第04单元 / Word List 4

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

late

星标

[leit] · adj. / adv. · Page 67

not on time, near the end, or no longer living

迟的, 晚的;晚期的;已故的

联想

late 的核心是“比正常时间靠后”。它可以说迟到、时间很晚、某阶段后期,也可以在 the late + 人名前表示“已故的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / adv.迟到;时间晚

描述人、车、回复等比约定时间晚,也可作副词表示晚地。

常见表达be late for schoolarrive latea late buslate at nightstay up late

I was late for school because the bus broke down.

查看翻译和讲解

be late for school 是迟到的核心搭配。

We stayed up late to finish the science project.

查看翻译和讲解

late 作副词表示很晚。

adj.晚期的;后期的

表示季节、年代、人生阶段或过程接近后段。

常见表达late summerin the late 1990slate autumnlate in life

The story is set in late autumn, when the fields are already quiet.

查看翻译和讲解

late autumn 表示深秋。

This song became popular in the late 1990s.

查看翻译和讲解

in the late 1990s 表示 20 世纪 90 年代后期。

adj.已故的

the late + person 表示某人已经去世,是正式、礼貌的表达。

常见表达the late writerthe late professorthe late president

The school named the library after the late professor.

查看翻译和讲解

the late professor 表示已故教授。

Many readers still admire the late writer's novels.

查看翻译和讲解

the late writer 表示已故作家。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

early
早的;早地
The early train leaves before six. early 与 late 在时间早晚和迟到上相反。
punctual
准时的
A punctual student arrives before the bell. punctual 强调准时;late 强调迟到或时间晚。
lately
最近
She has looked tired lately. lately 表示最近,不表示迟到。
later
以后;后来的
We can discuss the plan later. later 表示以后或更晚的顺序;late 表示迟到或时间晚。

词族线索 / 同组词

latest
最新的;最晚的
The latest report came out this morning. latest 是 late 的最高级用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

late 组围绕“时间靠后”展开:最近、以后、最新、最后、持续都从时间线延伸。

lately
最近
She has looked tired lately.
later
以后;后来的
I will call you later.
latest
最新的;最晚的
The latest report came out this morning.

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
002

lately

['leitli] · adv. · Page 67

recently; during the recent past

近来, 最近, 不久前

联想

lately 只表示“最近这段时间”,常和现在完成时或最近状态搭配。它不表示迟到,不能用 I arrived lately 表示来晚了。

意思、用法与例句

adv.近来、最近

表示从不久前到现在的最近一段时间。

常见表达have/has ... latelylately, ...not ... latelyrecently/lately

I have not seen Lily at the library lately.

查看翻译和讲解

现在完成时 + lately 表示最近一直没见到。

Lately, more students have chosen to ride bikes to school.

查看翻译和讲解

lately 可放句首表示最近趋势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recently
最近
Recently, our class has started a reading club. recently 和 lately 接近;lately 更强调最近一段时间的状态或变化。
late
迟的;晚的
The meeting started late. late 表示迟到或时间晚;lately 表示最近。
later
以后
We can talk about it later. later 指将来或后来;lately 指最近过去。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

late + -ly 形成副词 lately,但意义已固定为 recently,不表示“迟地”。

late
迟的;晚的
The last bus arrived late.
latest
最新的
Have you heard the latest news?

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
003

later

['leitə(r)] · adj. / adv. · Page 67

after now or after a time already mentioned

以后的, 后来的;以后, 后来

联想

later 看的是时间顺序上的“以后、后来的、更晚的”。它不等于 late 的迟到,也不同于 lately 的最近。

意思、用法与例句

adv.以后、后来

作副词表示当前或已提到时间之后。

常见表达see you laterlater onsooner or latertwo days later

Finish your homework first, and you can play basketball later.

查看翻译和讲解

later 表示以后。

Sooner or later, you will understand why practice matters.

查看翻译和讲解

sooner or later 表示迟早。

adj.后来的;较晚的

作形容词修饰 train、date、years、chapters 等。

常见表达a later trainat a later datein later yearslater chapters

We took a later train because the first one was full.

查看翻译和讲解

a later train 是较晚一班车。

In later chapters, the writer explains the boy's change.

查看翻译和讲解

later chapters 是后面的章节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

afterward
后来
We ate lunch and afterward visited the museum. afterward 是副词;later 可作副词也可作形容词。
earlier
较早;早些时候
An earlier train leaves at six. earlier 与 later 在先后顺序上相反。
latter
两者中的后者
Of the two plans, I prefer the latter. later 讲时间以后;latter 讲两者中的后者。
late
迟的;晚的
He was late for the exam. late 判断是否迟到;later 判断先后顺序。
lately
最近
She has been quiet lately. lately 指最近过去;later 指以后或后来的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

later 是 late 的比较级/时间顺序形式,表示更晚或之后。

late
迟的;晚的
The reply came late.
latest
最新的;最晚的
Read the latest notice on the board.

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
004

latest

['leitist] · adj. · Page 67

newest, most recent, or last possible in time

最晚的;最近的, 最新的

联想

latest 是 late 的最高级。最新消息往往是最晚到达的信息,所以 latest 既可表示“最新的”,也可表示“最迟的、最晚的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最新的、最近的

修饰 news、report、version、model、fashion 等。

常见表达the latest newsthe latest reportthe latest versionthe latest model

The latest news says the match will be held indoors.

查看翻译和讲解

the latest news 是最新消息。

Please download the latest version before you open the file.

查看翻译和讲解

the latest version 是最新版本。

adj.最晚的、最迟的

表示允许的最后时间或时间线上最晚的一项。

常见表达at the latestthe latest datethe latest busno later than

Hand in the form by Friday at the latest.

查看翻译和讲解

at the latest 表示最迟。

The latest bus to our town leaves at 10 p.m.

查看翻译和讲解

the latest bus 是最晚一班车。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

newest
最新的
This is the newest model in the store. newest 只强调新;latest 还可表示最晚或最迟。
earliest
最早的
The earliest train leaves at five. earliest 与 latest 在时间线上相反。
oldest
最旧的;最老的
The oldest version no longer works. oldest 与 latest 的“最新”义相反。
last①
最后的;上一次的
I read that book last month. last 可指过去最近一次或最后;latest 通常强调目前最新。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

latest = late + -est。最晚到达的信息就是最新信息。

late
迟的;晚的
The train was late.
later
以后;后来的
We met again two years later.

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
005

latter

['lætə(r)] · n. / adj. · Page 67

the second of two people, things, or ideas already mentioned

(两者之中的)后者;后者的

联想

latter 只用于两个对象之间,表示“后者”。它常和 former 前者成对出现;不要和 later 以后、后来的混用。

意思、用法与例句

n.the latter:两者中的后者

前文出现两个对象时,用 the latter 指第二个。

常见表达the former ... the latter ...choose the latterprefer the latterthe latter of the two

Tom and Jack both offered help; I called the latter because he lived nearby.

查看翻译和讲解

the latter 指第二个提到的人 Jack。

Both tea and coffee are offered; I prefer the latter.

查看翻译和讲解

the latter 指第二个提到的 coffee。

The article compares online classes with face-to-face classes and says the latter allow more direct discussion.

查看翻译和讲解

the latter 指第二个提到的 face-to-face classes。

通常用于两个对象;三个或更多对象中说 the last 更自然。

adj.后者的;后半的

放在名词前,表示后一个的或后半部分的,语气较正式。

常见表达the latter choicethe latter methodthe latter halfthe latter part

Of the two plans, the latter choice costs less but takes more time.

查看翻译和讲解

latter choice 指两个选择中的后一个。

The latter half of the film is more exciting than the beginning.

查看翻译和讲解

the latter half 指后半部分。

作形容词时仍然强调前文或整体中的后半/后者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

former
前者
In the pair A and B, A is the former and B is the latter. former 指两者中的前者;latter 指后者。
later
以后;后来的
We can leave later if it rains. later 讲时间以后;latter 讲两者中的后者。
last
最后的;最近一次的
This is the last question on the paper. last 不限于两者;latter 通常用于两者。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

latter 按独立辨析词处理;former 是固定对比词,不是派生词族。

非派生记忆线索

former
前者
Of health and money, the former is more important.
later
以后;后来的
See you later.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

006

last①

星标

[lɑ:st] · adj. / adv. / n. · Page 67

final, most recent before now, or after all others

最后的;最近一次的;最后

联想

last① 不是动词,而是形容词、副词或名词:可表示顺序最后,也可表示刚过去的最近一次。它和 last②“持续”同形不同义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最后的;最近一次的

作形容词,可说最后一个,也可说刚过去的时间。

常见表达the last pagethe last chancelast weeklast monthlast year

Read the last page carefully before you close the book.

查看翻译和讲解

the last page 是最后一页。

We visited the museum last Saturday.

查看翻译和讲解

last Saturday 是上周六或刚过去的周六。

adv. / n.最后;最近一次;最后的人或事物

作副词可表示最后或最近一次,作名词表示最后的人或事物。

常见表达at lastlast but not leastlast of alllast saw/met/spokethe last to leave

At last, all the runners reached the finish line.

查看翻译和讲解

at last 表示终于、最后。

When did you last see your cousin?

查看翻译和讲解

last 作副词表示最近一次。

She was the last to leave the classroom.

查看翻译和讲解

the last to do 表示最后做某事的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

final
最后的
The final question was the hardest. final 强调最后阶段或最终;last① 还可指最近一次。
first
第一的;首先
The first speaker introduced the topic. first 与 last 的顺序相反。
latest
最新的;最晚的
The latest report was published today. latest 强调目前最新;last 可指刚过去的或最后。
last②
持续;够用
The meeting lasted two hours. last① 是形容词/副词/名词;last② 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

last① 与 late/latest 同属时间顺序线索,但 last① 主要处理 final 和 previous。

late
迟的;晚的
He came late again.
latest
最新的
The latest model is lighter.

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
007

last②

星标

[lɑ:st] · v. / vi. · Page 67

continue for a time or remain enough for use

(使)继续存在;足够使用;持续

联想

last② 是动词,问的是“持续多久、够用多久”。它不表示最后,也不表示上一次;看到 last 后面有 for/until/long 或宾语 sb. a week,就按动词理解。

意思、用法与例句

vi.持续

常和 for、until、long 搭配,说明时间长度。

常见表达last for two hourslast until Fridaylast longthe meeting lasts

The concert lasted for nearly three hours.

查看翻译和讲解

last for + 时间段 表示持续多久。

This cold weather may last until the weekend.

查看翻译和讲解

last until + 时间点 表示持续到何时。

v.够用;维持可用

可接间接宾语,表示某物足够某人使用多久。

常见表达last sb. a weekmake sth. lastlast through the winternot last long

This bottle of water should last us until we reach the village.

查看翻译和讲解

last us until... 表示够我们用到某时。

A cheap schoolbag will not last long if you carry heavy books every day.

查看翻译和讲解

last long 表示耐用或持续久。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continue
继续;持续
The rain continued all afternoon. continue 更普通;last 强调持续的时间长度或够用多久。
remain
保持;仍然是
The door remained open. remain 强调保持状态;last 强调持续多久。
end
结束
The meeting ended before noon. end 与 last 的持续义相反。
expire
到期;失效
My library card expires next month. expire 是有效期结束;last 是持续或够用。
last①
最后的;上一次的
The last train leaves at midnight. last① 不表示持续,是不同词性和义项。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

last② 和 last① 同形,学习时用句法区分:last② 是动词,常接 for/until/long 或表示够某人使用。

lasting
持久的
The trip left a lasting memory.
long-lasting
持久的
The medicine has a long-lasting effect.

词族导图

late / latter / last 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
008

create

星标

[kri'eit] · vt. · Page 67

make something new or cause a result

创造, 创建, 创作;引起, 产生

联想

create 的核心是“从无到有”或“造成某个结果”。宾语可以是作品、机会、条件,也可以是 problem、stress 这类结果。

意思、用法与例句

vt.创造;创建;创作

宾语是作品、制度、机会、角色、环境等,强调从无到有。

常见表达create a storycreate a new systemcreate jobscreate opportunities

The students created a short play about protecting rivers.

查看翻译和讲解

create a play 表示创作。

The new library will create more space for reading and discussion.

查看翻译和讲解

create space 表示创造条件。

vt.引起;产生

宾语是 problem、effect、interest、stress、discussion 等,强调导致某种结果。

常见表达create problemscreate interestcreate stresscreate a discussion

Too much noise can create stress in the classroom.

查看翻译和讲解

create stress 表示造成压力。

The teacher's question created a lively discussion.

查看翻译和讲解

create a discussion 表示引发讨论。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

make
做;制造
They made a paper bridge in science class. make 范围最宽;create 更强调新事物或新结果的出现。
produce
生产;产生
The factory produces parts for bicycles. produce 常强调生产出产品或结果;create 强调创造性或从无到有。
cause
导致;引起
The storm caused serious damage. cause 只讲导致结果;create 既可讲创造作品,也可讲引起结果。
destroy
破坏;毁掉
The fire destroyed several old houses. destroy 是把已有东西毁掉,与 create 的创造方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

creative
创造性的;有创造力的
Creative thinking helped the group solve the problem. create 是动作;creative 是性质。
re-create
再创造;重现
The museum re-created an old street for visitors. re-create 强调再次做出或重现;recreation 的休闲义要另作理解。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

create 组的真实派生要分清:creative 是形容词,re-create 是“再次创造/再现”;recreation 的休闲义已经固定为“娱乐活动”,concrete 只作为同根记忆线索,不当作普通派生词。

creative
创造性的;有创造力的
The team found a creative way to save water.
creator
创造者;创作者
The creator of the app was still a student.
re-create
再创造;重现
They re-created the experiment to check the result.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
009

creative

星标

[kri'eitiv] · adj. / n. · Page 67-68

full of new ideas, or a person who makes original work

创造(性)的;有创造力的;创作者

联想

creative 最常见是形容词,修饰 person、idea、thinking、work,表示有新想法。名词 creative 指广告、设计、内容等行业的创作者,高中阶段认识即可。

意思、用法与例句

adj.创造性的;有创造力的

修饰人、想法、活动或作品,强调新颖、有想象力。

常见表达creative thinkinga creative ideacreative writingbe creative in ...

The researchers tested students' creative thinking in different noise levels.

查看翻译和讲解

creative thinking 是创造性思维。

The art club is looking for creative students who enjoy trying new ideas.

查看翻译和讲解

creative students 是有创造力的学生。

n.创作者;创意工作者

较现代的名词用法,常指广告、设计、视频或内容行业里负责创意的人。

常见表达a creativeyoung creativeswork as a creative

The company invited young creatives to design posters for the campaign.

查看翻译和讲解

creative 作可数名词。

A good creative can turn a simple message into a strong picture.

查看翻译和讲解

名词 creative 指创意工作者。

名词用法了解即可,考试中更常见的是形容词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

imaginative
富有想象力的
The imaginative story made the children laugh. imaginative 强调想象力;creative 更强调能产生新想法或作品。
original
新颖的;原创的
Her original design won first prize. original 强调不是抄来的;creative 强调有创造力。
inventive
善于发明的;有创意的
The team used an inventive way to collect rainwater. inventive 常用于解决问题或发明办法。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary answer with no new idea. ordinary 强调普通;creative 强调新颖。
conventional
传统的;常规的
The plan followed a conventional method. conventional 不一定差,但不强调创新。

词族线索 / 同组词

create
创造;创建;引起
The class created a video for the school festival. create 是动词;creative 是形容词或名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

create + -ive 形成 creative,表示“具有创造能力或创造性质的”。

create
创造;创建;引起
They created a garden behind the school.
creativity
创造力
Music lessons can develop children's creativity.
creatively
有创造性地
She solved the problem creatively.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
010

creature

星标

['kri:tʃə(r)] · n. · Page 68

a living thing, especially an animal

生物, 动物;人

联想

creature 指有生命的东西,尤其常用于动物、野生生物或故事里的生物。用来说人时通常带同情、喜爱或评价色彩,不是普通的 person。

意思、用法与例句

n.生物;动物

指任何有生命的东西,常用于自然、科学、故事语境,尤其是动物。

常见表达a tiny creaturea strange creaturesea creaturesliving creatures

When the tiny creature arrived, it became the fortieth black rhino born at the reserve.

查看翻译和讲解

tiny creature 可指刚出生的小动物。

Plastic waste can be dangerous to sea creatures.

查看翻译和讲解

sea creatures 指海洋生物。

n.人(带感情色彩)

用于人时通常表达同情、喜爱或评价,不是普通中性的 person。

常见表达a poor creaturea strange creaturea lovely little creature

The old woman called the lost child a poor little creature.

查看翻译和讲解

poor creature 带同情。

In the story, the lonely creature only wanted a friend.

查看翻译和讲解

故事语境里可指带人格的生物或人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

animal
动物
The animal was too young to live alone. animal 比 creature 更普通;creature 更像书面、故事或自然观察中的说法。
living thing
生物
Every living thing needs water. living thing 是解释性表达;creature 是一个名词。
being
生物;存在物
No living being can survive without water. being 更抽象或正式;creature 更具体。
human
人类
Humans should protect wild creatures. human 指人类;creature 可指动物,也可带感情色彩地指人。
create
创造
People should not create danger for wild creatures. creature 可作 create 组的词源/记忆提示,但不要理解成 create 的普通动作名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

creature 可用 create 的“被创造出来的生物”作记忆提示,但现代学习重点是 n. 生物/动物。不要把它当成 creation 的同义词。

create
创造;创建;引起
People should not create danger for wild creatures.
creation
创造;作品
The garden is her own creation.
creator
创造者
The creator of the story made a friendly creature.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
011

recreate

[,ri:kri'eit] / ['rekri:eit] · vt. / vi. · Page 68

re-create an old scene, or relax and refresh oneself

再现;使得到消遣

联想

recreate 有两条线,要靠读音和语境区分:re-create 强调“再次创造、重现”;recreate oneself 或 recreate after work 是较旧/正式的“休闲放松”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.再现;重现

把过去的场景、实验、声音或气氛重新做出来;也常写作 re-create 以避免歧义。

常见表达recreate a scenerecreate an experimentrecreate the pastrecreate the sound

The history museum recreated a Tang Dynasty street for visitors.

查看翻译和讲解

recreate a street 表示重现街景。

We tried to recreate the experiment to check the result.

查看翻译和讲解

recreate an experiment 表示重新做实验。

vi. / vt.娱乐放松;使得到消遣

较少见,指通过活动恢复精神;常见框架是 recreate oneself,也可不及物表示休闲。

常见表达recreate oneselfrecreate after workrecreate in the park

After a long week, the family recreated themselves by walking in the park.

查看翻译和讲解

recreate oneself 表示放松身心。

Children need time to recreate as well as time to study.

查看翻译和讲解

不及物用法表示休闲放松。

这一义项较旧或较正式,考试中更常通过 recreation 认识。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

re-create
再次创造;重现
The film re-created life in a small village. 加连字符时更清楚地表示“再次创造/重现”。
reconstruct
重建;复原
Experts reconstructed the old bridge from photos. reconstruct 强调根据证据重建结构;recreate 可重现场景、气氛或实验。
relax
放松
We relaxed by the lake after the exam. relax 是普通词;recreate oneself 更正式或少见。

词族线索 / 同组词

create
创造;创建
The artist created a new poster. create 是首次创造;recreate/re-create 是再次做出或重现。
recreation
娱乐活动;再现
Outdoor recreation helps students relax. recreation 的休闲义最常见;re-creation 的再现义要和它区分。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- + create = re-create,再创造/重现;recreation 有双线:re-creation 可指再现,recreation 常指娱乐活动。

create
创造;创建
The students created a model bridge.
re-creation
再创造;重现
The re-creation of the old market looked real.
recreation
娱乐活动;消遣
Basketball is healthy recreation for many teenagers.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
012

recreation

[,ri:kri'eiʃn] / [,rekri'eiʃn] · n. · Page 68

leisure activity, or the act of re-creating something

再现;娱乐(活动)

联想

recreation 最常见是“娱乐、消遣活动”,如 recreation center、outdoor recreation。写作 re-creation 或出现在 of a scene 时,才更清楚地表示“再现、重现”。

意思、用法与例句

n.娱乐;消遣活动

学习或工作之外让人放松的活动,可数或不可数。

常见表达outdoor recreationhealthy recreationplaces for recreationrecreation center

The town built a recreation center for teenagers.

查看翻译和讲解

recreation center 是娱乐活动场所。

Reading can be a quiet form of recreation after a busy day.

查看翻译和讲解

a form of recreation 表示一种消遣。

n.再现;重现

指把过去的东西重新做出或呈现出来;写作 re-creation 更能避免和“娱乐”混淆。

常见表达the re-creation of a scenea careful re-creationhistorical re-creation

The show includes a careful re-creation of an ancient market.

查看翻译和讲解

re-creation of a market 表示古市场再现。

The re-creation of the old song brought back many memories.

查看翻译和讲解

re-creation 表示重现旧歌。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leisure
闲暇;休闲
People need leisure as well as work. leisure 强调空闲时间;recreation 强调具体的休闲活动。
relaxation
放松
Music gives her relaxation after school. relaxation 是放松状态或过程;recreation 是活动。
amusement
娱乐;消遣
The park offers amusement for children. amusement 更强调有趣好玩;recreation 可更中性、更健康。
work
工作;学习任务
Work took most of his day. work 与 recreation 的休闲义相对,但不适用于 re-creation 的“再现”义。

词族线索 / 同组词

recreate
再现;娱乐放松
They recreated the old classroom for the film. recreate 是动词;recreation 是名词,且有休闲和再现两条线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recreation 有双读音双义项:recreation 常指 leisure activity;re-creation 更清楚地指 act of creating again。

recreate
再现;娱乐放松
They recreated the sound of rain with paper.
re-creation
再创造;重现
The re-creation of village life looked real.
recreational
娱乐的;休闲的
The school offers recreational sports after class.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
013

concrete

星标

['kɒŋkri:t] · n. / adj. · Page 68

building material, or specific rather than abstract

混凝土;混凝土的;具体的

联想

concrete 有两条高频线:名词是“混凝土”,形容词是“混凝土的”或“具体的”。con- + crete 可帮助记住“凝成一体”的材料,但不要把 concrete 当成 create 的现代派生词。

意思、用法与例句

n.混凝土

不可数名词,指建筑材料。

常见表达pour concretebe made of concretea block of concrete

The workers poured concrete for the new bridge.

查看翻译和讲解

concrete 作不可数名词。

The path is made of concrete, so it is easy to clean.

查看翻译和讲解

made of concrete 表示由混凝土制成。

adj.混凝土的

修饰 road、wall、building、floor 等具体建筑物。

常见表达a concrete roada concrete walla concrete floor

A concrete wall separates the playground from the road.

查看翻译和讲解

concrete wall 是混凝土墙。

The village now has a concrete road to the school.

查看翻译和讲解

concrete road 是混凝土路。

adj.具体的;明确的

修饰 plan、example、evidence、step、advice 等,表示清楚、可执行、非抽象。

常见表达a concrete plana concrete exampleconcrete evidenceconcrete advice

Please give me a concrete example, not just a general idea.

查看翻译和讲解

concrete 与 general/abstract 对比。

The group needs a concrete plan before asking for money.

查看翻译和讲解

concrete plan 是具体可执行的计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

specific
具体的;明确的
Give me a specific date for the meeting. specific 强调明确细节;concrete 强调具体、可感知或可执行。
definite
明确的;确定的
We need a definite answer by Friday. definite 强调确定;concrete 强调不抽象。
practical
实际可行的
She gave practical advice about saving water. practical 强调能用;concrete 强调具体。
abstract
抽象的
Love is an abstract idea, but a hug is a concrete action. abstract 与 concrete 的“具体的”义相反。
general
笼统的;一般的
The answer was too general to be useful. general 缺少细节;concrete 有明确细节。
create
创造;创建
The students created a model bridge. create 与 concrete 可作词根记忆联系,但 concrete 不是 create 的普通派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- = together,crete 可作“造/生”的记忆线索:合在一起成为坚实材料;抽象义则从“具体可触”延伸到“明确具体”。

concretely
具体地
The teacher explained the rule concretely.

词族导图

create / concrete 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
014

order

星标

['ɔ:də(r)] · n. / vt. / v. / phr. · Page 68

sequence, orderliness, command, order for food or goods, or purpose phrase

顺序;秩序;命令;点菜;订货;为了

联想

order 的核心不是一个中文义,而是“安排”。安排先后就是顺序,安排现场就是秩序,安排别人做事就是命令,安排餐品或商品就是点菜/订购。

意思、用法与例句

n.顺序;次序

表示人、事件、步骤、名单等排列的先后。

常见表达in orderin the right orderput ... in orderorder of events

Put the events in order from the earliest to the latest.

查看翻译和讲解

order of events 表示事件顺序。

The names are listed in alphabetical order.

查看翻译和讲解

alphabetical order 是按字母顺序。

n.秩序;有条理的状态

表示环境、队伍、课堂或系统有规则、不混乱;out of order 还常指机器坏了。

常见表达keep orderin good orderout of orderrestore order

The teacher raised her hand to restore order in the room.

查看翻译和讲解

restore order 表示恢复秩序。

The printer is out of order, so we cannot use it today.

查看翻译和讲解

out of order 可指设备出故障。

n. / vt.命令;要求

作名词指命令;作动词时常用 order sb. to do sth.,语气比 ask 强。

常见表达give an orderfollow ordersorder sb. to do sth.be ordered to do sth.

The police officer ordered the driver to stop.

查看翻译和讲解

order sb. to do sth. 表示命令。

Soldiers must learn to follow orders quickly.

查看翻译和讲解

follow orders 表示服从命令。

n. / v. / vt.点菜;订购;订单

在餐馆、商店或网上购物语境中表示点餐、下单或订单。

常见表达take your orderorder lunch onlineplace an orderan online order

We ordered two bowls of noodles and a glass of juice.

查看翻译和讲解

order 可表示点菜。

The shop sent my order to the wrong address.

查看翻译和讲解

order 作名词表示订单。

phr.为了;以便

in order to 后接动词原形;in order that 后接从句,表示目的。

常见表达in order to do sth.in order that ...in order to save time

She left home early in order to catch the first bus.

查看翻译和讲解

in order to 表示目的。

The notice was written clearly in order that everyone could understand it.

查看翻译和讲解

in order that 后接从句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sequence
顺序;序列
The photos tell the story in sequence. sequence 只强调先后顺序;order 还可指秩序、命令、点菜或订购。
arrangement
安排;排列
The arrangement of desks made discussion easier. arrangement 强调安排方式;order 可指顺序或有秩序状态。
command
命令
The captain gave a clear command. command 对应 order 的命令义,不对应点菜或顺序义。
disorder
混乱;杂乱
The sudden noise threw the hall into disorder. disorder 是 order 的反方向,表示无秩序。
chaos
混乱
Traffic was in chaos after the lights failed. chaos 比 disorder 更强,强调完全混乱。
ordinary
普通的;平常的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 可用 ordin = common order 作记忆线索,但不是 order 的顺序义近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

orderly
有秩序的;整齐的
Students left the hall in an orderly line. order 是名词/动词/短语核心;orderly 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

order 组分两条:order/disorder/orderly 围绕“有序/无序”;ordinary/extraordinary 只用 ordin = common order 作词根记忆,实际意思是普通/非凡。

disorder
混乱;杂乱
The room fell into disorder after the party.
orderly
守秩序的;整齐的
The students waited in an orderly line.
ordinary
普通的;平常的
It was an ordinary day at school.

词族导图

order / ordinary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
015

disorder

[dis'ɔ:də(r)] · n. · Page 68

confusion, mess, or a state without order

杂乱, 混乱

联想

disorder = dis- + order,核心是“秩序被打乱”。这里重点掌握普通的杂乱、混乱义,不扩展医学疾病义。

意思、用法与例句

n.杂乱;混乱

常指房间、文件、活动、队伍或公共场面缺少秩序。

常见表达in disordercomplete disorderfall into disorderthrow ... into disorder

After the game, the classroom was in disorder.

查看翻译和讲解

in disorder 表示杂乱。

The sudden storm threw the outdoor party into disorder.

查看翻译和讲解

throw ... into disorder 表示使混乱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

confusion
混乱;困惑
There was confusion when the plan changed. confusion 可指思想困惑或场面混乱;disorder 更强调缺少秩序。
chaos
大混乱
The station was in chaos after the delay. chaos 语气更强,表示严重混乱。
mess
脏乱;混乱
His desk was a mess after the project. mess 更口语,可指东西乱;disorder 更书面。
order
秩序;顺序
Please put the cards in order. order 强调有条理;disorder 强调无序。
orderly
有秩序的;整齐的
The meeting ended in an orderly way. orderly 是形容词;disorder 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- 表示反向或否定,disorder 就是没有 order 的状态。

order
秩序;顺序
Keep your notes in order.
orderly
有秩序的;整齐的
The books were kept in orderly rows.
disorderly
混乱的;无秩序的
The crowd became disorderly after the game.

词族导图

order / ordinary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
016

orderly

['ɔ:dəli] · adj. · Page 68

neat, well arranged, or behaving with order

守秩序的;有条理的, 整齐的

联想

orderly 是形容词,把 order 的“秩序”变成“有秩序的状态”。它可以形容人群守秩序,也可以形容房间、笔记、过程有条理。

意思、用法与例句

adj.守秩序的

形容人群、队伍、离场、讨论等按规则进行、不混乱。

常见表达an orderly linein an orderly wayan orderly exitan orderly discussion

Students waited in an orderly line outside the lab.

查看翻译和讲解

orderly line 是有秩序的队伍。

The teacher helped the class make an orderly exit after the alarm.

查看翻译和讲解

orderly exit 是有序离场。

adj.有条理的;整齐的

形容房间、记录、笔记、安排等清楚整齐。

常见表达an orderly roomorderly noteskeep ... orderlyan orderly arrangement

Her notes are clear and orderly, so they are easy to review.

查看翻译和讲解

orderly notes 表示笔记有条理。

He keeps the tools orderly on a small shelf.

查看翻译和讲解

keep ... orderly 表示保持整齐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

neat
整洁的
Her desk is neat and clean. neat 强调整洁;orderly 强调按秩序或条理安排。
organized
有组织的;有条理的
An organized notebook saves time before exams. organized 更强调安排好;orderly 还可形容人群守秩序。
well-behaved
守规矩的
The well-behaved children listened quietly. well-behaved 常形容人;orderly 可形容人群、过程或物品。
messy
凌乱的
His bag was messy after the trip. messy 与 orderly 的整齐义相反。
disorderly
混乱的;无秩序的
A disorderly crowd blocked the street. disorderly 与 orderly 直接相反。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 是普通;orderly 是有秩序,不能混。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

order + -ly 形成形容词 orderly,表示“带有 order 的状态”。

order
秩序;顺序
Please put the cards in order.
disorder
混乱;杂乱
The files were left in disorder.
disorderly
无秩序的;混乱的
The room looked disorderly after the party.

词族导图

order / ordinary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
017

ordinary

星标

['ɔ:dnri] · adj. · Page 68

common, usual, and not special

普通的, 平常的

联想

ordinary 的实际用法就是“普通的、平常的”。common order 可作词根记忆线索,但考试中要把它和 extraordinary、special、regular 分清。

意思、用法与例句

adj.普通的;平常的

描述人、日子、物品、经历等没有特别之处。

常见表达ordinary peoplean ordinary dayordinary lifean ordinary family

It was an ordinary school day until the heavy snow began.

查看翻译和讲解

ordinary school day 是平常的上学日。

The story shows how ordinary people can do brave things.

查看翻译和讲解

ordinary people 是普通人。

adj.一般的;不出众的

用于评价时表示没有特别好或特别差,常和 look、seem、sound 搭配。

常见表达look ordinaryseem ordinaryordinary clothesnothing ordinary

The restaurant looks ordinary, but its noodles are famous.

查看翻译和讲解

look ordinary 表示看起来普通。

He wore ordinary clothes so that no one noticed him.

查看翻译和讲解

ordinary clothes 是普通衣服。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

common
常见的;普通的
This bird is common in our city. common 强调常见;ordinary 强调不特别。
usual
通常的;平常的
She came home at the usual time. usual 强调通常如此;ordinary 强调普通平常。
normal
正常的;普通的
It is normal to feel nervous before a test. normal 强调符合正常情况;ordinary 强调没有特别之处。
special
特别的
The meal was special because the whole family cooked together. special 与 ordinary 相反,强调特别。
extraordinary
非凡的;令人惊奇的
Her progress this year was extraordinary. extraordinary = beyond ordinary,表示超出普通。
regular
有规律的;固定的
He is a regular customer at the shop. regular 强调规律、固定或经常;ordinary 强调不特别。
order
顺序;秩序;命令
The names are listed in order. ordinary 的 ordin 词根可作 common order 记忆,不等于 order 的顺序义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ordinary 来自“of the common order”的记忆线索;extra- + ordinary 表示超出普通。

extraordinary
非凡的;令人惊奇的
The rescue team did an extraordinary job.
ordinarily
通常;一般情况下
Ordinarily, the library closes at six.

词族导图

order / ordinary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
018

extraordinary

星标

[ik'strɔ:dnri] · adj. · Page 68

very unusual, surprising, or much better than ordinary

不平常的, 非凡的, 出色的;令人惊奇的

联想

extraordinary = extra- + ordinary,字面可记“超出普通”。它既能赞美人或成就非凡,也能描述事情罕见、令人惊奇。

意思、用法与例句

adj.非凡的;出色的

修饰 courage、achievement、person、skill、work 等,强调远高于普通水平。

常见表达extraordinary couragean extraordinary achievementan extraordinary personextraordinary skill

The young volunteer showed extraordinary courage during the flood.

查看翻译和讲解

extraordinary courage 是非凡勇气。

Winning the national prize was an extraordinary achievement for the team.

查看翻译和讲解

extraordinary achievement 是非凡成就。

adj.不平常的;令人惊奇的

描述事情罕见、出人意料或变化很大。

常见表达an extraordinary eventan extraordinary storyextraordinary changesIt is extraordinary that ...

It is extraordinary that such a small village has three libraries.

查看翻译和讲解

It is extraordinary that... 表示令人惊奇。

The city has seen extraordinary changes in the last ten years.

查看翻译和讲解

extraordinary changes 是巨大而不寻常的变化。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unusual
不寻常的
It is unusual to see snow here in April. unusual 强调不常见;extraordinary 语气更强,可表示非凡或惊人。
remarkable
非凡的;显著的
She made remarkable progress in English. remarkable 强调值得注意;extraordinary 强调超出普通。
excellent
优秀的
The speech was excellent. excellent 只强调优秀;extraordinary 还可强调罕见或令人惊奇。
ordinary
普通的;平常的
It was an ordinary day at school. ordinary 是普通;extraordinary 是超出普通。
common
常见的;普通的
This is a common mistake. common 与 extraordinary 的罕见义相反。
outstanding
突出的;优秀的
She is an outstanding student in physics. outstanding 侧重优秀突出;extraordinary 还可指事情罕见、惊人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extra- 表示“超出”,extraordinary 就是 beyond ordinary。

ordinary
普通的;平常的
He grew up in an ordinary family.
extraordinarily
极其;非常;非凡地
She worked extraordinarily hard before the contest.

词族导图

order / ordinary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
019

raise

星标

[reiz] · vt. · Page 69

lift or increase something, bring up a child or animal, collect money, or mention an issue

使升高;增加, 提高;抚养, 饲养;筹集;提出

联想

raise 一定要带宾语:人把某物举高、把价格提高、把孩子养大、把钱筹起来、把问题提出来。它的方向是“让别的东西上去/出现”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.举起;使升高

宾语是手、旗帜、头、声音等,强调某人让某物升高。

常见表达raise your handraise the flagraise one's headraise one's voice

Please raise your hand before you answer the question.

查看翻译和讲解

raise your hand 是举手。

The students raised the flag at the school gate.

查看翻译和讲解

raise the flag 是升旗。

vt.增加;提高

宾语是 price、level、standard、speed、temperature 等,强调人为提高。

常见表达raise pricesraise standardsraise the level of ...raise awareness

The company decided not to raise prices this year.

查看翻译和讲解

raise prices 是提高价格。

The new reading plan helped raise students' confidence.

查看翻译和讲解

raise confidence 表示提高信心。

vt.抚养;饲养

宾语是 children、family、animals 等,表示把孩子养大或饲养动物。

常见表达raise childrenraise a familyraise chickensbe raised by ...

Her grandparents raised her in a small town.

查看翻译和讲解

raise a child 表示抚养孩子。

The farmer raises chickens behind the house.

查看翻译和讲解

raise animals 表示饲养动物。

vt.筹集;提出

宾语是 money、funds、question、problem、issue 等。

常见表达raise moneyraise fundsraise a questionraise a problemraise an issue

The students raised money for children in need.

查看翻译和讲解

raise money 是筹款。

He raised an important question at the meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

raise a question 是提出问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lift
举起;抬起
She lifted the box onto the desk. lift 主要是具体抬起;raise 可用于价格、孩子、资金、问题等抽象对象。
increase
增加;提高
The number of visitors increased in summer. increase 可及物也可不及物;raise 作提高义时是及物动词。
bring up
抚养;提出
His aunt brought him up after his parents moved away. bring up 可表示抚养或提出话题;raise 更书面,也可表示筹款。
lower
降低;放下
Please lower your voice in the library. lower 是让某物变低,与 raise 的使升高/提高相反。
reduce
减少;降低
The school reduced waste by using fewer paper cups. reduce 与 raise 的提高数量或水平相反。
rise
上升;起立
Prices rose quickly after the storm. raise 必须带宾语;rise 是主语自己上升。
arise
出现;由……引起
A new problem arose during the trip. raise a question 是人提出问题;a question arises 是问题自己出现。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

raise / rise / arise 是高频易混组,不按普通派生词族处理:raise 是及物动词,rise/arise 是不及物动词。pay raise 是名词搭配,加薪;不放在派生区。

fundraising
筹款
The club held a fundraising event for the library.

词族导图

raise / rise / arise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
020

rise

星标

[raiz] · vi. · Page 69

go up by itself, stand up, tower above, become higher in position, or rebel

上升;站起来, 起立;耸立;地位提高;升起;造反, 反抗

联想

rise 是不及物动词,过去式 rose,过去分词 risen。主语自己上升、升起、站起来或地位提高;反抗义常见于 rise up。

意思、用法与例句

vi.上升;升起;提高

主语是太阳、烟、水位、价格、数量、地位等,不带直接宾语。

常见表达prices risethe sun risesrise by ...rise to ...rise in rank

House prices may rise if more people move to the city.

查看翻译和讲解

prices rise 是价格自己上涨。

The sun rises over the mountains at six.

查看翻译和讲解

the sun rises 是太阳升起。

She rose from a small role to team leader in three years.

查看翻译和讲解

rise 可表示地位提高。

vi.站起来;耸立

用于人从坐姿站起,也可描述建筑、山峰高高矗立。

常见表达rise to one's feetrise from a chairrise above the rivertowers rise

When the teacher entered, the students rose to their feet.

查看翻译和讲解

rise to one's feet 是源搭配,表示站起身。

Tall buildings rise on both sides of the river.

查看翻译和讲解

rise 可表示建筑耸立。

vi.造反;反抗

常用 rise up,表示人群起来反抗不公平或压迫。

常见表达rise uprise up against ...rise in protest

The people rose up against unfair rules.

查看翻译和讲解

rise up 是源搭配,表示反抗。

Workers rose in protest when their pay was cut.

查看翻译和讲解

rise in protest 表示起来抗议。

这一义项较正式,重点记搭配 rise up。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

go up
上升
The smoke went up into the sky. go up 更口语;rise 更正式,可用于太阳、价格、水位、地位。
increase
增加;提高
The number of visitors increased in summer. increase 可作不及物接近 rise 的数量上升义,也可作及物;rise 不带宾语。
stand up
站起来
Please stand up when you answer. stand up 是普通说法;rise to one's feet 更正式。
fall
下降;落下
The temperature fell during the night. fall 与 rise 的上升义相反。
drop
下降;掉落
Prices dropped after the holiday. drop 常用于价格、数量下降。
raise
使升高;提高
The teacher raised her voice. rise 不带宾语;raise 必须带宾语。
arise
出现;发生
A question arose after the speech. rise 多指物理或水平上升;arise 多指问题、机会、情况出现。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rise 是不及物动词,变化为 rise-rose-risen;rose/risen 是变形,不是派生词。学习时优先用句法区分 raise/rise/arise。

rising
正在上升的;新兴的
Rising temperatures worry many farmers.

词族导图

raise / rise / arise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
021

arise

星标

[ə'raiz] · vi. · Page 69

happen or appear, be caused by something, or formally get up

(尤指问题等)发生, 出现;由……引起;起床, 起立, 起身

联想

arise 常用于抽象主语:problem、question、need、chance、difficulty。arise from 表示“由……引起”;起身义较正式,现代学习重点仍是问题/情况出现。

意思、用法与例句

vi.发生;出现

主语常是问题、困难、机会、需要、疑问等抽象事物。

常见表达problems arisea need arisesa question arisesif the chance arises

If any problems arise, call your teacher at once.

