第06单元 / Word List 6

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

fact

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[fækt] · n. [C] / n. [sing., U] · Page 102

a true piece of information, or the real situation rather than an idea or opinion

事实;现实;真实情况

联想

fact 是能被证据核实的真实信息;in fact 和 as a matter of fact 常用来补充或纠正前一句。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]事实

可数名词,指一条真实信息,常和 evidence、article、report、data 等语境连用。

常见表达a fact about...check the factsknow the factsbasic facts

The article gives several facts about air pollution.

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a fact about... 表示关于某事的一条事实。

Before making a decision, we need to check the facts.

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check the facts 表示核实事实。

n. [sing., U]现实;真实情况

用于概括真实情况,常见固定表达 in fact / as a matter of fact。

常见表达in factas a matter of factthe fact is that...

In fact, many students prefer reading on paper.

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in fact 用来补充真实情况。

As a matter of fact, the museum is free on Sundays.

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as a matter of fact 表示事实上/其实。

fact 不等于 opinion;fact 可核实,opinion 是看法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

factor
因素;要素
A fact is true information; a factor is something that helps cause a result. fact 是事实,factor 是影响结果的因素。
fiction
虚构;小说
The story is fiction, not a fact from history. fiction 是虚构内容,常和 fact 对比。
opinion
观点;看法
It is a fact that water freezes at zero degrees, but taste is an opinion. fact 可验证,opinion 是个人判断。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fac(t) 可作“做成的事”记忆线索;fact 是已发生或真实存在的事。

factor
因素;要素
Sleep is an important factor in memory.
factual
事实的;真实的
The report gave factual information.

非派生记忆线索

fiction
虚构;小说
Fiction is invented; facts are true.

词族导图

fact 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

factor

['fæktə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 102

one of the causes, conditions, or facts that helps produce a result

因素;要素

联想

factor 是结果背后“起作用的一部分”:睡眠、价格、天气、经验都可能是 factor。不要和 fact“事实”混用。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]因素;要素

指影响结果的原因或条件,常和 success, health, price, decision, safety 等搭配。

常见表达a key/major factora factor in...depend on several factorsconsider every factor

Sleep is an important factor in a student's memory.

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a factor in... 表示影响某结果的因素。

Price was the main factor in our final decision.

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main factor 指主要因素。

The success of the project depends on several factors.

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depend on several factors 是常见表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fact
事实
Facts may help us find the factors behind a result. fact 是事实;factor 是影响结果的因素。
cause
原因
A cause may directly produce a result; a factor is one part of the situation. factor 往往只是多个影响项之一。
result
结果
Poor sleep is a factor; low energy is the result. factor 是原因侧,result 是结果侧。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fact + -or 可记为“起作用的部分”。

fact
事实
We need facts before judging the factors.
factor in
把……考虑进去
Remember to factor in the cost of transport.

词族导图

fact 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

facilitate

[fə'siliteit] · vt. · Page 102

to make an action, process, discussion, or communication easier or smoother

促进;使便利

联想

facilitate 是正式动词,意思不是“完成/解决”,而是让一个过程更容易、更顺利。

意思、用法与例句

vt.促进;使便利

宾语常是 communication, learning, discussion, trade, process, cooperation 等过程类名词。

常见表达facilitate communicationfacilitate learningfacilitate discussionfacilitate the process

Clear signs facilitate communication between visitors and staff.

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facilitate communication 表示使交流更顺畅。

Online forms can facilitate the application process.

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facilitate the process 表示让流程更方便。

Pictures and real objects can facilitate language learning.

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facilitate learning 表示促进学习。

facilitate 是及物动词,后面直接接被促进的过程。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

facility
设施;设备;才能
Good facilities can facilitate students' learning. facility 是名词,facilitate 是动词。
help
帮助
Help is general; facilitate is more formal and often used with a process. facilitate 比 help 更正式,常用于过程。
hinder
阻碍
Poor signs hinder communication, while clear signs facilitate it. hinder 是 facilitate 的反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fac=做 + -ile=易于……的 + -ate=make,可记为“使事情更容易做”。

facility
设施;才能
Modern facilities facilitate learning.
facilitation
促进;便利化
The plan focused on trade facilitation.

