oral communication
Our oral English class gives everyone a chance to speak.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的英语口语课为每个人提供了发言的机会。
oral English 是英语口语，不是书面英语。
Each student gave a short oral presentation about local history.
查看翻译和讲解 每个学生都对当地历史进行了简短的口头介绍。
oral presentation 是口头展示。
The final score includes a written test and an oral exam.
查看翻译和讲解 最终成绩包括笔试和口试。
oral 与 written 在考试形式上相对。
oral 常与 written 对比，尤其在 test、exam、report、presentation 中。
adj. 口头传承的；口述记录的
用于 story、history、tradition 等，表示靠讲述而非文字传下或记录。
常见表达 oral history oral tradition an oral story an oral record
Many old stories were kept alive through oral tradition.
查看翻译和讲解 许多古老的故事通过口耳相传而得以流传。
oral tradition 指口头传承。
The museum collected oral history from people who lived through the flood.
查看翻译和讲解 该博物馆收集了经历过洪水的人们的口述历史。
oral history 是口述历史。
这里仍然是“用口讲述”的延伸，不是医学义。
adj. 口腔的
在健康、牙科或医学语境里，oral 表示与嘴或口腔有关。
常见表达 oral health oral care oral hygiene oral medicine
Brushing your teeth twice a day is important for oral health.
查看翻译和讲解 每天刷牙两次对于口腔健康很重要。
oral health 是口腔健康。
The dentist taught the children simple oral hygiene habits.
查看翻译和讲解 牙医教孩子们简单的口腔卫生习惯。
oral hygiene 指口腔卫生。
高考阅读中遇到 dentist、teeth、health 时，oral 多半是“口腔的”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Spoken instructions are easier for young children to follow.
spoken 是直接近义词；oral 更常出现在正式搭配如 oral exam、oral presentation。
The course has both written and oral tests.
written 与 oral 是最核心反义对。
The teacher gave verbal instructions before the test.
verbal 可接近 oral，但还可表示“词语的、语言的”；oral 更突出嘴说或口腔。
Open your mouth when the dentist checks your teeth.
mouth 是名词；oral 是形容词，表示口头的或口腔的。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 or=口、说，-al=……的，可帮助记住 oral 是“口头的、口腔的”。不要把它扩展成复杂词源课。
The instructions were given orally before the written test.
非派生记忆线索
Written work is handed in on paper or online.
Spoken language is often less formal than written language.
Good oral health starts with daily care.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 oval 的画面是“像鸡蛋或被拉长的圆”。它可作形容词修饰 table、face、mirror，也可作可数名词表示一个椭圆形。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 椭圆形的；卵形的
放在名词前，说明物体、脸、镜子、窗户等呈椭圆或卵形。
常见表达 an oval table an oval face an oval mirror an oval window oval-shaped
They sat around an oval table during the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 会议期间，他们围坐在一张椭圆形桌子旁。
oval 作形容词修饰 table。
The artist painted a girl with an oval face.
查看翻译和讲解 画家画了一个椭圆形脸的女孩。
oval face 是椭圆脸。
Sunlight came through the small oval window.
查看翻译和讲解 阳光透过椭圆形的小窗照射进来。
oval window 指椭圆形窗户。
形容词 oval 通常放在名词前，也可用 oval-shaped 强调形状。
n. [C] 椭圆形；卵形
指这种形状本身，是可数名词。
常见表达 draw an oval cut out an oval in an oval the shape of an oval
Draw an oval first, and then add two small circles for the eyes.
查看翻译和讲解 先画一个椭圆形，然后画两个小圆圈作为眼睛。
an oval 是一个椭圆形。
The children cut out ovals from colored paper.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们用彩纸剪出椭圆形。
ovals 是 oval 的复数。
The playground is in an oval, so students can run around it easily.
查看翻译和讲解 操场呈椭圆形，学生可以轻松地绕着它奔跑。
in an oval 表示呈椭圆形。
作名词时可说 an oval / ovals，不要漏冠词或复数。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The lake is almost egg-shaped when seen from above.
egg-shaped 更口语直观；oval 是正式形状词，也可作名词。
The planet moves in an elliptical path.
elliptical 更数学或正式；oval 更日常。
A circle is perfectly round.
circle 是正圆；oval 是被拉长的圆或卵形。
The children sat in a circular group.
circular 强调正圆或环形；oval 强调椭圆形。
The garden has a square gate.
square 有直边和角；oval 没有角。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ov=egg，-al=……的，可帮助把 oval 记成“像鸡蛋一样的”。这是记忆辅助，不扩展成复杂词源课。
非派生记忆线索
An oval is often egg-shaped.
A circle is round, while an oval is longer in one direction.
In math, an ellipse is a more exact word for an oval shape.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 vital 的高频义是“至关重要的、必不可少的”，强度高于 ordinary important。vit=life/live 也提示它可表示生命的、充满活力的。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 极其重要的；必不可少的
表示某事对结果、安全、学习、健康或成功非常关键，缺了就会严重受影响。
常见表达 be vital to something be vital to doing something be vital for someone/something play a vital role be of vital importance It is vital that...
Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.
查看翻译和讲解 了解历史对于了解我们作为一个民族和一个国家至关重要。
be vital to doing sth. 表示对做某事至关重要。
Clean water plays a vital role in keeping people healthy.
查看翻译和讲解 清洁水对于保持人们的健康起着至关重要的作用。
play a vital role 是起关键作用。
It is vital that every student arrive on time for the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 每个学生准时参加考试至关重要。
It is vital that... 是正式强调结构。
vital 比 important 语气更强，接近 essential/crucial。
adj. 生命的；维持生命所必需的
医学或生命语境中，与生命、器官、体征或生存有关。
常见表达 vital signs vital organs vital functions vital for life vital for survival
Doctors checked the patient's vital signs after the accident.
查看翻译和讲解 事故发生后，医生检查了患者的生命体征。
vital signs 是生命体征。
The heart and the brain are vital organs.
查看翻译和讲解 心脏和大脑是重要的器官。
vital organs 是维持生命的重要器官。
Oxygen is vital for the survival of most animals.
查看翻译和讲解 氧气对于大多数动物的生存至关重要。
vital for survival 表示对生存必不可少。
生命相关义与 vit=life/live 线索相连。
adj. 充满活力的
描述人、课堂、艺术、城市等有生命力和活力，较正式。
常见表达 vital energy a vital city a vital part of culture remain vital
The new art teacher brought vital energy to the class.