查看翻译和讲解

problems arise 表示问题出现。

A new chance arose when the school opened a writing club.

查看翻译和讲解

a chance arose 表示机会出现。

vi.由……引起;因……产生

用 arise from 表示原因,主语通常是结果、问题或事故。

常见表达arise from carelessnessarise from a misunderstandingdifficulties arise from ...give rise to

Accidents often arise from carelessness.

查看翻译和讲解

arise from 表示由……引起。

Many arguments arise from small misunderstandings.

查看翻译和讲解

arise from a misunderstanding 表示因误会产生。

Heavy rain can give rise to traffic problems.

查看翻译和讲解

give rise to 表示引起。

vi.起床;起立;起身

较正式或文学化,现代日常更常说 get up 或 rise。

常见表达arise earlyarise from one's seatarise and leave

The old farmer arose before sunrise.

查看翻译和讲解

arise 可表示起床,但较正式。

She arose from her seat and thanked the guests.

查看翻译和讲解

arise from one's seat 表示起身。

此义项低频,了解即可;考试更常考 arise from 和 problems arise。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

happen
发生
The accident happened on a rainy night. happen 最普通;arise 更常用于问题、机会、需要等抽象主语。
appear
出现
A bright moon appeared above the trees. appear 可用于具体可见事物;arise 多用于情况或问题出现。
come up
出现;被提出
A new question came up during the discussion. come up 更口语;arise 更正式。
disappear
消失
The dark clouds disappeared after lunch. disappear 与 arise 的出现义方向相反。
raise
提出;使升高
She raised a question about safety. raise a question 是人提出问题;a question arises 是问题出现。
rise
上升;起立
Smoke rose from the kitchen window. rise 指上升或起立;arise 指问题/情况出现或由……引起。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

arise = a- + rise,形式像 rise,但现代高频义是“问题/情况出现”。arose/arisen 是变形;give rise to 是固定搭配,不放在派生区。

arising
出现的;产生的
The team discussed the arising problems calmly.

词族导图

raise / rise / arise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
022

stand

星标

[stænd] · vi. / vt. / n. / phr. · Page 69

stand upright, be located, bear something, place upright, or take a position

站立, 起立;位于;忍受, 经受;竖放;立场;货摊;看台

联想

stand 的核心是“站住/立住”:身体站立,建筑位于某处,心理上忍受,观点上有立场;很多短语要当固定搭配记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.站立;起立;位于

人站着或站起;建筑、树、标志等位于某处。

常见表达stand upstand by the doorstand on a hillstand in the square

Several students stood by the window and watched the rain.

查看翻译和讲解

stood by the window 表示站在窗边。

An old tower stands at the center of the town.

查看翻译和讲解

stands at 表示位于某处。

vt.忍受;经受;竖放

常用于 can't stand;也可表示物体经受住压力,或把东西竖放。

常见表达can't stand sth.stand the heat/noisestand up to sth.stand the bottle upright

I can't stand the noise when I am trying to read.

查看翻译和讲解

can't stand 表示无法忍受。

This jacket can stand up to heavy rain.

查看翻译和讲解

stand up to sth. 表示经受住。

Stand the board against the wall before you clean the floor.

查看翻译和讲解

stand sth. against... 表示把某物竖放。

n.立场;货摊;看台

作名词时可指观点立场、售货摊,也可指体育场看台。

常见表达take a standa food standthe standsmake a stand

You should take a clear stand against cheating.

查看翻译和讲解

take a stand 表示表明立场。

We bought orange juice from a small stand near the gate.

查看翻译和讲解

a stand 可指货摊。

Fans in the stands cheered when the team scored.

查看翻译和讲解

the stands 指看台。

phr.stand 常见短语

stand by/for/out/up for/up to 含义差别大,要按搭配整块记。

常见表达stand by a friendstand by and watchstand for peacestand outstand up for sb.stand up to sb.

Good friends stand by each other in difficult times.

查看翻译和讲解

stand by sb. 可表示支持。

UN stands for the United Nations.

查看翻译和讲解

stand for 表示代表。

She stood up for a classmate who was treated unfairly.

查看翻译和讲解

stand up for 表示维护。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sit
Please sit down after you answer. sit 与 stand 的站立义相反。
lie
躺;平放
He lay on the sofa after dinner. lie 与 stand 的直立状态相反。
bear
忍受;承受
I can't bear the smell of smoke. bear 接近 stand 的忍受义,但 stand 更常见于 can't stand。
position
立场;位置
Her position on the issue is clear. position 接近 stand 的立场义;stand 还可指货摊和看台。

词族线索 / 同组词

standard
标准;水平
The school set a high standard for safety. standard 可用 stand hard 作记忆线索,实际义是标准。
outstanding
突出;优秀
Her performance was outstanding. outstanding 可由 stand out 记,但现代用作形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stand 组要分层:standard/outstanding 与 stand 关系较清楚;stable/constant/distance/destination 多是词根或书本记忆线索,不要都当现代派生词。

standard
标准;水平
The work is up to standard.
outstanding
杰出的;突出的
The team made outstanding progress.
standpoint
立场;观点
From my standpoint, the rule is fair.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
023

standard

星标

['stændəd] · n. / adj. · Page 69

a level, rule, moral level, or accepted model used for judging

标准, 水平;道德水准;标准的

联想

standard 是衡量用的“标尺”:学习水平、生活水平、道德水准都可用它;作形容词时表示标准规格。

意思、用法与例句

n.标准;水平;道德水准

用来衡量质量、能力、行为或生活条件。

常见表达set a standardup to standardliving standardshigh moral standards

The coach set a high standard for every player.

查看翻译和讲解

set a standard 是制定标准。

Clean water has improved living standards in the village.

查看翻译和讲解

living standards 是源搭配。

The story asks whether success should be judged by moral standards.

查看翻译和讲解

moral standards 表示道德水准。

adj.标准的;普通规格的

表示符合常规规格、版本或形式。

常见表达standard Englisha standard roomstandard sizea standard test

Please write the answer in standard English.

查看翻译和讲解

standard English 是标准英语。

A standard ticket is cheaper than a first-class ticket.

查看翻译和讲解

standard 作形容词表示标准规格。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

criterion
标准;准则
Safety is the main criterion for the design. criterion 更正式,指判断准则;standard 更常用,也可表示水平。
level
水平
Her English level improved quickly. level 只讲水平高低;standard 还可指标准规则。
norm
规范;常态
Wearing uniforms is the norm at this school. norm 强调常规;standard 强调衡量标准。
substandard
低于标准的
Substandard food should not be sold. substandard 表示未达到标准。
exceptional
异常优秀的;例外的
Her work was exceptional. exceptional 可表示超过普通标准,与 standard 的普通规格义相对。
regular
有规律的;固定的
The club holds regular meetings. regular 强调固定规律;standard 强调标准规格或衡量尺度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 stand hard 记忆 standard:像稳固立住的标尺,用来衡量水平或规格。

standardize
使标准化
The company standardized the form.
standardized
标准化的
Students took a standardized test.
standardization
标准化
Standardization made the reports easier to compare.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
024

outstanding

[aut'stændiŋ] · adj. · Page 70

excellent, clearly better than others, noticeable, or still not dealt with

突出的, 明显的;优秀的, 杰出的, 出色的

联想

outstanding 可从 stand out 记:站出来就显眼,表现站出来就是优秀;在问题/任务上还可表示“未解决的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.优秀的;杰出的

修饰人、表现、成绩、作品等,表示明显高于普通水平。

常见表达an outstanding studentoutstanding performanceoutstanding achievementoutstanding work

She won the prize for her outstanding performance in the debate.

查看翻译和讲解

outstanding performance 表示出色表现。

The school is proud of its outstanding science team.

查看翻译和讲解

outstanding science team 表示优秀团队。

adj.突出的;明显的;未解决的

可指特征很突出,也可指问题、任务仍然没有处理完。

常见表达an outstanding featureoutstanding problemsoutstanding questionsoutstanding tasks

The outstanding feature of the plan is its low cost.

查看翻译和讲解

outstanding feature 是突出特征。

Several outstanding problems must be solved before the trip.

查看翻译和讲解

outstanding problems 表示尚未解决的问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excellent
优秀的
Her speech was excellent. excellent 强调好;outstanding 强调明显高出别人。
remarkable
非凡的;显著的
He made remarkable progress. remarkable 强调值得注意;outstanding 可表示优秀或显眼。
noticeable
明显的
There was a noticeable change in his voice. noticeable 对应明显义,不对应优秀义。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary answer. ordinary 与 outstanding 的杰出义相反。
poor
差的
The team made a poor start. poor 与 outstanding 的优秀义相反。
standard
标准;水平
His work is above the usual standard. standard 是衡量线;outstanding 是明显超过标准。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

outstanding 可由 stand out 记,但 stand out 是短语,不放进派生词族;outstanding 现在主要作形容词。

outstandingly
非常出色地
The team performed outstandingly in the final.
standout
突出的人或物
He was the standout player in the match.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
025

stable

星标

['steibl] · adj. / n. · Page 70

steady, firm, calm in character, or a building for horses

稳定的, 稳固的;沉稳的, 镇静的;马厩

联想

stable 的核心是“站得住”:结构稳、局势稳、情绪稳。作名词时是另一条线,表示马厩。

意思、用法与例句

adj.稳定的;稳固的

描述价格、关系、结构、病情、局势等不易变化或倒下。

常见表达remain stablestable conditiona stable joba stable relationshipa stable structure

The patient is in stable condition after the operation.

查看翻译和讲解

stable condition 是病情稳定。

A stable chair will not shake when you sit on it.

查看翻译和讲解

stable chair 是稳固的椅子。

adj.沉稳的;镇静的

描述人的性格或情绪可靠、不容易慌乱。

常见表达a stable characteremotionally stablekeep a stable moodstay stable under pressure

A stable person can stay calm under pressure.

查看翻译和讲解

stable person 是沉稳的人。

Regular sleep helps students keep a stable mood.

查看翻译和讲解

stable mood 是稳定情绪。

n.马厩

可数名词,指养马的建筑。

常见表达in the stableclean the stablea horse stable

The horse was resting in the stable after the race.

查看翻译和讲解

stable 作名词表示马厩。

The farmer asked his son to clean the stable.

查看翻译和讲解

clean the stable 是清理马厩。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

steady
稳定的;平稳的
Keep the camera steady while you take the photo. steady 更强调不摇晃或持续;stable 更强调整体不易变化。
firm
牢固的
The ladder must stand on firm ground. firm 偏物理牢固;stable 可讲局势、工作、情绪。
calm
镇静的
She stayed calm before the exam. calm 对应情绪稳定义。
unstable
不稳定的
The old table is unstable. unstable 是 stable 的直接反义。
shaky
摇晃的;不稳的
The chair felt shaky. shaky 多指物理或信心不稳。
constant
持续不断的;恒定的
The machine works at a constant speed. constant 强调持续或不变;stable 强调可靠、不易变化或倒下。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 st = stand + -able 记忆 stable:能站得住,所以稳定、稳固。

stability
稳定;稳固
The plan brought stability to the market.
stabilize
使稳定
The medicine helped stabilize his condition.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
026

stability

[stə'biləti] · n. · Page 70

the state of being steady, firm, balanced, or not easily changed

稳定, 稳固

联想

stability 是 stable 的名词,常讲社会、经济、身体状况、系统或结构的稳定性。

意思、用法与例句

n.稳定;稳固

表示状态持续、可靠、不容易被打乱。

常见表达economic stabilitysocial stabilitybring stabilitythe stability of ...

Good communication brings stability to a team.

查看翻译和讲解

bring stability 表示带来稳定。

The doctor was pleased with the stability of the patient's condition.

查看翻译和讲解

condition 的 stability 是病情稳定。

n.平衡性;牢固性

指物体或结构不容易倒下、移动或失衡。

常见表达the stability of a bridgeimprove stabilitylose stability

Engineers tested the stability of the bridge after the storm.

查看翻译和讲解

stability 可指结构稳固性。

A wider base can improve the stability of a desk lamp.

查看翻译和讲解

improve stability 表示提高稳定性。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

steadiness
稳定;平稳
Her steadiness helped the team stay calm. steadiness 更普通;stability 更常用于系统、局势、结构。
firmness
牢固;坚定
The firmness of the ground made it safe. firmness 偏牢固或坚定;stability 偏整体稳定。
balance
平衡
Good balance keeps the bike from falling. balance 接近物理平衡性,不能覆盖所有 stability 义。
instability
不稳定
Political instability made travel difficult. instability 是 stability 的直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

stable
稳定的;马厩
The patient is stable now. stable 是形容词或名词;stability 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stable 去 e 加 -ity 形成 stability,表示 stable 的状态。

stable
稳定的;稳固的
The price remained stable.
stabilize
使稳定
New rules helped stabilize the market.
instability
不稳定
The old wall showed signs of instability.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
027

establish

[i'stæbliʃ] · vt. · Page 70

set up something firmly, create a lasting system, or prove a fact

建立, 设立;确定, 证实

联想

establish 有“使稳固”的感觉:建立机构、制度、关系、习惯,也可用证据确定事实。

意思、用法与例句

vt.建立;设立

宾语常是 school、company、system、relationship、habit、rule 等。

常见表达establish a schoolestablish a companyestablish a systemestablish a relationshipestablish a habit

The village established a small reading room for children.

查看翻译和讲解

establish a reading room 表示设立。

It takes time to establish good study habits.

查看翻译和讲解

establish a habit 表示养成并固定。

vt.确定;证实

通过事实、证据或调查确认某事。

常见表达establish the truthestablish a factestablish the causeestablish that ...

The police tried to establish the cause of the fire.

查看翻译和讲解

establish the cause 表示确定原因。

The report established that exercise helped the students sleep better.

查看翻译和讲解

establish that... 表示证实。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

set up
建立;设立
They set up a club after school. set up 更口语;establish 更正式,强调稳定存在。
found
创立
The school was founded in 1998. found 常用于创立机构;establish 还可证实事实。
prove
证明
The test proved that the water was clean. prove 对应证实义;establish 更正式。
confirm
确认
The message confirmed the time of the meeting. confirm 强调确认;establish 强调通过证据确定。
destroy
毁掉
The fire destroyed the old hall. destroy 与 establish 的建立义相反。
disprove
反驳;证明为假
The new evidence disproved the old idea. disprove 与 establish 的证实义相反。
stable
稳定的
A stable plan is easier to carry out. stable 可作 establish 的记忆线索,但现代用法重点是建立/证实。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 e- + stable + -ish 记忆 establish 的“使稳固/确立”感觉;实际用法不要翻成 stable。

established
已确立的;知名的
She is an established writer.
establishment
机构;建立
The establishment of the club took two months.
re-establish
重建;恢复
They re-established contact after many years.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
028

constant

星标

['kɒnstənt] · adj. · Page 70

happening all the time, continuing, or staying unchanged

经常发生的, 不断的;恒定的, 永恒的

联想

constant 有两层:生活语境里是“不断的”,科学/数值语境里是“恒定不变的”。它不等于 stable,stable 强调状态稳。

意思、用法与例句

adj.经常发生的;不断的

修饰 noise、calls、changes、practice、support、care 等,强调反复或持续。

常见表达constant noiseconstant changeconstant supportconstant careconstant practice

Constant noise from the street made it hard to sleep.

查看翻译和讲解

constant noise 表示持续噪音。

Her constant practice helped her win the speech contest.

查看翻译和讲解

constant practice 表示不断练习。

adj.恒定的;不变的

用于数值、速度、温度、原则等保持不变。

常见表达a constant speeda constant temperatureremain constantkeep sth. constant

Drive at a constant speed on this part of the road.

查看翻译和讲解

constant speed 是恒定速度。

The temperature in the lab must remain constant.

查看翻译和讲解

remain constant 表示保持恒定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continuous
持续的
Continuous rain lasted all night. continuous 强调不中断;constant 可指不断反复或恒定。
continual
不断的;频繁的
Continual practice made her more confident. continual 强调反复发生;constant 可指反复,也可指数值恒定。
fixed
固定的;不变的
The machine runs at a fixed speed. fixed 对应恒定不变义。
unchanging
不变的
Her unchanging support gave him courage. unchanging 对应恒定义。
occasional
偶尔的
Occasional rain is expected this week. occasional 与 constant 的不断发生相反。
variable
可变的;变化的
The speed was variable on the rough road. variable 与 constant 的恒定义相反。
stable
稳定的
The patient is in stable condition. stable 强调可靠稳定;constant 强调持续或恒定。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 con- + stant(stand) 记忆“一直站在一起”。现代重点是 continuous / unchanging。

constantly
不断地
People's attention wanders constantly.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
029

constantly

· adv. · Page 70

again and again, all the time, or continuously

不断地

联想

constantly 是 constant 的副词,修饰动作或整句,表示动作不断发生或状态持续。attention wanders constantly 表示注意力会不断分散。

意思、用法与例句

adv.不断地;反复地

修饰动词,强调动作反复发生。

常见表达constantly changeconstantly askconstantly checkbe constantly doing

People's attention wanders constantly when there are too many messages.

查看翻译和讲解

attention wanders constantly 表示注意力不断分散。

The teacher constantly reminds us to read the questions carefully.

查看翻译和讲解

constantly reminds 表示不断提醒。

adv.持续地;始终

说明动作或状态长期持续。

常见表达work constantlyremain constantly alertconstantly improve

The rescue team worked constantly through the night.

查看翻译和讲解

worked constantly 表示持续工作。

Good learners are constantly improving their methods.

查看翻译和讲解

constantly improving 表示持续改进。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continuously
持续不断地
The machine ran continuously for six hours. continuously 强调不中断;constantly 可指反复或持续。
repeatedly
反复地
He repeatedly checked the answer. repeatedly 强调一遍又一遍;constantly 更宽。
always
总是
She is always ready to help. always 更普通;constantly 常暗示频率很高。
occasionally
偶尔
We occasionally meet after school. occasionally 与 constantly 频率相反。
rarely
很少
He rarely watches TV. rarely 与不断地相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

constant
不断的;恒定的
The baby needs constant care. constant 是形容词;constantly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

constant + -ly 形成副词 constantly。

constant
不断的;恒定的
The machine makes a constant sound.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
030

distance

['distəns] · n. / vt. · Page 70

space between things, a far place or time, a gap, emotional separation, or to separate oneself

距离;遥远, 久远;远处, 远方;疏远;差异;使疏远

联想

distance 的核心是“两点分开”:空间距离、时间久远、远处、关系疏远、差异差距都从这个图像来。

意思、用法与例句

n.距离;远处;久远

表示空间或时间上的远近,也可用 in the distance 表示远方。

常见表达at/from a distancein the distancea short/long distancewalking distance

We could see the village in the distance.

查看翻译和讲解

in the distance 是源搭配。

From a distance, the small island looked like a cloud.

查看翻译和讲解

from a distance 是从远处。

n.疏远;差异;差距

表示关系不亲近,或观点、水平、目标之间有差距。

常见表达keep sb. at a distancethe distance between A and Bsocial distancea great distance in opinion

After the argument, she kept him at a distance.

查看翻译和讲解

keep sb. at a distance 是源搭配。

There is still a distance between his dream and his present skill.

查看翻译和讲解

distance 可指差距。

vt.使疏远;拉开距离

常用 distance oneself from,表示主动与某人、观点或事件保持距离。

常见表达distance oneself fromdistance A from B

The writer tried to distance himself from the rumor.

查看翻译和讲解

distance oneself from 表示与传闻保持距离。

Careful planning can distance our team from careless mistakes.

查看翻译和讲解

distance A from B 表示拉开距离。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

gap
差距;间隔
There is a gap between the two walls. gap 可指空隙或差距;distance 更常指两点距离。
space
空间;间隔
Leave enough space between the desks. space 强调空间;distance 强调两点之间的长度或关系远近。
separation
分离;隔开
The separation from home was hard. separation 更强调分开状态或过程。
closeness
接近;亲近
Their closeness surprised everyone. closeness 与 distance 的空间或情感距离相反。
nearness
近;接近
The nearness of the station is helpful. nearness 是物理接近。
destination
目的地;终点
We arrived at our destination before sunset. distance 是距离;destination 是要到达的地点。

词族线索 / 同组词

distant
遥远的;冷淡的
The mountains looked distant in the morning light. distance 是名词/动词;distant 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 di(s)- = apart + stance 记忆 distance:分立两处就是距离。

distant
遥远的;冷淡的
A distant light appeared on the lake.
distancing
保持距离;疏远
Social distancing changed many habits.
distantly
冷淡地;遥远地
He smiled distantly and turned away.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
031

distant

星标

['distənt] · adj. · Page 70

far away in space or time, not friendly, absent-minded, or not closely related

远处的, 遥远的, 久远的;冷淡的;心不在焉的;远亲的

联想

distant 是 distance 的形容词:地点远、时间久远、关系远,也可说态度冷淡或眼神心不在焉。

意思、用法与例句

adj.遥远的;久远的

描述空间或时间上很远。

常见表达a distant villagedistant memoriesbe distant fromin the distant past

A distant village can be seen across the river.

查看翻译和讲解

a distant village 是遥远村庄。

The song brought back distant memories of childhood.

查看翻译和讲解

distant memories 是久远记忆。

adj.冷淡的;心不在焉的;远亲的

描述关系不亲近、态度冷淡、注意力不集中,或亲属关系很远。

常见表达a distant looksound distanta distant relativebe distant with sb.

He sounded distant on the phone, as if something was worrying him.

查看翻译和讲解

sound distant 表示听起来冷淡或心不在焉。

A distant relative invited us to stay on his farm.

查看翻译和讲解

a distant relative 是远亲。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remote
遥远的;偏远的
They visited a remote village in the mountains. remote 更强调偏远难到达;distant 可指时间、关系或态度。
faraway
遥远的
She dreamed of faraway places. faraway 多修饰地方或梦想;distant 范围更广。
cold
冷淡的
His cold reply hurt her. cold 对应态度冷淡义,不对应空间距离。
near
近的
The nearest shop is across the road. near 与 distant 的空间义相反。
close
亲近的;近的
They are close friends. close 可表示距离近或关系亲近。

词族线索 / 同组词

distance
距离;疏远
The distance between the two cities is about 80 kilometers. distance 是名词/动词;distant 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

distance 去 ce 变 distant,形成形容词。

distance
距离;疏远
Keep a safe distance from the machine.
distantly
冷淡地;遥远地
He nodded distantly and walked away.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
032

instant

星标

['instənt] · adj. / n. / phr. · Page 70

immediate, ready very quickly, a very short moment, or the moment something happens

立刻的, 马上的;即食的, 速溶的;瞬间, 片刻;某一时刻

联想

instant 先抓“时间很近”:作形容词是马上发生或马上可用,作名词是一个很短的瞬间;the instant (that) 整块表示“一……就……”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.立刻的;即时的

修饰 reply、feedback、access、success 等,强调几乎马上发生或得到。

常见表达an instant replyinstant feedbackinstant accessinstant success

The app gives students instant feedback after each question.

查看翻译和讲解

instant feedback 指即时反馈。

She sent an instant reply because the question was urgent.

查看翻译和讲解

an instant reply 指马上回复。

adj.即食的;速溶的;方便的

修饰 food、coffee、noodles、soup 等,强调准备很快、方便使用。

常见表达instant coffeeinstant noodlesinstant soupinstant food

Instant noodles are useful when people have little time to cook.

查看翻译和讲解

instant noodles 指方便面。

He made a cup of instant coffee before the early meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

instant coffee 指速溶咖啡。

n.瞬间;片刻;某一时刻

常用单数,表示很短的一刻,也可指某个具体时刻。

常见表达for an instantat that instantin an instantat the same instant

For an instant, nobody knew what to say.

查看翻译和讲解

for an instant 表示刹那间。

At that instant, the lights went out.

查看翻译和讲解

at that instant 指就在那一刻。

phr.the instant (that) ...

整块引导时间状语,意思接近 as soon as,表示某事一发生另一事就发生。

常见表达the instant (that) ...the instant I saw/heard/arrived ...

The instant the bell rang, the students rushed to the playground.

查看翻译和讲解

the instant 引导时间状语,表示一……就……。

I recognized her the instant I heard her voice.

查看翻译和讲解

the instant I heard... 表示一听到就。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

immediate
立即的;即时的
The teacher gave an immediate answer. immediate 对应 instant 的“马上”义,更正式一些。
quick
快的
We need a quick decision. quick 范围更宽;instant 强调几乎没有等待。
moment
片刻;瞬间
Wait here for a moment. moment 接近 instant 的名词义,语气更普通。
delayed
延迟的
The delayed train arrived two hours late. delayed 与 instant 的即时义相反。
slow
慢的
The slow reply made everyone nervous. slow 与 instant reply 的速度义相反。
instance
例子;个案
This is an instance of careful planning. instant 是即时或瞬间;instance 是例子,不是派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 in- + stant 的 standing near 帮助记 instant;和 instance 是形近/同图复习关系,不能当成普通现代派生。

instantly
立刻地
She smiled instantly when she saw the gift.
instantaneous
瞬间发生的;即时的
The change was almost instantaneous.

词族导图

instant / instance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
033

instance

['instəns] · n. · Page 70

an example or a particular case

事例;例子;个案;某一次情况

联想

instance 的核心是“一个具体例子/个案”。最常见的 for instance 等于 for example;它和 instant 只形近,意思不能互换。

意思、用法与例句

n.事例;例子;个案

用来说明一个观点、规律或类别中的具体例子。

常见表达for instancean instance of ...give an instancea clear instance

Some animals sleep standing up; horses, for instance, often do this.

查看翻译和讲解

for instance 表示例如。

This is an instance of how small habits can change daily life.

查看翻译和讲解

an instance of 表示……的一个例子。

n.某一次情况;某个具体场合

指某一次发生的情况,常用于 this/one/several/every instance。

常见表达in this instancein one instanceseveral instancesin every instance

In one instance, a student solved the problem without using a calculator.

查看翻译和讲解

in one instance 指在一个具体情况中。

The rule is useful, but it may not work in every instance.

查看翻译和讲解

every instance 表示每一种情况。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

example
例子
This example shows how teamwork matters. example 最普通;instance 更常用于具体个案或正式说明。
case
情况;案例
In this case, the answer is simple. case 接近 instance 的个案义,也可指案件。
occasion
场合;时刻
On one occasion, the class met outside. occasion 接近某一次场合,但不直接等于 example。
general rule
一般规则
A general rule cannot explain every small detail. instance 是具体个案;general rule 是概括性规则。
instant
即时的;瞬间
The answer was instant. instance 是例子;instant 是即时或瞬间。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

instance 与 instant 可共用形近/词根记忆线索,但现代学习重点是 example/case。不要把 for instance 当派生词;它是固定搭配。

非派生记忆线索

instant
形近易混词:即时的;瞬间
Check the spelling before you choose instant or instance.

词族导图

instant / instance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
034

substance

['sʌbstəns] · n. · Page 71

a material, real basis, main content, or real importance

事实基础, 根据;物质;要点, 主旨;重要性

联想

substance 的核心是“有实在内容的东西”:可以是看得见的物质,也可以是支撑观点的事实根据、文章讲话的主旨,或事情真正重要的部分。

意思、用法与例句

n.物质;材料

指一种材料、化学物质或不明物质;这种用法常可数。

常见表达a chemical substancea dangerous substancea sticky substancea white substance

The lab must label every chemical substance clearly.

查看翻译和讲解

chemical substance 指化学物质。

A white substance covered the rock near the river.

查看翻译和讲解

a white substance 指一种白色物质。

n.事实基础;根据;实质内容

用于观点、传闻、计划或报告,表示它有真实依据或有内容,不是空话。

常见表达have substancewithout substanceno substance to a rumora claim with substance

Her argument has substance because she uses real data.

查看翻译和讲解

have substance 表示有事实根据、有内容。

There was no substance to the rumor, so the teacher stopped it quickly.

查看翻译和讲解

no substance to a rumor 表示传闻没有根据。

n.要点;主旨;重要性

表示讲话、文章或讨论中真正核心、重要的部分。

常见表达the substance of a speechthe substance of a reportmatters of substancea question of substance

The substance of the speech was simple: protect clean water.

查看翻译和讲解

the substance of the speech 指讲话主旨。

The meeting dealt with matters of substance, not just small details.

查看翻译和讲解

matters of substance 指有重要性的事情。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

material
材料;物质
Glass is a useful material for windows. material 对应 substance 的物质义;substance 还可指观点或文章的实质内容。
basis
基础;根据
Facts are the basis of a good argument. basis 接近事实根据义,不能表示化学物质。
content
内容
The content of the article is clear. content 接近主旨内容义;substance 更强调有实质、有分量。
appearance
外表;表象
Do not judge a plan only by its appearance. appearance 强调表面;substance 强调真实内容或根据。
emptiness
空洞;空无内容
The speech was full of noise but showed emptiness. emptiness 可与 have substance 的“有内容”相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

substantial
大量的;重要的;坚固的
The project made substantial progress. substance 是名词;substantial 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 sub- = under + stance 记忆 substance:站在下面支撑的实质。现代用法要分物质、根据、主旨、重要性。

substantial
大量的;有实质的;坚固的
The project made substantial progress.
substantially
大大地;相当程度地
The new road substantially reduced travel time.

词族导图

substance / substantial 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
035

substantial

[səb'stænʃl] · adj. · Page 71

large in amount, important, or strongly built

大量的;相当大的;重要的;大而坚固的

联想

substantial 是 substance 的形容词:有“实实在在的分量”。数量上是相当大的,影响上是重要的,物体上是厚实坚固的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.大量的;相当大的;重要的

修饰 amount、number、progress、support、change、evidence 等,强调数量、影响或重要性够大。

常见表达a substantial amounta substantial number ofsubstantial progresssubstantial evidencesubstantial support

The city has made substantial progress in cleaning the river.

查看翻译和讲解

substantial progress 指明显、相当大的进展。

A substantial number of students joined the volunteer program.

查看翻译和讲解

a substantial number of 表示相当多。

The police found substantial evidence that the door had been broken.

查看翻译和讲解

substantial evidence 指有分量的证据。

adj.大而坚固的;厚实的;量足的

描述建筑、墙、家具、饭菜等有实体分量、结实或够量。

常见表达a substantial buildingsubstantial wallsa substantial meala substantial desk

They built a substantial wall to protect the garden from floods.

查看翻译和讲解

substantial wall 指坚固厚实的墙。

After the long walk, we needed a substantial meal.

查看翻译和讲解

substantial meal 指量足的一餐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

considerable
相当大的
The plan saved a considerable amount of money. considerable 对应数量大;substantial 还可指坚固或有实质。
significant
重要的;显著的
This was a significant change for the school. significant 强调重要或显著;substantial 更强调有分量。
solid
坚固的;实心的
The chair is made of solid wood. solid 对应坚固厚实义,不对应数量大。
slight
轻微的;少量的
There was only a slight change in the plan. slight 与 substantial 的相当大义相反。
minor
较小的;次要的
It was a minor problem. minor 与 substantial 的重要/有分量义相对。
flimsy
不结实的
The flimsy table shook in the wind. flimsy 与 substantial 的坚固厚实义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

substance
物质;事实根据;主旨;重要性
The report has substance because it uses real data. substance 是名词;substantial 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

substantial = substance + -al,可理解为“有实质分量的”。注意它不只表示大,也可表示重要或结实。

substance
物质;事实根据;主旨
The substance of the report was clear.
substantially
大大地;相当程度地
The new road substantially reduced travel time.

词族导图

substance / substantial 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
036

destination

[,desti'neiʃn] · n. · Page 71

the place where someone or something is going or being sent

目的地, 终点

联想

destination 是旅程或运输最后要到的点,不是 distance“距离”。可以用“下一个立足点”作记忆线索,学生端按 travel/delivery 场景掌握。

意思、用法与例句

n.目的地;终点

指旅行、路线、运输或计划最后要到达的地方。

常见表达arrive at one's destinationreach one's destinationfinal destinationtourist destinationholiday destination

We arrived at our destination just before sunset.

查看翻译和讲解

arrive at one's destination 是源搭配。

The old town has become a popular tourist destination.

查看翻译和讲解

tourist destination 是源搭配。

n.目标地点;投递去处

用于包裹、车辆、信息、导航等最终去处。

常见表达destination addresschoose a destinationset a destinationsend sth. to its destination

Please write the destination address clearly on the box.

查看翻译和讲解

destination address 是投递地址。

The driver set the destination on the map before leaving.

查看翻译和讲解

set the destination 是设置目的地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

endpoint
终点
The endpoint of the path is a small lake. endpoint 强调路线终点;destination 强调人或物要去的地方。
final stop
最后一站
This station is the final stop. final stop 更口语,常用于交通。
target place
目标地点
The target place was marked on the map. target place 是解释性表达;destination 是常用名词。
starting point
起点
The bridge was our starting point. starting point 与 destination 的旅程方向相反。
distance
距离;疏远
The distance to the station is three kilometers. distance 是距离;destination 是终点。
distant
遥远的;冷淡的
The island is distant but beautiful. distant 是形容词;destination 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 de- + stin(stand) + -ation 理解为“下一处立足点”。这是记忆线索,不要把 destination 当 stand 的普通派生词。

destined
预定的;注定的
The train was destined for Chengdu.
destiny
命运
She believed that hard work could change her destiny.
destine
预定;注定
The goods were destined for the coast.

词族导图

stand / stable / distant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
037

regular

星标

['regjələ(r)] · adj. · Page 71

following a pattern, happening at fixed times, usual, or ordinary

有规律的;定期的, 固定的;惯常的, 经常的;普通的

联想

regular 的核心是“按规律或常规来”:事情按固定时间重复,人是常客,物品是普通规格。它和 regulate / regulation 同属“规则”线,但词性完全不同。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有规律的;定期的;固定的

描述运动、会议、检查、节目或间隔按规律重复或固定安排。

常见表达regular exerciseregular meetingsregular checksat regular intervalsa regular program

Regular exercise helps students stay healthy.

查看翻译和讲解

regular exercise 指有规律的锻炼。

The club holds regular meetings every Friday.

查看翻译和讲解

regular meetings 指定期开会。

Buses arrive at regular intervals during the morning rush hour.

查看翻译和讲解

at regular intervals 表示每隔固定时间。

adj.惯常的;经常的

描述某人经常去某地、使用某服务或阅读某内容。

常见表达a regular customera regular visitora regular readera regular user

My father is a regular customer at the small bookshop.

查看翻译和讲解

regular customer 表示常客。

She is a regular reader of the school newspaper.

查看翻译和讲解

regular reader 指经常阅读的人。

adj.普通的;常规的;标准规格的

表示普通类型或常规安排,不是 special、large、extra 或 unusual。

常见表达regular sizeregular classregular ticketregular classroom

I ordered a regular size drink, not a large one.

查看翻译和讲解

regular size 指普通规格。

This is our regular classroom, but today we are using the science lab.

查看翻译和讲解

regular classroom 指平时使用的普通教室。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

usual
通常的;惯常的
This is his usual seat in the classroom. usual 接近 regular 的常规义,但不一定强调固定间隔。
routine
常规的;例行的
The doctor gave him a routine check. routine 强调例行程序;regular 强调规律重复或常规。
fixed
固定的
The class has a fixed starting time. fixed 对应定期/固定义,不覆盖常客或普通规格义。
irregular
不规律的;不规则的
His irregular sleep made him tired in class. irregular 是 regular 的直接反义。
occasional
偶尔的
She makes occasional visits to the old library. occasional 与 regular 的经常/定期义相对。
special
特别的
The school prepared a special program for the guests. special 与 regular 的普通/常规义相对。
constant
持续不断的;恒定的
The machine runs at a constant speed. constant 强调持续或不变;regular 强调按规律重复。

词族线索 / 同组词

regulate
管理;控制;调节
Traffic lights regulate the flow of cars. regular 是形容词;regulate 是动词,使事物受规则控制。
regulation
规章制度;规则
Students must follow the safety regulations. regulation 是名词,指规则或管理。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

regular / regulate / regulation 都围绕 regul- “规则、使有规则”展开:regular 描述有规律,regulate 表示用规则控制,regulation 是规则或管理。

regularly
有规律地;定期地
She exercises regularly after school.
irregular
不规律的;不规则的
Irregular meals can make students feel tired.
regulate
管理;控制;调节
Traffic lights regulate the flow of cars.
regulation
规章制度;规则
Students must follow the safety regulations.

词族导图

regular / regulate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
038

rule

星标

[ru:l] · n. / vt. / phr. · Page 71

a rule to follow, a usual practice, a law-like pattern, governing power, or an official decision

规定, 条例;常规;统治, 控制;定律;统治;排除

联想

rule 的核心是“让行为或判断有标准”:可以是学校规定、通常做法、科学定律,也可以是统治权;动词 rule 可表示统治、裁定,rule out 是排除可能性。

意思、用法与例句

n.规定;条例;规则

指人们必须遵守的规定,可来自学校、比赛、交通或组织。

常见表达school rulessafety rulestraffic rulesfollow/obey a rulebreak a rule

Students must follow the safety rules in the science lab.

查看翻译和讲解

safety rules 指安全规定。

A player who breaks a rule may leave the game.

查看翻译和讲解

break a rule 表示违反规定。

n.常规;通常情况;定律

可指通常做法、语言或科学中的规律。

常见表达as a rulea general rulea grammar rulea rule of nature

As a rule, I read for ten minutes before breakfast.

查看翻译和讲解

as a rule 表示通常、一般说来。

This grammar rule helps students choose the right tense.

查看翻译和讲解

grammar rule 指语法规则。

n. / vt.统治;控制;统治

作名词可指统治时期或统治权;作动词指统治国家、地区或人民。

常见表达under the rule of ...rule a countryrule over ...foreign rule

The country changed greatly under the rule of a young king.

查看翻译和讲解

under the rule of... 指在……统治下。

No ruler can rule a country well without listening to its people.

查看翻译和讲解

rule a country 指统治国家。

vt. / phr.裁定;排除

正式语境中 rule 可表示裁定;rule out 表示排除某种可能或不予考虑。

常见表达rule that ...rule in favor of ...rule out a possibilityrule out an idea

The judge ruled that the school had acted properly.

查看翻译和讲解

rule that... 表示正式裁定。

Doctors ruled out a serious illness after the tests.

查看翻译和讲解

rule out 表示排除。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

regulation
正式规章
The new regulation limits the use of plastic bags. regulation 更正式,常来自政府或机构;rule 可更日常。
law
法律;定律
The law protects children's safety. law 更正式或更高层级;rule 可指学校规定、比赛规则或常规。
principle
原则;原理
The same principle works in many experiments. principle 强调基本原则;rule 更像可遵守或可应用的具体规则。
exception
例外
There is one exception to this rule. exception 是不按规则走的情况。
freedom
自由;不受控制
The new rule gave students more freedom after class. freedom 与 rule 的限制/控制语境相对。
govern
统治;管理
Good leaders govern with fairness. govern 对应 rule 的动词统治义。

词族线索 / 同组词

ruler
统治者;尺子
A ruler can make rules, and a ruler can also draw a straight line. ruler 可由 rule + -er 记统治者,但也有尺子义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rule 的真词族可记 ruler / ruling;rail / railway 是形象助记线索,不是 rule 的现代派生词。

ruler
统治者;尺子
A ruler measured the line on the map.
ruling
裁决;统治的
The court's ruling surprised many people.
rule-based
基于规则的
A rule-based game is easier to explain.

非派生记忆线索

rail
助记联想:轨道/栏杆像限制方向的规则
A rail guides the train in one direction.
railway
由 rail 组成的铁路线路或系统
The railway connects the town with the capital.

词族导图

rule / rail 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
039

regulate

['regjuleit] · vt. · Page 71

to control, manage, adjust, or keep something working by rules or a system

控制, 管理;调节, 校准

联想

regulate 是把事情“调到有规则”:政府或制度可以 regulate traffic / markets,机器或身体机制可以 regulate temperature / speed / blood sugar。

意思、用法与例句

vt.管理;控制

指用规则、法律、制度或权力控制某个活动,使其有秩序。

常见表达regulate trafficregulate the marketregulate an industrybe strictly regulatedregulate food safety

The new law helps regulate traffic around the school.

查看翻译和讲解

regulate traffic 指用规则使交通有秩序。

Food safety is strictly regulated in many countries.

查看翻译和讲解

be regulated 表示受到监管。

The government needs clear rules to regulate the online market.

查看翻译和讲解

regulate the market 指管理市场。

vt.调节;校准

指调节机器、仪器、温度、速度或身体功能,使其保持合适状态。

常见表达regulate temperatureregulate speedregulate blood sugarregulate an instrumentregulate the flow of water

This device can regulate the temperature in the greenhouse.

查看翻译和讲解

regulate temperature 是常见科技语境。

A healthy body can regulate blood sugar more easily.

查看翻译和讲解

regulate blood sugar 指调节血糖。

The technician regulated the instrument before the test began.