词族导图

fact 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

facility

[fə'siləti] · n. [-ies] / n. [sing., U] · Page 102

a building, place, service, or piece of equipment for a purpose; also a natural ability

设备,设施;天赋,才能

联想

facility 有两条高考常见线:复数 facilities 指设施/设备;单数或不可数 facility for/with 指某方面才能。

意思、用法与例句

n. [-ies]设备;设施

常用复数 facilities,指学校、医院、运动场等提供的场所、设备或服务。

常见表达sports/medical facilitiespublic facilitiesschool facilitiesa research facility

The new sports facility will open next month.

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sports facility 指体育设施或场馆。

The village needs better medical facilities.

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medical facilities 指医疗设施。

n. [sing., U]天赋;才能

较正式,常用 facility for/with,表示做某事自然、熟练。

常见表达a facility for languagesfacility with numbershave a facility for...

She has a natural facility for languages.

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facility for languages 表示语言天赋。

His facility with numbers impressed the teacher.

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facility with numbers 表示对数字敏感、擅长。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

facilitate
促进;使便利
A good facility can facilitate training. facility 是名词,facilitate 是动词。
equipment
设备
Equipment may be machines or tools; facilities can include buildings, services, and places. facility 范围可比 equipment 更宽。
difficulty
困难
A facility for languages means languages come easily, not with great difficulty. 才能义中 facility 和 difficulty 形成语境反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

facile=easy + -ity,可记为“让事情容易进行的条件或能力”。

facilitate
促进;使便利
Good facilities facilitate learning.
facilities
设施;设备
The school has modern science facilities.

词族导图

fact 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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005

affect

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[ə'fekt] · vt. · Page 102

to influence a result, touch someone's feelings, or attack the body as an illness

影响;感动,打动;侵袭,感染

联想

affect 是动词,后面直接接被影响的人或事;effect 多作名词,表示产生的影响或结果。

意思、用法与例句

vt.影响

指改变结果、过程、学习、健康或情绪状态,宾语通常是人、事、结果或过程。

常见表达affect the resultaffect healthaffect how/what...be affected by...

Face-to-face interactions and conversations can affect the creative process.

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affect the process 表示对过程产生影响。

Lack of sleep affects how well students remember new words.

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affect how... 后接从句,说明被影响的方面。

vt.感动;侵袭

可指情感上被打动,也可指疾病侵袭身体。

常见表达deeply affect sb.be strongly affected by...be affected by disease

The story about the old volunteer deeply affected the class.

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deeply affect sb. 表示深深打动某人。

The disease mainly affects the lungs.

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疾病作主语时,affect 表示侵袭身体部位。

affect 是及物动词,不写 affect on sth.;名词“影响”常用 effect。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

effect
作用;影响;效果
The weather can affect your mood, and its effect may last all day. affect 通常是动词;effect 通常是名词,表示产生的影响或结果。
affection
喜爱;钟爱
She showed great affection for the child. affection 是名词,表示温和而稳定的喜爱,不表示“影响”。
influence
影响
Phone use can influence or affect sleep. influence 可作名词或动词;affect 在高考中主要按动词掌握。
leave unchanged
不改变
The light rain did not affect the match. affect 的反向语境是没有改变、没有产生影响。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

af-=ad-=to + fect=作用,可记为“对某人或某事产生作用”。

affection
喜爱;钟爱
The child looked at her grandmother with affection.
effect
作用;影响;效果
The new rule had a clear effect on traffic.
infection
感染;传染病
Washing the cut helps prevent infection.

非派生记忆线索

infect
感染
The virus can infect the lungs.