查看翻译和讲解 新来的美术老师给班级带来了生机活力。
vital energy 表示活力。
Traditional music remains a vital part of local culture.
查看翻译和讲解 传统音乐仍然是当地文化的重要组成部分。
vital part 既有重要也有生命力的色彩。
这个义项少于“至关重要”，但在文化、艺术、城市等语境可见。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Water is essential for life.
essential 强调不可缺少；vital 也强调关键，且可带生命/活力色彩。
This is a crucial moment for the team.
crucial 强调决定成败的关键点；vital 强调生存、成功或结果所必需。
Sleep is important for health.
important 范围宽、强度较弱；vital 更强。
A minor detail should not change the whole plan.
minor 表示次要，与 vital 的极其重要相反。
Do not waste time on unimportant details.
unimportant 是 vital/important 的直接反向线索。
词族线索 / 同组词
Regular exercise can give people more vitality.
vitality 是名词，表示活力或生命力。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 vit=life/live，-al=of。vital 的生命线索解释 vital signs、vital organs，也帮助记“对生存或成功极其重要”。
Education is vitally important for a child's future.
The city is full of vitality at night.
Vitamin C is important for health.
非派生记忆线索
Vital signs show whether life is in danger.
Food and water are essential for survival.
A crucial decision can change the result.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 calculate 的核心是“根据数字或资料算出来”。calcul=小石头 可帮助记忆：古人用小石头计数，所以 calculate 先抓“计算”，再扩展到“估计、推算”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 计算；核算
用数字、数据或公式得出数量、费用、距离或结果。
常见表达 calculate the cost calculate the distance calculate the number calculate how much/many calculate that...
Biologists calculate that there are about 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears worldwide.
查看翻译和讲解 生物学家计算出，全世界大约有20,000到25,000只北极熊。
calculate that... 表示计算出一个判断。
Before the trip, we calculated the cost of food and transport.
查看翻译和讲解 出发前，我们计算了食物和交通的费用。
calculate the cost 是高频搭配。
The students calculated how much water the school used in one week.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们计算出学校一周用了多少水。
calculate how much/many 后接疑问词从句。
calculate 比 count 更强调运算或根据数据得出结果。
vt. 估计；推算
根据已有资料推算大致数量、风险或影响，不是随口猜。
常见表达 calculate the risk calculate the effect calculate from the data calculate roughly
The engineers calculated the risk before they repaired the bridge.
查看翻译和讲解 工程师们在修复桥梁之前计算了风险。
estimate 义仍带数据推算色彩。
From the survey, we can calculate roughly how many students ride bikes to school.
查看翻译和讲解 通过调查，我们可以大致计算出有多少学生骑自行车上学。
calculate roughly 表示粗略推算。
guess 是没有充分依据地猜；calculate 通常有数字或信息支撑。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Children count the apples, but a scientist calculates the total cost.
count 侧重一个一个数；calculate 侧重计算或推算。
You estimate when the exact number is not known, and calculate when you use data.
estimate 更强调大致估计；calculate 更强调数据推算。
Do not just guess the answer; calculate it from the information.
guess 可以没有依据；calculate 要有数字或信息。
词族线索 / 同组词
One wrong calculation can change the result.
calculate 是动词；calculation 是名词。
A calculator can help you calculate faster.
calculator 是工具；calculate 是动作。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 记忆线索：calcul = 小石头，古时用小石块计数；-ate 构成动词，-ation 构成名词，-or 常指工具或执行者。
A rough calculation shows that we need two buses.
You may use a calculator for this problem.
词族导图 calculate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 calculation 是 calculate 的名词形式，既可以指“计算过程/计算结果”，也可以指“经过推算的估计”。
意思、用法与例句
n. 计算；计算结果
指用数字求结果的过程、步骤或结果。
常见表达 make a calculation do a calculation a careful calculation according to my calculation several calculations
According to my calculation, the train will arrive before noon.
查看翻译和讲解 根据我的计算，火车将在中午之前到达。
according to my calculation 表示根据计算结果判断。
The math problem needs several careful calculations.
查看翻译和讲解 这道数学题需要多次仔细的计算。
calculations 可指数学计算步骤。
calculation 是名词；calculate 是动词。
n. 估计；推算
指根据信息作出的粗略判断，常与 rough/quick/careful 搭配。
常见表达 a rough calculation a quick calculation a calculation of the risk by calculation
A rough calculation shows that we need at least two buses.
查看翻译和讲解 粗略计算一下，我们至少需要两辆公交车。
rough calculation 是粗略估算。
His calculation of the risk proved to be too low.
查看翻译和讲解 事实证明他对风险的计算太低了。
calculation of the risk 指对风险的推算。
它不是随便 guess，而是有信息基础的推算。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A rough calculation is close to an estimate, but it usually uses some numbers.
estimate 可更宽泛；calculation 更有计算依据。
词族线索 / 同组词
You calculate first, and then you write down the calculation.
calculate 是动作；calculation 是过程或结果。
A calculator can check your calculation.
calculator 是工具；calculation 是计算本身。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 calculate + -ion/-ation -> calculation。-ation 常把动词变成表示动作、过程或结果的名词。
Please calculate the total cost.
The calculator is useful for long numbers.
词族导图 calculate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 calculator = calculate + -or，核心是“帮助计算的工具”。高考层面主要记计算器、手机计算器应用，不要和 computer 混用。
意思、用法与例句
n. 计算器；计算工具
用于完成数学计算的小机器、网页工具或手机应用。
常见表达 use a calculator a pocket calculator a calculator app without a calculator an online calculator
You may use a calculator for the last three questions.
查看翻译和讲解 最后三个问题你可以使用计算器。
use a calculator 是核心搭配。
The teacher asked us to solve the first problem without a calculator.
查看翻译和讲解 老师让我们在没有计算器的情况下解决第一题。
without a calculator 表示不用计算器。
I opened the calculator app on my phone to check the total price.
查看翻译和讲解 我打开手机上的计算器应用程序查看总价。
现代语境中也可指手机计算器应用。
calculator 专门用于计算；computer 是更广义的电脑。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A computer can do many things, but a calculator is mainly for numbers.
computer 功能更广；calculator 专门用于计算。
词族线索 / 同组词
A calculator helps you calculate large numbers.
calculator 是工具；calculate 是动作。
The calculator showed that the calculation was wrong.
calculation 是计算过程或结果。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 calculate + -or -> calculator。-or 常表示工具或执行动作的人；本单元源义取“计算器”。
We calculated the distance on the map.