查看翻译和讲解

regulate an instrument 可表示校准仪器。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

control
控制
Parents should control how much time young children spend online. control 更普通;regulate 常强调通过规则或系统控制。
manage
管理
She manages the school library well. manage 强调负责处理;regulate 强调按规则监管或调节。
adjust
调节;调整
Please adjust the light before you take the photo. adjust 对应调节义;regulate 更强调保持在合适范围。
monitor
监测
Doctors monitor the patient's heart rate. monitor 是观察记录;regulate 是实际控制或调节。
deregulate
解除管制
Some industries were deregulated to allow more competition. deregulate 是减少或取消 regulation。
ignore
不理会
The company ignored safety rules. ignore rules 与 regulate 的按规则管理相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

regular
有规律的;定期的
Regular checks help regulate the machine. regular 是形容词;regulate 是动词。
regulation
规章;管理
Factories must follow environmental regulations. regulation 是名词,指规则或管理过程。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

regular → regul- 规则;regulate 表示“使某事按规则运行或保持合适状态”。

regulation
规章制度;管理;调节
Factories must follow environmental regulations.
regulator
调节器;监管者
A speed regulator keeps the machine safe.
regular
有规律的;定期的
Regular checks help teachers notice problems early.

词族导图

regular / regulate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
040

regulation

星标

[,regju'leiʃn] · n. · Page 71

an official rule, or the control and adjustment of something by rules

章程, 规章制度, 规则;管理, 调节

联想

regulation 是 regulate 的名词:最常见是正式规章,常用复数 regulations;也可表示“监管/调节”这个过程。

意思、用法与例句

n.规章;条例;规则

指机构、学校、政府或公司制定的正式规则,常用复数 regulations。

常见表达rules and regulationssafety regulationstraffic regulationsgovernment regulationsschool regulations

The company made a number of rules and regulations.

查看翻译和讲解

rules and regulations 指正式规章制度。

Drivers must obey the parking regulations near the station.

查看翻译和讲解

parking regulations 是具体规章。

Students read the safety regulations before entering the lab.

查看翻译和讲解

safety regulations 指安全规定。

n.管理;监管;调节

表示通过规则或机制进行控制、管理或调节的过程。

常见表达the regulation of ...price regulationtraffic regulationtemperature regulation

The regulation of online games has become a public topic.

查看翻译和讲解

the regulation of ... 表示对……的管理。

Temperature regulation is important in a science lab.

查看翻译和讲解

temperature regulation 指温度调节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rule
规则
This school rule is simpler than the city regulation. rule 可日常;regulation 更正式,常来自机构或政府。
law
法律
The law protects children's safety. law 比 regulation 更高层级;regulation 常是具体规定。
requirement
要求;规定
Wearing safety glasses is a requirement in the lab. requirement 强调必须做到的要求;regulation 强调正式规则。
freedom
自由;不受限制
Too many rules may reduce freedom. freedom 与 regulation 的限制/监管语境相对。
deregulation
解除管制
Deregulation allowed more companies to enter the market. deregulation 是减少或取消 regulation。

词族线索 / 同组词

regulate
管理;控制;调节
The law regulates traffic near schools. regulate 是动词;regulation 是名词。
regular
有规律的;定期的
The club holds regular meetings every Friday. regular 是形容词,不是规章本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

regulation = regulate + -ion,表示“规章”或“监管/调节这个过程”。

regulate
管理;控制;调节
The law regulates traffic near schools.
regulator
监管者;调节器
A regulator checked the safety report.
regular
有规律的;定期的
The club holds regular meetings every Friday.
deregulation
解除管制
Deregulation changed the market quickly.

词族导图

regular / regulate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
041

ruler

['ru:lə(r)] · n. · Page 71

a person who governs, or a straight tool for measuring and drawing lines

统治者;(直)尺

联想

ruler 两个义项靠语境分:历史/国家语境是统治者,课堂/测量语境是尺子。

意思、用法与例句

n.统治者

指拥有统治权的人,常见于历史、国家和政治语境。

常见表达a powerful rulera fair rulerthe ruler of ...under a ruler

The young ruler tried to listen to ordinary people.

查看翻译和讲解

ruler 指统治者。

A fair ruler should protect the weak.

查看翻译和讲解

fair ruler 指公正的统治者。

n.尺子;直尺

指用来量长度、画直线的工具。

常见表达a 30-centimeter ruleruse a rulerdraw a line with a rulermeasure with a ruler

Use a ruler to draw a straight line under the title.

查看翻译和讲解

ruler 在课堂语境中常指尺子。

I forgot my ruler, so I could not measure the map accurately.

查看翻译和讲解

measure 与 ruler 搭配自然。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leader
领导者
A good leader listens to different opinions. leader 更宽泛;ruler 强调统治权。
king
国王
The king ruled for twenty years. king 是具体身份;ruler 是更宽的统治者。
subject
臣民;被统治者
The ruler listened to his subjects. subject 可指被 ruler 统治的人。
measuring tape
卷尺
A measuring tape is useful for a long table. measuring tape 与尺子同属测量工具。

词族线索 / 同组词

rule
规定;统治;裁定
The king ruled the country for many years. rule 是动词或名词;ruler 是人或工具。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ruler 可由 rule + -er 记“统治者”;尺子义可理解为帮助画 straight rule/line 的工具。

rule
规定;统治
The king ruled the country for many years.
ruling
裁决;统治的
The court's ruling ended the argument.

词族导图

rule / rail 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
042

rail

[reil] · n. · Page 71

a metal bar in a track, a rail transport system, or a bar used for support or fencing

铁轨, 轨道;铁路系统;围栏, 栏杆

联想

rail 的画面是一根长条:铺在地上让火车按路线走是铁轨;作为交通方式是铁路系统;装在楼梯或桥边是栏杆。

意思、用法与例句

n.铁轨;轨道

常用复数 rails,指火车行驶的金属轨。

常见表达railsrail trackson the railsrepair the rail

Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived.

查看翻译和讲解

rail 指铁轨本身。

The train moved slowly along the rails after the storm.

查看翻译和讲解

rails 常用复数。

n.铁路系统;铁路运输

不可数用法,指铁路运输方式或系统。

常见表达by railrail transporttravel by railsend goods by rail

Sending goods by rail can reduce road traffic.

查看翻译和讲解

by rail 表示通过铁路。

The city plans to improve rail transport next year.

查看翻译和讲解

rail transport 指铁路交通。

n.围栏;栏杆;扶手

指楼梯、桥、阳台、围栏上的横杆。

常见表达hold the raila safety raila stair raillean on the rail

Please hold the rail when you go down the stairs.

查看翻译和讲解

hold the rail 是安全提示中的自然搭配。

A safety rail kept visitors away from the deep water.

查看翻译和讲解

safety rail 指安全栏杆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

track
轨道;跑道
The train runs on a track made of rails. track 强调整条路线;rail 强调金属轨或栏杆。
fence
围栏
A low fence stood around the garden. fence 是围栏整体;rail 可指其中的横杆。
road
公路;道路
Goods by road can be slower in heavy traffic. road 是公路运输;rail 是铁路运输。
railway
铁路;铁路系统
The railway connects the town with the capital. rail 是铁轨或栏杆;railway 是铁路线路或系统。
rule
规则
A rail guides the train in one direction. 可用 rule 记 rail,但这是助记线索,不是现代派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rail 与 railway 是真复合关系;rule -> rail 是形象助记,表示轨道/围栏像规则一样限制方向。

railway
铁路;铁路系统
The new railway shortened the trip by two hours.
railroad
铁路;铁道
The old railroad carried coal to the city.

非派生记忆线索

rule
助记线索:规则限制行为,rail 限制方向
A rail guides the train in one direction.

词族导图

rule / rail 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
043

railway

['reilwei] · n. · Page 71

a rail route or transport system used by trains

铁路, 铁道;铁路系统

联想

railway = rail + way,是火车走的路;可指一条铁路线,也可指铁路系统、车站或工作人员。

意思、用法与例句

n.铁路;铁道;铁路线

指火车运行的线路。

常见表达a railway linebuild a railwayalong the railwaya high-speed railway

A new railway line will make the mountain village easier to reach.

查看翻译和讲解

railway line 是具体线路。

The town grew quickly after the railway was built.

查看翻译和讲解

railway 可指带来交通变化的铁路。

n.铁路系统;铁路相关机构

指铁路交通系统、车站、工作人员或服务。

常见表达railway stationrailway workersrailway systemrailway service

Railway workers checked the station before the holiday rush.

查看翻译和讲解

railway 作定语修饰 station/workers/system。

The railway system carries millions of passengers every day.

查看翻译和讲解

railway system 指铁路系统。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rail
铁轨;栏杆
Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived. rail 是单根铁轨或栏杆;railway 是线路或系统。
railroad
铁路
The railroad brought new jobs to the town. railroad 在美式英语中常见;railway 在英式英语中常见。
train
火车
The train arrived at the railway station on time. train 是车辆;railway 是车辆运行的线路系统。
road
公路
The village has a road but no railway. road 给汽车走;railway 给火车走。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

railway 是 rail + way 的复合词,表示由 rails 构成、供 train 行驶的线路或系统。

rail
铁轨;栏杆
The child held the rail while crossing the bridge.
railroad
铁路;铁道
The old railroad carried coal to the city.
railway station
火车站
We met at the railway station.

词族导图

rule / rail 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
044

double

星标

['dʌbl] · adj. / adv. / n. / vt. / vi. · Page 72

twice as much, having two parts, for two people, or to make something twice as large; also to fold something over

两倍的;双重的;双人的;双倍地;两倍;双打;(使)加倍;折叠

联想

double 的核心是“二”:数量是两倍、结构有两层、房间供两人、比赛是双打;作动词时可表示加倍,也可按源义表示把东西折起来。

意思、用法与例句

adj.两倍的;双重的;成双的

修饰名词,表示数量为两倍、由两部分组成,或具有双重意义。

常见表达double the amounta double meaningdouble doorsa double line

The new bridge is double the length of the old one.

查看翻译和讲解

double the length 表示长度是两倍。

The sentence has a double meaning, so read it carefully.

查看翻译和讲解

a double meaning 指双重含义。

The hall has double doors at the front.

查看翻译和讲解

double doors 指两扇门组成的一组。

adj. / n.双人的;双打

在住宿、座位或运动语境中,double 可表示供两人使用,doubles 指双打项目。

常见表达a double rooma double bedplay doublesa doubles match

We booked a double room because my brother and I would share it.

查看翻译和讲解

a double room 是双人间。

They won the doubles match after a long final set.

查看翻译和讲解

doubles match 指双打比赛。

adv. / n.双倍地;两倍

可作副词或名词,表示双倍数量、双倍价钱或两倍的结果。

常见表达pay doublecharge doubledouble the amounttwice the amount

If you lose the key, you may have to pay double.

查看翻译和讲解

pay double 表示付双倍的钱。

This month our reading total is nearly double last month's total.

查看翻译和讲解

double 可作名词/限定表达,表示两倍。

vt. / vi.(使)加倍

作动词时,主语可自己增加到两倍,也可使某个数量、时间或效果变为两倍。

常见表达double in sizedouble the number of ...double the timeprices double

The town doubled in size after the railway opened.

查看翻译和讲解

double in size 表示规模扩大一倍。

The teacher doubled the reading time from ten minutes to twenty minutes.

查看翻译和讲解

double the time 表示把时间加倍。

vt.折叠;对折

较具体的动作义,指把布、纸等折成两层,考试中常作为识别义处理。

常见表达double the paper overdouble a clothfold something double

She doubled the paper over before putting it in the envelope.

查看翻译和讲解

double over 可表示对折。

Double the cloth before you cut it into two equal pieces.

查看翻译和讲解

double the cloth 指把布叠成双层。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

twice
两次;两倍
The box is twice as heavy as it looks. twice 常作副词;double 可作形容词、名词或动词。
twofold
两倍的;双重的
The plan has a twofold purpose. twofold 较正式;double 更常用。
single
单个的;单人的
I booked a single room for one night. single 与 double 的“单/双”相对。
halve
把……减半
The school halved the price for students. halve 是使变成一半;double 是使变成两倍。
multiple
多个的;倍数
The problem had multiple causes. multiple 强调多个或倍数;double 只强调二或两倍。
duple
两倍的;双重的
The music teacher mentioned duple rhythm. duple 比 double 少见,常在音乐或正式术语中出现。
doubt
怀疑
I doubt whether he can finish on time. 可把 doubt 与 double 作同源记忆;现代用法中二者不是近义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

double 的真词族可记 doubly / doubling;doubt、duple、diploma 只按同源或折叠线索辅助记忆,不当作现代可互换派生。

doubly
双倍地;更加
We must be doubly careful on rainy roads.
doubling
加倍;翻倍
The doubling of the class size made teaching harder.
double-check
复查;再确认
Please double-check your answers before handing in the paper.

非派生记忆线索

doubt
同源助记:心里有两种想法而不确定
I doubt whether the plan will work.
duple
p/b 音变助记:双重的、两倍的
The song has a duple rhythm.
diploma
折叠纸助记:文凭、证书
She received her diploma at graduation.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
045

doubt

星标

[daut] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 72

to feel unsure about something, or a feeling that something may not be true or certain

怀疑;不确定;疑问

联想

doubt 不是简单的“不喜欢”或“反对”,而是心里没把握:可作动词“怀疑/不确定”,也可作名词“疑问/怀疑”。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.怀疑;不确定

作动词时可接人、话、能力、事实或 whether/if/that 从句,表示没有把握。

常见表达doubt whether/if ...doubt that ...doubt someone's wordsdoubt it

I doubt whether he can finish the report tonight.

查看翻译和讲解

doubt whether... 表示怀疑能否完成。

She never doubted her friend's honesty.

查看翻译和讲解

doubt someone's honesty 指怀疑某人的诚实。

He said he could solve the problem alone, but I doubt it.

查看翻译和讲解

I doubt it 是自然口语,表示我不太相信。

n.怀疑;疑问;不确定感

作名词时可指心中的疑问,也可在固定短语中表示确定或无疑。

常见表达have doubts about ...no doubtwithout doubtbeyond/out of doubtThere is no doubt that ...

We all have doubts and regrets at times.

查看翻译和讲解

have doubts 表示有疑问或顾虑。

There is no doubt that reading widely helps writing.

查看翻译和讲解

There is no doubt that... 是写作常用句式。

Her courage was beyond doubt after she saved the child.

查看翻译和讲解

beyond doubt 表示毫无疑问。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

question
质疑;疑问
Several students questioned the result. question 可作动词“质疑”;doubt 更强调心里不确定。
uncertainty
不确定
Uncertainty about the weather changed our plan. uncertainty 是名词状态;doubt 可作动词或名词。
suspect
怀疑;猜想
The police suspect that the driver was careless. suspect 常带有怀疑坏事或犯罪的语气;doubt 是不确定。
trust
信任
I trust her because she always keeps her promise. trust 与 doubt 的怀疑感相对。
certainty
确定;确信
There is no certainty that the weather will improve. certainty 是确定感;doubt 是不确定感。
double
两倍的;双重的
The word has a double meaning. 可把 doubt 与 double 关联记忆;考试中按各自真实用法区分。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

doubt 的常用真词族围绕“确定/不确定”展开;与 double 的联系只作同源记忆线索。

doubtful
怀疑的;不确定的
I am doubtful about the result because the data is incomplete.
undoubtedly
毫无疑问地
Exercise is undoubtedly important for health.
doubtless
无疑地;很可能
The news is doubtless important to local families.

非派生记忆线索

double
同源/双重想法助记,不是近义词
The question has a double meaning.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
046

duple

['dju:pl] · adj. · Page 72

having two parts or two beats; a rare formal word close to double

两倍的;双重的

联想

duple 也围绕“二、双”,但远不如 double 常用。高中学习中重点识别它的 two-part / two-beat 含义,不要把它当成日常替代词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.双重的;二拍的;两部分的

用于较正式或音乐语境,表示由两个部分、两层或两拍构成。

常见表达duple rhythmduple meterduple formduple structure

The song has a simple duple rhythm that students can clap easily.

查看翻译和讲解

duple rhythm 指二拍节奏。

The old poem is arranged in a duple structure.

查看翻译和讲解

duple structure 指双重结构。

A duple form has two main parts.

查看翻译和讲解

duple form 指两部分结构。

日常表达“两倍的”优先用 double;duple 更像识别性词汇。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

double
双重的;两倍的
We booked a double room for two people. double 更常用,可用于数量、房间和动词加倍;duple 范围窄。
twofold
两倍的;双重的
The project has a twofold aim. twofold 比 duple 更常见于正式表达。
single
单一的
A single line is easier to read. single 与 duple 的“双”相对。
multiple
多个的;多重的
The plan has multiple steps. multiple 是多于一个,常不止两个;duple 强调两个。
diploma
文凭;证书
She received her diploma at the ceremony. 可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆线索;diploma 的现代意义是证书。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

duple 与 double 可按 p/b 音变和 two/fold 线索同组复习;但 duple 在现代高中语境中主要是低频识别词。

duplex
双层的;复式的
They live in a duplex with two floors.

非派生记忆线索

double
常用词:两倍的;双重的;加倍
The number doubled in one year.
diploma
折叠纸助记:证书、文凭
A diploma proves that a course has been completed.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
047

diploma

[di'pləumə] · n. · Page 72

an official document showing that someone has completed a course, graduated, or passed an examination

结业证书;考试证书;毕业文凭

联想

diploma 的重点不是“double”,而是“完成学习或考试后的官方证明”。折叠纸线索可以帮助记忆词形,但考试中要按 certificate / graduation document 来理解。

意思、用法与例句

n.文凭;结业证书;考试证书

指学校、培训课程或考试机构颁发的正式证书,证明完成学习或通过考试。

常见表达get/receive/earn a diplomaa high school diplomaa college diplomaa diploma in ...

She received her diploma at the graduation ceremony.

查看翻译和讲解

receive a diploma 指收到毕业文凭。

Some jobs require a high school diploma.

查看翻译和讲解

a high school diploma 是高中毕业文凭。

He earned a diploma in computer studies after two years of evening classes.

查看翻译和讲解

a diploma in... 表示某领域证书。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

certificate
证书
Each volunteer received a certificate after the course. certificate 范围更宽;diploma 常和毕业、课程完成或考试证书有关。
degree
学位
She got a degree in medicine. degree 通常指大学学位;diploma 更常指文凭或课程证书。
graduate
毕业
Many students graduate before they receive their diplomas. graduate 是动词或名词;diploma 是证书。
qualification
资格;资历
The course gives students a useful qualification. qualification 强调资格;diploma 是证明资格的文件之一。
duple
两倍的;双重的
The music has a duple rhythm. 可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆,不代表 diploma 和 duple 现代同义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠 + -ma 记忆“折叠文件”;现代学习应落在“官方证书/文凭”。这里保留为记忆线索,不把 diploma 当作 double 的普通派生。

diplomatic
外交的;有手腕的
A diplomatic answer avoided an argument.
diplomat
外交官
The diplomat worked to improve relations between the two countries.

非派生记忆线索

duple
词形助记:双重的、两部分的
A duple form has two parts.
double
折叠/双重助记:两倍的、折叠
She doubled the paper over.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
048

multiple

['mʌltipl] · adj. / n. · Page 72

many or more than one, or a number that is produced by multiplying another number

数量多的;多种多样的;多重的;倍数

联想

multiple 一条线是“多个/多种”,如 multiple reasons;另一条线是数学“倍数”,如 a multiple of three。multiple choice 是核心搭配,指选择题。

意思、用法与例句

adj.多个的;多种的;多重的

修饰名词,强调不止一个、来源多样或涉及多个方面。

常见表达multiple causesmultiple reasonsmultiple problemsmultiple skillsmultiple choices

The accident had multiple causes, including heavy rain and poor light.

查看翻译和讲解

multiple causes 表示多种原因。

Students can choose from multiple activities after class.

查看翻译和讲解

multiple activities 指多个活动。

A good project often requires multiple skills.

查看翻译和讲解

multiple skills 指多方面技能。

adj.选择题的;多项选择的

multiple choice 常用于考试题型,通常指从给定选项中选择答案。

常见表达multiple-choice questionsa multiple-choice testchoose the right answer

The test includes twenty multiple-choice questions.

查看翻译和讲解

multiple-choice questions 是选择题。

Read every option before you answer a multiple-choice question.

查看翻译和讲解

multiple-choice question 要看所有选项。

n.倍数

数学中指某个数乘以整数后得到的数。

常见表达a multiple of ...common multipleleast common multiple

Twelve is a multiple of three and four.

查看翻译和讲解

12 是 3 和 4 的倍数。

The least common multiple of two and three is six.

查看翻译和讲解

least common multiple 是最小公倍数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

several
几个的
Several students stayed after class. several 强调几个;multiple 更正式,强调多个或多方面。
many
许多的
Many problems can be solved by teamwork. many 更普通;multiple 常修饰 causes, choices, skills 等。
single
单一的
The problem has no single answer. single 与 multiple 的“单/多”相对。
double
两倍的;双重的
The number doubled in one year. double 强调二或两倍;multiple 可指多个或任意倍数。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiply
相乘;倍增
Multiply four by three and you get twelve. multiply 是动词;multiple 是形容词或名词。
multiplication
乘法;相乘
Multiplication is faster than repeated addition. multiplication 是名词,表示相乘过程。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

multi- 表示 many/much,多;multiple / multiply / multiplication 都围绕“多倍、相乘、增加”展开。

multiply
乘;使倍增
We can multiply six by seven to get forty-two.
multiplication
乘法;相乘
Multiplication is useful in everyday shopping.
multiple-choice
选择题的;多项选择的
The teacher prepared a multiple-choice test.
multimedia
多媒体
The class used a multimedia presentation.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
049

multiply

星标

['mʌltiplai] · vt. / vi. · Page 72

to calculate one number times another, or to increase greatly in number, amount, or effect

乘;(使)相乘;(使)大大增加;(使)倍增

联想

multiply 一条线是数学“相乘”,另一条线是数量、力量、问题“迅速增加”。multiply the force 表示把力量放大。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.乘;相乘

数学中表示一个数乘以另一个数,也可泛指做乘法。

常见表达multiply A by Bmultiply two numbersmultiply togethermultiply to get ...

If you multiply eight by five, you get forty.

查看翻译和讲解

multiply A by B 是 A 乘以 B。

The children learned how to multiply large numbers.

查看翻译和讲解

multiply large numbers 指做大数乘法。

Multiply the length by the width to find the area.

查看翻译和讲解

求面积时 length by width 是常见数学语境。

vt. / vi.(使)大大增加;倍增

指数量、力量、影响、错误或问题迅速增加,常比普通 increase 更强调成倍扩大。

常见表达multiply rapidlymultiply the effectmultiply the forcemistakes/problems multiply

Simple machines can multiply the force of our hands.

查看翻译和讲解

multiply the force 表示放大力量。

Small mistakes can multiply if no one corrects them early.

查看翻译和讲解

mistakes multiply 表示错误越来越多。

Good teamwork can multiply the effect of each person's effort.

查看翻译和讲解

multiply the effect 表示放大效果。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

times
乘以
Three times four is twelve. times 是口语/数学表达;multiply 是动词。
increase
增加
The number of visitors increased last year. increase 范围更宽;multiply 强调大幅或成倍增加。
divide
除以;分开
Divide forty by five and you get eight. divide 是数学相反操作;multiply 是相乘。
reduce
减少
The school reduced waste by using fewer plastic bottles. reduce 与 multiply 的增加义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiple
多个的;倍数
Twelve is a multiple of three. multiple 是形容词或名词;multiply 是动词。
multiplication
乘法;相乘
Multiplication is easier after practice. multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

multi- 表示 many/much;multiply 是“让数量成多倍”,multiplication 是过程,multiple 是形容词或结果数字。

multiple
多个的;倍数
The project requires multiple skills.
multiplication
乘法;相乘
The multiplication table helps students calculate faster.
multiplier
乘数;倍增因素
In this problem, five is the multiplier.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
050

multiplication

· n. · Page 72

the mathematical process of multiplying numbers

乘;相乘;乘法

联想

multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式,核心场景是数学“乘法”。看到 multiplication table、multiplication and division,要立刻回到运算语境。

意思、用法与例句

n.乘法;相乘

指把数字相乘的过程、方法或运算。

常见表达multiplication tabledo multiplicationmultiplication and divisiona multiplication problem

The multiplication table helps students calculate faster.

查看翻译和讲解

multiplication table 是乘法表。

This problem requires multiplication before addition.

查看翻译和讲解

multiplication before addition 表示先乘后加。

Many students find multiplication easier after they understand repeated addition.

查看翻译和讲解

repeated addition 可帮助理解乘法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

division
除法
Division is the opposite operation of multiplication. division 是乘法的相反运算。
addition
加法
Addition can be slower than multiplication when the same number is repeated. addition 是加法;multiplication 是相乘。
times table
乘法表
The times table helps young learners remember multiplication facts. times table 是更口语的乘法表说法。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiply
乘;使倍增
Multiply seven by six to get forty-two. multiply 是动词;multiplication 是名词。
multiple
倍数;多个的
Thirty is a multiple of ten. multiple 可指倍数结果;multiplication 指运算过程。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

multiplication = multiply + -cation,表示 multiply 这个动作或过程;和 multiple 同属 multi- 多倍/相乘线。

multiply
乘;倍增
We multiply the length by the width to find the area.
multiple
倍数;多个的
Nine is a multiple of three.
multiplicative
乘法的;相乘的
A multiplicative pattern grows by multiplying.

词族导图

double / multi / diploma 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
051

rest①

星标

[rest] · n. / vi. / vt. · Page 73

a break from work, the act of relaxing, or putting something on a support

休息;歇息;(使)倚靠;放置

联想

rest① 是“停下来恢复或支撑”的 rest:人休息,身体或物体靠在某处。它和 rest② 拼写读音相同,但 rest② 是“剩下的部分”。

意思、用法与例句

n.休息;休息时间

指一段停止工作或活动、恢复体力的时间。

常见表达take/have a restneed a resta short resta good rest

After climbing the hill, we stopped to have a rest.

查看翻译和讲解

take/have a rest 表示休息一下。

A short rest helped the runners continue the race.

查看翻译和讲解

a short rest 指短暂休息。

vi.休息;歇息

作不及物动词,表示停止活动、恢复体力或精神。

常见表达rest for a whilerest at homerest after workrest before the exam

You should rest for a while if you feel dizzy.

查看翻译和讲解

rest for a while 表示休息一会儿。

She rested at home for two days after the fever.

查看翻译和讲解

rested at home 是自然恢复语境。

vt. / vi.倚靠;放置在……上

指把身体、头、手或物体放在支撑物上。

常见表达rest your head on ...rest against ...rest on the tablerest a hand on ...

She rested her head on her mother's shoulder.

查看翻译和讲解

rest one's head on... 表示把头靠在……上。

The ladder rested against the wall.

查看翻译和讲解

rest against 表示靠着某物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break
休息;间歇
Let's take a ten-minute break. break 更口语,可指课间或工作间歇;rest 更强调恢复。
relax
放松
Music helps me relax after school. relax 强调放松心情或身体;rest 可指实际停下来休息。
work
工作;劳动
People need rest after hard work. work 与 rest 的活动/休息相对。
move
移动;活动
The machine kept moving all night. rest 的静止或停下与 keep moving 相对。
rest②
剩余部分;其余的人或物
I ate one apple and gave the rest to my sister. rest① 是休息/倚靠;rest② 是 the rest 剩余部分。
unrest
动荡;骚动
The city returned to calm after weeks of unrest. unrest 是 un- + rest 的社会不安状态,不是个人没休息。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rest① 可扩展 restful / restless / unrest:有休息感、无法安静、社会不安;rest② 是同形异义词,单独按 the rest 学。

restful
宁静的;使人放松的
The quiet room felt restful after a busy day.
restless
坐立不安的;不安宁的
The restless child could not sit still.
unrest
动荡;骚动
Economic problems led to unrest in the city.

非派生记忆线索

rest②
同形异义:剩余部分
The rest of the class stayed after school.
arrest
同组助记:使停止自由行动,逮捕
The police arrested the suspect.

词族导图

rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
052

rest②

[rest] · n. · Page 73

the remaining part, people, or things after some have been used, taken, or mentioned

剩余部分;其余的人或物

联想

rest② 固定抓 the rest:前面拿走或提到一部分,剩下的人、物、时间就是 the rest。它不表示休息。

意思、用法与例句

n.剩余部分;其余的人或物

常和 the 连用,指一部分之外剩下的内容、人、物或时间。

常见表达the rest of ...for the rest of ...leave the restthe rest is/are ...

I finished the first question and left the rest for tomorrow.

查看翻译和讲解

leave the rest 表示把剩余部分留下。

The rest of the students waited outside the classroom.

查看翻译和讲解

the rest of the students 指其余学生。

She spent the rest of the day reading in the library.

查看翻译和讲解

the rest of the day 指当天剩下时间。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remainder
剩余部分
The remainder of the money was saved for food. remainder 较正式;the rest 更常用。
remaining
剩下的
Please finish the remaining work today. remaining 是形容词;the rest 是名词短语。
others
其他人;其他事物
Some students went home, and the others stayed. others 指其他人/物;the rest 强调剩下的全部。
all
全部
All of the students joined the activity. all 是全部;the rest 是扣除一部分后的剩余。
rest①
休息;倚靠
Take a rest before you do the rest of the work. 同词形不同义:第一个 rest 是休息,第二个 the rest 是剩余部分。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rest② 按 the rest 固定名词短语学习;arrest / unrest 与它同组来自静止/停留线索,但不放进 rest② 的现代派生词族。

非派生记忆线索

rest①
同形异义:休息;倚靠
A short rest helped him continue.
arrest
同组助记:使停住自由行动,逮捕
The police made an arrest.
unrest
同组助记:不安定、动荡
The unrest lasted for several days.

词族导图

rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
053

arrest

星标

[ə'rest] · vt. / n. · Page 73

to take someone into police custody, to stop something from continuing, or to catch attention

逮捕;拘留;停止;阻止;吸引注意

联想

arrest 的底层画面是“让某事停住”:警察逮捕让人失去自由行动;arrest the spread 是阻止扩散;arrest attention 是抓住注意力。

意思、用法与例句

vt.逮捕;拘留

警方或执法人员因某项指控逮捕某人。

常见表达arrest sb. for ...arrest sb. on a charge of ...arrest a suspectarrest the driver

The police arrested the suspect near the railway station.

查看翻译和讲解

arrest a suspect 是逮捕嫌疑人。

He was arrested for stealing a bike.

查看翻译和讲解

arrest sb. for... 表示因……逮捕某人。

The man was arrested on a charge of dangerous driving.

查看翻译和讲解

on a charge of... 表示以……罪名。

n.逮捕;拘留

作名词时指逮捕行为或被捕状态。

常见表达be under arrestmake an arrestafter the arrestplace sb. under arrest

The man was under arrest for stealing a bike.

查看翻译和讲解

under arrest 表示被捕。

The officer made an arrest after checking the camera video.

查看翻译和讲解

make an arrest 指执行逮捕。

vt.停止;阻止

较正式用法,指阻止坏情况、扩散或过程继续发展。

常见表达arrest the spread of ...arrest the declinearrest the damage

Doctors worked hard to arrest the spread of the disease.

查看翻译和讲解

arrest the spread 表示阻止扩散。

New rules helped arrest the decline in water quality.

查看翻译和讲解

arrest the decline 指阻止下降趋势。

vt.吸引;抓住注意力

与 attention 等词搭配,表示让人停下来注意。

常见表达arrest one's attentionan arresting picturearrest the eye

The bright poster arrested the children's attention at once.

查看翻译和讲解

arrest attention 表示吸引注意。

An arresting photo on the wall made visitors stop and look.

查看翻译和讲解

arresting 表示引人注目的。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

detain
拘留
The police detained him for questioning. detain 更正式,强调短期扣留;arrest 更明确表示依法逮捕。
capture
抓获;捕获
Soldiers captured the enemy leader. capture 强调抓住;arrest 强调警方依法逮捕。
release
释放
The police released the man after questioning him. release 与 arrest 的拘留相反。
stop
停止;阻止
The wall stopped the fire from spreading. stop 普通;arrest the spread/decline 更正式。
attract
吸引
The bright color attracted my attention. attract attention 比 arrest attention 更常用;arrest 更强调一下抓住注意。
unrest
动荡;骚动
Police made several arrests after the unrest turned violent. unrest 是社会局面;arrest 是警方动作或逮捕行为。
rest②
剩余部分;停留线索
The rest of the crowd went home. 同组来自 rest 的停住/剩余线索,但 arrest 不是 the rest 的派生用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

arrest 可从“使停止”理解多义:停止自由行动是逮捕,停止扩散是阻止,停止视线是吸引注意。

arrested
被逮捕的;被阻止的
The arrested driver refused to answer questions.
arresting
引人注目的
The photo has an arresting beauty.
arrestable
可逮捕的
Some offences are arrestable under the law.

非派生记忆线索

rest②
同组助记:静止、停留、剩余
The rest of the group waited outside.
unrest
社会动荡可能导致 arrest
The unrest led to several arrests.

词族导图

rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
054

unrest

[ʌn'rest] · n. · Page 73

public disorder, anger, or anxiety, often involving protests or trouble

动荡;动乱;骚动;不安定

联想

unrest = un- + rest 的画面是“没有安定下来”。它讲的是社会或群体的不安、动荡,不是个人没睡好。

意思、用法与例句

n.社会动荡;骚动;不安定

不可数名词,常用于社会、政治、校园或群体场景,表示不满、紧张和混乱。

常见表达social unrestpolitical unrestpublic unrestcause/lead to unresta period of unrest

The sudden price rise caused unrest in several cities.

查看翻译和讲解

cause unrest 表示引发动荡。

Schools stayed closed during the period of social unrest.

查看翻译和讲解

social unrest 指社会动荡。

The government tried to calm public unrest after the accident.

查看翻译和讲解

public unrest 指公众不安和骚动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disorder
混乱;骚乱
The strike led to disorder in the streets. disorder 强调秩序混乱;unrest 强调社会不满和不安定。
tension
紧张局势
There was tension between the two groups. tension 可是紧张关系;unrest 通常更公开、更社会化。
peace
和平;安宁
People hope for peace after months of unrest. peace 与 unrest 的动荡相对。
calm
平静
The city returned to calm after the storm. calm 强调平静状态;unrest 强调不安和骚动。
order
秩序
Teachers restored order in the hall. order 是有秩序;unrest 是秩序不稳。
arrest
逮捕;拘留
The police made arrests after the unrest turned violent. arrest 是警方动作;unrest 是动荡局面。

词族线索 / 同组词

restless
不安的;坐立不安的
The restless crowd waited for news. restless 可描述人群不安;unrest 是抽象社会状态。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

un- 表示 not;unrest 是没有 rest/calm 的社会状态。它和 restless 同属“不安”线,但 unrest 是不可数名词,restless 是形容词。

restless
不安的;坐立不安的
The restless crowd waited outside the gate.
restlessness
不安;坐立不安
Restlessness spread through the room before the result came out.
unsettled
不安定的;未解决的
The situation remained unsettled for weeks.

非派生记忆线索

rest①
休息;安定线索
A good rest helped her feel calm again.
arrest
动荡语境中可能出现的警方动作
Police made several arrests after the unrest.

词族导图

rest / arrest / unrest 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
055

pair

星标

[peə(r)] · n. / vt. · Page 73

two matching things or people considered together; also to put two people or things together

一双;一对;一副;一把;一条;使成对

联想

pair 的核心是“两者配成一组”:鞋、袜子、眼镜、剪刀、搭档都可用 a pair of;作动词时表示把两人或两物配成一组。

意思、用法与例句

n.一双;一对;一副;一把;一条

指两个配套使用或被看作一组的人、动物或物品。

常见表达a pair of shoesa pair of glassesa pair of scissorsa pair of trousersa pair of students

I bought a new pair of running shoes for the sports meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

a pair of shoes 是一双鞋。

This pair of glasses helps my grandfather read clearly.

查看翻译和讲解

a pair of glasses 是一副眼镜。

Please cut the paper with a pair of scissors.

查看翻译和讲解

a pair of scissors 是一把剪刀。

phr.成对地;两人一组

in pairs 表示按两人或两个一组行动、讨论或排列。

常见表达in pairswork in pairswalk in pairsput them in pairs

The teacher asked us to work in pairs and discuss the question.

查看翻译和讲解

work in pairs 表示两人一组。

The children walked in pairs across the road.

查看翻译和讲解

walk in pairs 表示成对行走。

vt.使成对;把……配成一组

指把两个人或物搭配起来共同工作、比赛或使用。

常见表达pair A with Bbe paired with ...pair students together

The coach paired a new player with an experienced one.

查看翻译和讲解

pair A with B 表示把 A 和 B 配对。

Each student was paired with a partner for the science project.

查看翻译和讲解

be paired with 表示被配成一组。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

couple
一对;两个
A couple of students arrived early. couple 可指两个或一对人;pair 更强调配套或成组。
single
单个的;单人的
I need a single ticket, not two. single 与 pair 的一对相对。
match
相配;搭配
These two socks do not match. match 强调相配;pair 强调两者成组。
repair
修理;修补
A pair of shoes may need repair after years of use. pair 与 repair 形近且同组复习,但 repair 不是 pair 的普通派生义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pair 的真用法线是 a pair of / in pairs / pair A with B;repair 只作同组和拼写防混,不放入 pair 的现代派生词族。

paired
配对的;成对的
The paired students checked each other's answers.
pairing
配对;搭配
The pairing worked well in the speaking activity.

非派生记忆线索

repair
形近防混:修理、修补
The repairer came to repair the broken window.

词族导图

pair / repair 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
056

repair

星标

[ri'peə(r)] · vt. / n. · Page 73

to fix something broken or damaged, or the work of fixing it

修理;修补;修复

联想

repair 是把坏了、破了、受损的东西修好。可作动词 repair a bike,也可作名词 repairs / under repair。它和 repairer 是真词族;和 pair 只需防混。

意思、用法与例句

vt.修理;修补;修复

接具体物品、道路、损害或关系,表示把损坏处修好。

常见表达repair a bikerepair a roadrepair the damagerepair a relationship

My father helped me repair the broken bike.

查看翻译和讲解

repair a bike 是修自行车。

Workers repaired the road after the heavy rain.

查看翻译和讲解

repair a road 是修路。

The apology helped repair the friendship between the two girls.

查看翻译和讲解

repair a relationship/friendship 是修复关系。

n.修理;修补;维修状态

作名词时可指修理行为、修理工作或维修状态。

常见表达do/make repairsunder repairbeyond repairin good repairneed repair

These kids are happiest when doing repairs.

查看翻译和讲解

do repairs 是做修理工作。

The bridge is under repair, so buses must take another route.

查看翻译和讲解

under repair 表示正在维修。

The old radio was beyond repair after it fell into the water.

查看翻译和讲解

beyond repair 是无法修复。

The house is old but still in good repair.

查看翻译和讲解

in good repair 是状况良好。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fix
修理;解决
Can you fix my bike this afternoon? fix 更口语,范围更宽;repair 较正式,强调修好损坏。
mend
修补
She mended a hole in her coat. mend 常用于衣物、裂缝或关系;repair 可用于机器、道路、损害。
break
弄坏;打破
He broke the phone screen. break 是弄坏;repair 是修好。
damage
损坏
The storm damaged the roof. damage 是造成损害;repair 是修复损害。
pair
一双;一对
A pair of shoes may need repair. pair 与 repair 形近,但含义和用法不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

repairer
修理工
The repairer checked the engine carefully. repair 是动作或修理工作;repairer 是做修理的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

repair 的真词族围绕 fix/repair 展开:repairer 是修理的人,repairable 是可修的,repairs 是修理工作。

repairer
修理工;维修人员
The repairer checked the engine carefully.
repairable
可修理的
The old phone is still repairable.
repairs
修理工作
The repairs took two days.

非派生记忆线索

pair
形近防混:一双、一对
A pair of gloves was on the desk.

词族导图

pair / repair 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
057

repairer

· n. · Page 73

a person whose job is to repair broken or damaged things

修理工;维修人员

联想

repairer = repair + -er,是做修理的人。它可指修自行车、鞋、电器、机器等的人;在美式或日常英语中 mechanic 也常用于机械维修人员。

意思、用法与例句

n.修理工;维修人员

指以修理某类物品为工作的人。

常见表达a bike repairera shoe repairera TV repairercall a repairer

We called a repairer when the fridge stopped working.

查看翻译和讲解

call a repairer 是叫维修人员。

The bike repairer changed the tire in ten minutes.

查看翻译和讲解

bike repairer 是自行车修理工。

A shoe repairer can fix the broken heel.