词族导图

affect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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006

affection

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[ə'fekʃn] · n. [U, sing.] · Page 102

a gentle and lasting feeling of love or fondness

喜爱;钟爱

联想

affection 是情感名词,重点不是“影响”,而是对人、动物或地方的温和喜爱。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U, sing.]喜爱;钟爱

多为不可数名词,常写对某人的喜爱或亲情。

常见表达show affection for...feel affection for...have affection for...with affection

The child showed great affection for her grandfather.

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show affection for... 表示流露出对某人的喜爱。

Many students remember their first school with affection.

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with affection 表示带着喜爱和温情。

affection 比 love 更温和,常用于亲情、师生情、对地方的怀念。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

affect
影响;感动;侵袭
A moving letter may affect you and fill you with affection. affect 是动词;affection 是名词,表示喜爱。
fondness
喜爱;喜欢
He spoke of his hometown with fondness and affection. fondness 与 affection 接近,语气也温和。
dislike
不喜欢
Her affection for music was clear, but her dislike of noise was just as clear. dislike 是 affection 的常见反向词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

affect + -ion 形成名词,但词义落在“被打动后的喜爱/温情”。

affect
影响;打动
The old song affected him deeply.
affectionate
充满深情的
She gave the child an affectionate smile.

词族导图

affect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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007

effect

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[i'fekt] · n. [C, U] · Page 102-103

a change, result, or influence produced by an action, event, rule, or medicine

作用;影响;效果

联想

effect 多作名词,核心是“已经产生的结果或作用”;源搭配要重点背:have an effect on、come into effect、take effect、in effect。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]作用;影响;效果

指某事造成的影响或结果,常用 on 引出被影响对象。

常见表达have an effect on...the effect of...a strong/clear effectside effect

Music can have a strong effect on mood.

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have an effect on... 表示对某事产生影响。

The new reading plan had a clear effect on students' confidence.

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clear effect 强调结果明显。

n. [C, U]生效;起作用;事实上

固定搭配中表示规则开始实施、药物开始起作用,或表示“实际上”。

常见表达come into effecttake effectbring/put...into effectin effect

The school rule will come into effect next Monday.

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come into effect 表示规则开始生效。

The painkillers took effect rapidly.

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take effect 表示药物或措施开始起作用。

That deal would create, in effect, the world's biggest airline.

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in effect 表示实际上、事实上。

effect 是名词;表示“影响某事”时通常用动词 affect。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

affect
影响;感动;侵袭
Noise may affect sleep, and the effect can be serious. affect 是动作,effect 是动作带来的结果。
cause
原因
Poor sleep may be the cause; low energy is the effect. cause 在原因侧,effect 在结果侧。
result
结果
The result of the test showed the effect of practice. result 更泛指结果;effect 强调某原因产生的影响。

词族线索 / 同组词

effective
有效的
The method is simple but effective. effective 是形容词,表示有效果的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ef-=ex-=out + fect=作用,可记为“作用显现出来的结果”。

affect
影响;打动
Sleep affects memory.
effective
有效的
The plan was effective in saving time.
side effect
副作用
The medicine has a few side effects.

非派生记忆线索

cause and effect
因果
Students discussed cause and effect in the passage.

词族导图

affect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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008

infection

[in'fekʃn] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 103

the process of germs entering the body, or an illness caused by germs

传染;感染;传染病

联想

infection 可数时指一种感染病,不可数时指感染过程;常见语境是伤口、喉咙、皮肤、传播和预防。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]感染;传染

不可数时强调被病菌感染的过程或风险。

常见表达prevent infectionrisk of infectionspread infectionprotect against infection

Clean water helps prevent infection after a cut.

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prevent infection 表示预防感染。

Crowded rooms can increase the risk of infection.

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risk of infection 表示感染风险。

n. [C]传染病;感染病

可数时指一次具体感染或一种感染病。

常见表达a throat infectiona skin infectiona serious infection

The doctor said the child had a throat infection.