The calculation took only a few seconds.
词族导图 calculate 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 negotiate 的核心不是普通聊天，而是“为解决难题而推进”：和人谈条件、把协议谈成，也可以用技巧通过弯道、障碍或难路。
意思、用法与例句
vi. negotiate with：与人协商、谈判
双方或多方为了达成结果而讨论条件、价格、安排或解决办法。
常见表达 negotiate with someone negotiate with someone about something negotiate over terms be willing to negotiate
The workers negotiated with the company about safer working conditions.
查看翻译和讲解 工人们与公司就更安全的工作条件进行了谈判。
negotiate with sb. about sth. 表示就某事与某人协商。
The two sides are still negotiating over the price.
查看翻译和讲解 双方仍在就价格进行谈判。
negotiate over 常接 price、terms、details 等分歧点。
Parents and the school negotiated to find a fair solution.
查看翻译和讲解 家长和学校协商找到一个公平的解决方案。
to find a solution 点明谈判目的。
negotiate 比 discuss 更强调有目标、有条件交换，通常希望达成结果。
vt. negotiate an agreement：商定、谈成
直接接 agreement、deal、contract、price、terms 等，表示通过谈判把结果定下来。
常见表达 negotiate an agreement negotiate a deal negotiate a contract negotiate the terms negotiate a lower price
After two days of talks, the two schools negotiated an exchange agreement.
查看翻译和讲解 经过两天的会谈，两校达成了交换协议。
negotiate an agreement 是商定协议。
She negotiated a lower price for the second-hand bike.
查看翻译和讲解 她以较低的价格购买了这辆二手自行车。
negotiate a price 表示议价并谈出价格。
这个及物用法强调谈判结果，不只是谈判过程。
vt. negotiate a difficult place：顺利通过
用技巧、小心或努力通过困难路段、弯道、障碍，也可引申为处理难关。
常见表达 negotiate a sharp bend negotiate a narrow road negotiate obstacles negotiate a difficult path
The driver slowed down to negotiate the sharp bend.
查看翻译和讲解 司机放慢了速度以通过急弯。
negotiate a bend 是顺利通过弯道，不是和弯道谈判。
The hikers negotiated the rocky path before sunset.
查看翻译和讲解 徒步旅行者在日落前穿过岩石小路。
negotiate a path 表示设法通过道路。
The team negotiated several problems before the project was finished.
查看翻译和讲解 在项目完成之前，团队就几个问题进行了协商。
可引申为处理、克服一系列难题。
看到 bend、path、road、obstacle 时，优先理解为“顺利通过”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We discussed the plan before we negotiated the price.
discuss 范围更宽；negotiate 强调围绕条件达成结果。
They bargained with the seller for a better price.
bargain 多用于价格或利益交换；negotiate 更正式，可用于协议、合同和政治会谈。
The talks ended in an agreement.
agreement 是结果；negotiate 是达成结果的过程或动作。
They argued loudly but failed to solve the problem.
argue 强调争执或提出理由；negotiate 强调为了结果而协商。
If one side refuses to talk, they cannot negotiate.
refuse to talk/discuss 与 negotiate 的协商动作相反。
The driver managed to get through the narrow gate.
manage 可解释 negotiate 的“设法通过”义，但 negotiate 更正式。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 neg + oti + -ate 可辅助联想到忙于往来、进行谈判；现代学习重点是 negotiate 的真实搭配和三条义项。
The negotiation lasted for three hours.
A good negotiator listens carefully before speaking.
The price is negotiable if you pay in cash.
非派生记忆线索
They reached an agreement after long talks.
The settlement ended the argument.
They negotiated several obstacles on the mountain path.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
160
argue
▶ /ˈɑːɡjuː/ · verb
to speak angrily because people have different opinions; to give reasons why you believe something is true or should be done
争吵；争论；主张；提出理由证明
学习关联：比较协商、争论与争吵的语气和目的。
意思、用法与例句
v. 争吵；争论
to speak angrily because people have different opinions
常见表达 argue with sb argue about money argue over a decision
The two friends argued about whose turn it was to cook.
查看翻译和讲解 两位朋友为轮到谁做饭而争吵。
argue about + 事情。
Try not to argue with your partner in front of the children.
查看翻译和讲解 尽量不要当着孩子的面和伴侣争吵。
argue with + 人。
argue with sb 表示同某人争吵；argue about/over sth 表示为某事争吵。
该义常带有不愉快或较激烈的语气。
v. 主张；提出理由证明
to give reasons why you believe something is true or should be done
常见表达 argue that ... argue for change argue against the plan
The writer argues that public transport should be cheaper.
查看翻译和讲解 作者主张公共交通应该更便宜。
argue that + 从句用于陈述观点。
Several students argued for more time to prepare their projects.
查看翻译和讲解 几名学生提出理由，要求有更多时间准备项目。
argue for + 名词表示支持某事。
argue that + 从句表示“主张……”；argue for/against sth 表示支持或反对。
该义重在给出理由，不等于发生争吵。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
argue 是动词，可表示‘争论’或‘提出理由’；argument 是对应的名词，可指争论，也可指支持观点的理由。
161
argument
▶ /ˈɑːɡjʊmənt/ · noun
an angry or heated disagreement between people; a set of reasons used to support an opinion or decision
争吵；争论；论点；理由
学习关联：比较协商、争论与争吵的语气和目的。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 争吵；争论
an angry or heated disagreement between people
常见表达 have an argument an argument with sb an argument over money
They had an argument over the best way to spend the prize money.
查看翻译和讲解 他们为奖金怎么花才好而争吵。
have an argument over + 事情。
After a short argument, the brothers agreed to take turns.
查看翻译和讲解 短暂争吵后，兄弟俩同意轮流来。
an argument 是一次具体的争吵。
have an argument with sb 表示与某人发生争吵。
an argument about/over sth 说明争吵的内容。
n. [C] 论点；理由
a set of reasons used to support an opinion or decision
常见表达 a strong argument an argument for an argument against
Her argument for saving water was clear and convincing.
查看翻译和讲解 她支持节约用水的论点清晰而有说服力。
argument for + 名词表示支持某事的理由。
The report gives several arguments against building on the wetland.