查看翻译和讲解

shoe repairer 是修鞋的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mechanic
机械修理工
The mechanic checked the car engine. mechanic 常修汽车或机器;repairer 范围更宽。
worker
工人;工作人员
A worker repaired the road. worker 范围很宽;repairer 专门做修理。
customer
顾客
The customer asked the repairer about the cost. customer 是请人修理的人;repairer 是修理的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

repair
修理;修补
They repaired the roof before the storm arrived. repair 是动作或工作;repairer 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

repairer = repair + -er,-er 表示做某事的人。

repair
修理;修补
They repaired the roof before the storm arrived.
repairable
可修理的
The phone is repairable.
repairs
修理工作
The repairs were finished before noon.

词族导图

pair / repair 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
058

tractor

星标

['træktə(r)] · n. · Page 73

a powerful vehicle, usually used on farms, that pulls machines or heavy loads

拖拉机;牵引车

联想

tractor 的画面是“能拉重物的车”:农田里拉农具的是拖拉机,track tractor 是轨道牵引车,walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。

意思、用法与例句

n.拖拉机;牵引车

指用于农田、建筑或运输中拉动机器、农具或重物的强力车辆。

常见表达drive a tractora farm tractortractor driverwalking tractortrack tractor

The farmer used a tractor to pull the heavy machine across the field.

查看翻译和讲解

tractor 的核心动作是拉动重物。

A walking tractor is useful on small farms.

查看翻译和讲解

walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。

The track tractor pulled heavy equipment at the work site.

查看翻译和讲解

track tractor 是轨道牵引车。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

truck
卡车
A truck carried the vegetables to the market. truck 主要运输货物;tractor 主要拉动农具或重物。
plough
犁;耕地
The tractor pulled a plough through the field. plough 是被拖拉机拉动的农具之一。
attract
吸引;引起
The festival attracts visitors from nearby towns. tractor 和 attract 可用 tract “拉”记忆,但词性和语境完全不同。
track
轨道;小径;踪迹
The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field. tractor 是车;track 是路线、轨道或留下的痕迹。
train①
火车;列车
A train runs on railway tracks. 可用 tract/拉的图像记 train,但 train① 是铁路车辆,不是 tractor 派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tract- 可记 draw/pull 拉、引:tractor 是拉重物的车;attract 是把注意力或人“拉过来”。track / train① 只保留图像或形近记忆,不当普通派生。

traction
牵引力;附着力
The tires need good traction on wet ground.

非派生记忆线索

attract
tract 记忆线:吸引、引起
The show attracted many students.
track
形近/痕迹线:轨道、小径、踪迹
The tractor left tracks in the mud.
train①
交通线:火车、列车
The train left the station at nine.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
059

attract

星标

[ə'trækt] · vt. · Page 74

to draw attention, interest, visitors, or objects toward someone or something

吸引;引起

联想

attract 是“把人、注意力、兴趣或物体拉过来”:景点吸引游客,活动吸引学生,磁铁吸引金属。

意思、用法与例句

vt.吸引人、注意力或兴趣

接 visitors, attention, interest, settlers 等宾语,表示让人靠近、关注或感兴趣。

常见表达attract attentionattract visitorsattract interestattract sb. to ...

What attracted the early settlers to New York City?

查看翻译和讲解

attract sb. to a place 表示把某人吸引到某地。

The science show attracted many students because it was full of experiments.

查看翻译和讲解

attract students 表示吸引学生参加或关注。

Bright colors can attract children's attention quickly.

查看翻译和讲解

attract attention 是高频搭配。

vt.吸引物体靠近

物理语境中,磁铁、重力等可吸引物体。

常见表达magnets attract metalattract ironopposites attract

A magnet can attract small pieces of iron.

查看翻译和讲解

magnet attract/repel 是常见科学对比。

In science class, we learned that opposite poles attract each other.

查看翻译和讲解

opposite poles attract 是科学语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

draw
吸引;拉近
The story drew readers into its world. draw 与 attract 接近,常用于吸引兴趣或注意。
interest
使感兴趣
The topic interested many students. interest 更直接表示让人感兴趣;attract 还可指游客、注意力或物体靠近。
repel
排斥;使反感
Like poles repel each other. repel 与物理图中的 attract 相反,也可表示让人反感。
drive away
赶走;使离开
High prices may drive away customers. drive away 与 attract visitors/customers 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

attraction
吸引力;景点;喜爱
The museum is a popular tourist attraction. attract 是动词;attraction 是名词。
attractive
有吸引力的;美观的
The plan is attractive because it saves time. attractive 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tract=draw 拉、引、伸;attract 是把注意力、人或物体“拉过来”。

attraction
吸引力;景点;喜爱
The lake is the town's main attraction.
attractive
有吸引力的;美观的
The poster is attractive to young readers.
unattractive
没有吸引力的
The old design looked unattractive.

非派生记忆线索

tractor
tract 记忆线:拉重物的车
The tractor pulled the machine across the field.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
060

attraction

[ə'trækʃn] · n. · Page 74

the power of attracting interest, a place or thing people want to visit, or a feeling of liking

吸引力;吸引人的事物;向往的地方;喜爱

联想

attraction 有三层:吸引力本身、吸引人的地方/事物,以及对某人或某事的喜欢。tourist attraction 是最常见的“景点”。

意思、用法与例句

n.吸引力;吸引

不可数或单数用法,指让人感兴趣或想靠近的力量。

常见表达the attraction of ...strong attractionthe power of attraction

The attraction of the job is that it allows her to travel.

查看翻译和讲解

the attraction of... 指某事的吸引力。

The power of attraction between magnets is easy to see in class.

查看翻译和讲解

物理语境中 attraction 可指吸引力。

n.景点;吸引人的事物

可数名词,指吸引游客或公众的地点、活动或事物。

常见表达tourist attractionmain attractionpopular attractionlocal attraction

The lake has become the main attraction of the town.

查看翻译和讲解

main attraction 是主要景点/亮点。

The museum is a popular tourist attraction for families.

查看翻译和讲解

tourist attraction 是旅游景点。

n.喜爱;好感

单数或不可数用法,指对某人、某事或活动产生的喜欢或向往。

常见表达feel an attraction to ...have an attraction for ...a strong attraction to ...

He felt a strong attraction to music when he was a child.

查看翻译和讲解

feel an attraction to... 指喜欢或向往。

The small town has a special attraction for writers.

查看翻译和讲解

have an attraction for... 指对某类人有吸引力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appeal
吸引力;感染力
The idea has strong appeal for young people. appeal 强调吸引人的品质;attraction 还可指景点。
tourist site
旅游地点
The old temple is a tourist site. tourist site 是旅游地点;tourist attraction 强调吸引游客。
dislike
不喜欢
Her dislike of noise made city life difficult. dislike 与 attraction 的喜爱义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

attract
吸引;引起
The festival attracts visitors. attract 是动词。
attractive
有吸引力的;美观的
The garden looks attractive in spring. attractive 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

attraction = attract + -ion,表示吸引的力量、结果或对象。

attract
吸引;引起
The festival attracts visitors from nearby towns.
attractive
有吸引力的
The course is attractive to students.
unattractive
没有吸引力的
The plan became unattractive after the price rose.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
061

attractive

[ə'træktiv] · adj. · Page 74

pleasant, interesting, useful, or good-looking enough to make people like or want something

有吸引力的;好看的;美观的

联想

attractive 不只形容外貌“好看”,也可形容想法、价格、机会、课程“有吸引力”。看它修饰什么名词,决定中文怎么译。

意思、用法与例句

adj.好看的;美观的

描述人、物、地方的外观让人喜欢。

常见表达look attractivean attractive buildingan attractive designan attractive face

The old street looks more attractive after the trees were planted.

查看翻译和讲解

look attractive 指看起来更美观。

The poster uses an attractive design to catch students' eyes.

查看翻译和讲解

attractive design 指好看的设计。

adj.有吸引力的;值得考虑的

描述计划、价格、机会、课程等让人感兴趣或愿意选择。

常见表达an attractive ideaan attractive pricean attractive offerbe attractive to sb.

The course is attractive to students who enjoy working with computers.

查看翻译和讲解

attractive to students 表示对学生有吸引力。

The shop offered an attractive price for the new schoolbag.

查看翻译和讲解

an attractive price 是有吸引力的价格。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appealing
有吸引力的
The new plan is appealing to young families. appealing 接近 attractive,可用于想法、计划、外观。
beautiful
美丽的
The garden is beautiful in spring. beautiful 更偏外观美;attractive 还可指价格、计划有吸引力。
interesting
有趣的
The lecture was interesting to many students. interesting 强调内容引发兴趣;attractive 强调整体让人想要或喜欢。
unattractive
没有吸引力的;不好看的
The room looked unattractive without enough light. unattractive 是直接反义词。
boring
无聊的
The boring speech made students sleepy. boring 与 attractive 的兴趣吸引义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

attract
吸引;引起
A good title can attract readers. attract 是动词。
attraction
吸引力;景点
The tower is the city's main attraction. attraction 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

attractive = attract + -ive,表示具有 attract 能力的。

attract
吸引;引起
A good title can attract readers.
attraction
吸引力;景点;喜爱
The temple is a famous local attraction.
unattractive
没有吸引力的
The color made the room look unattractive.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
062

abstract

星标

[æb'strækt] / ['æbstrækt] · vt. / adj. / n. · Page 74

not concrete; a short summary; or to take information out of a larger text or set of data

提取, 抽取;抽象(派)的;摘要, 概要

联想

abstract 是多词性词:形容词表示“抽象的”,名词表示“摘要”,动词表示“提取、抽取”。记忆时可以把它想成“从长内容里抽出核心”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.抽象的;抽象派的

指思想、概念、艺术等不是具体可触摸的,常需要例子帮助理解。

常见表达abstract ideaabstract conceptabstract thinkingabstract arttoo abstract

Love and freedom are abstract ideas, not objects you can touch.

查看翻译和讲解

abstract ideas 指抽象概念。

The book discusses abstract concepts such as change, number, and memory.

查看翻译和讲解

abstract concepts 是阅读中常见搭配。

Pictures can make an abstract idea easier to understand.

查看翻译和讲解

抽象概念常需要具体例子帮助理解。

形容词读 ['æbstrækt],核心反义词是 concrete。

n. [C]摘要;概要

指文章、论文或报告前的简短概括。

常见表达write an abstractread the abstracta research abstractthe abstract of a paper

Read the abstract first to understand the main idea of the paper.

查看翻译和讲解

abstract 作名词指摘要。

The student wrote a short abstract for her science report.

查看翻译和讲解

write an abstract 是写摘要。

作名词时是可数名词,常见于论文、报告语境。

vt.提取;抽取

较正式,指从文章、资料或数据中抽取有用信息。

常见表达abstract information from...abstract data from...abstract the main pointsabstract useful facts

The program can abstract useful data from thousands of messages.

查看翻译和讲解

abstract 作动词表示提取。

Good readers can abstract the main points from a long passage.

查看翻译和讲解

从长文中提取要点。

动词读 [æb'strækt],比 take out 更正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

concrete
具体的;混凝土的
Concrete examples make abstract ideas easier to understand. abstract 与 concrete 是核心反义对:抽象 vs 具体。
summary
摘要;概要
An abstract is a short summary of a report or paper. summary 更普通;abstract 常用于论文、报告前的正式摘要。
extract
提取;摘录
The program extracts useful data from many messages. 动词义中 extract 更常用;abstract 更正式。
contract
合同;收缩;感染
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ. 可以用 -tract 辅助记忆,但不要把它们当成同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ab- 可联想到“离开、从……出来”,-tract 可联想到“拉、抽”;abstract 作动词时就是把信息从较长材料里抽出来。

abstraction
抽象概念;抽象过程
A simple picture helped explain the abstraction.

非派生记忆线索

concrete
具体的
Concrete examples help explain abstract ideas.
extract
提取;摘录
The writer extracted key facts from the report.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

063

contract

['kɒntrækt] / [kən'trækt] · n. / v. / vt. · Page 74

a legal agreement; to make an agreement; to become smaller; or to catch a disease

合同, 契约;订合同, 订契约;(使)收缩;感染

联想

contract 要按重音和词性分开:名词 ['kɒntrækt] 是合同;动词 [kən'trækt] 可表示订合同、收缩、感染。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]合同;契约

指双方正式同意并通常具有法律效力的协议。

常见表达sign a contracta work contracta one-year contractunder contractbreak a contract

Before starting the job, she signed a one-year contract.

查看翻译和讲解

sign a contract 是签合同。

The singer is under contract with a music company.

查看翻译和讲解

under contract 表示受合同约束。

名词重音靠前,读 ['kɒntrækt]。

vi.订合同;订约

正式表达,指与某人或某机构达成合同关系。

常见表达contract with...contract to do somethingcontract for a service

The school contracted with a company to build a new library.

查看翻译和讲解

contract with... to do... 是正式签约表达。

The city contracted for better bus services this year.

查看翻译和讲解

contract for a service 表示签约获得服务。

动词重音靠后,读 [kən'trækt]。

vi. / vt.(使)收缩;缩小

指肌肉、金属、材料等变小、变短或变紧。

常见表达muscles contractcontract in the coldcontract the musclescontract and expand

Metal contracts when it becomes cold.

查看翻译和讲解

contract 作不及物动词表示收缩。

Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled.

查看翻译和讲解

contract 与 expand 构成反义对。

这个义项常和 expand 对比。

vt.感染;患上

正式表达,指染上疾病。

常见表达contract a diseasecontract fluavoid contracting an illness

Travelers should wash their hands often to avoid contracting flu.

查看翻译和讲解

contract flu 表示感染流感。

Clean water can reduce the risk of contracting a disease.

查看翻译和讲解

contract a disease 是正式表达。

感染义比 get/catch a disease 更正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
协议;一致
A contract is a formal written agreement. agreement 更宽泛;contract 常更正式、有法律效力。
expand
扩张;扩大
Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled. contract 表示收缩时,反义词是 expand。
catch
感染;染上
Crowded trains often make it easier to catch flu. catch 更日常;contract a disease 更正式。
abstract
抽象的;摘要;提取
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ. 可以用 -tract 辅助记忆,但不要把它们当成同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- = together,tract = pull,可辅助理解为“拉到一起”形成合同;也可引出“收缩”。这是记忆辅助,不把 tract 当作同单元真词族。

contractor
承包商;签约方
The contractor promised to finish the bridge before winter.

非派生记忆线索

expand
扩大;扩张
The metal expands when heated.
agreement
协议
The two sides reached an agreement.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

064

track

星标

[træk] · n. / vt. · Page 74

a path, railway line, running lane, mark left behind, or the act of following or recording something

小道;轨道;跑道;足迹;踪迹;跟踪;追踪;记录

联想

track 的核心是“可以沿着走或追的线”:脚印是线索,跑道是路线,铁轨是列车走的线;作动词时是跟踪或记录。

意思、用法与例句

n.小道;轨道;跑道

指可走、可跑或列车行驶的路线。

常见表达a narrow tracka railway trackrunning trackon the track

The athletes warmed up on the running track before the race.

查看翻译和讲解

running track 是跑道。

The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track.

查看翻译和讲解

track 可指铁路轨道。

We followed a narrow track through the forest.

查看翻译和讲解

track 可指小道。

n.足迹;踪迹;线索

常用复数 tracks,指人、动物、车辆留下的痕迹。

常见表达animal tracksdeep tracksleave tracksfollow the tracks

We saw animal tracks in the snow near the forest.

查看翻译和讲解

animal tracks 是动物足迹。

The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.

查看翻译和讲解

deep tracks 是车辆留下的深痕。

vt.跟踪;追踪;记录

作动词时指追踪人或物的位置,也可记录进展、数据或变化。

常见表达track a packagetrack progresstrack changestrack down

The app can track how many steps you take each day.

查看翻译和讲解

track 数据是记录变化。

Police used cameras to track the missing car.

查看翻译和讲解

track a car 是追踪车辆。

The volunteer finally tracked down the owner of the lost bag.

查看翻译和讲解

track down 表示追踪到。

phr.记录/不了解情况;恢复正轨

keep/lose track of 和 back on track 常用于学习、工作和生活进度。

常见表达keep track of ...lose track of ...back on trackget back on track

I use a notebook to keep track of new words.

查看翻译和讲解

keep track of 表示记录或了解情况。

After a difficult week, the project is back on track.

查看翻译和讲解

back on track 表示恢复正常。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

path
小路;路线
The path led to a small river. path 更普通;track 可指小路、跑道、轨道或踪迹。
trail
小径;踪迹
We followed the trail through the hills. trail 可指野外小路或痕迹;track 更可用于跑道、轨道和记录。
rail
铁轨;栏杆
The train runs on rails. rail 强调金属轨;track 可指轨道线路整体。
lose track
不了解;忘记进展
I lost track of time while reading. lose track of 与 keep track of 相对,是短语对比,不是 track 的普通反义词。
tractor
拖拉机;牵引车
The tractor left tracks in the field. tractor 是车,track 是痕迹或路线。
train①
火车;列车
The train runs on the track, not on the road. train 是车辆;track 是轨道或路线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 tract(拖) -> track(拖行的痕迹) 帮助记忆;现代学习重点是 path/rail/running lane/mark/follow-record。

tracking
追踪;跟踪记录
Online tracking shows where the package is now.
tracker
追踪器;追踪者
The tracker helped scientists follow the animal.

非派生记忆线索

tractor
形近/痕迹线:拖拉机留下 tracks
The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.
train①
交通线:train runs on tracks
The train moved slowly along the track.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
065

track and field

· n. [U] · Page 74

the sport of running, jumping, and throwing events

田径运动

联想

track and field 是固定短语“田径运动”。track 指跑道上的径赛,field 指跳远、跳高、投掷等田赛;合在一起是一个运动项目类别。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]田径运动

跑、跳、投等田径项目的总称,常作为不可数整体名词使用。

常见表达track and field eventsa track and field teama track and field meetcompete in track and fieldtrain for track and fieldtrack and field athletes

Li joined the school track and field team last year.

查看翻译和讲解

track and field team 是田径队。

Track and field events include running, jumping, and throwing.

查看翻译和讲解

这句话直接说明短语覆盖范围。

Many students compete in track and field at the school sports meet.

查看翻译和讲解

compete in track and field 是参加田径比赛。

She trains for track and field after school every afternoon.

查看翻译和讲解

train for track and field 是为田径训练。

通常作整体不可数名词;具体项目用 events。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

athletics
田径运动;体育运动
Athletics is popular in many school sports meetings. athletics 可接近 track and field;在不同英语地区范围可能略有差异。
track event
径赛项目
The 400-meter race is a track event. track event 是跑道上的跑步比赛。
field event
田赛项目
The long jump is a field event. field event 通常是跳跃或投掷项目。
race
赛跑;比赛
The final race was the most exciting event of the day. race 是具体比赛;track and field 是运动类别。
relay
接力赛
Our class won the relay at the sports meet. relay 是常见径赛项目之一。
ball game
球类运动
Basketball is a ball game, not a track and field event. ball games 与 track and field 属于不同运动类别。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

track and field 是固定运动短语,不按普通派生词族扩展。track 是组合成分,field 是组合成分;学习重点是短语整体和项目分类。

非派生记忆线索

track
跑道;径赛部分
Runners compete on the track.
field
田赛场地;田赛部分
Jumping and throwing events happen in the field part.
sports meet
运动会
Track and field events are common at a school sports meet.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

066

train①

星标

[trein] · n. · Page 74

a railway vehicle made of connected cars that carries people or goods

火车;列车

联想

train① 是名词“火车/列车”。看到 station、platform、railway、track、arrive、depart、catch,多半是交通义。它和 train②“训练”同形同音但意义不同。

意思、用法与例句

n.火车;列车

指在铁路轨道上运行、运送乘客或货物的车辆。

常见表达take/catch a trainby traintrain stationmiss the trainget on/off a train

We took an early train to Beijing to avoid the holiday crowds.

查看翻译和讲解

take a train 是乘火车。

Hurry up, or we will miss the last train.

查看翻译和讲解

miss the train 是错过火车。

The train arrived at the railway station on time.

查看翻译和讲解

train station / railway station 是火车站语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

railway
铁路;铁路系统
A train runs on a railway. train 是车辆;railway 是线路或系统。
track
轨道;路线
The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track. track 是列车运行的轨道或路线。
bus
公共汽车
We took a bus because there was no train at night. bus 走公路;train 走铁路。
train②
训练;培训
I train every day, but I take a train only on weekends. train① 是名词火车;train② 是动词训练。
training
训练;培训
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town. training 来自 train②,不来自 train①。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

train① 只按交通词学习;tract -> train 是图像记忆线索。train② / training 是同形异义的训练线,不放入 train① 的现代 word-family。

非派生记忆线索

train station
火车站
We met at the train station.
train ticket
火车票
I bought a train ticket online.
train②
同形异义:训练、培训
The coach trains the team every day.
track
交通线:火车运行的轨道
A train runs on tracks.
tractor
tract 拉/拖图像记忆
A tractor pulls heavy machines.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
067

train②

星标

[trein] · vt. / vi. · Page 74

to teach, practise, or prepare someone for a skill, job, sport, or role

训练;培训;培养;进行训练

联想

train② 是动词“训练/培训”:教别人技能,也可以自己为比赛、职业或目标进行训练。它和 train① 火车同形同音,但不是同一个学习义项。

意思、用法与例句

vt.训练;培训;培养

接人、团队、动物或工作人员,表示有计划地教会技能或习惯。

常见表达train sb. to do sth.train a teamtrain workerstrain a dog

The coach trained the players to pass the ball faster.

查看翻译和讲解

train sb. to do sth. 是训练某人做某事。

The company trains new workers before they use the machines.

查看翻译和讲解

train workers 是培训员工。

Parents can train young children to tidy their rooms.

查看翻译和讲解

train children 可表示培养习惯。

vi.受训练;进行练习

主语自己为比赛、考试或工作而训练。

常见表达train for a racetrain hardtrain as a nursetrain every day

She trains for the 800-meter race after school.

查看翻译和讲解

train for a race 是为比赛训练。

He is training as a doctor in a city hospital.

查看翻译和讲解

train as... 是作为某职业接受培训。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

teach
教;教授
The teacher taught us how to write a report. teach 强调教知识;train 强调通过练习形成技能或能力。
coach
训练;指导
The coach helped her improve her start. coach 常用于运动或个人指导;train 更广。
practise
练习
Students practise speaking English in pairs. practise 是练习动作;train 可包括教学、计划和长期准备。
untrained
未受训练的
Untrained workers should not use the machine. untrained 与 trained 相对。
train①
火车;列车
The athlete trains on weekdays and takes the train home on Friday. train② 是训练;train① 是火车。

词族线索 / 同组词

training
训练;培训
Regular training helped the team improve. training 是 train② 的名词。
trainer
教练;培训员
The trainer showed us how to use the equipment. trainer 是训练者。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

train② 的真词族是 training / trainer / trained / untrained,围绕“训练、培训、培养”展开。

training
训练;培训
The safety training lasted two hours.
trainer
教练;培训员
The trainer showed us how to use the equipment.
trained
受过训练的
A trained guide led us through the museum.
untrained
未受训练的
Untrained workers should ask for help.

非派生记忆线索

train①
同形异义:火车、列车
The train left the station at nine.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
068

training

['treiniŋ] · n. · Page 74

the process of learning, teaching, or practising skills for a job, sport, or activity

训练;培训

联想

training 是 train② 的名词:可以是体育训练、职业培训、安全培训、教师培训。它不是 train① 火车的派生义。

意思、用法与例句

n.训练;培训

不可数名词,指为了提高技能或准备工作、比赛而进行的学习、教学和练习过程。

常见表达training coursesports trainingreceive trainingteacher trainingsafety training

All volunteers receive training before the event begins.

查看翻译和讲解

receive training 是接受培训。

Sports training should include enough rest to prevent injuries.

查看翻译和讲解

sports training 是体育训练。

The teacher training course lasts for six weeks.

查看翻译和讲解

teacher training course 是教师培训课程。

Safety training is necessary before workers use the machine.

查看翻译和讲解

safety training 是安全培训。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

practice
练习
Daily practice improves speaking skills. practice 强调反复练习;training 可包含课程、指导和计划。
coaching
指导;训练
Coaching helped the team play better. coaching 常指教练指导;training 更宽泛。
instruction
指导;教学
The instruction was clear and useful. instruction 强调教导;training 强调形成能力的过程。
train①
火车;列车
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town. training 来自 train②,不来自 train① 火车。

词族线索 / 同组词

train②
训练;培训
The coach trains us every morning. train② 是动词;training 是名词。
trainer
教练;培训员
A good trainer gives clear advice. trainer 是提供 training 的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

training = train② + -ing,表示训练或培训过程。

train②
训练;培训
They train young players every summer.
trainer
教练;培训员
A good trainer gives clear advice.
trained
受过训练的
The trained volunteers handled the problem calmly.

非派生记忆线索

train①
同形异义:火车、列车
The train arrived late.

词族导图

tract / track / train 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
069

traitor

['treitə(r)] · n. · Page 75

a person who betrays a country, group, friend, or cause

叛徒;卖国贼;背叛者

联想

traitor 是“背叛者”,语气很重:背叛国家可译卖国贼,背叛组织、团队或朋友可译叛徒。普通意见不同不要轻易叫 traitor。

意思、用法与例句

n.叛徒;卖国贼;背叛者

指背叛自己所属国家、组织、团队、朋友或事业的人。

常见表达a traitor to ...turn traitorcall sb. a traitorbe treated as a traitor

The soldier was called a traitor after he sold secrets to the enemy.

查看翻译和讲解

traitor 语气重,常与 secrets/enemy 等背叛语境连用。

In the story, the guard turned traitor and opened the gate for the enemy.

查看翻译和讲解

turn traitor 表示叛变。

He was treated as a traitor to the team after he gave the plan to their rivals.

查看翻译和讲解

a traitor to... 表示对某组织或群体的背叛者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

betrayer
背叛者
No one wanted to work with a betrayer. betrayer 是泛指背叛者;traitor 语气更重,常涉及国家、组织或重大信任。
spy
间谍
The spy sent secret information to another country. spy 是从事情报活动的人;traitor 强调背叛自己一方。
patriot
爱国者
A patriot works for the good of the country. patriot 与卖国贼/traitor 的国家忠诚语境相对。
loyal friend
忠诚的朋友
A loyal friend keeps your secrets. loyal friend 与背叛朋友的 traitor 相对。
betray
背叛;出卖;泄露;显露
A traitor betrays the group that trusted him. betray 是动作;traitor 是做这种事的人。
betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their trust. betrayal 是背叛行为或事件。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

traitor 的核心是“背叛者”。betray / betrayal 是同一语义场中的动作和行为名词,但不当作 traitor 的普通派生词。

traitorous
背叛的;叛国的
The traitorous act shocked the whole group.

非派生记忆线索

betray
背叛;出卖;泄露;显露
He refused to betray his friends.
betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their friendship.

词族导图

traitor / betray 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
070

betray

星标

[bi'trei] · vt. · Page 75

to be disloyal, give away secrets, break someone's trust, or accidentally show a feeling

背叛;出卖;泄露;辜负;显露

联想

betray 的核心是“把本该守住的信任、秘密或情绪露出去”:可以背叛组织,泄露秘密,辜负信任,也可以声音/表情无意中暴露真实情绪。

意思、用法与例句

vt.背叛;出卖

对国家、组织、朋友等不忠,把他们置于危险或交给敌人。

常见表达betray one's countrybetray a friendbetray the organizationbetray sb. to the enemy

He promised never to betray the organization.

查看翻译和讲解

betray the organization 表示背叛组织。

The officer betrayed his country by selling military secrets.

查看翻译和讲解

betray one's country 是背叛国家。

vt.泄露秘密;出卖信息

指把本应保密的信息告诉不该知道的人。

常见表达betray a secretbetray informationbetray the plan

She would not betray the secret even under pressure.

查看翻译和讲解

betray a secret 是泄露秘密。

The careless email betrayed the plan before the meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

betray the plan 指泄露计划。

vt.辜负;失信于

指让信任自己的人失望,违背承诺或责任。

常见表达betray someone's trustbetray a promisefeel betrayed

A true friend will not betray your trust.

查看翻译和讲解

betray your trust 是辜负信任。

Many fans felt betrayed when the player broke his promise.

查看翻译和讲解

feel betrayed 表示感到被辜负。

vt.无意中暴露;显露

指声音、表情、动作等不自觉地显示真实情绪或想法。

常见表达betray fearbetray no sign of ...her voice betrayed ...his face betrayed ...

His shaking voice betrayed his fear.

查看翻译和讲解

声音显露恐惧,是非故意暴露。

She betrayed no sign of nervousness before the speech.

查看翻译和讲解

betray no sign of... 表示没有显露。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

deceive
欺骗
He deceived his classmates with a false story. deceive 强调欺骗;betray 强调背弃信任或泄露秘密。
reveal
揭示;泄露
The report revealed important facts. reveal 可中性地揭示;betray 常带不该透露或无意显露的意味。
protect
保护
She protected her friend's secret. protect secrets 与 betray a secret 相对。
be loyal
忠诚
He remained loyal to his team. be loyal 与 betray 的背叛义相对。
keep faith
守信
A good leader keeps faith with the people. keep faith 与 betray trust 相对。
traitor
叛徒;背叛者
A traitor is someone who betrays a country or group. traitor 是人;betray 是动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their friendship. betrayal 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

betray 的真词族可记 betrayal / betrayer;traitor 是同语义场的人称词,强调背叛者。

betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their friendship.
betrayer
背叛者
The betrayer was no longer trusted.

非派生记忆线索

traitor
叛徒;卖国贼
The traitor gave the plan to the enemy.

词族导图

traitor / betray 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
071

speak

星标

[spi:k] · vi. / vt. / phr. · Page 75

to say words, talk with someone, give a formal talk, use a language, or express a view

说话;交谈;演讲;发言;会说某种语言;代表发言;公开表态

联想

speak 的核心是“开口表达”。它可表示说话、交谈、公开发言、会说语言;短语 speak for / speak of / speak out / speak up 要按整块记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.说话;讲话;交谈

表示开口说话或与某人交谈,常接 to/with。

常见表达speak to/with sb.speak clearlyspeak softlyspeak about ...

Please speak clearly so that everyone can hear you.

查看翻译和讲解

speak clearly 是说清楚。

I need to speak with my teacher about the project.

查看翻译和讲解

speak with sb. 是与某人谈话。

vi.演说;发言

在会议、课堂或公共场合正式讲话。

常见表达speak at a meetingspeak in publicspeak on/about ...speak for the class

She will speak at the school meeting about reading habits.

查看翻译和讲解

speak at a meeting 是在会上发言。

He was chosen to speak for our class at the ceremony.

查看翻译和讲解

speak for 可表示代表发言。

vt.会说;会讲某种语言

后接语言名词,表示能使用这种语言。

常见表达speak Englishspeak three languagesspeak Chinese well

My grandfather can speak a little English.

查看翻译和讲解

speak English 是会说英语。

The guide speaks three languages, so many visitors can understand her.

查看翻译和讲解

speak languages 表示会讲多种语言。

phr.代表;表明;公开反对;大声点说/明确表态

这些短语意义分散,需要按整块记。

常见表达speak for ...speak of ...speak outspeak up

These numbers speak of real progress in the village.

查看翻译和讲解

speak of 可表示表明、说明。

Several students spoke out against wasting food.

查看翻译和讲解

speak out 是公开反对或说出立场。

Could you speak up? I can't hear you at the back.

查看翻译和讲解

speak up 可表示大声点说。

She spoke up for students who needed more time.

查看翻译和讲解

speak up for 可表示为某人明确发声。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

talk
说话;交谈
We talked about the trip after class. talk 更偏交谈;speak 可更正式,也可接语言。
say
说出
She said sorry at once. say 强调说出的内容;speak 强调说话行为、能力或场合。
be silent
沉默
He remained silent during the meeting. be silent 与 speak 的开口表达相对。
spokesman
男发言人
A spokesman for the hospital answered questions. spokesman 是代表组织发声的人,不是普通 speaker。

词族线索 / 同组词

speaker
说话者;演讲者;讲某语言者;扬声器
The speaker spoke slowly and clearly. speaker 是人或设备;speak 是动词。
speech
演说;说话能力
Her speech was short but powerful. speech 是名词。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken English is often less formal than written English. spoken 是形容词或过去分词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

speak 的核心词族包括 speaker / speech / spoken / outspoken / spokesman / spokeswoman;spokesman/spokeswoman 强调代表组织正式发言。

speaker
说话者;演讲者;讲某语言的人;扬声器
The speaker took questions after the speech.
speech
演说;说话能力
The president gave a speech on education.
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken English is often different from written English.
outspoken
直言不讳的
She is outspoken about local problems.
spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman spoke for the company.
spokeswoman
女发言人
The spokeswoman answered reporters' questions.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
072

speaker

['spi:kə(r)] · n. · Page 75

a person who speaks or gives a talk, a user of a language, or a device that plays sound

说话者;演讲者;讲某种语言的人;扬声器

联想

speaker 有人和设备两条线:人可以是说话者、演讲者、某语言使用者;设备是扬声器。看语境里是 guest/native/main,还是 volume/Bluetooth。

意思、用法与例句

n.说话者;演讲者;发言者

指正在说话或正式向听众发言的人。

常见表达a guest speakerthe main speakera public speakerspeaker at a meeting

The guest speaker shared stories about life in space.

查看翻译和讲解

guest speaker 是嘉宾演讲者。

The speaker paused until the room became quiet.

查看翻译和讲解

speaker 指发言者。

n.讲某种语言的人

和语言名词连用,表示使用该语言的人。

常见表达an English speakera native speakerChinese speakersFrench speakers

The app helps English speakers learn basic Chinese.

查看翻译和讲解

English speaker 是英语使用者。

A native speaker can help you improve your pronunciation.

查看翻译和讲解

native speaker 是母语使用者。

n.扬声器;喇叭;音箱

指播放声音的设备。

常见表达turn up/down the speakera Bluetooth speakerspeaker volumecomputer speakers

The speaker was too loud, so we turned it down.

查看翻译和讲解

speaker 是扬声器。

She connected her phone to a small Bluetooth speaker.

查看翻译和讲解

Bluetooth speaker 是蓝牙音箱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

listener
听者;听众
Good speakers care about their listeners. listener 只和 speaker 的人义形成角色对比,不适用于扬声器义。
presenter
主持者;展示者
The presenter introduced each photo clearly. presenter 强调展示或主持;speaker 强调说话或演讲。
spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman answered questions for the company. spokesman 是代表组织正式发言的人;speaker 更宽泛。
spokeswoman
女发言人
A spokeswoman for the school gave a short statement. spokeswoman 是女性官方发言人。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;会说
The speaker speaks three languages. speaker 是名词,speak 是动词。
speech
演说;说话能力
The speaker prepared her speech carefully. speech 是发言内容或说话能力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

speaker = speak + -er,可表示说话的人、演讲者、语言使用者,也可转指发声设备。

speak
说话;发言;会说
Please speak more slowly.
speech
演说;说话能力
His speech lasted ten minutes.
spoken
口语的;说出的
The test includes spoken English.
loudspeaker
扩音器;扬声器
The announcement came through a loudspeaker.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
073

speech

星标

[spi:tʃ] · n. · Page 75

a formal talk given to an audience, or the ability or act of speaking

演说;发言;说话能力;言语

联想

speech 是名词:可以是一场正式演讲,也可以是人的说话能力或言语权利。give/make a speech 是高频搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.演说;发言

面向听众的正式讲话。

常见表达give/make a speecha short speecha speech on/about ...opening speech

The headmaster gave a short speech at the opening ceremony.

查看翻译和讲解

give a speech 是发表演讲。

Her speech about clean water moved many students.

查看翻译和讲解

a speech about... 表示关于某主题的演讲。

The opening speech welcomed all the guests to the festival.

查看翻译和讲解

opening speech 是开幕致辞。

n.说话能力;言语;言论

指人说话的能力、语言表达或言论权利。

常见表达speech problemslose speechfreedom of speechspeech and language

The illness affected his speech for several weeks.

查看翻译和讲解

speech 指说话能力。

Freedom of speech does not mean freedom to hurt others.

查看翻译和讲解

freedom of speech 是言论自由。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

talk
讲话;报告
The teacher gave a talk on reading. talk 较宽泛,可正式可非正式;speech 更偏正式演说。
address
正式演说;致辞
The president gave an address to the nation. address 比 speech 更正式。
silence
沉默
A minute of silence followed the speech. silence 与 speech 的说话/发言相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

speaker
演讲者;说话者
The speaker took questions after the speech. speaker 是人;speech 是内容或能力。
speak
说话;发言
She will speak on behalf of the class. speak 是动词。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken language is often less formal than written language. spoken 描述语言形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

speech 是 speak 的名词线,既可指一场演讲,也可指说话能力或言论。

speak
说;发言
He will speak on behalf of the class.
speaker
演讲者;说话者;扬声器
The speaker took three questions.
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken language is often less formal than written language.
speechless
说不出话的;无语的
She was speechless when she heard the news.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
074

spoken

星标

['spəukən] · adj. · Page 75

said aloud rather than written, or connected with speech

口语的;口头的;说出的

联想

spoken 是 speak 的过去分词形容词,重点是“说出来的、口头的”。spoken English 与 written English 对比最常见。

意思、用法与例句

adj.口语的;口头的;说出的

描述语言、信息、交流方式是说出来的,而不是写出来的。

常见表达spoken Englishspoken languagespoken wordsspoken communicationspoken message

Spoken English is often less formal than written English.

查看翻译和讲解

spoken English 是口语英语。

The spoken message was short, but everyone understood it.

查看翻译和讲解

spoken message 是口头信息。

We need more practice in spoken communication.

查看翻译和讲解

spoken communication 是口头交流。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oral
口头的
The students gave an oral report. oral 更正式,常用于考试、报告;spoken 更强调说出来而非写出来。
written
书面的
Written English is usually more formal. written 与 spoken 相对。
outspoken
直言不讳的
She is outspoken about unfair rules. outspoken 不是“口语的”,而是直率表达意见。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说;会讲
Students speak English to improve their spoken English. spoken 来自 speak。
speech
演说;说话能力
Speech practice can improve spoken communication. speech 是名词;spoken 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

spoken 是 speak 的过去分词形容词;outspoken = out + spoken,表示把想法说出来、直言不讳。

speak
说;会讲
Can you speak French?
speech
演说;言语
The speech was recorded for later study.
outspoken
坦率的;直言不讳的
She is outspoken about local problems.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
075

outspoken

[aut'spəukən] · adj. · Page 75

frank and direct about what one thinks, even when others may disagree

坦率的;直言不讳的

联想

outspoken = out + spoken,画面是“把想法说出来”。它形容人或观点直率、敢公开表达,语气可褒可贬。

意思、用法与例句

adj.坦率的;直言不讳的

形容人、评论或观点公开直接,尤其在批评、公共问题或价值判断中。

常见表达be outspoken about/on sth.an outspoken critican outspoken supporteroutspoken in one's views

She is outspoken about the need to protect local rivers.

查看翻译和讲解

be outspoken about... 是对某事直言。

The coach was outspoken in his criticism of the team's lazy training.

查看翻译和讲解

outspoken in criticism 表示批评直率。

He became an outspoken supporter of equal education.

查看翻译和讲解

outspoken supporter 是公开坚定支持者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

frank
坦率的
Her frank advice helped me see the problem. frank 强调坦诚;outspoken 更强调公开直接地说出来。
direct
直接的
His direct answer surprised everyone. direct 可形容表达方式;outspoken 常形容人的公开态度。
reserved
寡言的;含蓄的
He is reserved and rarely shares his opinion. reserved 与 outspoken 的直言相对。
guarded
谨慎保留的;不轻易表态的
Her guarded answer avoided a direct opinion. guarded 强调说话谨慎保留,和 outspoken 的直率相对。
silent
沉默的
She stayed silent during the discussion. silent 是不说话;outspoken 是公开直接地表达,二者只是语境对比。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken English is often less formal than written English. spoken 是口头的;outspoken 是直言不讳的。
speak out
公开表达;公开反对
Students spoke out against wasting food. speak out 是动词短语;outspoken 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

outspoken = out + spoken,表示把想法向外说出来。

spoken
口头的;说出的
The instructions were spoken slowly.
outspokenness
直言不讳
Her outspokenness made the discussion more honest.

非派生记忆线索

speak out
公开表达;公开反对
Several people spoke out against the plan.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
076

spokesman

['spəuksmən] · n. · Page 75

a man who speaks officially for a group, company, school, or government

男发言人

联想

spokesman 不是普通 speaker,而是代表某个组织正式对外说明情况的男性发言人。现代正式写作常用 spokesperson 作不限定性别的表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.男发言人

代表机构、团队、公司或政府向公众、记者说明情况的男性。

常见表达a spokesman for ...a company spokesmana government spokesmanact as spokesmanofficial spokesman

A spokesman for the hospital said the injured students were safe.

查看翻译和讲解

a spokesman for... 是……的发言人。

The company spokesman answered reporters' questions after the meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

company spokesman 是公司发言人。

He acted as spokesman for the volunteer group during the interview.