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a throat infection 指喉咙感染。

The medicine helped control a serious infection.

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a serious infection 指严重感染。

infection 是名词;infect 是动词,表示使感染。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

affect
影响;侵袭
Some diseases affect the lungs and may cause infection. affect 可指疾病侵袭;infection 更具体,指感染。
health
健康
Good habits protect health and reduce infection. infection 的反向语境通常是健康、恢复或预防。
disease
疾病
An infection is one kind of disease caused by germs. disease 范围更宽,infection 强调病菌感染。

词族线索 / 同组词

infect
感染;传染
Dirty water can infect a wound. infect 是动词;infection 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in-=into + fect=作用 + -ion,可记为“病菌进入身体并产生作用”。

infect
感染;传染
The virus can infect people quickly.
infectious
传染性的
Flu can be highly infectious.

词族导图

affect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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009

perfect

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['pɜ:fikt] a.; [pə'fekt] v. · adj. / vt. · Page 103

complete and without faults; to improve something until it is very good

完美的;极好的;完全的;使完美,使改善

联想

perfect 有形容词和动词两条线:形容词重音在前,表示完美/很适合;动词重音在后,表示反复修改使更好。

意思、用法与例句

adj.完美的;极好的;完全的

形容人、计划、天气、机会或状态很好、无明显缺点,或完全符合需要。

常见表达a perfect dayperfect for...in perfect conditiona perfect public speaker

Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.

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perfect public speaker 表示完美的演讲者。

The small room was perfect for quiet reading.

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perfect for... 表示非常适合。

The old bike is still in perfect condition.

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in perfect condition 表示状态完好。

vt.使完善;使改善

动词读音重音后移,表示通过练习、修改把技能、计划、设计做得更好。

常见表达perfect a skillperfect a planperfect the designperfect one's pronunciation

The team spent weeks perfecting the robot design.

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perfect the design 表示完善设计。

She practiced daily to perfect her pronunciation.

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perfect one's pronunciation 表示改善发音。

作形容词读 ['pɜ:fikt],作动词读 [pə'fekt]。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

imperfect
不完美的;有缺点的
The plan was useful but still imperfect. imperfect 是 perfect 的直接反义词。
excellent
极好的
The weather was perfect, not just excellent, for a picnic. excellent 表示很棒;perfect 更强调无缺点或完全适合。
improve
改善;提高
Practice helps you improve and finally perfect a skill. improve 更普通;perfect 强调改到很高水平。
effect
作用;影响;效果
Practice has an effect on skill, but perfect is a different word and can be a verb. effect 与 perfect 只作 fect 词根复习,不可互换。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

per-=completely + fect=do/make,可记为“完全做好”。重音规律:形容词重音在前,动词重音在后。

imperfect
不完美的
Every first draft is imperfect.
perfection
完美
Practice does not always lead to perfection.

非派生记忆线索

effect
作用;影响;效果
Effect shares the fect memory clue but has a different meaning.

词族导图

affect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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010

fiction

['fikʃn] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 103

imagined stories or events, especially written stories

虚构的事;小说总称

联想

fiction 的核心是“虚构”。可数时可指一件虚构的事;不可数时常指小说这一类文学。science fiction 是科幻小说。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]虚构的事;编造的说法

指想象出来而非真实发生的事情。

常见表达a fictionfact and fictionpure fiction

The story about a hidden city was pure fiction.

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pure fiction 表示完全虚构。

The article mixed fact and fiction, so readers had to check details.

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fact and fiction 表示事实与虚构混在一起。

n. [U]小说总称;虚构文学

指小说、故事等虚构文学类别。

常见表达read fictionscience fictionhistorical fictiona work of fiction

Many students enjoy science fiction because it imagines future worlds.

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science fiction 表示科幻小说。

This book is a work of fiction, not a history textbook.