查看翻译和讲解 报告列出了几条反对在湿地上建设的理由。
arguments against 表示反对的论据。
an argument for/against sth 表示支持或反对某事的理由。
strong argument 指有说服力的论据，不表示吵架。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
argument 不一定是争吵，也可指论点或理由，如 an argument for change（支持改变的理由）；argue 是动词。
162
quarrel
▶ /ˈkwɒrəl/ · n. / vi.
an angry argument between people; to argue angrily with someone
争吵；口角；争吵；吵架
学习关联：比较协商、争论与争吵的语气和目的。
意思、用法与例句
n. 争吵；口角
an angry argument between people
常见表达 have a quarrel a quarrel about something
The brothers had a quarrel about whose turn it was to wash the dishes.
查看翻译和讲解 兄弟俩为该轮到谁洗碗争吵起来。
have a quarrel about
A quarrel is an angry disagreement, often about a personal matter; it is stronger than a calm discussion.
vi. 争吵；吵架
to argue angrily with someone
常见表达 quarrel with someone quarrel over something
They quarrelled over the map but soon agreed which path to take.
查看翻译和讲解 他们为地图争论了一番，但很快就对走哪条路达成了一致。
quarrel over something
With names the person; about or over introduces the subject. British spelling doubles l in quarrelled and quarrelling.
联想 violate 是正式词，核心是“越过不该越过的界限”。一类是违反 law/rule/agreement/principle，另一类是侵犯 rights/privacy/dignity；亵渎义用于 sacred place、tomb 等正式语境。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 违反；违背
宾语常是 law、rule、agreement、principle、promise 等规范或承诺。
常见表达 violate the law violate traffic rules violate an agreement violate a principle violate a promise violate school rules
Drivers who run red lights violate traffic rules.
查看翻译和讲解 闯红灯的司机违反交通规则。
violate traffic rules 是违反交通规则。
The factory violated the agreement by pouring dirty water into the river.
查看翻译和讲解 该工厂违反协议，将脏水倒入河中。
violate an agreement 是违反协议。
Copying another student's work violates the basic principle of honesty.
查看翻译和讲解 抄袭其他学生的作品违反了诚实的基本原则。
violate a principle 是违背原则。
violate 比 break 更正式，常见于法律、规则、协议和原则。
vt. 侵犯权利、隐私或尊严
指伤害或越界对待他人的权利、隐私、自由、尊严等。
常见表达 violate someone's rights violate human rights violate privacy violate human dignity violate personal freedom
Sharing a student's personal information online may violate his privacy.
查看翻译和讲解 在线分享学生的个人信息可能会侵犯他的隐私。
violate privacy 是侵犯隐私。
The story shows how war can violate basic human rights.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事展示了战争如何侵犯基本人权。
violate human rights 是侵犯人权。
The new rule should not violate students' personal freedom.
查看翻译和讲解 新规定不应侵犯学生的人身自由。
violate freedom 是侵犯自由。
这里不是普通 break，而是侵犯不应被侵犯的权利或界限。
vt. 亵渎；破坏神圣或受尊重之物
较正式，指破坏或不尊重神圣地点、墓地、传统等。
常见表达 violate a sacred place violate a tomb violate a tradition
Visitors were warned not to violate the sacred place with careless behavior.
查看翻译和讲解 警告游客不要以粗心行为侵犯圣地。
sacred place 语境中 violate 可译亵渎。
The villagers believed the old tomb had been violated.
查看翻译和讲解 村民们认为旧墓已被侵犯。
violate a tomb 是破坏、亵渎墓地。
这个义项正式，认读即可；高频仍是违反和侵犯。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He broke the school rule by using his phone in class.
break 更普通；violate 更正式，常接 law、rule、agreement、rights。
The decision went against the spirit of the agreement.
go against 更宽；violate 更正式、更强调越界。
Do not invade other people's privacy.
invade 常指进入或侵犯空间/隐私；violate 可指规则和权利。
All drivers must obey traffic rules.
obey rules/laws 与 violate rules/laws 相反。
We should respect other people's privacy.
respect privacy/rights 与 violate privacy/rights 相反。
Good laws protect human rights.
protect rights 与 violate rights 方向相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
Sharing private information is a violation of trust.
violation 是名词，常接 of。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 viol=暴行/暴力，-ate 构成动词。这个线索提示 violate 带有越界、伤害或破坏的正式语气。
The school treated cheating as a serious violation of rules.
Repeat violators may lose the right to enter the park.
非派生记忆线索
Violence often violates basic human rights.
Violent behavior is not allowed.
Respect privacy; do not violate it.
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联想 estimate 不是随口猜，而是根据经验或信息作“大致判断”。作名词是估计值、估价、报价；作动词是估计。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 估计；估量
根据已有信息大致判断数量、时间、成本、人数等。
常见表达 estimate the cost estimate the number estimate how much/many estimate that... be estimated to be estimate something at...
The police estimated the crowd at about five thousand people.
查看翻译和讲解 警方估计人群约有五千人。
estimate something at... 表示估计为某数。
It is difficult to estimate how much time the repair will take.
查看翻译和讲解 很难估计修复需要多长时间。
estimate how much time 是估计多少时间。
The damage was estimated to be over one million yuan.
查看翻译和讲解 损失估计超过100万元。
be estimated to be 是常见被动结构。
estimate 是有依据的大致估计，不是无根据 guess。
n. [C] 估计；估量值
指估计出的数字、时间、成本或价值。
常见表达 a rough estimate a careful estimate an estimate of the cost make an estimate according to an estimate
Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?
查看翻译和讲解 你能给我一个大概的费用估算吗？
rough estimate 是粗略估计。
According to one estimate, the project will take six months.
查看翻译和讲解 据一项估计，该项目将耗时六个月。
according to an estimate 表示根据估计。
名词 estimate 是可数名词。
n. [C] 估价；报价
商店、维修方或服务方给出的预计费用。
常见表达 give an estimate send an estimate a repair estimate a written estimate
The repair shop sent us an estimate before fixing the bike.
查看翻译和讲解 修理店在修理自行车之前向我们发送了一份估价。
estimate 作名词可指报价。
Ask for a written estimate before you agree to the work.
查看翻译和讲解 在您同意这项工作之前，请先索取书面估价。
written estimate 是书面报价。
报价义与 cost、repair、shop、work 等语境常同现。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
First estimate the cost roughly, then calculate it more exactly.
estimate 强调大致判断；calculate 强调用数据计算。
Do not just guess the number; estimate it from the information.
guess 可缺少依据；estimate 通常有信息或经验支撑。
The repair shop quoted a price after checking the bike.
quote 常指正式报价；estimate 可是预计报价。
An estimate is useful when the exact number is not known.
estimate 不一定精确；exact 表示准确无误。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 es=铜，tim=砍/切，-ate；“切割铜币”可辅助记住估价、估计。作为记忆辅助即可，不扩展成高难词根课。
The final estimation was close to the real cost.