查看翻译和讲解

act as spokesman 是担任发言人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spokeswoman
女发言人
A spokeswoman for the school explained the new rule. spokesman 指男性;spokeswoman 指女性。
spokesperson
发言人
A spokesperson gave a short statement to the press. spokesperson 是更中性的正式表达。
speaker
说话者;演讲者
The guest speaker gave a talk on science. speaker 很宽;spokesman 强调代表组织正式发声。
statement
声明
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions. statement 是发言人发布的正式说明。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;代表发言
He will speak for our group at the meeting. speak 是动作;spokesman 是承担发言职责的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

spokesman 来自 spoke/speak + man;spokeswoman 与 spokesperson 是同岗位不同表达。

spokeswoman
女发言人
The spokeswoman gave a short statement to the press.
spokesperson
发言人;性别中性表达
The spokesperson answered questions calmly.

非派生记忆线索

speak for
代表……讲话
He will speak for our group at the meeting.
statement
声明;陈述
The spokesman gave a statement after the meeting.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
077

spokeswoman

['spəukswumən] · n. · Page 75

a woman who speaks officially for a group, company, school, or government

女发言人

联想

spokeswoman 是女性发言人:她不是普通聊天者,而是代表组织正式说明情况的人。和 spokesman 职责相同,只是性别不同;spokesperson 是中性表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.女发言人

代表组织、公司、学校或政府正式向公众发言的女性。

常见表达a spokeswoman for ...a school spokeswomana company spokeswomanact as spokeswomanofficial spokeswoman

A spokeswoman for the airline apologized for the delay.

查看翻译和讲解

a spokeswoman for... 是……的女发言人。

The school spokeswoman said the sports meeting would be held on Friday.

查看翻译和讲解

school spokeswoman 是学校发言人。

She acted as spokeswoman for the team after the final match.

查看翻译和讲解

act as spokeswoman 是担任女发言人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions. spokesman 指男性;spokeswoman 指女性。
spokesperson
发言人
The spokesperson answered reporters' questions. spokesperson 是性别中性表达。
speaker
说话者;演讲者
The speaker gave a speech about clean water. speaker 更宽泛;spokeswoman 是官方代表。
statement
声明
The spokeswoman gave a statement to the press. statement 是正式声明。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;代表发言
She was chosen to speak for the class. speak 是动作;spokeswoman 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

spokeswoman = spoke/speak + woman;与 spokesman / spokesperson 同属发言人表达。

spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman denied the report at once.
spokesperson
发言人;性别中性表达
The spokesperson answered reporters' questions.

非派生记忆线索

speak for
代表……讲话
She was chosen to speak for the class.
statement
声明;陈述
The spokeswoman gave a statement to the press.

词族导图

speak / speech 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
078

force

星标

[fɔ:s] · n. / vt. · Page 75, Page 76

strength or power, violent power, military forces, legal effect, or making someone do something

力量;武力;部队;引力;效力;强迫

联想

force 的根义是“力”。名词可以是自然力量、武力、部队、法律效力;动词是“迫使”。核心搭配 by force、come into force、be in force、force sb. to do 必须分开记。

意思、用法与例句

n.力量;力;威力

指身体、自然、物理或影响力上的“力”。

常见表达physical forcethe force of...a powerful forcethe force of gravity

The force of the wind knocked down several young trees.

查看翻译和讲解

the force of the wind 指风的力量。

Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the earth.

查看翻译和讲解

物理语境中 force 可指“力”。

Her calm words had a real force in the argument.

查看翻译和讲解

force 也可指话语或影响的力量。

n.武力;暴力;部队

by force 指用强力或武力;forces 常指军队、部队。

常见表达by forceuse forcearmed forcespolice force

The police said the door had been opened by force.

查看翻译和讲解

by force 表示用强力或武力。

Many young people joined the armed forces during the war.

查看翻译和讲解

armed forces 指武装部队。

n.法律、规则的效力

用于法律、规定、制度已经开始实施或仍在实施。

常见表达come into forcebring ... into forcebe in forcein force

The new traffic rule will come into force next month.

查看翻译和讲解

come into force 表示开始生效。

The safety rule is still in force in every lab.

查看翻译和讲解

be in force / in force 表示仍然有效。

vt.强迫;迫使

及物动词,常接宾语和不定式;被动 be forced to do 很常见。

常见表达force sb. to do sth.be forced to do sth.force a smileforce the door open

Heavy rain forced us to cancel the outdoor concert.

查看翻译和讲解

force us to cancel 表示迫使我们取消。

No one should be forced to give up a fair chance to study.

查看翻译和讲解

be forced to do 表示被迫做某事。

She forced a smile, though she was worried about the result.

查看翻译和讲解

force a smile 指勉强挤出笑容。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strength
力量;体力;强度
Regular exercise builds strength. strength 多指体力、强度或内在能力;force 更强调作用出来的力、武力或迫使。
power
力量;权力;能力
Education gives people the power to choose. power 范围更宽,可指权力和能力;force 更像施加出来的力。
weakness
弱点;虚弱
The plan's weakness soon became clear. weakness 可和 force 的 strength/power 义相对,不适用于 force 的法律效力义。
freedom
自由
Students need freedom to ask questions. freedom 只和 be forced to do 的“被迫”相对,不是所有 force 义项的反义词。
workforce
劳动力;全体员工
A larger workforce helped the factory finish the order. workforce = work + force,表示工作中的人力,不是武力。
comfort
安慰;舒适
His kind words brought comfort to the family. fort/force 可作记忆线索;现代学习中 comfort 不是 force 的同义词。
effort
努力;费力
She made a real effort to improve her pronunciation. effort 强调主动付出力气;force 强调力量本身或强迫。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

force 的现代高频词族要分清:workforce 是 compound;comfort / effort 共享 fort/force 记忆线索,但不能当 force 的同义派生。

workforce
劳动力;全体员工
Women make up nearly half of the local workforce.

非派生记忆线索

comfort
安慰;舒适
The warm room gave the children some comfort after the storm.
effort
努力;费力
With effort, the class finished the project on time.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
079

workforce

['wɜ:kfɔ:s] · n. · Page 76

all the people available for work in a company, industry, place, or country

劳动力;全体员工

联想

workforce = work + force,这里的 force 是“人力”。它是集合名词,通常指公司、行业、地区或国家的全体劳动力。

意思、用法与例句

n.劳动力;全体员工

常作集合名词,指某个公司、行业、城市或国家可工作的人群。

常见表达the workforcea skilled workforcewomen in the workforcejoin/enter the workforcethe local workforce

Two thirds of the workforce are women.

查看翻译和讲解

workforce 在本句中指全体职工。

The city needs a skilled workforce to support its new factories.

查看翻译和讲解

skilled workforce 指有技能的劳动力。

Many graduates enter the workforce after vocational training.

查看翻译和讲解

enter the workforce 表示进入劳动市场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

staff
全体员工
The hotel staff were helpful and polite. staff 常指某机构现有员工;workforce 可指更大的行业、地区或国家劳动力。
workers
工人;劳动者
The workers finished the bridge before winter. workers 强调具体劳动者;workforce 强调整体劳动力。
labor force
劳动力人口
The labor force grew as more young people found jobs. labor force 更偏经济统计;workforce 更日常。
force
力量;力;强迫
The force of the river can turn a small wheel. workforce 中 force 表示人力线索,不等于武力或强迫。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

workforce 是 work + force 的复合词,核心是用于工作的“人力”。

force
力量;力;强迫
The new law came into force in January.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
080

comfort

星标

['kʌmfət] · vt. / n. · Page 76

to make someone feel less sad or worried; relief, ease, or something that gives relief

安慰;慰藉;舒适;令人安慰的人或事

联想

comfort 的记忆线索是“给人力量”。动词 comfort sb. 是安慰人;名词 comfort 可表示心理慰藉、身体舒适,也可表示令人宽慰的人或事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.安慰;抚慰

及物动词,宾语通常是伤心、害怕、焦虑的人。

常见表达comfort sb.comfort sb. with words/a hugcomfort a child/friendbe comforted by...

The nurse comforted the child before the operation.

查看翻译和讲解

comforted the child 表示安慰孩子。

Her letter comforted me when I felt lonely in a new school.

查看翻译和讲解

comfort sb. 可指用话语给人安慰。

He was comforted by the news that everyone was safe.

查看翻译和讲解

be comforted by... 表示因某事得到安慰。

n.安慰;慰藉;令人安慰的人或事

指心理上的宽慰、支持,或带来宽慰的人和事。

常见表达take comfort in...bring/give comfort to sb.be a comfort to sb.words of comfort

I took comfort in the fact that my friends were waiting for me.

查看翻译和讲解

take comfort in 表示从某事中获得安慰。

Her quiet support was a great comfort to the family.

查看翻译和讲解

a comfort to sb. 指令人宽慰的人或事。

n.舒适;舒适地生活

指身体或生活条件上的舒适,常与 live/travel/sit 等语境连用。

常见表达in comfortlive/travel in comfortcomfort and safetyhome comforts

They had enough money to live in comfort in their old age.

查看翻译和讲解

in comfort 表示舒适地生活。

The new buses were designed for comfort and safety.

查看翻译和讲解

comfort 可指乘坐、使用时的舒适感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

console
安慰;慰问
She tried to console her friend after the loss. console 更正式,常用于悲伤损失;comfort 更常用,也可指舒适。
ease
舒适;减轻
The medicine helped ease the pain. ease 可表示舒适或减轻疼痛;comfort 可作动词安慰,也可作名词慰藉。
discomfort
不适;不舒服
The long ride caused discomfort in his back. discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The question made everyone uncomfortable. uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的反义形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

comfortable
舒服的;自在的
This chair is comfortable enough for a long reading class. comfort 是名词/动词;comfortable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

comfort -> comfortable / uncomfortable / discomfort 是本组清楚的 comfort 词族;fort 线索只帮助记忆“给予力量”。

comfortable
舒服的;自在的
She felt comfortable speaking English with her partner.
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The hard seat made the trip uncomfortable.
discomfort
不适;不舒服
He felt mild discomfort after running too fast.

非派生记忆线索

force
力量;强迫
Do not force others to accept your idea.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
081

comfortable

['kʌmftəbl] · adj. · Page 76

physically pleasant and easy to use, or relaxed and not worried

舒服的;安逸的;自在的

联想

comfortable = comfort + -able。它既可形容物让身体舒服,也可形容人对环境、关系或做某事感到自在。

意思、用法与例句

adj.舒服的;安逸的

形容椅子、鞋、房间、生活条件等让身体或生活状态舒适。

常见表达a comfortable chair/roomcomfortable shoesa comfortable bedlive a comfortable life

These shoes are comfortable enough for a whole day of walking.

查看翻译和讲解

comfortable shoes 指鞋穿着舒服。

The old couple live a comfortable life in a small town.

查看翻译和讲解

comfortable life 表示生活安逸。

The library has comfortable seats for long reading.

查看翻译和讲解

comfortable seats 指座位舒适。

adj.自在的;不紧张的

形容人在某关系、环境或做某事时感到放松。

常见表达feel comfortable with sb.feel comfortable about sth.be comfortable doing sth.comfortable in a new place

I do not feel comfortable speaking in front of so many people yet.

查看翻译和讲解

be comfortable doing sth. 表示做某事时自在。

She felt comfortable with her new classmates after the trip.

查看翻译和讲解

comfortable with sb. 表示和某人相处自在。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pleasant
令人愉快的;舒适的
We had a pleasant walk after dinner. pleasant 更宽泛;comfortable 更强调身体舒服或心理自在。
relaxed
放松的
He felt relaxed after talking with his teacher. relaxed 只描述人或气氛;comfortable 还可描述椅子、鞋、房间。
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
He felt uncomfortable when everyone looked at him. uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的直接反义词。
uneasy
不安的;不自在的
She felt uneasy about the sudden change. uneasy 更偏心理不安;uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。

词族线索 / 同组词

comfort
安慰;舒适
Music can bring comfort after a hard day. comfort 是名词/动词;comfortable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

comfort + -able -> comfortable;un- + comfortable -> uncomfortable。

comfort
安慰;舒适
A warm meal gave the hikers comfort.
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The room was hot and uncomfortable.
discomfort
不适
The medicine may cause slight discomfort.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
082

uncomfortable

[ʌn'kʌmftəbl] · adj. · Page 76

physically unpleasant, or making someone feel nervous, uneasy, or awkward

不舒服的;不自在的;令人尴尬的

联想

uncomfortable = un- + comfortable。它可以说身体不舒服,也可以说心理不自在、场面尴尬;注意词形:comfortable 的反义形容词用 un-,名词 comfort 的反向常用 discomfort。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不舒服的

形容座位、衣服、温度、疼痛等让身体不舒服。

常见表达an uncomfortable seatuncomfortable shoesfeel uncomfortablemake sb. uncomfortable

The classroom became uncomfortable when the fan stopped working.

查看翻译和讲解

环境让身体不舒服。

He changed his shoes because the new ones were uncomfortable.

查看翻译和讲解

uncomfortable shoes 指鞋穿着不舒服。

adj.不自在的;尴尬的

形容谈话、问题、沉默或处境让人紧张、不安或尴尬。

常见表达feel uncomfortable about/with sth.an uncomfortable silencean uncomfortable questionan uncomfortable situation

She felt uncomfortable about telling a lie to her parents.

查看翻译和讲解

uncomfortable about 后接让人不自在的事。

An uncomfortable silence followed his sudden question.

查看翻译和讲解

uncomfortable silence 是尴尬的沉默。

His direct question put me in an uncomfortable situation.

查看翻译和讲解

uncomfortable situation 指令人不自在的处境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

uneasy
不安的;不自在的
I felt uneasy when the room became silent. uneasy 偏心理不安;uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。
awkward
尴尬的;笨拙的
There was an awkward pause in the conversation. awkward 常指社交尴尬或动作笨拙;uncomfortable 更强调感受不舒服。
comfortable
舒服的;自在的
I feel comfortable asking my teacher for help. comfortable 表示舒服/自在,uncomfortable 表示相反。
relaxed
放松的
She sounded relaxed before the test. relaxed 只和心理紧张义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

discomfort
不适;不舒服
Standing for two hours caused discomfort in her legs. uncomfortable 是形容词;discomfort 多作名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

un- + comfortable -> uncomfortable;dis- + comfort -> discomfort。UN-/DIS- 不要混。

comfortable
舒服的;自在的
The sofa is soft and comfortable.
comfort
安慰;舒适
Her words gave him comfort.
discomfort
不适;不舒服
He felt discomfort after eating too quickly.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
083

discomfort

· n. / vt. · Page 76

physical or mental unease, and less commonly to make someone feel uneasy

不适;不舒服;使不适

联想

discomfort = dis- + comfort,核心是“没有舒适感”。高考阅读里优先按名词记:身体不适或心理不自在;动词义知道即可,不要把它当最常用表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.不适;不舒服;不自在

常指轻微疼痛、身体不适,也可指尴尬或心理不自在。

常见表达feel discomfortcause discomfortmild discomfortdiscomfort in...a sense of discomfort

If you feel any discomfort in your chest, call a doctor at once.

查看翻译和讲解

discomfort in 身体部位,表示不适。

His rude joke caused discomfort among the guests.

查看翻译和讲解

心理上不自在也可用 discomfort。

The long bus ride caused mild discomfort in her back.

查看翻译和讲解

mild discomfort 指轻微不适。

vt.使不适;使不自在

较少见,表示让人身体或心理不舒服;阅读中遇到能识别即可。

常见表达discomfort sb.be discomforted by sth.

The heat and noise discomforted the children on the bus.

查看翻译和讲解

作动词时表示使人不舒服。

She was discomforted by the personal question.

查看翻译和讲解

被动形式表示被问题弄得不自在。

动词 discomfort 不如 make sb. uncomfortable 常见,写作时优先用更自然的表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unease
不安;不自在
A sense of unease spread through the room. unease 更偏心理不安;discomfort 可身体也可心理。
mild pain
轻微疼痛
The runner felt mild pain in his knee. mild pain 只指身体疼痛;discomfort 可更轻、更宽。
comfort
安慰;舒适
The soft light brought comfort to the tired reader. discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
ease
舒适;轻松
He spoke with ease after weeks of practice. ease 可与 discomfort 的不适/不自在相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The plastic chair was uncomfortable after an hour. uncomfortable 是形容词;discomfort 多作名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- + comfort -> discomfort,主要作名词;comfortable 的反义形容词是 uncomfortable。

comfort
安慰;舒适
The message brought comfort to his parents.
comfortable
舒服的;自在的
A comfortable desk helps students study longer.
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The question made everyone uncomfortable.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
084

effort

星标

['efət] · n. · Page 76

hard work, energy, or a serious attempt to do something difficult

努力;费力;艰难的尝试;尽力

联想

effort 的记忆线索是“把力气用出来”。它不是普通 work,而是强调为目标付出精力、时间和意志;make an effort、spare no effort、be worth the effort 是核心搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.努力;费力

可数或不可数,强调为了完成任务投入时间、精力或意志。

常见表达make an effort to do sth.spare no effort to do sth.be worth the effortwith effortput effort into...

The good news is that it is simple to learn and can be worth the effort.

查看翻译和讲解

worth the effort 表示值得付出努力。

You need to make an effort to read English aloud every day.

查看翻译和讲解

make an effort to do sth. 是高频搭配。

Our teachers spare no effort to help us prepare for the exam.

查看翻译和讲解

spare no effort to do 表示不遗余力。

n.艰难的尝试;有组织的努力

可数名词,指一次具体尝试,常用于救援、清理、保护、改进等语境。

常见表达a rescue efforta team efforta clean-up effortan effort to improve/protectevery effort

The clean-up effort brought many students and parents together.

查看翻译和讲解

effort 可指一次有组织的努力。

Every effort to save water matters during a dry summer.

查看翻译和讲解

every effort 强调每一次努力。

The rescue effort continued through the night.

查看翻译和讲解

rescue effort 是救援行动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

attempt
尝试
His first attempt at cooking failed. attempt 强调尝试本身;effort 强调投入的力气和过程。
hard work
努力工作;辛苦付出
Hard work helped the team improve. hard work 更口语直接;effort 可指一次具体行动或总体付出。
ease
轻松;容易
She solved the problem with ease. ease 与 effort 的费力相对。
effortless
不费力的;轻松自然的
Her speech looked effortless, but she had practised for weeks. effort 是付出的力气;effortless 表示看起来不费力。
force
力量;强迫
Do not force others to accept your idea. effort 是主动努力,force 更强调力量或强迫。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

effort -> effortless 是本组清楚的 -less 反向形容词;force 只保留 fort/force 记忆线索。

effortless
不费力的;轻松自然的
The dancer made every movement look effortless.

非派生记忆线索

force
力量;强迫
The force of the water damaged the bridge.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
085

effortless

· adj. · Page 76

done so smoothly that it seems to need little or no effort

不费力的;轻松自然的

联想

effortless = effort + -less,字面是“没有努力”。实际常用于评价动作、风格、表现看起来轻松自然,但不一定真的没有准备。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不费力的;轻松自然的

形容动作、风格、表现、笑容等看起来顺畅自然,常用于赞美。

常见表达look/seem effortlesseffortless styleeffortless smileeffortless performancemake sth. look effortless

The swimmer made the long race look effortless.

查看翻译和讲解

make sth. look effortless 表示把难事做得像很轻松。

Her effortless smile helped the nervous child relax.

查看翻译和讲解

effortless smile 指自然、不勉强的微笑。

His speech seemed effortless, but he had prepared for days.

查看翻译和讲解

seem effortless 表示看起来不费力,不一定没有准备。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

smooth
顺畅的
Her smooth answer impressed the judges. smooth 强调无阻碍、流畅;effortless 强调看起来不用费力。
natural
自然的
His natural style made the talk lively. natural 强调不做作;effortless 强调看起来轻松。
difficult
困难的
The task was difficult for beginners. difficult 与 effortless 的轻松相对。
forced
勉强的;不自然的
His forced smile made everyone worry. forced 与 effortless 的自然轻松相对,也和 force 形近,要注意语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

effort
努力;费力
It took a lot of effort to prepare the speech. effortless 并不一定真的没努力,而是看起来不费力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

effort + -less -> effortless;-less 表示 without。

effort
努力;费力
Their effort finally turned the empty land into a garden.
effortlessly
毫不费力地;轻松地
She moved effortlessly across the stage.

词族导图

force / comfort / effort 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
086

take

星标

[teik] · vt. / phr. · Page 76, Page 77

to move, carry, use, accept, need, record, consider, or form fixed phrasal-verb meanings

拿走;带领;乘坐;花费;考虑;服用;记下;就座;夺取;承担/开始/接管等短语义

联想

take 的核心画面是“把某物/某事拿到自己这边或带走”。从拿走、乘坐、服药,到花时间、记笔记、接受任务,再到 take off / take over 等短语,都要看宾语和小品词。

意思、用法与例句

vt.拿走;带领;乘坐;服用

表示拿、带、引领,也可用于乘坐交通工具或服药。

常见表达take sth. with youtake sb. to...take a bus/train/taxitake medicinetake away

Please take your umbrella with you because it may rain.

查看翻译和讲解

take sth. with you 表示随身带走。

My brother took me to the station after dinner.

查看翻译和讲解

take sb. to... 表示带某人去某地。

She takes the bus to school when her father is busy.

查看翻译和讲解

take the bus 表示乘公交。

Take this medicine twice a day after meals.

查看翻译和讲解

take medicine 表示服药。

vt.花费;记下;考虑

用于时间花费、记录信息、考虑因素或接受建议。

常见表达It takes sb. time to do sth.take notestake ... into accounttake one's advicetake time

It took us two hours to finish the science report.

查看翻译和讲解

It takes sb. time to do sth. 表示花费时间。

Remember to take notes while listening to the lecture.

查看翻译和讲解

take notes 表示记笔记。

We should take the weather into account before choosing the date.

查看翻译和讲解

take ... into account 表示把……考虑进去。

I took my teacher's advice and checked the essay again.

查看翻译和讲解

take one's advice 表示接受建议。

vt.就座;取得;夺取;攻占

用于固定名词搭配,如 take a seat;也可表示赢得、夺取或攻占。

常见表达take a seattake first placetake control of...take the citytake a photo

Please take a seat and wait for your number.

查看翻译和讲解

take a seat 是就座。

Our team took first place in the science competition.

查看翻译和讲解

take first place 表示获得第一名。

The soldiers took the city after a long fight.

查看翻译和讲解

take the city 表示攻占城市。

phr.方向类短语:拿走/外卖、撤回、写下/取下、脱下/起飞

take 与 away/back/down/off 等搭配时,意义由小品词决定。

常见表达take away: remove; buy food to eat elsewheretake back: withdraw words or return somethingtake down: write down; remove from a higher placetake off: remove clothes; leave the ground

The waiter took away the empty plates.

查看翻译和讲解

take away 表示拿走。

We bought noodles to take away after the game.

查看翻译和讲解

take away 也可表示买外卖食物。

He took back his words after learning the truth.

查看翻译和讲解

take back 表示收回话语。

Could you take down the address for me?

查看翻译和讲解

take down 表示写下、记下。

They took down the old notice from the wall.

查看翻译和讲解

take down 也可表示取下。

The plane took off on time despite the rain.

查看翻译和讲解

take off 在飞机语境中表示起飞。

phr.关系/责任类短语:相像、欺骗/理解/收留/吸入、雇用/呈现、接管、喜欢/养成、继续/占用/开始/接受

这些短语需要整块记,不可按 take 的基础义硬译。

常见表达take after: look or behave like an older family membertake in: deceive; understand; shelter; breathe intake on: employ; begin to have a qualitytake over: take controltake to: begin to like; develop a habittake up: continue; occupy; start; accept

Lucy takes after her mother in her warm smile.

查看翻译和讲解

take after 表示在外貌或性格上像。

Do not be taken in by messages that ask for your password.

查看翻译和讲解

take in 可表示欺骗。

It took me a minute to take in what he had said.

查看翻译和讲解

take in 可表示理解。

The family took in a lost child for the night.

查看翻译和讲解

take in 可表示收留。

Take in a deep breath before you speak.

查看翻译和讲解

take in 可表示吸入。

The old house took on a new look after the repair.

查看翻译和讲解

take on 可表示呈现。

The shop will take on two students for the summer.

查看翻译和讲解

take on 可表示雇用。

A young teacher will take over the club next term.

查看翻译和讲解

take over 表示接手、接管。

She quickly took to the quiet life in the village.

查看翻译和讲解

take to 可表示开始喜欢。

He took to checking the doors before bed.

查看翻译和讲解

take to 可表示养成习惯。

Reading takes up a large part of my free time.

查看翻译和讲解

take up 可表示占用时间。

She took up painting again after the exam.

查看翻译和讲解

take up 可表示开始或继续做某事。

He took up the offer to study abroad.

查看翻译和讲解

take up 也可表示接受机会或建议。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bring
带来
Please bring your notebook to class. bring 通常朝说话者或目标地带来;take 常指带走或带某人去别处。
carry
携带;搬运
He carried the box into the room. carry 强调搬着、带着;take 强调拿走、使用或进入某个固定搭配。
accept
接受
She accepted the advice with thanks. accept 与 take advice / take a job 接近;take 的范围更宽。
give
She gave me a clear answer. give 与 take 的拿取/接受义相对。
refuse
拒绝
He refused to take the money. refuse 只和 take 的接受义相对。
mistake
错误;弄错
I made a mistake in the last question. mistake = mis- + take,表示错误地理解或认作,不是 take 的近义词。
undertake
承担;承诺
The team undertook the survey of every classroom. undertake 含 take 词形,但比 take 正式,强调承担任务或承诺。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

take 的不规则变化是 take - took - taken;mistake 和 undertake 共享 take 词形,但意义分别由 mis- 和 under- 改变。

mistake
错误;弄错
Do not mistake silence for agreement.
mistaken
错误的;误解的
You are mistaken about the time of the meeting.
undertake
承担;承诺
The group undertook to finish the survey by Friday.

词族导图

take / mistake / undertake 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
087

mistake

星标

[mi'steik] · n. / vt. · Page 77

an error, or to understand or identify someone or something wrongly

错误;失误;弄错;误解;错认

联想

mistake = mis- + take,mis- 表示“错误地”。名词常用 make a mistake / by mistake;动词重点是 mistake A for B,把 A 错当成 B。

意思、用法与例句

n.错误;失误

可数名词,指答案、判断、地址、行为等出现错误。

常见表达make a mistakeby mistakea common/serious/careless mistakelearn from mistakes

I made a mistake in the address and sent the letter to the wrong house.

查看翻译和讲解

make a mistake 表示犯错。

She took my notebook by mistake because the covers looked the same.

查看翻译和讲解

by mistake 表示错误地、无意中。

A careless mistake cost our team two points.

查看翻译和讲解

careless mistake 是粗心错误。

vt.弄错;误解;错认

及物动词,常用 mistake A for B,表示把 A 错当成 B;被动 be mistaken for 也常见。

常见表达mistake A for Bbe mistaken for...mistake silence/kindness for...mistook ... for ...

In the dark, I mistook a rope for a snake.

查看翻译和讲解

mistake A for B 是核心搭配。

Do not mistake his quiet voice for weakness.

查看翻译和讲解

抽象语境中也可表示误解。

The tourist was mistaken for a local because he spoke the language well.

查看翻译和讲解

be mistaken for 表示被误认为。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

error
错误
There is an error in the final number. error 更正式,可用于系统、计算、数据;mistake 更日常。
fault
过错;责任
It was not your fault that the bus was late. fault 强调责任;mistake 强调做错或判断错。
correct answer
正确答案
Check the correct answer after you finish. correct answer 只和 mistake 的答案错误相对。
take
拿;取;花费
It takes practice to avoid careless mistakes. mistake 来自 mis- + take,含错误理解或认作的线索,不是 take 的近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

mistaken
错误的;误解的
I was mistaken about the date of the test. mistake 是名词/动词;mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

mis- = wrongly;mistake 的变化是 mistake - mistook - mistaken。

mistaken
错误的;误解的
His first answer was based on a mistaken idea.
take
拿;取;花费
This work will take about half an hour.

词族导图

take / mistake / undertake 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
088

mistaken

[mi'steikən] · adj. · Page 77

wrong in opinion, judgment, belief, or identification

错误的;弄错的;误解的

联想

mistaken 是 mistake 的形容词/过去分词形式,常说人“判断错了”,也可说 idea/belief/impression 是错误的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.错误的;误解的

形容判断、想法、印象或身份认定不正确。

常见表达be mistaken about...a mistaken idea/belief/impressionbe mistaken for...if I am not mistaken

I was mistaken about the meeting place, so I arrived late.

查看翻译和讲解

be mistaken about 表示对某事弄错。

It is a mistaken belief that success comes without practice.

查看翻译和讲解

mistaken belief 指错误观念。

If I am not mistaken, the museum closes at five.

查看翻译和讲解

if I am not mistaken 是常见插入语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wrong
错误的
Your answer is wrong, but your method is close. wrong 最普通;mistaken 常指判断、信念、印象弄错。
incorrect
不正确的
The report included incorrect dates. incorrect 更正式;mistaken 更强调人的判断或观点有误。
correct
正确的
The correct time is nine o'clock. correct 与 mistaken 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

mistake
错误;弄错
One small mistake changed the result of the experiment. mistake 是名词/动词;mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

mistaken 是 mistake 的过去分词,也可作形容词。

mistake
错误;弄错
He mistook the stranger for an old friend.
mistook
mistake 的过去式
I mistook the date and arrived a day early.
take
拿;取;花费
Take your time and check the answer carefully.

词族导图

take / mistake / undertake 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
089

undertake

星标

[,ʌndə'teik] · vt. · Page 77

to take responsibility for a task, or to promise formally to do something

承担;着手做;承诺;保证

联想

undertake 比 take 正式,核心是“把任务接下来并负责做”。它有两个重点:undertake a task/project/research 是承担并开展;undertake to do sth. 是正式承诺。

意思、用法与例句

vt.承担;着手做

正式用语,宾语常是 task、project、survey、research、work、responsibility。

常见表达undertake a task/projectundertake a surveyundertake research/workundertake responsibilityundertake repairs

The students undertook a survey on food waste in their school.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake a survey 表示承担并开展调查。

Only trained workers should undertake such dangerous repairs.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake repairs 指承担维修任务。

The group undertook responsibility for cleaning the river bank.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake responsibility 表示承担责任。

vt.承诺;保证

较正式,常用 undertake to do sth. 或 undertake that...。

常见表达undertake to do sth.undertake that...undertake to pay/return/finish

The organizer undertook to return the money if the trip was cancelled.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake to do sth. 表示承诺做某事。

The company undertook that the information would be kept safe.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake that 从句表示作出保证。

They undertook to finish the bridge before the rainy season.

查看翻译和讲解

undertake to finish 表示承诺完成。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

take on
承担;接下
She decided to take on more responsibility. take on 更口语;undertake 更正式,常用于书面语、项目、责任。
promise
承诺
He promised to send the report by Monday. promise 更日常;undertake to do 更正式。
accept responsibility
承担责任
The team accepted responsibility for the mistake. accept responsibility 强调责任;undertake 可接任务、研究、工程。
refuse
拒绝
They refused to accept the unsafe task. refuse 与 undertake 的承担/承诺相对。
decline
婉拒;谢绝
She declined the offer because she was too busy. decline 比 refuse 委婉,和 undertake to do / take up an offer 相对。
avoid
避免;逃避
Do not avoid responsibility when problems appear. avoid responsibility 与 undertake responsibility 相对。
take
拿;取;接受
Who will take the book back to the library? undertake 含 take 词形,但语义是更正式的承担/承诺,不是普通拿取。
mistake
错误;弄错
A careful plan can help us avoid mistakes. 同含 take 词形,但 mistake 的 mis- 表示错误,意义分化很远。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

undertake = under + take;学习重点不是字面“在下面拿”,而是正式承担或承诺。变化:undertake - undertook - undertaken。

take
拿;取;花费
The trip will take three hours.
mistake
错误;弄错
Do not mistake speed for real progress.
mistaken
错误的
Her report was based on mistaken information.
undertaking
任务;事业;承诺
Building the new library was a large undertaking.

词族导图

take / mistake / undertake 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
090

advance

星标

[əd'vɑ:ns] · vi. / vt. / n. / phr. · Page 77

to move forward, make progress, help progress, a forward move or improvement, an early payment, or beforehand

前进;进展;促进;进步;预付款;提前

联想

advance 的核心是“向前”。人和队伍可以向前推进,计划、科技、理解可以取得进展;作名词可指前进、进步,也可指预付款;in advance 是“提前”。

意思、用法与例句

vi.前进;向前移动

不及物动词,常指人、队伍、车辆等向前推进。

常见表达advance towards...advance slowly/steadilyadvance on...advance through...

The soldiers advanced slowly through the heavy snow.

查看翻译和讲解

advance 可指队伍向前推进。

The rescue team advanced towards the village after the road was cleared.

查看翻译和讲解

advance towards 表示朝某处前进。

vi. / vt.进展;促进;推动

可不及物表示事情进展,也可及物表示促进知识、计划、事业等向前发展。

常见表达the project advancesadvance knowledge/scienceadvance a plan/causeadvance our understanding

The project advanced quickly after more volunteers joined.

查看翻译和讲解

project advanced 表示项目进展。

Reading widely can advance our understanding of different cultures.

查看翻译和讲解

advance understanding 表示促进理解。

The new lab will advance medical research in the city.

查看翻译和讲解

advance research 表示推动研究。

n.前进;进步;进展

可指一次向前移动,也可指科技、医学、社会等方面的进步。

常见表达an advance towards...technological advancesmedical advancesgreat/major advancesadvances in science

Recent medical advances have helped many patients live longer.

查看翻译和讲解

medical advances 指医学进步。

There have been major advances in clean energy in recent years.

查看翻译和讲解

advances in... 表示某领域进展。

n.预付款;垫付款

常作可数名词,表示提前支付的一笔钱。

常见表达pay an advancereceive an advancean advance on one's salaryask for an advance

The writer received an advance before finishing the book.

查看翻译和讲解

advance 可指预付款。

He asked for an advance on his salary to pay the hospital bill.

查看翻译和讲解

an advance on salary 是工资预支。

phr.提前;在……之前

in advance / in advance of 是高频重点搭配,表示时间上提前。

常见表达in advancebook/pay/prepare in advancein advance of...well in advance

Please book your ticket in advance during the holiday season.

查看翻译和讲解

in advance 表示提前。

The team arrived in advance of the opening ceremony.

查看翻译和讲解

in advance of 表示在……之前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

progress
进步;进展
The class made progress in listening this month. progress 强调进步过程或结果;advance 更正式,也可指向前移动或预付款。
promote
促进;推动
The activity promotes reading among children. promote 与 advance 的促进义接近;advance 更强调向前发展。
improvement
改进;进步
There was a clear improvement in her writing. improvement 是变好;advance 可指某领域的重大进展。
retreat
后退;撤退
The soldiers had to retreat across the bridge. retreat 只和 advance 的前进义相对。
fall behind
落后
Do not fall behind in your reading plan. fall behind 与 advance 的进展义相对。
advantage
优势;有利条件
Good pronunciation is an advantage in a speech contest. 可用 advance 的“在前、先”帮助记 advantage;advantage 不是 advance 的同义词。
disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
Living far from school can be a disadvantage. disadvantage 是 advantage 的反向,不是 advance 的直接反义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

advance 的学习重点是“向前/提前”;advantage 可用 advance -> advant 的记忆线索连接,但现代用法要分开。

advanced
先进的;高级的
The course is designed for advanced learners.

非派生记忆线索

advantage
优势;好处
Teamwork gave us an advantage in the match.
disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
A lack of sleep is a serious disadvantage before an exam.

词族导图

advance / advantage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
091

advantage

星标

[əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] · n. / phr. · Page 77

a helpful condition or benefit; in take advantage of, to use a chance or unfairly use someone

优势;有利条件;优点;好处;利用;占便宜

联想

advantage 是“站在更有利的位置”。名词表示优势、优点、好处;take advantage of 要分两种语气:利用机会是中性,利用别人/占便宜是负面。

意思、用法与例句

n.优势;有利条件

可数或不可数,表示让人更容易成功的条件。

常见表达have an advantage over...give sb. an advantagegain/get an advantagean advantage in...a clear advantage

Students who read every day have an advantage in writing.

查看翻译和讲解

have an advantage in 表示在某方面有优势。

Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players.

查看翻译和讲解

give sb. an advantage over... 表示让某人相对更有利。

n.优点;好处;利益

指某方法、计划或选择带来的好处。

常见表达the advantage of...one advantage is that...advantages and disadvantagesbring advantages to...

One advantage of online learning is that students can replay difficult parts.

查看翻译和讲解

the advantage of 表示某事的好处。

The plan has advantages and disadvantages, so we should discuss both.

查看翻译和讲解

advantages and disadvantages 是优缺点。

phr.利用;占……便宜

take advantage of 可中性表示利用机会,也可负面表示利用某人、占便宜。

常见表达take advantage of a chance/opportunitytake advantage of free timetake advantage of sb.take full advantage of...

We should take advantage of every chance to practise speaking.

查看翻译和讲解

take advantage of a chance 是中性“利用机会”。

It is wrong to take advantage of people who trust you.

查看翻译和讲解

take advantage of sb. 可表示占便宜。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

benefit
好处;益处
Exercise has clear benefits for health. benefit 强调好处;advantage 强调让人处于更有利位置。
strength
优点;长处
Patience is one of her strengths. strength 可指个人长处;advantage 可指条件、位置或方法的有利之处。
edge
优势
Careful preparation gave our team an edge. edge 较口语,表示竞争中的一点优势。
disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
Being shy can be a disadvantage in a debate. advantage 是有利条件,disadvantage 是不利条件。
weakness
弱点;不足
The plan's main weakness is its cost. weakness 可与 advantage 的优点义相对。
advance
前进;进步;提前
The project advanced quickly after more students joined. advance 强调向前发展;advantage 强调有利位置或好处。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

advantage 与 disadvantage 是清楚的反向词组;advance 只作记忆线索,不当同义词。

disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
The plan has one clear disadvantage: it costs too much.

非派生记忆线索

advance
前进;进步;提前
Technology continues to advance quickly.

词族导图

advance / advantage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
092

disadvantage

[,disəd'vɑ:ntidʒ] · n. · Page 77

a condition, weakness, or problem that makes success harder

不利条件;缺点;劣势

联想

disadvantage = dis- + advantage,就是“不利的位置或条件”。重点搭配是 be at a disadvantage、put sb. at a disadvantage、to sb.'s disadvantage。

意思、用法与例句

n.不利条件;缺点;劣势

可数或不可数,指让人处于较差位置的条件、弱点或问题。

常见表达a disadvantage of...be at a disadvantageput sb. at a disadvantageto sb.'s disadvantageadvantages and disadvantages

A poor internet connection is a disadvantage for online classes.

查看翻译和讲解

disadvantage for 表示对某事不利。

Students without enough sleep are at a disadvantage in the morning exam.

查看翻译和讲解

be at a disadvantage 是固定搭配。

The rule puts smaller schools at a disadvantage.

查看翻译和讲解

put sb. at a disadvantage 表示使某人处于不利地位。

The late start worked to our disadvantage.

查看翻译和讲解

to one's disadvantage 表示对某人不利。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

drawback
缺点;不利之处
The main drawback of the plan is the high cost. drawback 常指计划或选择的缺点;disadvantage 可指人、条件或处境的不利。
weakness
弱点;不足
The team must work on its weaknesses. weakness 可指人的弱点或方案不足;disadvantage 强调不利位置。
advantage
优势;好处
Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players. advantage 有利,disadvantage 不利。
benefit
好处;益处
The new bridge brought many benefits to the town. benefit 与 disadvantage 的不利/缺点义相对。
advance
前进;进步;提前
The team advanced to the next round. advance 是前进或进步,不是 disadvantage 的直接反义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dis- 表示 not/opposite;disadvantage 是 advantage 的反向名词。

advantage
优势;好处
This method has the advantage of saving time.

非派生记忆线索

advance
前进;进步;提前
Scientific advances can change daily life.

词族导图

advance / advantage 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
093

different

星标

['difrənt] · adj. · Page 77

not the same as another person, thing, way, or situation

有差异的;不同的

联想

different 是最常用的“不同的”。核心搭配是 be different from,不说 different with;various 只适合 many different kinds 这一类名词前用法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不同的;有差异的

形容两个或多个对象不一样,可指外观、观点、方法、结果或处境。

常见表达be different from...different kinds/types of...look/sound/taste differentin a different way

City life is very different from life in a small village.

查看翻译和讲解

be different from 是高频搭配。

Different people may solve the same problem in different ways.

查看翻译和讲解

different 可放在复数名词前表示“不同的”。

The two pictures look similar at first, but the colors are different.