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a work of fiction 表示一部虚构作品。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fact
事实
A fact can be checked with evidence. fact 是可核实事实,fiction 是虚构内容。
non-fiction
纪实作品;非虚构
The library puts travel guides in the non-fiction section. non-fiction 指基于事实的信息类作品。
novel
长篇小说
The novel follows one family for thirty years. novel 是一种 fiction,但 fiction 范围更大。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fiction 是独立词;science fiction 是固定搭配,non-fiction 是常见反义类别。

fictional
虚构的
The film is set in a fictional city.
non-fiction
非虚构作品
She reads both fiction and non-fiction.

非派生记忆线索

science fiction
科幻小说
Science fiction often explores future technology.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

011

affair

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[ə'feə(r)] · n. [C] / n. [pl.] · Page 103

a matter, public business, or a private romantic relationship

事情;公共事务;暧昧关系

联想

affair 的核心是“需要处理或谈论的事情”。普通语境是事情、情况;复数 affairs 常指公共事务;私人语境中可指暧昧或婚外关系。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, usually sing.]事情;情况

指一件事、状况或需要处理的问题。

常见表达a state of affairsa private affaira serious affair

The delay created a difficult state of affairs for the team.

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a state of affairs 表示事态、情况。

This is a private affair, so please do not discuss it online.

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private affair 表示私事。

n. [pl.]公共事务;事务

affairs 常用于政府、学校、国际或公共事务。

常见表达public affairsforeign affairsstudent affairs

The report focuses on public affairs in the city.

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public affairs 表示公共事务。

The office of student affairs helped new students find housing.

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student affairs 表示学生事务。

n. [C]暧昧关系;婚外情

语境敏感,通常指秘密或不合适的恋爱关系。

常见表达a love affairhave an affair

The film tells the story of a secret love affair.

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love affair 表示恋爱关系。

The newspaper reported that the official had an affair.

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have an affair 常指婚外或秘密关系。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

matter
事情;问题
This matter needs a quick decision. matter 更普通;affair 可指状况、事务或私人关系。
business
事务;事情
Family business should stay within the family. business 可指事务,affair 更常见于 public/private affairs。
event
事件;活动
The sports day was a big event. event 强调发生的事件或活动;affair 更强调事情或事务。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

affair 是独立词,这里不强行归入词族;重点记 public/private/love affairs 的语境。

非派生记忆线索

a state of affairs
事态;情况
The new rule changed the state of affairs.
public affairs
公共事务
Students discussed public affairs in class.

词族导图

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012

direct

星标

[di'rekt, də'rekt, dai'rekt] · adj. / adv. / vt. · Page 103

straight, open, exact, or aimed at someone; to guide, aim, manage, or make a film

直接的;坦率的;精确的;径直的;指示,指导,导演

联想

direct 的核心是“不绕弯地朝某个方向去”:路线直、表达直、联系直;作动词时是把人、注意力或拍摄引向某个方向。

意思、用法与例句

adj.直接的;坦率的;径直的

表示路线不绕、关系没有中间环节,或说话清楚坦率。

常见表达a direct flight/traindirect contacta direct answera direct result

We took a direct train to the city.

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direct train 表示直达列车。

Please give me a direct answer.

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direct answer 表示直接、明确的回答。

Stress can have a direct effect on sleep.

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direct effect 表示直接影响。

adv.径直地;直接地

作副词时多用于具体移动方向,现代英语更常用 directly 表示抽象或正式的直接地。

常见表达go direct to...fly direct to...

This train goes direct to the airport.

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go direct to... 表示不换乘直达。

We flew direct from Beijing to London.

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fly direct 表示直飞。

vt.指示;指导;对准;导演

作动词时,宾语可以是人、注意力、行动、组织或电影。

常见表达direct sb. to...direct attention to...direct the workdirect a film

A volunteer directed us to the main gate.