非派生记忆线索
Calculate when exact data is available.
The shop quoted a price for the repair.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 stimulate 的核心是“给刺激，让反应变强”。它可以激发兴趣、讨论、经济或增长，也可以刺激大脑、感官、食欲等身体反应。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 激励；激发；促进活跃
使兴趣、讨论、思考、经济、增长等变得更活跃或更强。
常见表达 stimulate interest stimulate discussion stimulate thought stimulate growth stimulate the economy stimulate creativity
A good question can stimulate students' interest in science.
查看翻译和讲解 一个好的问题可以激发学生对科学的兴趣。
stimulate interest 是激发兴趣。
The reading activity stimulated a lively discussion in class.
查看翻译和讲解 读书活动引发了课堂上的热烈讨论。
stimulate discussion 是激发讨论。
The new railway helped stimulate growth in the local economy.
查看翻译和讲解 新铁路有助于刺激当地经济增长。
stimulate growth/economy 表示促进增长或经济活跃。
stimulate 比 encourage 更强调“让某种活动或反应变强”。
vt. 刺激身体、感官或反应
对大脑、感官、食欲、身体等产生刺激，使其出现反应。
常见表达 stimulate the brain stimulate the senses stimulate a reaction stimulate one's appetite stimulate the body
Bright colors can stimulate the brain and make people feel awake.
查看翻译和讲解 鲜艳的色彩可以刺激大脑，使人感觉清醒。
stimulate the brain 是刺激大脑。
The smell of food stimulated his appetite.
查看翻译和讲解 食物的香味刺激了他的食欲。
stimulate one's appetite 是刺激食欲。
Cold water can stimulate the body and make a swimmer more alert.
查看翻译和讲解 冷水可以刺激身体，使游泳者更加警觉。
身体语境中常译为刺激。
看到 brain、senses、appetite、reaction 时，stimulate 常是“刺激、引起反应”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Teachers should encourage students to ask questions.
encourage 更偏鼓励人；stimulate 可激发兴趣、增长或身体反应。
The story inspired many young readers.
inspire 强调给人灵感或动力；stimulate 强调引发活动或反应。
Clear goals can motivate students to work harder.
motivate 强调让人愿意行动；stimulate 可用于人，也可用于经济、食欲、感官。
The news aroused public interest.
arouse 常接 interest、curiosity、anger；stimulate 更宽，也可接 growth、brain、appetite。
Failure should not discourage you from trying again.
discourage 让人失去动力，与 stimulate 的激发相反。
Soft music can calm the mind.
calm 降低兴奋或反应；stimulate 提高活跃或反应。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 stimul(us)=刺激物，-ate 构成动词。记忆重点是“给刺激，使变活跃/产生反应”，不要扩展成高难医学词。
Children need both rest and mental stimulation.
Light is a stimulus that can affect sleep.
The class discussion was stimulating.
非派生记忆线索
Encourage people; stimulate interest or activity.
A stimulus can cause a reaction.
The smell stimulated his appetite.
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联想 immigration 是“移民入境”这件事、现象、政策或人数；immigrant 是迁入的人。im=in + migrate=move + -ion，抓住“向内迁入”的方向。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 移民入境；移民现象
指人们迁入某个国家长期生活这一过程、社会现象或相关制度。
常见表达 immigration policy immigration law immigration office illegal immigration immigration into a country
The article discusses how immigration has changed the city's food and culture.
查看翻译和讲解 文章讨论了移民如何改变了这座城市的饮食和文化。
immigration 指迁入某地的现象。
New immigration laws made it easier for skilled workers to move there.
查看翻译和讲解 新的移民法使技术工人更容易移居那里。
immigration laws 是移民法律。
Immigration into the country increased after the new jobs appeared.
查看翻译和讲解 新工作出现后，流入该国的移民数量增加。
immigration into... 强调迁入方向。
表示“移民个人”时不用 immigration，用 immigrant。
n. [U] 移民人数；入境移民量
指一定时期内迁入的人数、规模或水平。
常见表达 levels of immigration immigration increased/decreased high immigration low immigration
Immigration increased when more jobs became available in the area.
查看翻译和讲解 当该地区出现更多就业机会时，移民人数就会增加。
immigration 可指移民人数或规模。
The report compares levels of immigration in different regions over ten years.
查看翻译和讲解 该报告比较了十年来不同地区的移民水平。
levels of immigration 是常见搭配。
这个意义仍是不可数整体概念，不是一个个 immigrant。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Immigration means moving into a country; emigration means moving out of a country.
im-/in 强调进入；e-/ex 强调出去。
Migration can describe people or animals moving from one place to another.
migration 更宽泛；immigration 特指迁入某国。
Some immigrants later became settlers in new towns.
immigrant 强调从国外迁入；settler 强调在新地方安家。
词族线索 / 同组词
Immigration is the process; an immigrant is a person.
immigration 是过程、现象或人数；immigrant 是人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 im- = in，migrate = move/迁移，-ion 把动作变成名词：immigration 表示迁入这件事、现象或人数。
The immigrant learned the local language quickly.
非派生记忆线索
Emigration is the opposite direction: moving out of a country.
Bird migration happens every year.
词族导图 immigration / immigrant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 immigrant 是可数名词，指迁入某国生活的人。它可以作名词，也常放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等。
意思、用法与例句
n. 外来移民；外侨
指从别的国家迁入并在当地生活的人。
常见表达 an immigrant new immigrants immigrants from... welcome/support immigrants
The town set up a language class to help new immigrants.
查看翻译和讲解 镇上设立了语言班来帮助新移民。
new immigrants 是新移民。
Her grandfather was an immigrant from a small island.
查看翻译和讲解 她的祖父是来自一个小岛的移民。
immigrant from... 表示来自某地的移民。
Local volunteers helped immigrants fill in important forms.
查看翻译和讲解 当地志愿者帮助移民填写重要表格。
immigrant 是具体的人，可数。
immigrant 是人；immigration 是过程、现象或人数。
n. modifier 移民的；移民群体相关的
放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等，表示与移民身份有关。
常见表达 an immigrant family immigrant children immigrant workers an immigrant community
The immigrant family opened a small restaurant near the school.
查看翻译和讲解 移民家庭在学校附近开了一家小餐馆。
immigrant family 是移民家庭。
Many immigrant children learn two languages at home and at school.