查看翻译和讲解

different 可与 similar 对比。

various 可表示“各种各样的”,但不能替换 be different from 中的 different。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

same
相同的
The two answers are the same. same 与 different 直接相对。
similar
相似的
The two plans are similar, but not exactly the same. similar 是相似,不是完全相同;different 是不同。
various
各种各样的
The club offers various activities after school. various 只在 many different kinds 这类语境接近 different,不能说 be various from。
indifferent
漠不关心的
He was indifferent to the result of the match. indifferent 不是“没有不同”,而是“不关心”。

词族线索 / 同组词

difference
不同;差异
Can you explain the difference between these two words? different 是形容词;difference 是名词。
differ
相异;有分歧
The two reports differ in several details. differ 是不及物动词,常接 from / in / on。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

different / difference / differ 是真词族;indifferent 是形近高频辨析词,意思已经转向“漠不关心”。

difference
不同;差异;影响
A small choice can make a big difference.
differ
不同;有分歧
Their views differ on this question.

非派生记忆线索

indifferent
漠不关心的
She seemed indifferent to the news.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
094

difference

星标

['difrəns] · n. · Page 77, Page 78

the way two things are not the same, or an effect that changes a situation

不同;差异;差别;影响;作用

联想

difference 是名词“差异”。介词要分清:两者之间用 between,某方面差异用 in,差额大小用 of;make a difference 表示“有影响”。

意思、用法与例句

n.不同;差异;差别

可数或不可数,常比较两个事物、观点或方法之间的不同。

常见表达the difference between A and Ba big/small/clear differencedifference in...a difference of + number/amount

There is a clear difference between advice and orders.

查看翻译和讲解

difference between A and B 比较两者差异。

The main difference in their plans is the cost.

查看翻译和讲解

difference in 表示在某方面的差别。

There was a difference of ten degrees between the two cities.

查看翻译和讲解

difference of + 数量 表示相差多少。

between / in / of 三个介词分别对应对象、方面和差额大小。

n.影响;作用

make a difference to sb./sth. 表示对某人或某事产生影响;make no difference 表示没有差别或不起作用。

常见表达make a difference to...make a big/real differencemake little/no differenceIt makes no difference to sb.

A few kind words can make a big difference to a new student.

查看翻译和讲解

make a difference to 表示产生影响。

Changing the time by five minutes will make no difference to the result.

查看翻译和讲解

make no difference 表示没有影响。

It makes no difference to me whether we start at eight or nine.

查看翻译和讲解

It makes no difference to sb. 是重点句型。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

distinction
区别;差别
The writer makes a distinction between facts and opinions. distinction 更正式,强调清楚区分。
gap
差距;间隔
There is a wide gap between the two test scores. gap 强调距离或差距;difference 范围更宽。
effect
影响;效果
The new rule had a strong effect on traffic. effect 只对应 make a difference 的影响义,不对应普通差异义。
similarity
相似之处
The similarities between the two stories are clear. similarity 与 difference 的差异义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

different
不同的
The two answers are different, but both are reasonable. different 是形容词;difference 是名词。
differ
相异;有分歧
My answer differs from yours in one detail. differ 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

different / difference / differ 是真词族。difference 的考试价值集中在介词和 make a difference。

different
不同的
This book is different from the one I read last week.
differ
相异;有分歧
The twins differ in character though they look alike.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
095

differ

星标

['difə(r)] · vi. · Page 78

to be different, or to disagree about something

相异;有区别;不同于;有分歧

联想

differ 是不及物动词:事物 differ from each other,也可 differ in 某方面;人们 differ on/over/about 一个问题。不要把它当及物动词直接接宾语。

意思、用法与例句

vi.相异;不同于

不及物动词,常用 differ from 或 differ in,表示事物在某方面不同。

常见表达differ from...differ in...differ greatly/widelynot differ much

The two kinds of tea differ in taste and smell.

查看翻译和讲解

differ in 表示在某方面不同。

Our results did not differ much from the first report.

查看翻译和讲解

differ from 表示与……不同。

Creative thinking may not differ much in response to silence and background noise.

查看翻译和讲解

not differ much 表示差异不大。

differ 是不及物动词,不说 differ something。

vi.有分歧;意见不同

用于人或观点,常接 on/over/about,也可用 differ with sb. 表示与某人意见不同。

常见表达differ on/over/about sth.differ with sb.views/opinions differ

The students differ on whether phones should be allowed in class.

查看翻译和讲解

differ on 表示在某问题上有分歧。

Good friends may differ about a plan but still respect each other.

查看翻译和讲解

differ about 表示对计划意见不同。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disagree
不同意;有分歧
The two writers disagree about the ending. disagree 更直接表示不同意;differ 更正式。
vary
变化;相异
Prices vary from city to city. vary 强调变化或不同;differ 强调两者或多者存在差异。
agree
同意;一致
The parents agreed on the final plan. agree 与 differ 的分歧义相对。
be the same
相同
The two copies are the same. be the same 与 differ 的差异义相对。
confer
商讨;授予
The judges conferred before choosing the winner. confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是 differ 的派生词。
infer
推断
Readers infer meaning from context. infer 共享 -fer 助记,意思和 differ 不同。
offer
提供;主动提出;提议
The school offered students a new reading course. offer 共享 -fer 助记,不能当 differ 的同族同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

different
不同的
The two rooms look different in the morning light. different 是形容词;differ 是动词。
difference
差异;影响
Small habits can make a difference over time. difference 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

differ 可用 fer=bring/carry apart 的词根线索记“分开、不同”。confer、infer、offer 只保留 -fer 记忆线索,不标为 differ 的现代派生词。

different
不同的
The two methods are different from each other.
difference
不同;差异
There is a clear difference between the two methods.

非派生记忆线索

confer
商讨;授予
The teachers conferred about the exam plan.
infer
推断
We inferred the answer from the clues.
offer
提供;主动提出
They offered help to the new student.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
096

confer

[kən'fɜ:(r)] · vi. / vt. · Page 78

to discuss something with someone, or to give an honor, right, or degree officially

交换意见;商讨;授予

联想

confer 的 con- 有“一起”线索:把意见拿到一起商讨。另一个正式及物义是“授予”,常授予 degree、honor、title、right。

意思、用法与例句

vi.交换意见;商讨

较正式,常指为了决定事情而与别人讨论。

常见表达confer with sb.confer about/on sth.confer for ten minutesconfer before deciding

The teacher conferred with the parents about the student's progress.

查看翻译和讲解

confer with sb. about sth. 表示与某人商讨。

The judges conferred for ten minutes before announcing the winner.

查看翻译和讲解

评委短暂商议也可用 confer。

The doctors conferred on the best treatment for the patient.

查看翻译和讲解

confer on sth. 可表示就某事商讨。

vt.授予;赋予

正式动词,宾语常是 degree、honor、title、right、power 等。

常见表达confer a degree/title/honor on sb.confer sth. upon sb.confer rights/powers on sb.

The university conferred an honorary degree on the scientist.

查看翻译和讲解

confer sth. on sb. 表示授予。

The new law confers more rights on local communities.

查看翻译和讲解

法律赋予权利时可用 confer。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

consult
咨询;商量
You should consult your teacher before changing the topic. consult 更常见,可表示咨询专家;confer 更正式,强调共同商讨。
discuss
讨论
The group discussed the plan after class. discuss 更普通;confer 更正式。
grant
授予;准予
The school granted him a scholarship. grant 与 confer 的授予义接近。
differ
不同;有分歧
Their views differ on this question. differ 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是同义词。
infer
推断
We inferred the answer from the clues. infer 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但语义和搭配完全不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

conference
正式会议;商谈
The conference focused on clean energy. conference 是名词“会议”;confer 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- = together,fer = bring/carry:confer 可记为把意见拿到一起商讨;授予义可理解为正式把荣誉或权利交给某人。

conference
正式会议;商谈
They held a conference on public health.

非派生记忆线索

differ
不同;有分歧
The two reports differ in several details.
infer
推断
Readers infer meaning from context.
offer
提供;主动提出
The club offered free lessons to beginners.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
097

conference

['kɒnfərəns] · n. · Page 78

a formal meeting for discussion, especially among people with a shared interest, job, or subject

正式会议;讨论会;商谈

联想

conference 是由 confer 的“共同商讨”发展出的名词。它通常比 ordinary meeting 更正式,常围绕一个主题、行业或新闻发布来组织。

意思、用法与例句

n.正式会议;讨论会

可数名词,指围绕某个主题进行正式讨论的会议。

常见表达hold/attend a conferencea press conferencean international conferencea conference on/about sth.in conference

Our school held a conference on reading habits last Friday.

查看翻译和讲解

hold a conference 表示召开会议。

Reporters waited outside while the leaders were in conference.

查看翻译和讲解

in conference 表示正在开会。

She attended an international conference on climate change.

查看翻译和讲解

international conference 是国际会议。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

meeting
会议
We have a short meeting every Monday morning. meeting 范围更宽;conference 通常更正式、规模更大或主题更明确。
discussion
讨论
The discussion lasted for half an hour. discussion 是讨论过程;conference 是正式会议。

词族线索 / 同组词

confer
商讨;授予
The two teachers conferred about the new course. conference 是会议本身;confer 是商讨这个动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

conference 与 confer 是真词族关系,核心画面是多人聚在一起商讨。

confer
商讨;授予
The judges conferred before making their final decision.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
098

infer

[in'fɜ:(r)] · vt. · Page 78

to form an opinion from facts, evidence, or context clues, not from random guessing

推论;推断

联想

infer 的记忆线索是 in- + fer:话里“带出”隐藏信息。它不是随便 guess,而是根据 evidence、facts、context clues 推断。

意思、用法与例句

vt.推论;推断

及物动词,常从证据、事实、上下文或线索中得出结论。

常见表达infer sth. from sth.infer that...infer meaning from contextinfer the speaker's feelings

We can infer from his smile that he was pleased with the result.

查看翻译和讲解

infer from 表示从线索推断。

Readers should infer the speaker's feelings from the last paragraph.

查看翻译和讲解

阅读理解中常要求从文本推断。

From the wet ground, we inferred that it had rained during the night.

查看翻译和讲解

infer that... 表示推断出一个结论。

infer 必须基于证据或上下文;randomly guess 不是 infer。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conclude
得出结论
From the data, we concluded that the plan worked. conclude 强调得出结论;infer 强调从线索中推断。
deduce
推论;推断
The detective deduced the truth from small clues. deduce 更正式,常强调逻辑推理。
guess
猜测
I guessed the answer without reading the passage. guess 可以没有充分证据;infer 应基于证据。
state
直接说明
The writer states the answer in the first sentence. state 是直接说出;infer 是读者从线索推出。
differ
不同;有分歧
Their opinions differ on this question. differ 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是同一现代词族。
confer
商讨;授予
The teachers conferred before making a decision. confer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,但搭配和意义不同。
offer
提供;主动提出
The guide offered help to the visitors. offer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,不是 infer 的派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in- + fer 可作记忆线索:话中带话。different / differ / offer / confer 只可作同组 -fer 识别线索,不放进 infer 的现代 word_family。

非派生记忆线索

differ
不同;有分歧
The two reports differ in detail.
confer
商讨;授予
The doctors conferred about the treatment.
offer
提供;主动提出
They offered us a chance to try again.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
099

offer

星标

['ɒfə(r)] · vt. / v. / n. · Page 78, Page 79

to provide something, say you are willing to do something, or a proposal or price

给予;提供;主动提出;提议;报价

联想

offer 的记忆线索是 of-/ob- + fer:把东西带到别人面前。现代用法分三块:offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.,offer to do,an offer / make an offer。

意思、用法与例句

vt.给予;提供

及物动词,可接双宾语或 offer sth. to sb.,表示提供帮助、机会、服务或物品。

常见表达offer sb. sth.offer sth. to sb.offer help/advice/a chanceoffer a ticket/place/service

The museum offers students free tickets on Wednesdays.

查看翻译和讲解

offer sb. sth. 表示向某人提供某物。

A Toronto man offered a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman.

查看翻译和讲解

offer sth. to sb. 表示提供。

The school offers a quiet room to students who need to study after class.

查看翻译和讲解

offer sth. to sb. 是核心搭配。

v.主动提出

常用 offer to do sth.,表示主动愿意做某事。

常见表达offer to do sth.offer to help/explain/payoffer help

When I looked lost, a stranger offered to show me the way.

查看翻译和讲解

offer to do sth. 表示主动提出做某事。

Several students offered to clean the classroom after the activity.

查看翻译和讲解

offer to clean 表示主动愿意打扫。

n. [C]提议;工作机会;报价

可数名词,指建议、帮助的提出,工作录用机会,或买卖中的价格。

常见表达accept/refuse an offermake an offera job offeran offer for sth.a special offer

She accepted the offer to study at the summer camp.

查看翻译和讲解

accept an offer 表示接受提议/机会。

He received a job offer from a local company.

查看翻译和讲解

job offer 是工作机会。

The buyer made an offer for the old house.

查看翻译和讲解

make an offer 可表示出价。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

provide
提供
The library provides free internet for readers. provide 与 offer 的提供义接近;offer 更强调主动给出。
give
The teacher gave us useful advice. give 更普通;offer 常带主动提出或供选择。
propose
提议
She proposed a new plan at the meeting. propose 与 offer 的提议义接近,但 offer 还可作报价或提供。
accept
接受
He accepted the offer after thinking about it. accept an offer 是接受提议,和 refuse an offer 对比。
refuse
拒绝
She refused the offer because she was too busy. refuse an offer 是拒绝提议或机会。
withdraw
撤回
The company withdrew its offer last week. withdraw an offer 是撤回已提出的提议。
confer
商讨;授予
The teachers conferred about the exam plan. offer 和 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是现代派生词族。
infer
推断
Readers infer meaning from context. infer 与 offer 共享 -fer 助记,但意思不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

of-/ob- + fer=bring 可作记忆线索:带到面前。confer、infer、differ 只保留 -fer 识别线索,不能当 offer 的同义或派生词。

非派生记忆线索

confer
商讨;授予
The judges conferred before choosing the winner.
infer
推断
We inferred the answer from the clues.
differ
不同;有分歧
Their views differ on this question.

词族导图

differ / confer / offer 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
100

prefer

星标

[pri'fɜ:(r)] · vt. · Page 79

to like or choose one person, thing, or action more than another

更喜欢;较喜欢

联想

prefer 是“把一个选择放在另一个前面”。它是及物动词,重点是 prefer doing/to do、prefer A to B、prefer doing to doing 和 prefer to do rather than do。

意思、用法与例句

vt.更喜欢某人/某物

用于两个选择之间的比较;prefer A to B 中 to 是介词。

常见表达prefer A to Bprefer sb./sth. to sb./sth.prefer one choice to anothermuch prefer A to B

I prefer tea to coffee, especially in the evening.

查看翻译和讲解

prefer A to B 表示比起 B 更喜欢 A。

Many children prefer stories with a clear ending to open-ended stories.

查看翻译和讲解

prefer sth. to sth. 可比较两种事物。

不要把 prefer A to B 误写成 prefer A than B。

vt.更喜欢做某事

可接 doing 或 to do,表示一般偏好或具体选择。

常见表达prefer doing sth.prefer to do sth.would prefer to do sth.would prefer not to do sth.

Many students prefer reading paper books to reading on a screen.

查看翻译和讲解

prefer doing to doing 中 to 是介词。

I would prefer to finish the report before dinner.

查看翻译和讲解

would prefer to do 可表示更想做某事。

She would prefer not to discuss the result in public.

查看翻译和讲解

would prefer not to do 表示更不想做某事。

vt.与做……相比更愿意做……

比较两个动作时,常用 prefer doing to doing 或 prefer to do rather than do。

常见表达prefer doing sth. to doing sth.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.prefer not to do sth.

He prefers cycling to taking the crowded bus.

查看翻译和讲解

两个动作比较时,doing 和 doing 要平行。

She prefers to walk rather than take a crowded bus.

查看翻译和讲解

prefer to do rather than do 是等值句型。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

like
喜欢
I like both tea and coffee. like 表示喜欢;prefer 表示在比较中更喜欢。
would rather
宁愿
I would rather stay at home tonight. would rather 后接动词原形;prefer 后可接名词、doing 或 to do。
choose
选择
She chose the blue dress for the party. choose 强调作出选择;prefer 强调偏好。
dislike
不喜欢
He dislikes noisy places. dislike 是不喜欢;prefer 是比较中更喜欢。
like less
较不喜欢
I like this plan less than the first one. prefer 的比较反向更自然是 like less。
offer
提供;主动提出;提议
The club offered free lessons to beginners. offer 和 prefer 都可用 -fer 词根助记,但 offer 是给出选择,prefer 是表达选择倾向。

词族线索 / 同组词

preference
偏爱;偏好的事物
He has a strong preference for quiet music. prefer 是动词;preference 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pre- = before 和 fer = take/bring 可作记忆线索:把某个选择拿到前面,所以是“更喜欢”。offer 只保留同组 -fer 助记,不放进 prefer 的现代 word_family。

preference
偏爱;偏好的事物
Food preference often changes with age.

非派生记忆线索

offer
提供;主动提出;提议
The school offered students a new reading course.

词族导图

prefer / preference 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
101

preference

['prefrəns] · n. · Page 79

a stronger liking for one person, thing, or choice than another, or the thing liked best

偏爱;偏好;偏爱的事物

联想

preference 是 prefer 的名词形式。两条重点搭配:a preference for... 表示对……的偏爱;in preference to... 表示优先于/而不是。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U, sing.]偏爱;偏好

常接 for 表示偏爱的对象,也可说 personal preference 或 have no preference。

常见表达a preference for...have/show a preference for...personal preferencehave no preferencereading/food preference

My father has a preference for simple home-cooked meals.

查看翻译和讲解

a preference for 后接偏爱的对象。

The survey asked students about their reading preferences.

查看翻译和讲解

preferences 可指多个偏好。

I have no preference, so either restaurant is fine with me.

查看翻译和讲解

have no preference 表示没有特别偏好。

n. [C]偏爱的事物;优先选择

可数名词,指被更喜欢的选择;in preference to 表示“优先于/而不是”。

常见表达in preference to...first preferencegive preference to...one's preference is...

She chose the window seat in preference to the seat near the door.

查看翻译和讲解

in preference to 表示优先选择前者。

Music is his first preference for the talent show.

查看翻译和讲解

first preference 指最优先的选择。

Some schools give preference to students who live nearby.

查看翻译和讲解

give preference to 表示优先考虑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

choice
选择
Her first choice was the window seat. choice 强调选择本身;preference 强调偏好。
favorite
最喜欢的人或物
This song is my favorite. favorite 是最喜欢的对象;preference 可指偏好或偏爱的事物。
dislike
不喜欢
Her dislike of noise is easy to understand. dislike 是不喜欢;preference 是偏好。
no preference
没有偏好
If you have no preference, we can choose the cheaper room. no preference 不是反义词,而是没有特别偏好。

词族线索 / 同组词

prefer
更喜欢
Most children prefer stories with a clear ending. prefer 是动词;preference 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

preference = prefer + -ence,是 prefer 的名词形式;拼写注意 prefer 双写 r 后加 -ence。

prefer
更喜欢
I prefer working in a quiet room.

词族导图

prefer / preference 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
102

refer

星标

[ri'fɜ:(r)] · vi. / phr. · Page 79

to mention something, look at a source for information, point to what a word means, or call someone or something by a name

提到;涉及;参考;查阅;把……称为

联想

refer 的记忆线索是 re- + fer:把问题带回出处或解决处。考试重点几乎都带 to:refer to 提到/涉及/指代/查阅,refer to A as B 把 A 称为 B。

意思、用法与例句

vi.提到;涉及;指代

常用 refer to,表示说到、谈及某人某事;阅读中也可表示某词指代什么。

常见表达refer to sb./sth.the word/it/they refers to...refer briefly/directly to...

The word “they” in this sentence refers to the volunteers.

查看翻译和讲解

阅读中 refer to 可表示“指的是”。

The speaker referred to the accident only briefly.

查看翻译和讲解

refer to 表示提到。

This rule refers to students who arrive late more than three times.

查看翻译和讲解

refer to 可表示规则、说明涉及某类对象。

refer 表示提到或查阅时通常要带 to。

vi.参考;查阅

refer to 后接字典、地图、笔记、资料、文章等信息来源。

常见表达refer to a dictionary/map/notesrefer to the passagerefer to the chart/tablerefer back to...

You may refer to your notes while writing the report.

查看翻译和讲解

refer to notes 表示查阅笔记。

If you do not know the word, refer to the dictionary at the back of the book.

查看翻译和讲解

refer to a dictionary 表示查词典。

Please refer back to the passage before answering the question.

查看翻译和讲解

refer back to 呼应“带回出处”的记忆线索。

phr.把……称为……

refer to A as B 表示把某人或某物称为某名,常有被动 be referred to as。

常见表达refer to A as Bbe referred to as...commonly/often referred to as...

People often refer to Hangzhou as a city of water and tea.

查看翻译和讲解

refer to A as B 表示把 A 称作 B。

This period is sometimes referred to as the golden age of travel.

查看翻译和讲解

被动 be referred to as 也常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mention
提到
The article mentions several famous scientists. mention 更普通;refer to 更常见于正式说明、阅读指代或查阅。
consult
查阅;咨询
Please consult the timetable before choosing a train. consult 可表示查阅资料或咨询专家;refer to 也可表示查阅资料。
call
称呼;叫作
People call this city the Garden City. call A B 更普通;refer to A as B 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

reference
提到;参考;参考书目;推荐信
Please list your references at the end of the report. reference 是 refer 的名词形式,意义随语境变化。
referee
裁判;仲裁者;推荐人
The referee stopped the game after the foul. referee 可从 refer + -ee 记忆为问题被带去裁决的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- = back,fer = bring/carry:refer 可记为把问题带回出处、资料或裁决处。reference 和 referee 与 refer 有清楚词族关系,但用法要按词性分开。

reference
提到;参考;参考书目;推荐信
The article made no reference to the writer's early life.
referee
裁判;仲裁者;推荐人
The referee made a fair decision in the final minute.

词族导图

refer / reference 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
103

referee

[,refə'ri:] · n. [C] · Page 79

a person who controls a sports game, settles a disagreement, or supports an application by giving a recommendation

裁判;仲裁者;调解者;证明人;推荐人

联想

referee 可由 refer + -ee 记:问题被带到他那里裁决。最常见是体育裁判;在申请语境中可指推荐人,不是 reference 推荐信。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]体育比赛裁判

指在比赛中执行规则、吹哨、作出判罚的人。

常见表达a football/basketball refereethe referee blows the whistlethe referee's decisionask/argue with the referee

The referee blew the whistle and the match began.

查看翻译和讲解

referee 在体育语境中指裁判。

Players must accept the referee's decision during the game.

查看翻译和讲解

referee's decision 指裁判判罚。

The coach asked the referee about the red card after the match.

查看翻译和讲解

red card 场景可帮助记体育裁判义。

n. [C]仲裁者;调解者

指被请来帮助解决争端、作出公正判断的人。

常见表达act as a refereeserve as a refereea neutral refereereferee a disagreement

A senior teacher acted as a referee in the disagreement between the two clubs.

查看翻译和讲解

act as a referee 表示担任调解者。

Both sides trusted him because he was a neutral referee.

查看翻译和讲解

neutral referee 强调公正调解者。

n. [C]证明人;推荐人;介绍人

申请学校、奖学金或工作时,能证明申请人能力或品行的人。

常见表达name/list sb. as a refereea referee for an applicationcontact a refereeacademic referee

She listed her English teacher as a referee for the scholarship.

查看翻译和讲解

申请材料中 referee 可指推荐人。

The company contacted two referees before offering him the job.

查看翻译和讲解

referees 可指被联系核实情况的推荐人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

judge
裁判;评判者
The judge gave high scores to the final speaker. judge 范围更宽;referee 常用于体育或调解。
official
赛事官员
The official checked whether the ball crossed the line. official 可指比赛官员;referee 是具体裁判。
mediator
调解者
A mediator helped the two sides reach an agreement. mediator 对应 referee 的调解者义。
recommender
推荐人
Choose a recommender who knows your work well. recommender 对应申请语境中的 referee。

词族线索 / 同组词

refer
提到;参考;称作
The article refers to several famous scientists. refer 是动词;referee 是负责裁判、调解或推荐的人。
reference
推荐信;参考
The student asked for a reference from his teacher. reference 可指推荐信;referee 可指推荐人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-ee 可表示动作承受者;referee 可记为“问题被 refer 回去裁决的人”。

refer
提到;参考;称作
Please refer to the map before choosing a route.
reference
参考;推荐信
The report includes a list of references.

词族导图

refer / reference 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
104

reference

['refrəns] · n. · Page 79

a mention, a source or list of sources used for information, or a letter supporting someone for a job or school

提到;论及;参考;查阅;参考书目;推荐信

联想

reference 是 refer 的名词形式。它有三条高考价值线:make reference to 是提到,for reference / references 是参考资料,a reference 是推荐信。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]提到;论及

表示文章、讲话或讨论中提及某人某事。

常见表达make reference to...make no reference to...in/with reference to...a reference to...

The speech made no reference to the cost of the plan.

查看翻译和讲解

make/no reference to 表示提到或没有提到。

I am writing with reference to your question about the trip.

查看翻译和讲解

with reference to 是正式表达“关于”。

There is only one brief reference to the old bridge in the article.

查看翻译和讲解

a reference to... 表示一次提及。

n. [U] / n. [C]参考;查阅;参考资料;参考书目

可指查资料的行为、供参考的材料,或文末列出的参考资料。

常见表达for referencea reference booka list of referencesreference materialskeep sth. for reference

Keep this map for reference during the field trip.

查看翻译和讲解

for reference 表示供参考。

The student added three references at the end of the report.

查看翻译和讲解

references 可指参考资料列表。

This reference book gives clear examples for each word.

查看翻译和讲解

reference book 是参考书。

n. [C]推荐信;介绍信

申请学校、奖学金或工作时,由他人证明能力或品行的信。

常见表达write/give a referenceask sb. for a referencea strong referencea reference from sb.

She asked her coach to write a reference for the summer program.

查看翻译和讲解

write a reference 表示写推荐信。

A strong reference can help a student apply for a scholarship.

查看翻译和讲解

reference 可指推荐信。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mention
提到
The report made no mention of the problem. mention 对应 reference 的提到义。
source
资料来源
Always check the source before using a fact. source 对应 reference 的资料来源义。
recommendation letter
推荐信
She needed a recommendation letter for the program. recommendation letter 对应 reference 的推荐信义。

词族线索 / 同组词

refer
提到;参考;称作
The guide refers to this building as the old post office. refer 是动词;reference 是名词。
referee
裁判;推荐人
The referee checked the players before the match. referee 可指推荐人,reference 可指推荐信或资料。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

reference = refer + -ence,是 refer 的名词形式;同一拼写在“提到、参考资料、推荐信”三个语境中换义。

refer
提到;参考;称作
Refer to the passage when answering the question.
referee
裁判;推荐人
The referee made sure both teams followed the rules.

词族导图

refer / reference 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
105

suffer

星标

['sʌfə(r)] · vi. / vt. · Page 79, Page 80

to be in pain or difficulty, especially because of illness or a problem, or to experience a bad result

受苦;受难;患病;遭受;蒙受

联想

suffer 的记忆线索是“身负重压”。用法必须拆开:suffer from + 疾病/痛苦/问题是不及物;suffer + loss/damage/defeat/injury 是及物。

意思、用法与例句

vi.受苦;受难;患病

不及物动词,常用 suffer from 表示因疾病、痛苦或问题而受苦。

常见表达suffer from illness/pain/stresssuffer from a shortagesuffer badly/greatlysuffer for years

Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer from a shortage 表示苦于短缺。

People in the flooded village suffered greatly during the cold night.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer greatly 表示受苦严重。

Some students suffer from stress before important exams.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer from stress 是常见高中语境。

suffer from 后接导致痛苦的问题;不要把 from 丢掉。

vt.遭受;蒙受

及物动词,直接接不好的结果,常见宾语是 loss、damage、defeat、injury、pain、consequences。

常见表达suffer a loss/defeatsuffer damage/injurysuffer painsuffer the consequences

The team suffered a heavy defeat in the final game.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer a defeat 表示遭受失败。

Several houses suffered serious damage in the storm.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer damage 表示遭受损害。

If we ignore the warning, we may suffer the consequences later.

查看翻译和讲解

suffer the consequences 表示承担不良后果。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

experience
经历;遭受
The town experienced heavy rain last night. experience 范围更宽,可好可坏;suffer 常指痛苦或损失。
undergo
经历;经受
The patient underwent a difficult operation. undergo 较正式;suffer 强调痛苦或不利结果。
recover
恢复
He recovered from the illness after two weeks. recover from illness 与 suffer from illness 方向相反。
avoid
避免
Careful planning can help avoid losses. avoid a loss 与 suffer a loss 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

suffering
疼痛;苦难;痛苦
The story shows the suffering caused by war. suffer 是动词;suffering 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suf-/sub- = under,fer = carry:suffer 可记为“在重压之下承受”。现代用法重点是 suffer from 与及物 suffer 的句法差异。

suffering
疼痛;苦难;痛苦
The medicine reduced the patient's suffering.

词族导图

suffer / suffering 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
106

suffering

['sʌfəriŋ] · n. · Page 80

physical or mental pain, especially pain caused by illness, accidents, poverty, war, or trouble

疼痛;苦难;痛苦;苦恼

联想

suffering 是 suffer 的名词形式。可作不可数名词讲总体痛苦,也可用 sufferings 指多种痛苦经历;pain and suffering 是常见搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]疼痛;苦难;痛苦

常指疾病、事故、战争、贫困等造成的身体或精神痛苦。

常见表达human sufferingpain and sufferingcause/reduce/relieve sufferingthe suffering of...the sufferings of...

These road accidents caused pain and suffering for many families.

查看翻译和讲解

pain and suffering 表示痛苦。

Doctors and volunteers worked together to reduce the suffering of the injured.

查看翻译和讲解

reduce suffering 表示减轻痛苦。

The book describes the sufferings of people during the long winter.

查看翻译和讲解

sufferings 可指多种痛苦经历。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pain
疼痛;痛苦
The medicine helped reduce the pain. pain 可指身体或精神痛苦;suffering 更常指持续或严重的痛苦状态。
hardship
艰难;困苦
The family went through great hardship. hardship 强调生活艰难;suffering 强调痛苦体验。
relief
缓解;宽慰
The medicine brought relief from the pain. relief 与 suffering 的痛苦状态相对。
comfort
安慰;舒适
The kind words gave her comfort. comfort 可缓解 suffering。

词族线索 / 同组词

suffer
受苦;遭受
The village suffered serious damage in the flood. suffer 是动词;suffering 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suffering = suffer + -ing 作名词。注意 sufferings 不是动词现在分词复数,而是名词复数“痛苦经历”。

suffer
受苦;遭受
Many children suffer from stress before important exams.

词族导图

suffer / suffering 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
107

set

星标

[set] · vi. / vt. / n. · Page 80

to go down, put something in a place, arrange or fix something, start or establish something, adjust a device, or a group of things

(日、月)落下;放置;使开始;安排;确定;树立;摆放;以……为背景;设置;一套;电视机;布景

联想

set 的过去式和过去分词仍是 set。核心画面是“放到某个位置或状态”:太阳落下,物品放好,时间/规则/目标定好,机器设好;短语动词要整块记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.(日、月)落下

不及物动词,主语通常是 sun 或 moon;sunset 是名词“日落”。

常见表达the sun setsthe moon setsset behind...at sunset

The sun set behind the mountains, and the sky turned red.

查看翻译和讲解

set 可指太阳落下。

We reached the village just before the moon set.

查看翻译和讲解

moon set 表示月亮落下。

vt.放置;摆放;安排;确定;设置

及物动词,表示把人/物放好,摆餐具,安排时间/任务,确定日期或设置设备。

常见表达set sth. on/in...set the tableset a date/timeset a deadlineset an alarmset a rule/limitset the temperature

Please set the cups on the table before dinner.

查看翻译和讲解

set sth. on... 表示放置。

My brother set the table while I cooked the soup.

查看翻译和讲解

set the table 表示摆餐具。

The teacher set a clear deadline for the history project.

查看翻译和讲解

set a deadline 表示确定截止日期。

I set my alarm for six so that I would not miss the train.

查看翻译和讲解

set an alarm 表示设置闹钟。

vt.树立;开创;释放;以……为背景

用于 set an example/record、set sb. free、be set in 等固定搭配。

常见表达set an exampleset a recordset sb. freebe set in...set a story in...

Our monitor set a good example by arriving early every day.

查看翻译和讲解

set an example 表示树立榜样。

The runner set a new school record in the 800 meters.

查看翻译和讲解

set a record 表示创纪录。

The judge set the man free after new evidence appeared.

查看翻译和讲解

set sb. free 表示释放某人。

The novel is set in a small town by the sea.

查看翻译和讲解

be set in 表示故事以某地为背景。

phr.set 短语动词

set 短语多,必须按小品词整块记,不要只按 set 的“放”硬译。

常见表达set about doingset apart fromset asideset backset downset offset out for/to doset up

The students set about cleaning the classroom after the activity.

查看翻译和讲解

set about doing 表示开始着手做。

Her clear voice set her apart from the other speakers.

查看翻译和讲解

set ... apart from 表示使……与众不同。

Please set aside ten minutes each day for reading aloud.

查看翻译和讲解

set aside 可表示留出时间。

The heavy snow set back the building plan by two weeks.

查看翻译和讲解

set back 表示使推迟、耽误。

Set down your ideas before you begin writing the report.

查看翻译和讲解

set down 可表示写下、记下。

The rules set down what each team must do.

查看翻译和讲解

set down 也可表示规定。

We set out for the museum early in the morning.

查看翻译和讲解

set out for 表示出发去某地。

The school set up a new reading club this term.

查看翻译和讲解

set up 表示建立、创立。

n. [C]一套;电视机;布景

可数名词,指一组东西、电视机或舞台/电影布景。

常见表达a set of...a TV seta stage/film seta complete set

She bought a set of brushes for the art class.

查看翻译和讲解

a set of 表示一套。

The film set looked like a real street.

查看翻译和讲解

film set 指电影布景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

put
放置
Put the books on the shelf. put 是普通“放”;set 更常带安排、设定或固定搭配。
arrange
安排;布置
We arranged the chairs in a circle. arrange 对应 set 的安排/布置义。
fix
确定
We fixed the date for next Friday. fix 与 set 的确定日期/时间义接近。
remove
移走
Please remove the cups from the table. remove 与 set 的放置义相对。
sunset
日落;晚霞
We took photos at sunset. sunset 是 sun + set,专指日落/晚霞。
upset
心烦的;使烦恼;搅乱
She was upset about losing her notebook. upset 可用 up + set 助记,但现代用法不等于 set 的普通派生。
settle
定居;解决;平静下来
They finally settled the argument peacefully. settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记,但要单独学习搭配。

词族线索 / 同组词

setting
环境;背景;设定
The story has a modern school setting. setting 是名词,来自 set 的环境/设定义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

set 的核心是“放到位置/状态”。setting、sunset 与 set 联系较清楚;upset 和 settle 只按词形/词根助记连接,现代意义要分开。

setting
环境;背景;设定
The setting of the story is a quiet fishing village.
sunset
日落;晚霞
The sunset over the lake was beautiful.

非派生记忆线索

upset
心烦的;使烦恼;搅乱
The bad news upset everyone in the room.
settle
定居;解决;平静下来
The family settled into their new flat quickly.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
108

setting

['setiŋ] · n. [C] · Page 80

the place or situation in which something happens, the time and place of a story, or a control position on a device

环境;背景;调节点;设定的位置

联想

setting 是 set 的名词线:事情被“放在”某个环境里,故事被“设定”在某个时间地点,机器也有设定档位。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]环境;背景

指事情发生的地点、环境或场景,尤其用于故事、电影、活动。

常见表达the setting of a storya natural/beautiful settingin a school settinghistorical setting

The setting of the story is a small village during winter.

查看翻译和讲解

story setting 指故事背景。

The old house provides a beautiful setting for the music festival.

查看翻译和讲解

beautiful setting 指优美环境。

The film uses a historical setting to show changes in family life.

查看翻译和讲解

historical setting 表示历史背景。

n. [C]调节点;设定的位置

指机器、手机、相机、程序等的设置或档位。

常见表达change/check the settingscamera/phone settingstemperature settingdefault setting

Check the camera settings before you take photos at night.

查看翻译和讲解

camera settings 指相机设置。

The temperature setting was too high, so the room felt hot.

查看翻译和讲解

temperature setting 指温度设定。

You can return the phone to its default settings.

查看翻译和讲解

default settings 指默认设置。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

background
背景
The background of the story is a small town. background 与 setting 的故事背景义接近。
environment
环境
Children need a safe learning environment. environment 是环境;setting 更强调事情发生的具体场景。
sunset
日落;晚霞
The sunset painted the clouds orange. sunset 与 setting 形近但意义不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

set
放置;设定;安排
Set the timer for twenty minutes. set 是动词/名词;setting 是环境或设定。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

setting = set + -ing 作名词,保留“放置/设定后形成的环境或参数”。

set
放置;设定;安排
The teacher set a difficult but fair test.

非派生记忆线索

sunset
日落;晚霞
They returned home at sunset.
settle
解决;安顿
The family settled into their new flat quickly.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
109

sunset

['sʌnset] · n. [U,C] · Page 80

the time when the sun goes down, or the colored sky at that time

日落;傍晚;晚霞

联想

sunset = sun + set。不可数时多指日落时刻,at sunset 是核心搭配;可数时可指一次美丽的日落或晚霞。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]日落;傍晚

通常作不可数,表示太阳落下的时刻。

常见表达at sunsetbefore/after sunsetwatch the sunsettowards sunset

The fishermen returned to the village at sunset.

查看翻译和讲解

at sunset 表示日落时。

We climbed the hill to watch the sunset over the lake.

查看翻译和讲解

watch the sunset 表示看日落。

n. [C]晚霞;日落景色

可数名词,指日落时天空的色彩景象或一次日落。

常见表达a beautiful sunseta red/golden sunsetpaint/watch a sunset

A golden sunset filled the sky after the rain stopped.

查看翻译和讲解

sunset 可指晚霞景象。

The painter used warm colors to show a quiet sunset.

查看翻译和讲解

艺术语境中 sunset 可指日落景色。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sunrise
日出
We got up early to watch the sunrise. sunrise 与 sunset 时间方向相反。
dusk
黄昏
The streets grew quiet at dusk. dusk 是黄昏时段;sunset 更具体指太阳落下或晚霞。
set
(日、月)落下;放置
The sun sets later in summer. sunset 是由 sun + set 构成的名词。
setting
环境;背景;设置
The beach was a perfect setting for the photo. setting 是环境或设置,不是日落。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sunset 是 sun + set 的透明复合词,只与 set 的“太阳落下”义直接相关。

set
(日、月)落下;放置;设置
The sun sets behind the hills.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
110

upset

星标

[,ʌp'set] / [ʌp'set] / ['ʌpset] · adj. / vt. / n. · Page 80

unhappy or worried; to make someone unhappy or disturb a plan; a state of worry or trouble

心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的;使烦恼;使生气;搅乱;烦闷;苦恼

联想

upset 的助记是 up + set,心里“七上八下”。现代用法分三类:be upset about/over,upset sb./a plan,名词 upset/stomach upset。

意思、用法与例句

adj.心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的

形容人因某事不开心、担心或难过,常接 about/over。

常见表达be upset about/over sth.feel upsetlook/sound upsetget upset

She was upset about losing the book her friend had given her.

查看翻译和讲解

be upset about 表示因某事难过。

Do not be upset over one poor test result; learn from it.

查看翻译和讲解

be upset over 也可表示为某事沮丧。

vt.使烦恼;使生气;搅乱

及物动词,宾语可为人,也可为 plan、schedule、stomach 等。

常见表达upset sb.upset a plan/scheduleupset one's stomachupset the balance/order

The news upset his parents, but they tried to stay calm.

查看翻译和讲解

upset sb. 表示使某人难过。

The sudden rain upset our plan for an outdoor lesson.

查看翻译和讲解

upset a plan 表示打乱计划。

Too much cold food can upset your stomach.

查看翻译和讲解

upset one's stomach 表示使胃不舒服。

n. [C,U]烦闷;苦恼;混乱

名词较少见,可指情绪上的烦闷、局面的混乱或胃部不适。

常见表达cause upseta great upsetstomach upset

The decision caused great upset among the students.

查看翻译和讲解

cause upset 表示引起不安/烦闷。

He missed class because of a stomach upset.