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direct sb. to... 表示给某人指路。

The guide directed our attention to a small painting.

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direct attention to... 表示把注意力引向某处。

She hopes to direct a short film next year.

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direct a film 表示导演电影。

direct 是及物动词;不要把 direct 和 direction 的词性混用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

indirect
间接的;婉转的;迂回的
A direct route is shorter than an indirect route. indirect 是 direct 的直接反义词。
direction
方向;用法说明;指点
The signs gave us clear directions to the library. direction 是名词,direct 可作形容词、副词和动词。
directly
直接地;马上;正好
Please speak directly to the person in charge. directly 是标准副词,尤其用于抽象的直接地、立即或正好。
guide
指导;引导
The coach guided the team; the director directed the whole project. guide 更普通;direct 更强调指挥、管理或把方向定清。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

direct 可按 di-/dis- + rect 的“朝直线方向”理解;本组从“方向直”扩展到“表达直”和“指挥方向”。

direction
方向;说明
Read the directions before using the machine.
directly
直接地;马上
In the interview, Liu Mei answered the difficult question directly.
director
负责人;导演
The director made the final decision.
indirect
间接的
The plan had an indirect effect on prices.

非派生记忆线索

directory
名录;目录
A directory helps people find names or files.

词族导图

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013

direction

星标

[di'rekʃn, də'rekʃn, dai'rekʃn] · n. [C, U] / n. pl. · Page 103

the way something moves or points; instructions or guidance

方向,方位;用法说明;指点,指示

联想

direction 有两条高考线:单复数都可表示方向;复数 directions 常表示说明,under sb.'s direction 表示在某人指导下。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]方向;方位

指移动、看、发展或选择所朝的方向。

常见表达in the direction of...in all directionschange directionthe right/wrong direction

Still, do not go too far in the other direction.

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the other direction 表示另一个方向。

The children ran in all directions when the bell rang.

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in all directions 表示四面八方。

The river changes direction near the bridge.

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change direction 表示改变方向。

n. pl. / n. [U]说明;指点;指导

复数 directions 常指用法说明;不可数 direction 可指指导或管理。

常见表达follow/read the directionsunder sb.'s directiongive clear directions

Read the directions before you take the medicine.

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directions 作复数表示说明。

The experiment was done under the teacher's direction.

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under sb.'s direction 表示在某人指导下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direct
直接的;指示;指导
A direct road goes in a clear direction. direct 可作形容词或动词;direction 是名词。
instruction
说明;指令
The directions on the bottle are simple instructions. instruction 更强调具体指令;directions 可指说明或路线指引。
confusion
困惑;混乱
Clear directions reduce confusion. 没有明确方向或说明时容易产生 confusion。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

direct + -ion 形成名词,表示方向、说明或指导。

direct
直接的;指导
The coach directed the team calmly.
directional
方向的
Directional signs helped visitors find the hall.

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direct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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014

directly

[di'rektli, də'rektli, dai'rektli] · adv. · Page 103-104

without a stop or middle step; immediately; exactly in a position

直接地,径直地;立即,马上;正好,恰好

联想

directly 是标准副词:可表示直接/径直,也可表示马上,还能和 opposite/above/below 表示正好相对或正好在某处。

意思、用法与例句

adv.直接地;径直地

多指没有中间环节或不绕路,抽象语境比 direct 作副词更常见。

常见表达go directly to...speak directly to...deal directly with...

The bus goes directly to the railway station.

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go directly to... 表示直接到达。

Students can speak directly to the counselor after class.

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speak directly to... 表示直接和某人说。

adv.立即;正好

表示时间上马上,或位置上正好相对、正好在某处。

常见表达directly after...directly oppositedirectly above/below

I will call you directly after class.

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directly after... 表示紧接着、马上。

The bank is directly opposite the post office.