查看翻译和讲解 许多移民儿童在家里和学校学习两种语言。
immigrant 可作名词前修饰语。
这里 immigrant 仍按名词修饰语理解，不必当作常规形容词扩展。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An immigrant enters a country; an emigrant leaves a country.
immigrant 看迁入目的地；emigrant 看离开原国家。
An immigrant may become a settler after making a new home.
immigrant 强调迁入国家；settler 强调定居。
A migrant may move within a country or across borders.
migrant 更宽泛；immigrant 特指迁入某国的人。
词族线索 / 同组词
Immigration can bring many immigrants to a city.
immigration 是过程或现象；immigrant 是人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 im- = in，migr- = move/迁移；-ant 常可指执行动作的人：immigrant 是迁入的人。
Immigration changed the city's culture.
非派生记忆线索
An emigrant leaves a country.
Migrant workers may move for jobs.
词族导图 immigration / immigrant 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 duration 的重点不是“期间发生了什么”，而是“持续多久”。记住 dur=持续，-ation 把动作或状态变成名词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 持续时间；时长
表示事件从开始到结束的时间长度。
常见表达 the duration of something for the duration of something of ... duration short/long duration the full duration
The course is of four years' duration.
查看翻译和讲解 该课程为期四年。
of four years' duration 是正式表达。
Please keep your phone off for the duration of the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试期间请保持手机关闭。
for the duration of... 表示整个……期间。
The film is short in duration but rich in detail.
查看翻译和讲解 影片时长虽短，但细节丰富。
duration 强调时间长度。
duration 强调时长，不强调活动内容。
n. [U] 整个持续期间
指某活动从开始到结束的整段时间。
常见表达 throughout the duration of something for the whole duration of something last for the duration of something
The volunteers stayed at the camp for the whole duration of the event.
查看翻译和讲解 整个活动期间，志愿者们都留在营地。
whole duration 指完整持续期间。
The rain continued throughout the duration of the football match.
查看翻译和讲解 整个足球比赛期间，雨一直持续着。
throughout the duration of... 是较正式表达。
避免写 during the duration of；通常用 for/throughout the duration of。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The course lasts for a period of four years.
period 可指一段时间或历史时期；duration 更强调持续长度。
The length of the film is about two hours.
length 更普通，可指空间或时间长度；duration 专指持续时间。
The meeting lasted for two hours.
last 是动词；duration 是名词。
A moment is very short, but duration asks how long something lasts.
moment 是短暂一刻；duration 是持续时间。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dur = 持续，-ation 构成名词；duration 表示持续这一动作或状态的时间长度。
Durable shoes last a long time.
非派生记忆线索
The class lasts forty minutes.
The work was finished in a short period.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 passion 比 interest 和 like 强得多。它既可以表示强烈情感，也可以表示对某事的酷爱，核心搭配是 passion for。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 激情；强烈情感
指强烈的情绪、热情或信念，常用于演讲、行动、艺术、事业等语境。
常见表达 with passion full of passion speak with passion show passion bring passion to something
She spoke with passion about protecting the local river.
查看翻译和讲解 她充满热情地谈到保护当地河流。
with passion 表示带着强烈情感。
The speech was full of passion and moved many listeners.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲充满激情，感动了很多听众。
full of passion 表示充满激情。
A good teacher brings passion to the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 一个好的老师会给课堂带来激情。
bring passion to... 表示把热情带入某事。
作“激情、热情”整体概念时常不可数。
n. [C] 强烈爱好；酷爱
指一个具体的强烈兴趣或热爱对象，常用 a passion for。
常见表达 a passion for something have a passion for doing something develop a passion for follow one's passion turn a passion into a job
He has a passion for painting and spends every weekend in the art room.
查看翻译和讲解 他热爱绘画，每个周末都在美术室度过。
have a passion for 后接名词或动名词。
Her passion for science began with a small experiment at home.
查看翻译和讲解 她对科学的热情始于家里的一个小实验。
passion for science 是对科学的酷爱。
Many students hope to turn their passion into a future job.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生希望将他们的热情转化为未来的工作。
turn one's passion into... 表示把热爱变成某种结果。
a passion for... 是可数用法，表示一种具体爱好。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her enthusiasm for the project encouraged the whole team.
enthusiasm 常指积极热情；passion 更强烈、更深。
He has an interest in music, but his real passion is painting.
interest 可强可弱；passion 是强烈爱好。
Her love of reading started when she was a child.
love 更宽，可指人或事；passion 强调强烈投入。
His indifference to the problem surprised his friends.
indifference 是缺少兴趣或关心，与 passion 相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
She is passionate about helping younger students.
passionate 是形容词，常接 about。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 pass=感情，-ion 构成名词。记忆时抓住“强烈情感”，重点掌握 passion 的强烈程度和 passion for 的搭配。
He is passionate about music.
She spoke passionately about education.
非派生记忆线索
Enthusiasm is close to passion but often less intense.
Interest can grow into passion.
Indifference is the opposite feeling.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 region 是可数名词，先抓“有共同特点的一大片地区”，再识别“身体某部位”。短语 in the region of... 表示“大约、在……左右”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 地区；区域
指有自然、文化、行政等共同特点的一片较大区域。
常见表达 a region of a country a mountain/coastal region in this region regions of southern China in the region of...
Tea is grown in the warm, wet regions of southern China.
查看翻译和讲解 茶生长在中国南方温暖湿润的地区。
region 指较大的地理区域。
Many young people leave mountain regions to study or work in cities.
查看翻译和讲解 许多年轻人离开山区到城市学习或工作。
mountain regions 是山区。
The cost of the project is in the region of two million yuan.
查看翻译和讲解 该项目的成本约为200万元。
in the region of... 是常见搭配，表示大约。
region 常比 area 更正式，也常指更大、更有共同特征的区域。
n. [C] 身体部位
在医学或描述性语境中，指身体某一部位附近。
常见表达 the chest region the stomach region pain in the region of... the region around...
He felt pain in the stomach region after lunch.
查看翻译和讲解 午饭后，他感到胃部疼痛。
stomach region 指胃部区域。
The doctor checked the region around the injured knee.
查看翻译和讲解 医生检查了受伤膝盖周围的区域。
region 可指身体某部位周围。
身体部位义较正式，阅读中常由 doctor, pain, injury 等语境提示。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A region is often a large area with shared features.
area 更普通，可大可小；region 常指较大或有共同特点的区域。
The city has a busy shopping district.
district 常指城市、行政或功能分区；region 范围通常更大。
The doctor checked the part of his arm that hurt.