查看翻译和讲解

stomach upset 是常见名词搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

worried
担心的
She looked worried before the exam. worried 主要是担心;upset 可包含难过、生气或不安。
disturb
扰乱
The loud music disturbed our study. disturb 与 upset 的搅乱义接近。
calm
平静的;使平静
The teacher stayed calm during the emergency. calm 与 upset 的情绪不安义相对。
settle
使平静;解决
The teacher helped settle the argument. settle 可使问题或情绪安定下来。
set
放置;设定;落下
Set your books on the desk before class. upset 可用 up + set 助记,但现代核心是情绪不安或打乱。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

upset 的 up + set 只作图像助记:心中七上八下。不要按 set 的普通“放置”义硬译。

非派生记忆线索

set
放置;设定;落下
The sun set behind the hills.
settle
解决;平静下来
The room settled down after the teacher arrived.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
111

settle

星标

['setl] · vi. / vt. · Page 80, Page 81

to begin living somewhere, solve or decide something, become calm, fall or come to rest, or make someone comfortable

定居;降落;确定;决定;安放;殖民;解决;平静下来;安顿

联想

settle 可从 set 的“放稳/定下”理解,但现代搭配要单独记:settle down 定居或平静,settle in/into 适应,settle on/upon 决定,settle a problem 解决问题。

意思、用法与例句

vi.定居;安顿;适应

常用 settle down 或 settle in/into,表示住下来、适应新环境。

常见表达settle downsettle in/intosettle into a new school/jobsettle in a place

Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.

查看翻译和讲解

settle into 表示适应并安顿下来。

After years of travel, they decided to settle down in a quiet town.

查看翻译和讲解

settle down 可表示定居下来。

vt. / vi.解决;确定;决定

可及物表示解决问题、争端,也可用 settle on/upon 表示选定某事。

常见表达settle a problem/argument/disputesettle the mattersettle on/upon sth.settle a question

What will the woman do to settle the problem about the fridge?

查看翻译和讲解

settle the problem 表示解决问题。

After a long discussion, we settled on a simple plan.

查看翻译和讲解

settle on 表示决定选择。

The two schools settled the disagreement through patient talks.

查看翻译和讲解

settle a disagreement 表示解决分歧。

vi. / vt.(使)平静下来;开始专心

settle down 可表示人、班级或情绪安静下来,也可表示开始专心做事。

常见表达settle downsettle sb. downsettle down to work/studysettle one's nerves

The classroom settled down when the teacher walked in.

查看翻译和讲解

settle down 可表示安静下来。

After lunch, the students settled down to their homework.

查看翻译和讲解

settle down to sth. 表示开始专心做某事。

vi. / vt.降落;落下;安放;使舒适

可表示灰尘、鸟等落下,也可表示把某人安置到舒适位置。

常见表达dust/snow settlessettle on/onto...settle sb. into...settle oneself in a chair

Dust settled on the books after the room was left empty for months.

查看翻译和讲解

dust settled 表示灰尘落下。

She settled the child into a warm chair near the fire.

查看翻译和讲解

settle sb. into... 表示把某人安顿好。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

solve
解决
We need to solve the traffic problem. solve 更普通;settle 常用于争议、问题或安排被定下来。
decide
决定
We decided on a date for the trip. decide 与 settle on/upon 的决定义接近。
calm down
平静下来
The child calmed down after a few minutes. calm down 对应 settle down 的平静义。
upset
使烦恼;搅乱
The loud noise upset the baby. upset 使人不安;settle 可使人平静或解决问题。
set
放置;安排;设定
The school set a new rule for the library. settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记,但搭配和意义要单独学。

词族线索 / 同组词

settlement
定居点;协议;解决
The two sides finally reached a peaceful settlement. settlement 是 settle 的名词。
settler
移民;殖民者
Early settlers built houses near the river. settler 是 settle 的人称名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

settle 走向“定下来、安顿好”。settlement 和 settler 是真词族;set 是助记线索,不把所有 set 短语直接套到 settle 上。

settlement
定居点;协议;解决
The two sides finally reached a peaceful settlement.
settler
移民;殖民者
Early settlers built houses near the river.

非派生记忆线索

set
放置;设定;安排
Set the chair near the window.
upset
心烦的;搅乱
The news upset the whole class.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
112

settlement

['setlmənt] · n. [C,U] · Page 81

a place where people make a new home, an agreement that ends a problem, or the process of settling somewhere or solving something

定居点;协议;移民;殖民;解决;处理

联想

settlement 来自 settle:人安顿下来形成定居点;争议被 settle 后形成协议或解决结果;过程义可表示移民、殖民或处理。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C] / [U]定居点;移民;殖民

指一群人在新地方建立的居住点,也可指移民定居这一过程。

常见表达an early settlementa small settlementthe settlement of an areahuman settlement

The first settlement grew beside the river because people needed fresh water.

查看翻译和讲解

settlement 指人们定居形成的地方。

The museum shows how settlement changed life in the valley.

查看翻译和讲解

这里 settlement 指定居、开发的过程。

表示地点时常可数;表示移民定居过程时常不可数。

n. [C] / [U]协议;解决;处理

指争议、问题、付款等经过协商后的处理结果或处理过程。

常见表达reach a settlementa peace settlementthe settlement of a disputesettlement of a problem

After long talks, the two sides finally reached a settlement.

查看翻译和讲解

reach a settlement 是达成协议。

The settlement of the dispute allowed the project to continue.

查看翻译和讲解

settlement of a dispute 指争议的解决。

协议是可数名词;“解决、处理”这个抽象过程常不可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
协议
The two sides reached an agreement. agreement 对应 settlement 的协议义。
solution
解决办法
We need a practical solution to the problem. solution 强调解决办法;settlement 更常是协商后的结果。
dispute
争端;争议
The dispute lasted for months. settlement 可结束 dispute。

词族线索 / 同组词

settle
定居;解决;平静下来
Many families settled near the lake. settle 是动词;settlement 是名词。
settler
移民;殖民者
The settlers built houses near the new settlement. settler 是人;settlement 是地点、过程或协议。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

settlement = settle + -ment,表示 settle 的结果或过程。

settle
定居;解决;使平静
The argument was settled peacefully.
settler
移民;殖民者
The settlers learned to grow crops in the new land.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
113

settler

['setlə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 81

a person who moves to a new place to live, especially where few people from their group lived before

移民;殖民者;定居者

联想

settler = settle + -er,是在新地方安顿下来的人。历史语境中可指殖民者;和 settlement 的区别是:settler 是人,settlement 是地点、过程或协议。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]移民;殖民者;定居者

指迁到新地区生活并建立家园的人,历史语境中可指殖民者。

常见表达early settlersEuropean settlerssettlers in a new landthe first settlers

Early settlers built simple houses and planted food near the river.

查看翻译和讲解

settler 指迁到新地方并生活下来的人。

The article describes the difficult winter faced by the settlers.

查看翻译和讲解

settlers 是复数,指一群定居者。

The first settlers chose the valley because the soil was rich.

查看翻译和讲解

first settlers 表示最早定居者。

注意历史语境中 settler / colonist 可能带殖民背景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

immigrant
外来移民
An immigrant may become a settler if he or she makes a new home there. immigrant 强调从别国迁入;settler 强调在新地方定居、开拓。
colonist
殖民者
Colonists built farms along the coast. colonist 更直接表示殖民者;settler 范围稍宽。
resident
居民
Local residents helped clean the river. resident 是居民,不一定是新定居者。

词族线索 / 同组词

settle
定居;安顿下来
The family settled in a small town. settle 是动词;settler 是人。
settlement
定居点;协议;解决
The settlers slowly turned the camp into a settlement. settler 是人;settlement 可以是定居点。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

settler = settle + -er,-er 表示做某事的人。

settle
定居;安顿下来
The family settled in a small town.
settlement
定居点;协议
The settlement later became a busy port.

词族导图

set / settle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
114

lose

星标

[lu:z] · vt. / vi. · Page 81

to no longer have something, fail to win, fail to know where you are, or waste a chance, time, or money

失去;丢失;迷失方向;输掉;使损失

联想

lose 是动词,过去式和过去分词都是 lost,读 /lu:z/。核心是“失去”:丢东西、错失机会、输掉比赛、迷路、损失时间或金钱。

意思、用法与例句

vt.失去;丢失;错失

宾语通常是东西、机会、时间、工作、信心、耐心等。

常见表达lose one's keys/cardlose a chance/opportunitylose time/moneylose confidencelose one's temper

If you lose your student card, report it to the school office at once.

查看翻译和讲解

lose 后接具体物品,表示丢失。

The team lost a chance to score in the last minute.

查看翻译和讲解

lose a chance 表示错失机会。

Do not lose confidence just because one answer is wrong.

查看翻译和讲解

lose confidence 表示失去信心。

lose 是动词,不能用作形容词;丢失的状态用 lost。

vt. / vi.输掉;失败

可及物接比赛、战争、争论,也可不及物表示输。

常见表达lose a match/gamelose to another teamlose by two pointslose the argument

We lost the match, but no one gave up during the game.

查看翻译和讲解

lose the match 是输掉比赛。

Our team lost to a stronger school by two points.

查看翻译和讲解

lose to 表示输给某方。

vt.迷失方向;沉浸于

lose one's way 表示迷路;lose oneself in 表示沉浸、专心。

常见表达lose one's waylose oneself in reading/music/workget lost

The child lost his way in the station and asked a worker for help.

查看翻译和讲解

lose one's way 是迷路。

She often loses herself in music after a long day.

查看翻译和讲解

lose oneself in 表示沉浸于、专心于。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

misplace
把……放错地方
I misplaced my glasses and found them under the sofa. misplace 常指暂时放错地方;lose 可能是真的丢失。
fail to win
未能获胜
They failed to win the final match. fail to win 对应 lose 的输掉义。
find
找到
I found my student card in my bag. find 与 lose 的丢失义相对。
win
赢得
They won the match by one point. win 与 lose 的比赛义相对。
keep
保留;保持
Keep your ticket until the end of the trip. keep 与 lose 的失去义相对。
loose
松的;宽松的
A loose button may fall off, but you do not lose it until it is gone. lose 读 /z/,是动词;loose 读 /s/,是形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

loss
丧失;损失;失败
The loss of sleep made him tired in class. lose 是动作;loss 是名词结果。
lost
丢失的;迷路的;全神贯注的
The lost child was found near the gate. lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也可作形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lose -> lost / loss 是清楚词族;loose 只按音变和形近辨析处理,不放进现代 word_family。

loss
损失;丧失;失败
The loss of the old photos made her sad.
lost
丢失的;迷路的;lose 的过去式和过去分词
He lost his map and soon felt lost.

非派生记忆线索

loose
松的;宽松的
The button is loose and may fall off.

词族导图

lose / loose 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
115

miss

星标

[mis] · vt. / n. · Page 81

to fail to catch, see, hear, attend, or hit something, to feel sad because someone is absent, or a failed hit

错过;未看到;未听到;怀念;发觉……丢失;迟到;未击中;未击中一次

联想

miss 的核心是“目标没有碰上”:没赶上车、没听到信息、缺课迟到、没击中目标;也可表示想念。大写 Miss 是小姐/女士/老师称谓,要和动词 miss 分开。

意思、用法与例句

vt.错过;未看到或未听到;迟到缺席

宾语常是 bus、train、chance、class、point、call、message、lesson 等。

常见表达miss the bus/trainmiss a chance/opportunitymiss class/schoolmiss the pointmiss a call/message

She missed the bus because she spent too long looking for her phone.

查看翻译和讲解

miss the bus 是错过公交车。

I missed the main point of the speech because the hall was noisy.

查看翻译和讲解

miss the point 表示未理解要点。

He missed two classes while he was ill.

查看翻译和讲解

miss class 可表示缺课。

miss 表示没赶上、没听到、没看到,不是 lose 的丢失。

vt.想念;发觉不见了

可表示因某人某地不在身边而想念,也可表示发现某物不见了。

常见表达miss homemiss sb. badlymiss one's familynotice/find that something is missing

During the first week at the new school, he missed his old friends badly.

查看翻译和讲解

miss someone 是想念某人。

When I counted the books, I noticed that one copy was missing.

查看翻译和讲解

notice that ... was missing 表示发现不见了。

vt.未击中;未命中

作动词时表示没有打中目标、投篮或射门没中。

常见表达miss the targetmiss a shotmiss the goalmiss by inches

The player missed the shot, but he quickly got the ball again.

查看翻译和讲解

miss a shot 是投篮/射门未中。

The arrow missed the target by a few centimeters.

查看翻译和讲解

miss the target 表示未击中目标。

n. [C]未击中一次

名词 miss 多用于击中目标的语境,表示一次未命中。

常见表达a near missa complete misscount as a miss

The arrow was a miss, landing just outside the circle.

查看翻译和讲解

miss 作名词表示一次未击中。

The ball flew past the goal in a near miss.

查看翻译和讲解

near miss 表示差点命中或险些出事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fail to catch
未赶上
We failed to catch the early train. 对应 miss the bus/train 的错过义。
long for
想念;渴望
She longed for home during the first month away. 对应 miss home/sb. 的想念义。
hit
击中
The player hit the target on his second try. hit 与 miss 的未击中义相对。
catch
赶上;接住
We caught the last bus home. catch 与 miss the bus 的错过义相对。
notice
注意到
I noticed a small spelling mistake. notice 与 miss the point/detail 的未看到义相对。
lose
失去;丢失;输掉
You can miss a bus, but you lose a key. miss 强调没赶上、没听到、未击中;lose 强调失去、丢失或输掉。
Miss
小姐;女士;老师
Miss Li teaches us English. 大写 Miss 是称谓,小写 miss 是动词或名词。

词族线索 / 同组词

missing
丢失的;缺少的
The missing page made the story hard to understand. miss 是动词或名词;missing 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

miss -> missing 是清楚的动词/形容词关系;大写 Miss 是称谓,学习时按大小写和语境分开。

missing
丢失的;缺少的
Police helped find the missing child.

词族导图

miss / missing 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
116

loss

星标

[lɒs] · n. [C,U] · Page 81

the fact or result of losing something, someone, money, health, or a game

丧失;丢失;损失;死亡;去世;失败;输

联想

loss 是 lose 的名词形式,读 /lɒs/。它可指损失、失去,也可委婉指去世;at a loss 是核心搭配,表示不知所措。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]丧失;丢失;损失

可指物品、时间、健康、金钱、能力等的失去。

常见表达the loss of somethinga great/heavy lossfinancial losssuffer a lossat a loss

The loss of clean water became the biggest problem after the flood.

查看翻译和讲解

the loss of clean water 指清洁用水的失去/缺乏。

The small shop suffered a serious financial loss during the storm.

查看翻译和讲解

financial loss 表示经济损失。

He was at a loss when the machine suddenly stopped working.

查看翻译和讲解

at a loss 是固定搭配,表示不知所措。

loss 是名词,不能直接接宾语表达“丢东西”。

n. [C,U]死亡;去世;失败;输

可委婉指亲友去世,也可指比赛或战争中的失败。

常见表达feel the loss of sb.a great loss to...a loss to another teamthe first loss of the season

The whole community felt the loss of the old doctor.

查看翻译和讲解

loss 可委婉指去世带来的失去。

After three wins, the team accepted its first loss of the season.

查看翻译和讲解

loss 可指比赛失败。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

damage
损失;损害
The flood caused serious damage to the bridge. damage 强调损害;loss 强调失去或损失结果。
failure
失败
The project ended in failure. failure 对应 loss 的失败义。
gain
获得;收益
The company reported a small gain this year. gain 与 loss 的损失义相对。
win
胜利
The win gave the team confidence. win 与 loss 的失败义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

lose
失去;输掉
If you lose too much time, the loss may affect your work. lose 是动词;loss 是名词。
lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost files caused a serious loss of time. lost 描述状态;loss 表示失去造成的结果。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

loss 是 lose 的名词形式,读音从 /z/ 变为 /s/,注意和 loose /lu:s/ 区分。

lose
失去;输掉;迷路
Do not lose heart after one mistake.
lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost ticket was found under the desk.

非派生记忆线索

loose
松的;宽松的
The rope was loose.

词族导图

lose / loose 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
117

lost

[lɒst] · adj. / v-ed · Page 81

missing, unable to find the way, deeply focused on something, or the past form of lose

丢失的;迷路的;全神贯注的;lose 的过去式和过去分词

联想

lost 既是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也是形容词。东西 lost 是丢失,人 get lost 是迷路;be lost in 可表示沉浸于、全神贯注于。

意思、用法与例句

adj.丢失的;迷路的

描述东西不见了,或人不知道路在哪里。

常见表达a lost child/walletlost propertylost and foundget lostbe lost

The lost wallet was returned to its owner the next day.

查看翻译和讲解

lost wallet 是丢失的钱包。

We got lost in the old part of the city and had to use a map.

查看翻译和讲解

get lost 表示迷路。

Please take the umbrella to the lost and found office.

查看翻译和讲解

lost and found 是固定搭配,表示失物招领处。

lost 作形容词时常放在名词前或 be/get 后。

adj.全神贯注的;茫然的

be lost in 可表示沉浸在某种想法或活动中;也可描述不知所措的状态。

常见表达be lost in thoughtbe lost in a book/storybe lost in worklook lost

She was so lost in the novel that she forgot the time.

查看翻译和讲解

be lost in a book/novel 表示沉浸于。

The new student looked lost until a classmate showed him the classroom.

查看翻译和讲解

look lost 可表示看起来茫然、不知所措。

be lost in 不一定是迷路,要看后面接的是地点还是活动/思想。

v-edlose 的过去式和过去分词

lost 也是 lose 的过去式和过去分词,用于完成时或被动/形容词化结构。

常见表达lost-losthave lost...be lost

He lost his map yesterday and has not found it yet.

查看翻译和讲解

lost 是 lose 的过去式。

The match was lost in the final minute.

查看翻译和讲解

lost 可作过去分词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

missing
丢失的;缺少的
The lost page is still missing from the book. lost 强调已经丢失;missing 强调不在应在的位置。
found
找到的
The found wallet was returned to its owner. found 与 lost 的丢失义相对。
clear
清楚的
Her plan was clear after the teacher explained it. clear 可与 look lost 的茫然义相对。
loose
松的
The loose rope was not lost; it was just not tight. lost 和 loose 拼写、读音、含义都不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

lose
失去;输掉;迷路
He lost his way and felt lost. lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也可作形容词。
loss
丧失;损失
The loss of the map made the trip harder. loss 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lost 是 lose 的过去式、过去分词和形容词;不要和 loose 的“松的”混淆。

lose
失去;输掉
Do not lose your way in the forest.
loss
丧失;损失
The loss of the map made the trip harder.

非派生记忆线索

loose
松的;宽松的
The loose rope was not tight.

词族导图

lose / loose 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
118

loose

[lu:s] · adj. · Page 81

not tight, not firmly fixed, or free from control

松的;宽松的;不受约束的;自由的

联想

loose 是形容词,读 /lu:s/,核心是“不紧、不固定、不受约束”。它和 lose /lu:z/ 是高频易混:lose 是动词“失去/输掉”,loose 是形容词“松的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.松的;宽松的;不牢的

描述衣服、绳子、牙齿、螺丝、按钮等不紧或不牢固。

常见表达loose clothesa loose tooth/button/screwcome loosehang loose

Wear loose clothes when you exercise in hot weather.

查看翻译和讲解

loose clothes 指不紧身的衣服。

One screw was loose, so the chair made a noise.

查看翻译和讲解

loose 可描述东西没有固定牢。

The button came loose, but it was not lost.

查看翻译和讲解

come loose 表示变松;lost 才是丢失。

loose 不是丢失;丢失用 lose/lost。

adj.不受约束的;自由的;限制少的

描述人或动物没有被关住、固定或严格控制,也可描述安排较宽松。

常见表达break looseset sb./sth. looselet sb./sth. loosea loose plan/rule

The dog broke loose and ran across the playground.

查看翻译和讲解

break loose 表示挣脱。

The teacher gave us a loose plan and allowed us to choose our own topic.

查看翻译和讲解

loose plan 可指限制不严格的计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

not tight
不紧的
This shirt is not tight, so it is comfortable. not tight 是 loose 的基础解释。
free
自由的;不受束缚的
The bird was free after the door opened. free 只对应 loose 的不受约束义。
tight
紧的
These shoes are too tight for me. tight 与 loose 的松紧义相对。
fixed
固定的
The shelf is fixed to the wall. fixed 与 loose 的不牢固义相对。
lose
失去;丢失;输掉
Do not lose the loose button before you sew it back. lose 是动词,读 /lu:z/;loose 是形容词,读 /lu:s/。
lost
丢失的;迷路的
A loose button can become a lost button. loose 表示松;lost 表示丢了。
loss
丧失;损失;失败
The loss of the button was not serious. loss 读 /lɒs/,是名词;loose 读 /lu:s/,是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lose/loss/loose 需要一起做音变辨析:lose /z/ 是动词,loss /s/ 是名词,loose /s/ 是形容词。现代学习中 loose 不放进 lose 的 word_family。

非派生记忆线索

lose
失去;丢失;输掉
Do not lose your key.
loss
丧失;损失;失败
The loss of sleep made him tired.
lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost key was under the sofa.

词族导图

lose / loose 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
119

missing

['misiŋ] · adj. · Page 81

not in the place where it should be, or not included when needed

丢失的;失踪的;缺少的;遗漏的

联想

missing 强调“应该在,却不在”。可指人或物丢失/失踪,也可指页面、信息、词语等缺少。它是形容词;miss 是动词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.丢失的;失踪的

描述人或物找不到、不在应在的位置。

常见表达go missingbe missinghave been missinga missing person/childmissing from...

My gloves have been missing for ages, so I bought a new pair.

查看翻译和讲解

missing 表示丢失的。

The missing boy was found safely near the station.

查看翻译和讲解

missing 可用于人,表示失踪的。

Three books are missing from the classroom shelf.

查看翻译和讲解

missing from 表示从某处缺失。

missing 作形容词;miss 是动词。

adj.缺少的;遗漏的

表示某部分没有包括进去,导致整体不完整。

常见表达a missing pagemissing informationthe missing partmissing words

The report is hard to understand because two pages are missing.

查看翻译和讲解

missing 指应该有的页没有了。

Please fill in the missing words in the passage.

查看翻译和讲解

missing words 是缺失的词。

缺少某部分时,missing 常放在名词前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost key is still missing. lost 强调丢失后的状态;missing 强调不在应该在的位置。
absent
缺席的;不存在的
Two students were absent from class. absent 偏缺席或不存在;missing 偏应在却不在。
present
在场的;存在的
All students were present today. present 与 missing 的不在场/缺失义相对。
included
包括在内的
The final page is included in the file. included 与 missing 的遗漏义相对。
found
找到的
The missing bag was found under the desk. found 与 missing 的丢失义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

miss
错过;想念;未击中
If you miss a class, some information may be missing from your notes. miss 是动作;missing 描述缺失状态。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

missing = miss + -ing 作形容词,表示被错过、找不到或缺少的状态。

miss
错过;未看到;想念
I missed the call while I was in class.

词族导图

miss / missing 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
120

possible

星标

['pɒsəbl] · adj. · Page 82

able to happen, exist, or be done

可能的;可能存在(或发生)的

联想

possible 表示现实条件下“有可能、做得到、会发生”。它与 potential 不同:possible 看可行性或发生概率,potential 看尚未显现的未来发展。

意思、用法与例句

adj.可能的;可做到的

表示事情有机会发生,或在条件允许时可以做到。

常见表达it is possible to do somethinga possible solutionif possibleas ... as possible

It is possible to finish the work today if everyone helps.

查看翻译和讲解

It is possible to do sth. 是常见句型。

Please reply as soon as possible so that we can book the tickets.

查看翻译和讲解

as soon as possible 表示“尽快”。

possible 说明事情可行;potential 常说明某人或某物“有潜力、潜在的”。

adj.可能存在或发生的

用于讨论原因、风险、选择等可能存在的情况。

常见表达a possible reasona possible riskall possible ways

One possible reason for the fire was a broken wire.

查看翻译和讲解

possible reason 指“可能的原因”。

The coach tried every possible way to encourage the players.

查看翻译和讲解

every possible way 表示“所有可能的方法”。

possible 常修饰 answer, reason, solution, way, risk 等名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

impossible
不可能的
The task looked impossible, but it became possible with teamwork. im- 是否定前缀,impossible 是 possible 的反义词。
potential
潜在的;潜力
A possible problem is already likely to happen; a potential problem may develop later. possible 强调可发生或可做到;potential 强调未来发展空间。

词族线索 / 同组词

possibility
可能性
There is a possibility that the meeting will be moved online. possible 是形容词;possibility 是名词。
possibly
可能;也许;尽可能
Please arrive as early as you possibly can. possibly 是 possible 的副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

possible / impossible / possibility / possibly 是清楚词族;potential 与 possible 是同组语义辨析,不放进 possible 的现代 word_family。

impossible
不可能的
It is impossible to be in two places at once.
possibility
可能性
We discussed the possibility of studying abroad.
possibly
可能;也许;尽可能
Could you possibly open the window?

非派生记忆线索

potential
潜在的;潜力
The plan has potential.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
121

impossible

星标

[im'pɒsəbl] · adj. · Page 82

not able to happen, exist, or be done

不可能的;不可能存在(或发生)的

联想

impossible = im- + possible,表示“没有可能、做不到”。常用 It is impossible for sb. to do sth.。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不可能的;做不到的

表示事情无法完成或无法发生。

常见表达it is impossible to do somethingimpossible for someone to do somethingalmost impossiblemake something impossible

It is impossible to finish the report in ten minutes.

查看翻译和讲解

It is impossible to do sth. 是常见结构。

Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.

查看翻译和讲解

impossible for sb. to do sth. 表示“某人不可能做某事”。

impossible 常和 to do 或 for sb. to do 搭配。

adj.难以忍受或难以处理的

口语中也可形容人或情况非常难处理,但高考阅读中以“不可能”为主。

常见表达an impossible situationan impossible demand

The heavy rain made the rescue work almost impossible.

查看翻译和讲解

make sth. impossible 表示“使某事不可能”。

The plan sounded impossible at first, but the students found a better way.

查看翻译和讲解

sound impossible 表示“听起来不可能”。

almost impossible 是“几乎不可能”,不是“完全不可能”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possible
可能的
What seemed impossible yesterday may become possible with new technology. possible 表示有可能;impossible 表示没有可能。

词族线索 / 同组词

possibility
可能性
There was no possibility of finishing it, so the task was impossible. possibility 是名词;impossible 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

possible
可能的;可做到的
A shorter route is possible if we leave early.
possibility
可能性
We cannot ignore the possibility of rain.
possibly
可能;尽可能
Call me as soon as you possibly can.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
122

possibility

星标

[,pɒsə'biləti] · n. · Page 82

a chance that something may happen or be true

可能(性)

联想

possibility 是 possible 的名词形式。重点结构是 possibility of (doing) sth.;There is no possibility of doing sth. 表示“做某事是不可能的”。

意思、用法与例句

n.可能性;可能发生的事

既可指抽象的可能性,也可指一个可能的选择或情况。

常见表达the possibility of somethingthe possibility of doing somethingthere is a possibility that...there is no possibility of doing somethinga real possibility

There is a possibility that the sports meeting will be put off.

查看翻译和讲解

There is a possibility that... 表示有可能。

We discussed the possibility of using solar power in the school.

查看翻译和讲解

the possibility of doing sth. 是重点结构。

There is no possibility of finishing the work before noon.

查看翻译和讲解

There is no possibility of doing sth. 是重点句型。

possibility 后常接 of 或 that 从句。

n.可能的选择

指可考虑的方案或选项。

常见表达one possibility is that...another possibilityopen up new possibilities

One possibility is that we invite students from other schools.

查看翻译和讲解

possibility 可指“一个可考虑的方案”。

Online learning has opened up new possibilities for children in distant villages.

查看翻译和讲解

new possibilities 指新的发展机会或选择。

作“可选方案”时 possibility 是可数名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

potential
潜力;潜在的
A possibility is a chance; potential is an ability that may grow. possibility 侧重发生概率;potential 更强调未发挥的能力或潜在状态。

词族线索 / 同组词

possible
可能的
If something is possible, there is a possibility that it may happen. possible 是形容词;possibility 是名词。
impossible
不可能的
There is no possibility of finishing it, so the task is impossible. impossible 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

possible
可能的;可做到的
It is possible to solve the problem.
impossible
不可能的
Without water, life there would be impossible.
possibly
可能;也许
The answer is possibly correct, but we need to check it.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
123

possibly

['pɒsəbli] · adv. · Page 82

perhaps, or as much as can be done

可能, 也许;尽量, 尽可能

联想

possibly 是 possible 的副词形式。它可以表示“也许”,也可在 as...as one possibly can 中加强“尽可能”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.可能;也许

表示不确定的推测,语气比 certainly 弱。

常见表达possibly truepossibly becausemay possiblycould possibly

The noise was possibly caused by the strong wind.

查看翻译和讲解

possibly 表示不确定的推测。

She may possibly join us after she finishes her homework.

查看翻译和讲解

may possibly 加强“也许”的语气。

possibly 常与 may, might, could 搭配表达不确定。

adv.尽可能;用于礼貌请求

表示把某事做到最大程度,也可让请求更委婉。

常见表达as ... as possibleas ... as one possibly canCould you possibly...?

Please arrive as early as you possibly can.

查看翻译和讲解

as early as you possibly can 表示“尽你所能地早”。

Could you possibly lend me your notes for one day?

查看翻译和讲解

Could you possibly...? 是礼貌请求。

as soon as possible 和 as soon as you possibly can 都常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

potentially
潜在地;可能地
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky. possibly 表示不确定推测;potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。

词族线索 / 同组词

possible
可能的
It is possible, so it may possibly happen. possible 是形容词;possibly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

possible
可能的
A later start is possible.
possibility
可能性
There is a possibility of snow.
impossible
不可能的
It is impossible to know everything.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
124

potential

星标

[pə'tenʃl] · adj. / n. · Page 82

possible in the future, or the ability to develop into something better

潜在的, 可能的;潜力;可能性

联想

potential 的重点是“还没有完全显现,但未来可能发展”。作形容词是潜在的,作不可数名词是潜力;与 possible 的区别是 potential 更看未来发展空间。

意思、用法与例句

adj.潜在的;可能的

描述问题、风险、顾客、影响等尚未完全出现但可能发展。

常见表达a potential problema potential riska potential customerpotential victims

The teacher warned us about potential problems before the experiment.

查看翻译和讲解

potential problems 指“可能出现但尚未出现的问题”。

A cheater might use personal information to control potential victims.

查看翻译和讲解

potential victims 指“潜在受害者”。

potential 不等于一定会发生,只说明有发展成某种结果的可能。

n. [U]潜力;可能性

表示人、事物或计划未来发展的能力或空间。

常见表达have potentialgreat/full potentialshow potentialrealize/fulfil one's potentialpotential for doing something

The young player has great potential, but he still needs training.

查看翻译和讲解

have great potential 表示“很有潜力”。

The new technology shows potential for saving energy.

查看翻译和讲解

show potential for doing sth. 表示“显示出做某事的潜力”。

名词 potential 常不可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possible
可能的;可做到的
A possible answer can be used now; a potential answer may become useful later. possible 强调现在是否可行;potential 强调未来发展空间。
ability
能力
The student has the ability to solve hard problems. ability 是已经具备的能力;potential 是未来可发展的能力。
actual
实际的;已发生的
The actual cost was higher than expected. actual 与 potential 的潜在未实现义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

potentially
潜在地;可能地
A potential danger is something that is potentially dangerous. potential 是形容词或名词;potentially 是副词。
potentiality
潜力;可能性
Potentiality is a formal noun close to potential. potentiality 更正式,日常和高考语境中 potential 更常用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

potential / potentially / potentiality 是清楚词族;possible 是语义辨析词,不是 potential 的派生词。

potentially
潜在地;可能地
The medicine is potentially helpful, but more tests are needed.
potentiality
潜力;可能性
The word potentiality is formal and less common than potential.

非派生记忆线索

possible
可能的;可做到的
It is possible to finish today.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
125

potentially

· adv. · Page 82

in a way that may develop into something, especially a risk or useful result

潜在地, 可能地

联想

potentially 是 potential 的副词,常放在形容词前,表示“有潜在可能地”,尤其常见于风险、好处、影响。

意思、用法与例句

adv.潜在地;可能地

修饰形容词或整个判断,说明某种结果尚未发生但可能发展。

常见表达potentially dangerouspotentially usefulpotentially harmfulcould potentially

The old bridge is potentially dangerous after the heavy rain.

查看翻译和讲解

potentially dangerous 指“可能有危险”。

This simple idea could potentially help many students save time.

查看翻译和讲解

could potentially 表示“可能会”。

potentially 常用于正式说明风险、影响或价值。

adv.带有未来发展可能

强调现在还不是确定结果,但未来可能变成某种状态。

常见表达potentially importantpotentially successfulpotentially valuable

The research is potentially important for people with heart disease.

查看翻译和讲解

potentially important 表示“可能重要”。

A small mistake in the plan can be potentially costly.

查看翻译和讲解

potentially costly 指“可能造成高代价”。

potentially 和 possibly 都可译“可能”,但 potentially 更强调未来发展出的影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possibly
可能;也许
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky. possibly 表示不确定推测;potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。

词族线索 / 同组词

potential
潜在的;潜力
A potential risk is potentially harmful. potential 是形容词或名词;potentially 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

potential
潜在的;潜力
The project has potential.
potentiality
潜力;可能性
Potentiality is a formal noun and is less common in everyday use.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
126

potentiality

· n. · Page 82

the possibility or ability that something has for future development

潜力, 可能性

联想

potentiality 是 potential 的较正式名词形式,意思接近“潜在可能、发展潜力”。高考中以认读为主,表达时通常优先用 potential。

意思、用法与例句

n.潜力;潜在可能

较正式名词,指未来可能发展出来的能力或可能性;高考中以认读为主。

常见表达the potentiality of somethingfuture potentialityhuman potentiality

The article discusses the potentiality of online lessons in small villages.

查看翻译和讲解

the potentiality of... 是较正式书面表达。

The word potentiality is formal; in most school writing, potential is clearer.

查看翻译和讲解

写作优先用 potential,potentiality 以识别为主。

不要把 potentiality 当作常用口语词;普通表达优先用 potential。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possibility
可能性
Possibility is about whether something may happen; potentiality is about future ability. possibility 侧重发生概率;potentiality 侧重发展潜力。

词族线索 / 同组词

potential
潜力;潜在的
Potential is much more common than potentiality. potential 可作名词或形容词,常用;potentiality 是较正式名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

potential
潜力;潜在的
The student has great potential.
potentially
潜在地;可能地
The change is potentially useful.

词族导图

possible / potential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
127

oral

星标

['ɔ:rəl] · adj. · Page 83

spoken rather than written, or related to the mouth

口头的;口述的;口腔的

联想

oral 来自“口、说”的线索。最常考的是 spoken rather than written:oral English、oral test、oral presentation;健康语境里也可表示口腔的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.口头的;口述的

强调用嘴说出来,而不是写在纸上或屏幕上。

常见表达oral Englishan oral testan oral examan oral reportan oral presentationoral communication

Our oral English class gives everyone a chance to speak.

查看翻译和讲解

oral English 是英语口语,不是书面英语。

Each student gave a short oral presentation about local history.

查看翻译和讲解

oral presentation 是口头展示。

The final score includes a written test and an oral exam.

查看翻译和讲解

oral 与 written 在考试形式上相对。

oral 常与 written 对比,尤其在 test、exam、report、presentation 中。

adj.口头传承的;口述记录的

用于 story、history、tradition 等,表示靠讲述而非文字传下或记录。

常见表达oral historyoral traditionan oral storyan oral record

Many old stories were kept alive through oral tradition.

查看翻译和讲解

oral tradition 指口头传承。

The museum collected oral history from people who lived through the flood.

查看翻译和讲解

oral history 是口述历史。

这里仍然是“用口讲述”的延伸,不是医学义。

adj.口腔的

在健康、牙科或医学语境里,oral 表示与嘴或口腔有关。

常见表达oral healthoral careoral hygieneoral medicine

Brushing your teeth twice a day is important for oral health.

查看翻译和讲解

oral health 是口腔健康。

The dentist taught the children simple oral hygiene habits.

查看翻译和讲解

oral hygiene 指口腔卫生。

高考阅读中遇到 dentist、teeth、health 时,oral 多半是“口腔的”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spoken
口头的;说出来的
Spoken instructions are easier for young children to follow. spoken 是直接近义词;oral 更常出现在正式搭配如 oral exam、oral presentation。
written
书面的;写下来的
The course has both written and oral tests. written 与 oral 是最核心反义对。
verbal
言语的;口头的
The teacher gave verbal instructions before the test. verbal 可接近 oral,但还可表示“词语的、语言的”;oral 更突出嘴说或口腔。
mouth
嘴;口
Open your mouth when the dentist checks your teeth. mouth 是名词;oral 是形容词,表示口头的或口腔的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

or=口、说,-al=……的,可帮助记住 oral 是“口头的、口腔的”。不要把它扩展成复杂词源课。

orally
口头地;经口地
The instructions were given orally before the written test.

非派生记忆线索

written
书面的
Written work is handed in on paper or online.
spoken
口头的;说出的
Spoken language is often less formal than written language.
oral health
口腔健康
Good oral health starts with daily care.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

128

oval

['əuvl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 83

shaped like an egg or a stretched circle; a shape like this

椭圆形的,卵形的;椭圆形,卵形

联想

oval 的画面是“像鸡蛋或被拉长的圆”。它可作形容词修饰 table、face、mirror,也可作可数名词表示一个椭圆形。

意思、用法与例句

adj.椭圆形的;卵形的

放在名词前,说明物体、脸、镜子、窗户等呈椭圆或卵形。

常见表达an oval tablean oval facean oval mirroran oval windowoval-shaped

They sat around an oval table during the meeting.

查看翻译和讲解

oval 作形容词修饰 table。

The artist painted a girl with an oval face.

查看翻译和讲解

oval face 是椭圆脸。

Sunlight came through the small oval window.

查看翻译和讲解

oval window 指椭圆形窗户。

形容词 oval 通常放在名词前,也可用 oval-shaped 强调形状。

n. [C]椭圆形;卵形

指这种形状本身,是可数名词。

常见表达draw an ovalcut out an ovalin an ovalthe shape of an oval

Draw an oval first, and then add two small circles for the eyes.

查看翻译和讲解

an oval 是一个椭圆形。

The children cut out ovals from colored paper.

查看翻译和讲解

ovals 是 oval 的复数。

The playground is in an oval, so students can run around it easily.

查看翻译和讲解

in an oval 表示呈椭圆形。

作名词时可说 an oval / ovals,不要漏冠词或复数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

egg-shaped
蛋形的;卵形的
The lake is almost egg-shaped when seen from above. egg-shaped 更口语直观;oval 是正式形状词,也可作名词。
elliptical
椭圆的
The planet moves in an elliptical path. elliptical 更数学或正式;oval 更日常。
circle
圆;圆形
A circle is perfectly round. circle 是正圆;oval 是被拉长的圆或卵形。
circular
圆形的
The children sat in a circular group. circular 强调正圆或环形;oval 强调椭圆形。
square
正方形;方形的
The garden has a square gate. square 有直边和角;oval 没有角。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ov=egg,-al=……的,可帮助把 oval 记成“像鸡蛋一样的”。这是记忆辅助,不扩展成复杂词源课。

非派生记忆线索

egg-shaped
蛋形的;卵形的
An oval is often egg-shaped.
circle
圆;圆形
A circle is round, while an oval is longer in one direction.
ellipse
椭圆
In math, an ellipse is a more exact word for an oval shape.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

129

vital

星标

['vaitl] · adj. · Page 83

extremely important, necessary for life or success, or full of life and energy

极其重要的;充满活力的;生命的

联想

vital 的高频义是“至关重要的、必不可少的”,强度高于 ordinary important。vit=life/live 也提示它可表示生命的、充满活力的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.极其重要的;必不可少的

表示某事对结果、安全、学习、健康或成功非常关键,缺了就会严重受影响。

常见表达be vital to somethingbe vital to doing somethingbe vital for someone/somethingplay a vital rolebe of vital importanceIt is vital that...

Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.

查看翻译和讲解

be vital to doing sth. 表示对做某事至关重要。

Clean water plays a vital role in keeping people healthy.

查看翻译和讲解

play a vital role 是起关键作用。

It is vital that every student arrive on time for the exam.

查看翻译和讲解

It is vital that... 是正式强调结构。

vital 比 important 语气更强,接近 essential/crucial。

adj.生命的;维持生命所必需的

医学或生命语境中,与生命、器官、体征或生存有关。

常见表达vital signsvital organsvital functionsvital for lifevital for survival

Doctors checked the patient's vital signs after the accident.

查看翻译和讲解

vital signs 是生命体征。

The heart and the brain are vital organs.

查看翻译和讲解

vital organs 是维持生命的重要器官。

Oxygen is vital for the survival of most animals.

查看翻译和讲解

vital for survival 表示对生存必不可少。

生命相关义与 vit=life/live 线索相连。

adj.充满活力的

描述人、课堂、艺术、城市等有生命力和活力,较正式。

常见表达vital energya vital citya vital part of cultureremain vital

The new art teacher brought vital energy to the class.

查看翻译和讲解

vital energy 表示活力。

Traditional music remains a vital part of local culture.