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directly opposite 表示正对面。

directly 多用于抽象意义的直接地;direct 作副词多用于具体路线,如 fly direct。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direct
直接的;径直地;指导
You can fly direct, but you should answer directly. direct 可作形容词、动词或具体路线副词;directly 是更标准的副词。
immediately
立即
She left directly after the meeting. directly 表示立即时接近 immediately。
indirectly
间接地
He answered indirectly instead of speaking directly. indirectly 是 directly 的反义副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

direct + -ly 形成副词,表示以直接方式、立即或正好。

direct
直接的;指导
The answer was direct and honest.
indirectly
间接地
The rule affected them indirectly.

词族导图

direct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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015

director

[di'rektə(r), də'rektə(r), dai'rektə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 104

a person who manages an organization, department, project, film, or play

董事,经理;负责人,主任,院长;导演

联想

director 是“负责定方向的人”:公司里是董事/经理,机构里是负责人,影视戏剧里是导演。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]负责人;董事;经理

指负责公司、机构、项目或部门的人。

常见表达a company directorthe director of...a project directora school director

The director of the hospital welcomed the volunteers.

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the director of... 表示某机构负责人。

A company director must make careful decisions.

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company director 表示公司董事或经理。

n. [C]导演

指负责电影、戏剧或节目创作方向的人。

常见表达a film directora stage directordirect a film

The film director asked the actors to try again.

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film director 表示电影导演。

She became the youngest director in the drama club.

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director 在戏剧社语境中表示导演或负责人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

manager
经理;管理者
A manager handles daily work; a director may set a wider direction. manager 偏日常管理;director 可指更高层负责人或导演。
assistant
助手
The assistant helped the director prepare the room. assistant 是协助者,director 是负责者。

词族线索 / 同组词

direct
指导;导演;直接的
A director directs people and work. director 来自 direct + -or,指负责指导或导演的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

direct + -or 表示“负责指导的人”。

direct
指导;导演
She directed a school play.
direction
方向;指导
The project moved under his direction.

词族导图

direct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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016

directory

[di'rektəri, də'rektəri, dai'rektəri] · n. [C] · Page 104

an organized list of names, numbers, companies, or computer files used for finding information

电话号码簿,公司名录;计算机目录

联想

directory 不是 direction 的普通同义词;它是帮助查找信息的名录或计算机目录。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]名录;电话号码簿

指按顺序整理、便于查询姓名、号码、机构或公司信息的列表。

常见表达a telephone directorya company directoryan online directory

The school directory lists every teacher's office number.

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school directory 表示学校名录。

You can find local shops in an online directory.

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online directory 表示线上名录。

n. [C]计算机目录

计算机中指保存文件或程序的位置。

常见表达a file directorysave sth. in a directoryopen a directory

Save the photos in a separate directory.

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directory 在计算机中指文件目录。

The program creates a new directory for each project.

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new directory 表示新建目录。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direction
方向;说明;指导
A directory helps you find a phone number; directions help you find a place. directory 是名录/目录,direction 是方向/说明。
direct
直接的;指导
A directory directs users to information, but it is a noun for a list. directory 和 direct 有词形线索,但词性和用法不同。
list
清单;列表
A directory is an organized list for finding information. list 范围更宽;directory 强调用于查询。
disorder
杂乱;无序
A directory brings order to names and files. directory 的反向语境是杂乱无序、难以查找。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-ory 可表示地点或集合;directory 可记为“帮助你按方向找到信息的地方/列表”。

direct
指导;指向
The sign directed us to the office.
direction
方向;说明
Follow the directions on the screen.

非派生记忆线索

index
索引
The index helps readers find topics quickly.

词族导图

direct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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017

indirect

[,ində'rekt, ,indai'rekt] · adj. · Page 104

not direct, not open, or not using the shortest way

间接的;婉转的;迂回的,绕道的

联想

indirect 是 direct 的反面:不直达、不直说、不直接产生。可用于路线、影响和表达方式。

意思、用法与例句

adj.间接的;迂回的

表示路线、联系或影响不是直接发生,而是通过中间环节。

常见表达an indirect routeindirect influencean indirect effectindirect contact

The village can be reached by an indirect route through the hills.