身体义中 part 更普通，region 更正式。
词族线索 / 同组词
A regional festival belongs to a particular region.
region 是名词；regional 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 reg=统治 + -ion，可辅助理解为“统治范围、领地”。现代核心义是地区、区域。
Regional differences can be seen in food and language.
非派生记忆线索
This area is quiet at night.
词族导图 region / regional 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 regional = region + -al，表示“地区的、区域性的”。它常与 national、global、local 对比，说明范围限制在某个地区。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 地区的；区域性的
说明事物属于某个地区或只影响某个区域。
常见表达 regional differences regional culture regional development a regional competition regional food
Regional differences in food make travel more interesting.
查看翻译和讲解 食物的地域差异让旅行变得更加有趣。
regional differences 是地区差异。
Our school won first prize in a regional science competition.
查看翻译和讲解 我校在区科学竞赛中荣获一等奖。
regional competition 是区域性竞赛。
The museum shows regional culture through music and clothes.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆通过音乐和服装展示地域文化。
regional culture 是地区文化。
regional 是形容词，不能单独作“地区”这个名词用。
adj. 地方性的；非全国或全球的
强调范围不覆盖全国或全球，而是限于某一地区。
常见表达 regional news regional government regional airport regional center regional problems
The regional airport connects small cities with the capital.
查看翻译和讲解 支线机场连接小城市与首都。
regional airport 是区域机场。
The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones.
查看翻译和讲解 该报告重点关注地区问题，而不是国家问题。
regional 与 national 形成范围对比。
regional 常和 local、national、global 做范围对比。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Local news may cover one city; regional news may cover a wider area.
local 常更小、更贴近当地；regional 范围通常更大。
The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones.
national 覆盖全国；regional 限于某地区。
A regional issue may not become a global problem.
global 覆盖全球；regional 限于地区。
词族线索 / 同组词
Regional culture belongs to a particular region.
region 是名词；regional 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 region + -al -> regional。-al 常把名词变成形容词，表示“与……有关的”。
This region is famous for tea.
非派生记忆线索
Local people know the road well.
The team won a national prize.
词族导图 region / regional 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
172
area
▶ n. · Page 84
a part of a place, surface, subject, or activity
区域
联想 area 是最普通的“区域、面积、领域”词。它比 region 更宽泛，可指公园一角、占地面积，也可指学习或研究领域。
意思、用法与例句
n. 区域；地区
指某个地方的一部分，范围可大可小。
常见表达 a quiet area a public area in this area the local area a safe area
This area of the park is quiet in the morning.
查看翻译和讲解 公园的这个区域早上很安静。
area 指地点的一部分。
Please keep the public area clean for other visitors.
查看翻译和讲解 请保持公共区域清洁，以方便其他访客。
public area 是公共区域。
area 是普通词；region 常更正式、更大、更有共同特征。
n. 面积；范围
指一个地方、表面或图形占据的面积或范围。
常见表达 cover an area of... a large/small area surface area the area of a room
The forest covers an area of about 300 square kilometers.
查看翻译和讲解 森林面积约300平方公里。
cover an area of... 表示占地面积为……。
Students learned how to find the area of a triangle.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们学习了如何求三角形的面积。
数学中 area 可指面积。
面积义常和 numbers、square meters/kilometers 等出现。
n. 方面；领域
指知识、工作、问题或活动的一个方面或领域。
常见表达 an area of study an area of interest an area of research improve in this area
Reading is one area where he has made great progress.
查看翻译和讲解 阅读是他取得长足进步的领域之一。
area 可指学习或能力方面。
Environmental protection is an important area of research.
查看翻译和讲解 环境保护是一个重要的研究领域。
area of research 是研究领域。
area 不只表示地理地点，也可表示抽象领域。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A region is often a large area with shared weather, culture, or history.
area 更普通，可大可小；region 常指有共同特征的较大地区。
This is a quiet place to read.
place 更泛指地点；area 强调一片区域或范围。
Science is a large field of study.
抽象义中 field 更偏专业领域；area 更普通。
This area is only one part of the whole park.
area 常是一部分；whole 是整体。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 area 本身按独立高频名词处理；region 是近义辨析词，不是 area 的派生词。
非派生记忆线索
A region is often a large area with shared features.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 merely = only / just，强调“仅仅如此，没有更多”。它不表示“几乎”，所以要和 nearly、hardly 分开。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 仅仅；只不过
限制范围，表示没有更多含义、更大程度或更严重结果。
常见表达 merely a/an... merely because merely to do something merely one of...
He merely shrugged and walked away.
查看翻译和讲解 他只是耸耸肩，走开了。
merely 表示只是，动作没有更多发展。
This is merely a suggestion; you can choose another way.
查看翻译和讲解 这只是一个建议；你可以选择另一种方式。
merely a suggestion 表示仅仅是建议。
She smiled merely to be polite, not because she agreed.
查看翻译和讲解 她微笑只是出于礼貌，并不是因为她同意。
merely to do sth. 表示仅仅为了某目的。
merely 不表示“几乎”，不要和 nearly 混淆。
adv. not merely... but...
先说“不仅仅是 A”，再强调后面的 B。
常见表达 not merely... but also... not merely about... not merely a question of...
The project is not merely a school task but also a chance to help the community.
查看翻译和讲解 该项目不仅是学校的任务，也是帮助社区的机会。
not merely... but also... 表示不仅仅……而且……。
The problem is not merely about money; it is about trust.
查看翻译和讲解 问题不仅仅是钱的问题；这是关于信任。
后半句通常是重点。
not merely 后面常接更强的 but/but also 信息。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Merely ten students means only ten; nearly ten students means almost ten.
merely = only；nearly = almost。
He merely smiled means he only smiled; he hardly smiled means he almost did not smile.
merely 限制范围；hardly 带否定意义。
This is only a plan, or merely a plan.
only 更常用；merely 更正式。
词族线索 / 同组词
It was a mere mistake, not a serious problem.
mere 是形容词；merely 是副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 mere + -ly -> merely。-ly 构成副词；nearly 和 hardly 只是同组辨析词，不是 merely 的派生词。
It was a mere mistake, not a serious problem.
非派生记忆线索
The work is nearly finished.
I could hardly hear the speaker.