查看翻译和讲解

vital part 既有重要也有生命力的色彩。

这个义项少于“至关重要”,但在文化、艺术、城市等语境可见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

essential
必不可少的
Water is essential for life. essential 强调不可缺少;vital 也强调关键,且可带生命/活力色彩。
crucial
关键的;至关重要的
This is a crucial moment for the team. crucial 强调决定成败的关键点;vital 强调生存、成功或结果所必需。
important
重要的
Sleep is important for health. important 范围宽、强度较弱;vital 更强。
minor
次要的;较小的
A minor detail should not change the whole plan. minor 表示次要,与 vital 的极其重要相反。
unimportant
不重要的
Do not waste time on unimportant details. unimportant 是 vital/important 的直接反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

vitality
活力;生命力
Regular exercise can give people more vitality. vitality 是名词,表示活力或生命力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

vit=life/live,-al=of。vital 的生命线索解释 vital signs、vital organs,也帮助记“对生存或成功极其重要”。

vitally
极其;至关重要地
Education is vitally important for a child's future.
vitality
活力;生命力
The city is full of vitality at night.
vitamin
维生素
Vitamin C is important for health.

非派生记忆线索

life
生命
Vital signs show whether life is in danger.
essential
必不可少的
Food and water are essential for survival.
crucial
关键的
A crucial decision can change the result.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

130

calculate

星标

['kælkjuleit] · vt. · Page 83

to find an answer with numbers, or to judge an amount by using information

计算, 核算;估计, 推测

联想

calculate 的核心是“根据数字或资料算出来”。calcul=小石头 可帮助记忆:古人用小石头计数,所以 calculate 先抓“计算”,再扩展到“估计、推算”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.计算;核算

用数字、数据或公式得出数量、费用、距离或结果。

常见表达calculate the costcalculate the distancecalculate the numbercalculate how much/manycalculate that...

Biologists calculate that there are about 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears worldwide.

查看翻译和讲解

calculate that... 表示计算出一个判断。

Before the trip, we calculated the cost of food and transport.

查看翻译和讲解

calculate the cost 是高频搭配。

The students calculated how much water the school used in one week.

查看翻译和讲解

calculate how much/many 后接疑问词从句。

calculate 比 count 更强调运算或根据数据得出结果。

vt.估计;推算

根据已有资料推算大致数量、风险或影响,不是随口猜。

常见表达calculate the riskcalculate the effectcalculate from the datacalculate roughly

The engineers calculated the risk before they repaired the bridge.

查看翻译和讲解

estimate 义仍带数据推算色彩。

From the survey, we can calculate roughly how many students ride bikes to school.

查看翻译和讲解

calculate roughly 表示粗略推算。

guess 是没有充分依据地猜;calculate 通常有数字或信息支撑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

count
数数;计数
Children count the apples, but a scientist calculates the total cost. count 侧重一个一个数;calculate 侧重计算或推算。
estimate
估计;估算
You estimate when the exact number is not known, and calculate when you use data. estimate 更强调大致估计;calculate 更强调数据推算。
guess
猜测
Do not just guess the answer; calculate it from the information. guess 可以没有依据;calculate 要有数字或信息。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculation
计算;估计
One wrong calculation can change the result. calculate 是动词;calculation 是名词。
calculator
计算器
A calculator can help you calculate faster. calculator 是工具;calculate 是动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索:calcul = 小石头,古时用小石块计数;-ate 构成动词,-ation 构成名词,-or 常指工具或执行者。

calculation
计算;估计
A rough calculation shows that we need two buses.
calculator
计算器
You may use a calculator for this problem.

词族导图

calculate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
131

calculation

· n. · Page 83

the act or result of working something out with numbers or careful judgment

计算;估计

联想

calculation 是 calculate 的名词形式,既可以指“计算过程/计算结果”,也可以指“经过推算的估计”。

意思、用法与例句

n.计算;计算结果

指用数字求结果的过程、步骤或结果。

常见表达make a calculationdo a calculationa careful calculationaccording to my calculationseveral calculations

According to my calculation, the train will arrive before noon.

查看翻译和讲解

according to my calculation 表示根据计算结果判断。

The math problem needs several careful calculations.

查看翻译和讲解

calculations 可指数学计算步骤。

calculation 是名词;calculate 是动词。

n.估计;推算

指根据信息作出的粗略判断,常与 rough/quick/careful 搭配。

常见表达a rough calculationa quick calculationa calculation of the riskby calculation

A rough calculation shows that we need at least two buses.

查看翻译和讲解

rough calculation 是粗略估算。

His calculation of the risk proved to be too low.

查看翻译和讲解

calculation of the risk 指对风险的推算。

它不是随便 guess,而是有信息基础的推算。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

estimate
估计
A rough calculation is close to an estimate, but it usually uses some numbers. estimate 可更宽泛;calculation 更有计算依据。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculate
计算;估计
You calculate first, and then you write down the calculation. calculate 是动作;calculation 是过程或结果。
calculator
计算器
A calculator can check your calculation. calculator 是工具;calculation 是计算本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

calculate + -ion/-ation -> calculation。-ation 常把动词变成表示动作、过程或结果的名词。

calculate
计算;估计
Please calculate the total cost.
calculator
计算器
The calculator is useful for long numbers.

词族导图

calculate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
132

calculator

· n. · Page 83

a small machine or app used for doing calculations

计算器

联想

calculator = calculate + -or,核心是“帮助计算的工具”。高考层面主要记计算器、手机计算器应用,不要和 computer 混用。

意思、用法与例句

n.计算器;计算工具

用于完成数学计算的小机器、网页工具或手机应用。

常见表达use a calculatora pocket calculatora calculator appwithout a calculatoran online calculator

You may use a calculator for the last three questions.

查看翻译和讲解

use a calculator 是核心搭配。

The teacher asked us to solve the first problem without a calculator.

查看翻译和讲解

without a calculator 表示不用计算器。

I opened the calculator app on my phone to check the total price.

查看翻译和讲解

现代语境中也可指手机计算器应用。

calculator 专门用于计算;computer 是更广义的电脑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

computer
电脑;计算机
A computer can do many things, but a calculator is mainly for numbers. computer 功能更广;calculator 专门用于计算。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculate
计算;估计
A calculator helps you calculate large numbers. calculator 是工具;calculate 是动作。
calculation
计算;估计
The calculator showed that the calculation was wrong. calculation 是计算过程或结果。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

calculate + -or -> calculator。-or 常表示工具或执行动作的人;本单元源义取“计算器”。

calculate
计算;估计
We calculated the distance on the map.
calculation
计算;估计
The calculation took only a few seconds.

词族导图

calculate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
133

negotiate

星标

[ni'gəuʃieit] · vi. / vt. · Page 83

to discuss terms to reach an agreement, or to get through a difficult place carefully

协商,谈判;商定,达成;顺利通过

联想

negotiate 的核心不是普通聊天,而是“为解决难题而推进”:和人谈条件、把协议谈成,也可以用技巧通过弯道、障碍或难路。

意思、用法与例句

vi.negotiate with:与人协商、谈判

双方或多方为了达成结果而讨论条件、价格、安排或解决办法。

常见表达negotiate with someonenegotiate with someone about somethingnegotiate over termsbe willing to negotiate

The workers negotiated with the company about safer working conditions.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate with sb. about sth. 表示就某事与某人协商。

The two sides are still negotiating over the price.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate over 常接 price、terms、details 等分歧点。

Parents and the school negotiated to find a fair solution.

查看翻译和讲解

to find a solution 点明谈判目的。

negotiate 比 discuss 更强调有目标、有条件交换,通常希望达成结果。

vt.negotiate an agreement:商定、谈成

直接接 agreement、deal、contract、price、terms 等,表示通过谈判把结果定下来。

常见表达negotiate an agreementnegotiate a dealnegotiate a contractnegotiate the termsnegotiate a lower price

After two days of talks, the two schools negotiated an exchange agreement.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate an agreement 是商定协议。

She negotiated a lower price for the second-hand bike.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate a price 表示议价并谈出价格。

这个及物用法强调谈判结果,不只是谈判过程。

vt.negotiate a difficult place:顺利通过

用技巧、小心或努力通过困难路段、弯道、障碍,也可引申为处理难关。

常见表达negotiate a sharp bendnegotiate a narrow roadnegotiate obstaclesnegotiate a difficult path

The driver slowed down to negotiate the sharp bend.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate a bend 是顺利通过弯道,不是和弯道谈判。

The hikers negotiated the rocky path before sunset.

查看翻译和讲解

negotiate a path 表示设法通过道路。

The team negotiated several problems before the project was finished.

查看翻译和讲解

可引申为处理、克服一系列难题。

看到 bend、path、road、obstacle 时,优先理解为“顺利通过”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discuss
讨论
We discussed the plan before we negotiated the price. discuss 范围更宽;negotiate 强调围绕条件达成结果。
bargain
讨价还价
They bargained with the seller for a better price. bargain 多用于价格或利益交换;negotiate 更正式,可用于协议、合同和政治会谈。
agreement
协议;一致
The talks ended in an agreement. agreement 是结果;negotiate 是达成结果的过程或动作。
argue
争论;争吵
They argued loudly but failed to solve the problem. argue 强调争执或提出理由;negotiate 强调为了结果而协商。
refuse
拒绝
If one side refuses to talk, they cannot negotiate. refuse to talk/discuss 与 negotiate 的协商动作相反。
manage
设法做到;应付
The driver managed to get through the narrow gate. manage 可解释 negotiate 的“设法通过”义,但 negotiate 更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

neg + oti + -ate 可辅助联想到忙于往来、进行谈判;现代学习重点是 negotiate 的真实搭配和三条义项。

negotiation
谈判;协商
The negotiation lasted for three hours.
negotiator
谈判者;协商者
A good negotiator listens carefully before speaking.
negotiable
可协商的;可商量的
The price is negotiable if you pay in cash.

非派生记忆线索

agreement
协议;一致
They reached an agreement after long talks.
settlement
解决;协议
The settlement ended the argument.
obstacle
障碍
They negotiated several obstacles on the mountain path.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

134

violate

星标

['vaiəleit] · vt. · Page 83

to break a rule, law, agreement, or principle, or to harm someone's rights or privacy

违反,违背;侵犯;亵渎

联想

violate 是正式词,核心是“越过不该越过的界限”。一类是违反 law/rule/agreement/principle,另一类是侵犯 rights/privacy/dignity;亵渎义用于 sacred place、tomb 等正式语境。

意思、用法与例句

vt.违反;违背

宾语常是 law、rule、agreement、principle、promise 等规范或承诺。

常见表达violate the lawviolate traffic rulesviolate an agreementviolate a principleviolate a promiseviolate school rules

Drivers who run red lights violate traffic rules.

查看翻译和讲解

violate traffic rules 是违反交通规则。

The factory violated the agreement by pouring dirty water into the river.

查看翻译和讲解

violate an agreement 是违反协议。

Copying another student's work violates the basic principle of honesty.

查看翻译和讲解

violate a principle 是违背原则。

violate 比 break 更正式,常见于法律、规则、协议和原则。

vt.侵犯权利、隐私或尊严

指伤害或越界对待他人的权利、隐私、自由、尊严等。

常见表达violate someone's rightsviolate human rightsviolate privacyviolate human dignityviolate personal freedom

Sharing a student's personal information online may violate his privacy.

查看翻译和讲解

violate privacy 是侵犯隐私。

The story shows how war can violate basic human rights.

查看翻译和讲解

violate human rights 是侵犯人权。

The new rule should not violate students' personal freedom.

查看翻译和讲解

violate freedom 是侵犯自由。

这里不是普通 break,而是侵犯不应被侵犯的权利或界限。

vt.亵渎;破坏神圣或受尊重之物

较正式,指破坏或不尊重神圣地点、墓地、传统等。

常见表达violate a sacred placeviolate a tombviolate a tradition

Visitors were warned not to violate the sacred place with careless behavior.

查看翻译和讲解

sacred place 语境中 violate 可译亵渎。

The villagers believed the old tomb had been violated.

查看翻译和讲解

violate a tomb 是破坏、亵渎墓地。

这个义项正式,认读即可;高频仍是违反和侵犯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break
违反;打破
He broke the school rule by using his phone in class. break 更普通;violate 更正式,常接 law、rule、agreement、rights。
go against
违背
The decision went against the spirit of the agreement. go against 更宽;violate 更正式、更强调越界。
invade
侵犯;侵入
Do not invade other people's privacy. invade 常指进入或侵犯空间/隐私;violate 可指规则和权利。
obey
遵守;服从
All drivers must obey traffic rules. obey rules/laws 与 violate rules/laws 相反。
respect
尊重;遵守
We should respect other people's privacy. respect privacy/rights 与 violate privacy/rights 相反。
protect
保护
Good laws protect human rights. protect rights 与 violate rights 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

violation
违反;侵犯
Sharing private information is a violation of trust. violation 是名词,常接 of。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

viol=暴行/暴力,-ate 构成动词。这个线索提示 violate 带有越界、伤害或破坏的正式语气。

violation
违反;侵犯;违背
The school treated cheating as a serious violation of rules.
violator
违规者;侵犯者
Repeat violators may lose the right to enter the park.

非派生记忆线索

violence
暴力
Violence often violates basic human rights.
violent
暴力的;强烈的
Violent behavior is not allowed.
privacy
隐私
Respect privacy; do not violate it.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

135

estimate

['estmət] / ['estimeit] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 83, Page 84

a rough but informed judgment of number, cost, time, or value; to make that judgment

估计, 估量;估价, 报价;估计

联想

estimate 不是随口猜,而是根据经验或信息作“大致判断”。作名词是估计值、估价、报价;作动词是估计。

意思、用法与例句

vt.估计;估量

根据已有信息大致判断数量、时间、成本、人数等。

常见表达estimate the costestimate the numberestimate how much/manyestimate that...be estimated to beestimate something at...

The police estimated the crowd at about five thousand people.

查看翻译和讲解

estimate something at... 表示估计为某数。

It is difficult to estimate how much time the repair will take.

查看翻译和讲解

estimate how much time 是估计多少时间。

The damage was estimated to be over one million yuan.

查看翻译和讲解

be estimated to be 是常见被动结构。

estimate 是有依据的大致估计,不是无根据 guess。

n. [C]估计;估量值

指估计出的数字、时间、成本或价值。

常见表达a rough estimatea careful estimatean estimate of the costmake an estimateaccording to an estimate

Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?

查看翻译和讲解

rough estimate 是粗略估计。

According to one estimate, the project will take six months.

查看翻译和讲解

according to an estimate 表示根据估计。

名词 estimate 是可数名词。

n. [C]估价;报价

商店、维修方或服务方给出的预计费用。

常见表达give an estimatesend an estimatea repair estimatea written estimate

The repair shop sent us an estimate before fixing the bike.

查看翻译和讲解

estimate 作名词可指报价。

Ask for a written estimate before you agree to the work.

查看翻译和讲解

written estimate 是书面报价。

报价义与 cost、repair、shop、work 等语境常同现。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

calculate
计算;推算
First estimate the cost roughly, then calculate it more exactly. estimate 强调大致判断;calculate 强调用数据计算。
guess
猜测
Do not just guess the number; estimate it from the information. guess 可缺少依据;estimate 通常有信息或经验支撑。
quote
报价
The repair shop quoted a price after checking the bike. quote 常指正式报价;estimate 可是预计报价。
exact
准确的;精确的
An estimate is useful when the exact number is not known. estimate 不一定精确;exact 表示准确无误。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

es=铜,tim=砍/切,-ate;“切割铜币”可辅助记住估价、估计。作为记忆辅助即可,不扩展成高难词根课。

estimation
估计;判断
The final estimation was close to the real cost.

非派生记忆线索

calculate
计算;推算
Calculate when exact data is available.
quote
报价
The shop quoted a price for the repair.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

136

stimulate

['stimjuleit] · vt. · Page 84

to make activity, interest, growth, or a body reaction become stronger

激励,激发;刺激,使兴奋

联想

stimulate 的核心是“给刺激,让反应变强”。它可以激发兴趣、讨论、经济或增长,也可以刺激大脑、感官、食欲等身体反应。

意思、用法与例句

vt.激励;激发;促进活跃

使兴趣、讨论、思考、经济、增长等变得更活跃或更强。

常见表达stimulate intereststimulate discussionstimulate thoughtstimulate growthstimulate the economystimulate creativity

A good question can stimulate students' interest in science.

查看翻译和讲解

stimulate interest 是激发兴趣。

The reading activity stimulated a lively discussion in class.

查看翻译和讲解

stimulate discussion 是激发讨论。

The new railway helped stimulate growth in the local economy.

查看翻译和讲解

stimulate growth/economy 表示促进增长或经济活跃。

stimulate 比 encourage 更强调“让某种活动或反应变强”。

vt.刺激身体、感官或反应

对大脑、感官、食欲、身体等产生刺激,使其出现反应。

常见表达stimulate the brainstimulate the sensesstimulate a reactionstimulate one's appetitestimulate the body

Bright colors can stimulate the brain and make people feel awake.

查看翻译和讲解

stimulate the brain 是刺激大脑。

The smell of food stimulated his appetite.

查看翻译和讲解

stimulate one's appetite 是刺激食欲。

Cold water can stimulate the body and make a swimmer more alert.

查看翻译和讲解

身体语境中常译为刺激。

看到 brain、senses、appetite、reaction 时,stimulate 常是“刺激、引起反应”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encourage
鼓励;促进
Teachers should encourage students to ask questions. encourage 更偏鼓励人;stimulate 可激发兴趣、增长或身体反应。
inspire
激励;启发
The story inspired many young readers. inspire 强调给人灵感或动力;stimulate 强调引发活动或反应。
motivate
激励;使有动力
Clear goals can motivate students to work harder. motivate 强调让人愿意行动;stimulate 可用于人,也可用于经济、食欲、感官。
arouse
激起;唤起
The news aroused public interest. arouse 常接 interest、curiosity、anger;stimulate 更宽,也可接 growth、brain、appetite。
discourage
使泄气;阻止
Failure should not discourage you from trying again. discourage 让人失去动力,与 stimulate 的激发相反。
calm
使平静
Soft music can calm the mind. calm 降低兴奋或反应;stimulate 提高活跃或反应。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stimul(us)=刺激物,-ate 构成动词。记忆重点是“给刺激,使变活跃/产生反应”,不要扩展成高难医学词。

stimulation
刺激;激励;促进
Children need both rest and mental stimulation.
stimulus
刺激物;推动因素
Light is a stimulus that can affect sleep.
stimulating
有启发性的;令人兴奋的
The class discussion was stimulating.

非派生记忆线索

encourage
鼓励;促进
Encourage people; stimulate interest or activity.
reaction
反应
A stimulus can cause a reaction.
appetite
食欲
The smell stimulated his appetite.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

137

immigration

[,imi'greiʃn] · n. · Page 84

the movement of people into a country to live there, or the number of such people

移民入境;移民人数

联想

immigration 是“移民入境”这件事、现象、政策或人数;immigrant 是迁入的人。im=in + migrate=move + -ion,抓住“向内迁入”的方向。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]移民入境;移民现象

指人们迁入某个国家长期生活这一过程、社会现象或相关制度。

常见表达immigration policyimmigration lawimmigration officeillegal immigrationimmigration into a country

The article discusses how immigration has changed the city's food and culture.

查看翻译和讲解

immigration 指迁入某地的现象。

New immigration laws made it easier for skilled workers to move there.

查看翻译和讲解

immigration laws 是移民法律。

Immigration into the country increased after the new jobs appeared.

查看翻译和讲解

immigration into... 强调迁入方向。

表示“移民个人”时不用 immigration,用 immigrant。

n. [U]移民人数;入境移民量

指一定时期内迁入的人数、规模或水平。

常见表达levels of immigrationimmigration increased/decreasedhigh immigrationlow immigration

Immigration increased when more jobs became available in the area.

查看翻译和讲解

immigration 可指移民人数或规模。

The report compares levels of immigration in different regions over ten years.

查看翻译和讲解

levels of immigration 是常见搭配。

这个意义仍是不可数整体概念,不是一个个 immigrant。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

emigration
移民出境;移居国外
Immigration means moving into a country; emigration means moving out of a country. im-/in 强调进入;e-/ex 强调出去。
migration
迁移;移居
Migration can describe people or animals moving from one place to another. migration 更宽泛;immigration 特指迁入某国。
settler
定居者
Some immigrants later became settlers in new towns. immigrant 强调从国外迁入;settler 强调在新地方安家。

词族线索 / 同组词

immigrant
外来移民;外侨
Immigration is the process; an immigrant is a person. immigration 是过程、现象或人数;immigrant 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

im- = in,migrate = move/迁移,-ion 把动作变成名词:immigration 表示迁入这件事、现象或人数。

immigrant
外来移民;外侨
The immigrant learned the local language quickly.

非派生记忆线索

emigration
移民出境
Emigration is the opposite direction: moving out of a country.
migration
迁移
Bird migration happens every year.

词族导图

immigration / immigrant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
138

immigrant

· n. · Page 84

a person who has come to another country to live there

(外来)移民, 外侨

联想

immigrant 是可数名词,指迁入某国生活的人。它可以作名词,也常放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等。

意思、用法与例句

n.外来移民;外侨

指从别的国家迁入并在当地生活的人。

常见表达an immigrantnew immigrantsimmigrants from...welcome/support immigrants

The town set up a language class to help new immigrants.

查看翻译和讲解

new immigrants 是新移民。

Her grandfather was an immigrant from a small island.

查看翻译和讲解

immigrant from... 表示来自某地的移民。

Local volunteers helped immigrants fill in important forms.

查看翻译和讲解

immigrant 是具体的人,可数。

immigrant 是人;immigration 是过程、现象或人数。

n. modifier移民的;移民群体相关的

放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等,表示与移民身份有关。

常见表达an immigrant familyimmigrant childrenimmigrant workersan immigrant community

The immigrant family opened a small restaurant near the school.

查看翻译和讲解

immigrant family 是移民家庭。

Many immigrant children learn two languages at home and at school.

查看翻译和讲解

immigrant 可作名词前修饰语。

这里 immigrant 仍按名词修饰语理解,不必当作常规形容词扩展。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

emigrant
移居国外者;移出者
An immigrant enters a country; an emigrant leaves a country. immigrant 看迁入目的地;emigrant 看离开原国家。
settler
定居者
An immigrant may become a settler after making a new home. immigrant 强调迁入国家;settler 强调定居。
migrant
迁移者
A migrant may move within a country or across borders. migrant 更宽泛;immigrant 特指迁入某国的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

immigration
移民入境;移民人数
Immigration can bring many immigrants to a city. immigration 是过程或现象;immigrant 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

im- = in,migr- = move/迁移;-ant 常可指执行动作的人:immigrant 是迁入的人。

immigration
移民入境;移民人数
Immigration changed the city's culture.

非派生记忆线索

emigrant
移出者
An emigrant leaves a country.
migrant
迁移者
Migrant workers may move for jobs.

词族导图

immigration / immigrant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
139

duration

[dju'reiʃn] · n. [U] · Page 84

the length of time that something lasts

持续时间

联想

duration 的重点不是“期间发生了什么”,而是“持续多久”。记住 dur=持续,-ation 把动作或状态变成名词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]持续时间;时长

表示事件从开始到结束的时间长度。

常见表达the duration of somethingfor the duration of somethingof ... durationshort/long durationthe full duration

The course is of four years' duration.

查看翻译和讲解

of four years' duration 是正式表达。

Please keep your phone off for the duration of the exam.

查看翻译和讲解

for the duration of... 表示整个……期间。

The film is short in duration but rich in detail.

查看翻译和讲解

duration 强调时间长度。

duration 强调时长,不强调活动内容。

n. [U]整个持续期间

指某活动从开始到结束的整段时间。

常见表达throughout the duration of somethingfor the whole duration of somethinglast for the duration of something

The volunteers stayed at the camp for the whole duration of the event.

查看翻译和讲解

whole duration 指完整持续期间。

The rain continued throughout the duration of the football match.

查看翻译和讲解

throughout the duration of... 是较正式表达。

避免写 during the duration of;通常用 for/throughout the duration of。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

period
一段时间;时期
The course lasts for a period of four years. period 可指一段时间或历史时期;duration 更强调持续长度。
length
长度;时长
The length of the film is about two hours. length 更普通,可指空间或时间长度;duration 专指持续时间。
last
持续
The meeting lasted for two hours. last 是动词;duration 是名词。
moment
片刻;瞬间
A moment is very short, but duration asks how long something lasts. moment 是短暂一刻;duration 是持续时间。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dur = 持续,-ation 构成名词;duration 表示持续这一动作或状态的时间长度。

durable
耐用的;持久的
Durable shoes last a long time.

非派生记忆线索

last
持续
The class lasts forty minutes.
period
一段时间
The work was finished in a short period.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

140

passion

['pæʃn] · n. [C,U] · Page 84

very strong feeling, or a strong love for an activity, subject, or cause

激情;强烈的爱好,酷爱

联想

passion 比 interest 和 like 强得多。它既可以表示强烈情感,也可以表示对某事的酷爱,核心搭配是 passion for。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]激情;强烈情感

指强烈的情绪、热情或信念,常用于演讲、行动、艺术、事业等语境。

常见表达with passionfull of passionspeak with passionshow passionbring passion to something

She spoke with passion about protecting the local river.

查看翻译和讲解

with passion 表示带着强烈情感。

The speech was full of passion and moved many listeners.

查看翻译和讲解

full of passion 表示充满激情。

A good teacher brings passion to the classroom.

查看翻译和讲解

bring passion to... 表示把热情带入某事。

作“激情、热情”整体概念时常不可数。

n. [C]强烈爱好;酷爱

指一个具体的强烈兴趣或热爱对象,常用 a passion for。

常见表达a passion for somethinghave a passion for doing somethingdevelop a passion forfollow one's passionturn a passion into a job

He has a passion for painting and spends every weekend in the art room.

查看翻译和讲解

have a passion for 后接名词或动名词。

Her passion for science began with a small experiment at home.

查看翻译和讲解

passion for science 是对科学的酷爱。

Many students hope to turn their passion into a future job.

查看翻译和讲解

turn one's passion into... 表示把热爱变成某种结果。

a passion for... 是可数用法,表示一种具体爱好。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

enthusiasm
热情;热心
Her enthusiasm for the project encouraged the whole team. enthusiasm 常指积极热情;passion 更强烈、更深。
interest
兴趣
He has an interest in music, but his real passion is painting. interest 可强可弱;passion 是强烈爱好。
love
热爱;爱
Her love of reading started when she was a child. love 更宽,可指人或事;passion 强调强烈投入。
indifference
漠不关心;冷淡
His indifference to the problem surprised his friends. indifference 是缺少兴趣或关心,与 passion 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

passionate
热情的;热爱的
She is passionate about helping younger students. passionate 是形容词,常接 about。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pass=感情,-ion 构成名词。记忆时抓住“强烈情感”,重点掌握 passion 的强烈程度和 passion for 的搭配。

passionate
热情的;热爱的
He is passionate about music.
passionately
热情地;强烈地
She spoke passionately about education.

非派生记忆线索

enthusiasm
热情
Enthusiasm is close to passion but often less intense.
interest
兴趣
Interest can grow into passion.
indifference
漠不关心
Indifference is the opposite feeling.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

141

region

['ri:dʒən] · n. · Page 84

a large area of land, or a part of the body

地区, 区域;(身体的)部位

联想

region 是可数名词,先抓“有共同特点的一大片地区”,再识别“身体某部位”。短语 in the region of... 表示“大约、在……左右”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地区;区域

指有自然、文化、行政等共同特点的一片较大区域。

常见表达a region of a countrya mountain/coastal regionin this regionregions of southern Chinain the region of...

Tea is grown in the warm, wet regions of southern China.

查看翻译和讲解

region 指较大的地理区域。

Many young people leave mountain regions to study or work in cities.

查看翻译和讲解

mountain regions 是山区。

The cost of the project is in the region of two million yuan.

查看翻译和讲解

in the region of... 是常见搭配,表示大约。

region 常比 area 更正式,也常指更大、更有共同特征的区域。

n. [C]身体部位

在医学或描述性语境中,指身体某一部位附近。

常见表达the chest regionthe stomach regionpain in the region of...the region around...

He felt pain in the stomach region after lunch.

查看翻译和讲解

stomach region 指胃部区域。

The doctor checked the region around the injured knee.

查看翻译和讲解

region 可指身体某部位周围。

身体部位义较正式,阅读中常由 doctor, pain, injury 等语境提示。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

area
区域;面积
A region is often a large area with shared features. area 更普通,可大可小;region 常指较大或有共同特点的区域。
district
地区;行政区
The city has a busy shopping district. district 常指城市、行政或功能分区;region 范围通常更大。
part
部分;部位
The doctor checked the part of his arm that hurt. 身体义中 part 更普通,region 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

regional
地区的;区域性的
A regional festival belongs to a particular region. region 是名词;regional 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

reg=统治 + -ion,可辅助理解为“统治范围、领地”。现代核心义是地区、区域。

regional
地区的;区域性的
Regional differences can be seen in food and language.

非派生记忆线索

area
区域;面积
This area is quiet at night.

词族导图

region / regional 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
142

regional

· adj. · Page 84

connected with a particular region rather than a whole country or the world

地区的

联想

regional = region + -al,表示“地区的、区域性的”。它常与 national、global、local 对比,说明范围限制在某个地区。

意思、用法与例句

adj.地区的;区域性的

说明事物属于某个地区或只影响某个区域。

常见表达regional differencesregional cultureregional developmenta regional competitionregional food

Regional differences in food make travel more interesting.

查看翻译和讲解

regional differences 是地区差异。

Our school won first prize in a regional science competition.

查看翻译和讲解

regional competition 是区域性竞赛。

The museum shows regional culture through music and clothes.

查看翻译和讲解

regional culture 是地区文化。

regional 是形容词,不能单独作“地区”这个名词用。

adj.地方性的;非全国或全球的

强调范围不覆盖全国或全球,而是限于某一地区。

常见表达regional newsregional governmentregional airportregional centerregional problems

The regional airport connects small cities with the capital.

查看翻译和讲解

regional airport 是区域机场。

The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones.

查看翻译和讲解

regional 与 national 形成范围对比。

regional 常和 local、national、global 做范围对比。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

local
当地的;地方的
Local news may cover one city; regional news may cover a wider area. local 常更小、更贴近当地;regional 范围通常更大。
national
全国的
The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones. national 覆盖全国;regional 限于某地区。
global
全球的
A regional issue may not become a global problem. global 覆盖全球;regional 限于地区。

词族线索 / 同组词

region
地区;区域
Regional culture belongs to a particular region. region 是名词;regional 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

region + -al -> regional。-al 常把名词变成形容词,表示“与……有关的”。

region
地区;区域
This region is famous for tea.

非派生记忆线索

local
当地的
Local people know the road well.
national
全国的
The team won a national prize.

词族导图

region / regional 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
143

area

· n. · Page 84

a part of a place, surface, subject, or activity

区域

联想

area 是最普通的“区域、面积、领域”词。它比 region 更宽泛,可指公园一角、占地面积,也可指学习或研究领域。

意思、用法与例句

n.区域;地区

指某个地方的一部分,范围可大可小。

常见表达a quiet areaa public areain this areathe local areaa safe area

This area of the park is quiet in the morning.

查看翻译和讲解

area 指地点的一部分。

Please keep the public area clean for other visitors.

查看翻译和讲解

public area 是公共区域。

area 是普通词;region 常更正式、更大、更有共同特征。

n.面积;范围

指一个地方、表面或图形占据的面积或范围。

常见表达cover an area of...a large/small areasurface areathe area of a room

The forest covers an area of about 300 square kilometers.

查看翻译和讲解

cover an area of... 表示占地面积为……。

Students learned how to find the area of a triangle.

查看翻译和讲解

数学中 area 可指面积。

面积义常和 numbers、square meters/kilometers 等出现。

n.方面;领域

指知识、工作、问题或活动的一个方面或领域。

常见表达an area of studyan area of interestan area of researchimprove in this area

Reading is one area where he has made great progress.

查看翻译和讲解

area 可指学习或能力方面。

Environmental protection is an important area of research.

查看翻译和讲解

area of research 是研究领域。

area 不只表示地理地点,也可表示抽象领域。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

region
地区;区域
A region is often a large area with shared weather, culture, or history. area 更普通,可大可小;region 常指有共同特征的较大地区。
place
地方
This is a quiet place to read. place 更泛指地点;area 强调一片区域或范围。
field
领域
Science is a large field of study. 抽象义中 field 更偏专业领域;area 更普通。
whole
整体;全部
This area is only one part of the whole park. area 常是一部分;whole 是整体。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

area 本身按独立高频名词处理;region 是近义辨析词,不是 area 的派生词。

非派生记忆线索

region
地区;区域
A region is often a large area with shared features.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

144

merely

星标

['miəli] · adv. · Page 84

only, and no more than that

仅仅, 只不过

联想

merely = only / just,强调“仅仅如此,没有更多”。它不表示“几乎”,所以要和 nearly、hardly 分开。

意思、用法与例句

adv.仅仅;只不过

限制范围,表示没有更多含义、更大程度或更严重结果。

常见表达merely a/an...merely becausemerely to do somethingmerely one of...

He merely shrugged and walked away.

查看翻译和讲解

merely 表示只是,动作没有更多发展。

This is merely a suggestion; you can choose another way.

查看翻译和讲解

merely a suggestion 表示仅仅是建议。

She smiled merely to be polite, not because she agreed.

查看翻译和讲解

merely to do sth. 表示仅仅为了某目的。

merely 不表示“几乎”,不要和 nearly 混淆。

adv.not merely... but...

先说“不仅仅是 A”,再强调后面的 B。

常见表达not merely... but also...not merely about...not merely a question of...

The project is not merely a school task but also a chance to help the community.

查看翻译和讲解

not merely... but also... 表示不仅仅……而且……。

The problem is not merely about money; it is about trust.

查看翻译和讲解

后半句通常是重点。

not merely 后面常接更强的 but/but also 信息。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nearly
几乎;差不多
Merely ten students means only ten; nearly ten students means almost ten. merely = only;nearly = almost。
hardly
几乎不
He merely smiled means he only smiled; he hardly smiled means he almost did not smile. merely 限制范围;hardly 带否定意义。
only
仅仅;只
This is only a plan, or merely a plan. only 更常用;merely 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

mere
仅仅的;只不过的
It was a mere mistake, not a serious problem. mere 是形容词;merely 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

mere + -ly -> merely。-ly 构成副词;nearly 和 hardly 只是同组辨析词,不是 merely 的派生词。

mere
仅仅的;只不过的
It was a mere mistake, not a serious problem.

非派生记忆线索

nearly
几乎;差不多
The work is nearly finished.
hardly
几乎不
I could hardly hear the speaker.

词族导图

merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
145

nearly

· adv. · Page 84

almost, but not completely

几乎, 差不多

联想

nearly = almost,表示“接近但还没完全达到”。它是接近肯定,不带 hardly 那种否定意义。

意思、用法与例句

adv.几乎;差不多

表示接近某个数量、时间、状态或程度,但还没有完全达到。

常见表达nearly finishednearly emptynearly two hoursnearly ten years oldnearly impossible

The library is nearly empty after the final exam.

查看翻译和讲解

nearly empty 表示几乎空了。

She spent nearly two hours preparing for the oral report.

查看翻译和讲解

nearly two hours 表示将近两小时。

The road was nearly impossible to see in the heavy snow.

查看翻译和讲解

nearly impossible 表示几乎不可能。

nearly 有“接近但未完全达到”的感觉。

adv.几乎所有或每一个

修饰 all, every, everyone, everything 等,表示数量接近全部。

常见表达nearly allnearly everynearly everyonenearly everythingnearly the whole...

Nearly all the students joined the volunteer activity.

查看翻译和讲解

nearly all 表示几乎全部。

The rain lasted for nearly the whole afternoon.

查看翻译和讲解

nearly the whole afternoon 表示将近整个下午。

nearly 不带否定意义;hardly 带否定意义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

almost
几乎;差不多
The work is nearly finished, or almost finished. almost 更通用;nearly 常强调接近但未达到。
merely
仅仅;只不过
Nearly ten people means almost ten people, not merely ten people. nearly = almost;merely = only。
hardly
几乎不
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came. nearly 接近肯定;hardly 接近否定。
completely
完全地
The room was nearly empty, not completely empty. nearly 表示未完全达到;completely 表示完全达到。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nearly 与 merely、hardly 同为 -ly 副词辨析组,但不是 merely 的真派生词。

非派生记忆线索

merely
仅仅;只不过
This is merely a suggestion.
hardly
几乎不
There was hardly any food left.

词族导图

merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
146

hardly

· adv. · Page 84

almost not, or only with great difficulty

几乎不

联想

hardly 带否定意义,表示“几乎不”。句子里已有 hardly 时,通常不要再加 not;hardly any 是几乎没有,hardly ever 是几乎从不。

意思、用法与例句

adv.几乎不;几乎没有

表示数量、程度或可能性非常小,接近 not 或 none。

常见表达can hardlycould hardlyhardly anyhardly enoughhardly possible

I could hardly hear the speaker because of the noise outside.

查看翻译和讲解

could hardly hear 表示几乎听不见。

There was hardly any food left after the picnic.

查看翻译和讲解

hardly any 表示几乎没有。

The room was so dark that we could hardly see the board.

查看翻译和讲解

hardly see 表示几乎看不见。

hardly 本身带否定意义,不说 hardly not。

adv.几乎从不;刚……就……

hardly ever 表示几乎从不;had hardly done when... 表示刚一……就……。

常见表达hardly everhardly ... whenhad hardly done when...hardly had... when...

He hardly ever eats fast food because he cares about his health.

查看翻译和讲解

hardly ever 是几乎从不。

We had hardly sat down when the bell rang.

查看翻译和讲解

had hardly done when... 表示刚……就……。

hardly...when 较正式,阅读中识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nearly
几乎;差不多
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came. nearly 接近肯定;hardly 接近否定。
merely
仅仅;只不过
Merely tired means only tired; hardly tired means almost not tired. merely 限制范围;hardly 表示否定程度。
barely
勉强;几乎不
We could barely see the road in the fog. barely 和 hardly 都可表示几乎不;barely 有勉强够到的感觉。
often
经常
He hardly ever eats fast food, but his brother often does. hardly ever 是几乎从不;often 是经常。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

hardly 与 merely、nearly 同为 -ly 副词辨析组,但不是 merely 的真派生词。hardly 的重点是 almost not。

非派生记忆线索

nearly
几乎;差不多
The library is nearly empty.
merely
仅仅;只不过
He merely shrugged.

词族导图

merely / nearly / hardly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
147

ultimately

['ʌltimətli] · adv. · Page 84

in the end, especially after a process or when giving the final reason or result

最终,最后;归根到底

联想

ultimately 来自 ultimate + -ly。它不只是 finally 的替换,还常用于总结“最终结果”或“最根本原因”:ultimately depend on、ultimately lead to、ultimately be about。

意思、用法与例句

adv.最终;最后

表示经过一段过程后出现最终结果、决定或结局。

常见表达Ultimately, ...ultimately decideultimately becomeultimately lead toultimately result inultimately succeed/fail

Ultimately, you will have to make the decision yourself.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately 放句首总结最终结果。

The team's patience ultimately led to a better solution.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately led to 表示最终带来某结果。

The plan changed many times but ultimately succeeded.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately succeeded 表示最终成功。

常用于书面总结,比 at last 更正式,也更强调结果判断。

adv.归根到底;从根本上说

用于说明最根本的原因、责任、依靠点或主题。

常见表达ultimately depend onultimately be aboutultimately be responsible forultimately a question of

Success in language learning ultimately depends on daily practice.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately depends on 是归根到底取决于。

The story is ultimately about courage and friendship.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately about 表示本质上关于。

Public safety is ultimately a question of careful planning.

查看翻译和讲解

ultimately a question of... 用于总结根本问题。

这个义项不是单纯时间顺序,而是总结本质或根本原因。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finally
最后;终于
Finally, the rain stopped and we went outside. finally 更常按时间顺序说最后一步;ultimately 更常总结最终结果或根本判断。
eventually
最终;终于
After many tries, the team eventually solved the problem. eventually 强调等了一段时间后终于发生;ultimately 强调最终结果或归根到底。
at last
终于
At last, the train arrived. at last 带等待后的如释重负;ultimately 更正式。
initially
起初;最初
Initially, the plan looked simple. initially 表示开始阶段;ultimately 表示最终阶段或最终判断。

词族线索 / 同组词

ultimate
最终的;根本的
The ultimate goal is to help students learn by themselves. ultimate 是形容词;ultimately 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ultimate = 最终的、最后的,-ly 构成副词。ultimately 常用来总结最终结果或根本原因。

ultimate
最终的;根本的
The ultimate goal is to protect the environment.

非派生记忆线索

final
最后的
The final decision came after a long discussion.
initial
最初的
The initial idea was very simple.
in the end
最终
In the end, everyone agreed.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。