词族导图 merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
174
nearly
▶ adv. · Page 84
almost, but not completely
几乎, 差不多
联想 nearly = almost，表示“接近但还没完全达到”。它是接近肯定，不带 hardly 那种否定意义。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 几乎；差不多
表示接近某个数量、时间、状态或程度，但还没有完全达到。
常见表达 nearly finished nearly empty nearly two hours nearly ten years old nearly impossible
The library is nearly empty after the final exam.
查看翻译和讲解 期末考试结束后，图书馆几乎空了。
nearly empty 表示几乎空了。
She spent nearly two hours preparing for the oral report.
查看翻译和讲解 她花了近两个小时准备口头报告。
nearly two hours 表示将近两小时。
The road was nearly impossible to see in the heavy snow.
查看翻译和讲解 大雪中几乎看不清路。
nearly impossible 表示几乎不可能。
nearly 有“接近但未完全达到”的感觉。
adv. 几乎所有或每一个
修饰 all, every, everyone, everything 等，表示数量接近全部。
常见表达 nearly all nearly every nearly everyone nearly everything nearly the whole...
Nearly all the students joined the volunteer activity.
查看翻译和讲解 几乎所有的学生都参加了志愿者活动。
nearly all 表示几乎全部。
The rain lasted for nearly the whole afternoon.
查看翻译和讲解 这场雨几乎持续了整个下午。
nearly the whole afternoon 表示将近整个下午。
nearly 不带否定意义；hardly 带否定意义。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The work is nearly finished, or almost finished.
almost 更通用；nearly 常强调接近但未达到。
Nearly ten people means almost ten people, not merely ten people.
nearly = almost；merely = only。
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came.
nearly 接近肯定；hardly 接近否定。
The room was nearly empty, not completely empty.
nearly 表示未完全达到；completely 表示完全达到。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 nearly 与 merely、hardly 同为 -ly 副词辨析组，但不是 merely 的真派生词。
非派生记忆线索
This is merely a suggestion.
There was hardly any food left.
词族导图 merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
175
hardly
▶ adv. · Page 84
almost not, or only with great difficulty
几乎不
联想 hardly 带否定意义，表示“几乎不”。句子里已有 hardly 时，通常不要再加 not；hardly any 是几乎没有，hardly ever 是几乎从不。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 几乎不；几乎没有
表示数量、程度或可能性非常小，接近 not 或 none。
常见表达 can hardly could hardly hardly any hardly enough hardly possible
I could hardly hear the speaker because of the noise outside.
查看翻译和讲解 由于外面的噪音，我几乎听不到扬声器的声音。
could hardly hear 表示几乎听不见。
There was hardly any food left after the picnic.
查看翻译和讲解 野餐结束后，几乎没有剩下什么食物了。
hardly any 表示几乎没有。
The room was so dark that we could hardly see the board.
查看翻译和讲解 房间很暗，我们几乎看不到黑板。
hardly see 表示几乎看不见。
hardly 本身带否定意义，不说 hardly not。
adv. 几乎从不；刚……就……
hardly ever 表示几乎从不；had hardly done when... 表示刚一……就……。
常见表达 hardly ever hardly ... when had hardly done when... hardly had... when...
He hardly ever eats fast food because he cares about his health.
查看翻译和讲解 他几乎不吃快餐，因为他关心自己的健康。
hardly ever 是几乎从不。
We had hardly sat down when the bell rang.
查看翻译和讲解 我们刚坐下，铃声就响了。
had hardly done when... 表示刚……就……。
hardly...when 较正式，阅读中识别即可。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came.
nearly 接近肯定；hardly 接近否定。
Merely tired means only tired; hardly tired means almost not tired.
merely 限制范围；hardly 表示否定程度。
We could barely see the road in the fog.
barely 和 hardly 都可表示几乎不；barely 有勉强够到的感觉。
He hardly ever eats fast food, but his brother often does.
hardly ever 是几乎从不；often 是经常。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 hardly 与 merely、nearly 同为 -ly 副词辨析组，但不是 merely 的真派生词。hardly 的重点是 almost not。
非派生记忆线索
The library is nearly empty.
词族导图 merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 ultimately 来自 ultimate + -ly。它不只是 finally 的替换，还常用于总结“最终结果”或“最根本原因”：ultimately depend on、ultimately lead to、ultimately be about。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 最终；最后
表示经过一段过程后出现最终结果、决定或结局。
常见表达 Ultimately, ... ultimately decide ultimately become ultimately lead to ultimately result in ultimately succeed/fail
Ultimately, you will have to make the decision yourself.
查看翻译和讲解 最终，您必须自己做出决定。
ultimately 放句首总结最终结果。
The team's patience ultimately led to a better solution.
查看翻译和讲解 团队的耐心最终带来了更好的解决方案。
ultimately led to 表示最终带来某结果。
The plan changed many times but ultimately succeeded.
查看翻译和讲解 该计划多次改变，但最终成功了。
ultimately succeeded 表示最终成功。
常用于书面总结，比 at last 更正式，也更强调结果判断。
adv. 归根到底；从根本上说
用于说明最根本的原因、责任、依靠点或主题。
常见表达 ultimately depend on ultimately be about ultimately be responsible for ultimately a question of
Success in language learning ultimately depends on daily practice.
查看翻译和讲解 语言学习的成功最终取决于日常练习。
ultimately depends on 是归根到底取决于。
The story is ultimately about courage and friendship.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事最终是关于勇气和友谊的。
ultimately about 表示本质上关于。
Public safety is ultimately a question of careful planning.
查看翻译和讲解 公共安全归根结底是一个精心规划的问题。
ultimately a question of... 用于总结根本问题。
这个义项不是单纯时间顺序，而是总结本质或根本原因。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Finally, the rain stopped and we went outside.
finally 更常按时间顺序说最后一步；ultimately 更常总结最终结果或根本判断。
After many tries, the team eventually solved the problem.
eventually 强调等了一段时间后终于发生；ultimately 强调最终结果或归根到底。
At last, the train arrived.
at last 带等待后的如释重负；ultimately 更正式。
Initially, the plan looked simple.
initially 表示开始阶段；ultimately 表示最终阶段或最终判断。
词族线索 / 同组词
The ultimate goal is to help students learn by themselves.
ultimate 是形容词；ultimately 是副词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ultimate = 最终的、最后的，-ly 构成副词。ultimately 常用来总结最终结果或根本原因。
The ultimate goal is to protect the environment.
非派生记忆线索
The final decision came after a long discussion.
The initial idea was very simple.
In the end, everyone agreed.
词族导图 词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。