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indirect route 是源搭配,表示迂回路线。

The new rule had an indirect effect on small shops.

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indirect effect 表示间接影响。

adj.婉转的;不直截了当的

形容表达方式不直接,常用于 answer、way、language 等。

常见表达an indirect answeran indirect way of saying no

His words were an indirect way of refusing the invitation.

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indirect way of... 表示婉转方式。

At dinner, his quiet reply was an indirect refusal of the invitation.

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indirect refusal 表示婉转拒绝。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direct
直接的;坦率的;指示
A direct answer is clearer than an indirect answer. direct 是 indirect 的直接反义词。
roundabout
迂回的;绕道的
We took a roundabout, indirect route home. roundabout 常用于路线或表达方式。
directly
直接地;立即;正好
He spoke indirectly, but she answered directly. indirect 是形容词;directly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in-=not + direct,表示不直达、不直说。

direct
直接的;指导
The direct road is shorter.
indirectly
间接地
The change affected us indirectly.

词族导图

direct 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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018

rectangle

['rektæŋgl] · n. [C] · Page 104

a four-sided shape with four right angles

长方形,矩形

联想

rectangle 是长方形或矩形:四条边、四个直角。square 是特殊的 rectangle,因为四条边一样长;triangle 只有三条边。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]长方形;矩形

指有四个直角的四边形,通常有 length 和 width。

常见表达draw a rectanglea rectangle of papera rectangular tablelength and width

Draw a rectangle that is six centimetres long and four centimetres wide.

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rectangle 可用长和宽描述。

The classroom window is shaped like a rectangle.

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be shaped like a rectangle 表示形状像长方形。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

square
正方形
A square has four equal sides. square 是四边相等的特殊 rectangle。
triangle
三角形
A triangle has three sides. triangle 有三条边,rectangle 有四条边。
right angle
直角
Each corner of a rectangle is a right angle. four right angles 是 rectangle 的关键特征。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rect 可帮助记“直”,angle 是“角”;rectangle 的关键是 four right angles。

rectangular
长方形的;矩形的
The room has a rectangular table.

非派生记忆线索

square
正方形
A square is a special rectangle.
triangle
三角形
A triangle has three corners.

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019

ambulance

['æmbjələns] · n. [C] · Page 104

a vehicle that takes sick or injured people to hospital

救护车

联想

ambulance 是急救场景词,核心搭配是 call an ambulance 和 by ambulance;它和本组其他 amb- 词主要作记忆线索,不是可互换词族。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]救护车

可数名词,常出现在事故、急病、医院和急救语境。

常见表达call an ambulancean ambulance arrivesby ambulanceambulance driver

A passer-by called an ambulance after the traffic accident.

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call an ambulance 表示叫救护车。

The injured player was taken to hospital by ambulance.

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by ambulance 表示乘救护车送医。

The ambulance arrived within ten minutes.

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an ambulance arrives 是急救场景常见表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hospital
医院
The ambulance took the patient to the hospital. ambulance 常和 hospital 构成急救场景。
ambition
雄心;志向;目标
Ambition can move a person forward, but an ambulance moves patients. ambulance 与 ambition 只保留 amb- 走动记忆线索,词义不同。
ordinary car
普通汽车
An ambulance is not an ordinary car; it carries medical help. ambulance 的反向语境是非急救车辆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

amb(ul) 可作“走动、流动”记忆线索;ambulance 可记为流动的急救车。

ambulance driver
救护车司机
The ambulance driver kept calm on the busy road.

非派生记忆线索

ambition
雄心;志向
Ambition uses a different meaning path from ambulance.
ambiguous
含糊的;有歧义的
Ambiguous shares a memory clue, not the meaning of ambulance.

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ambulance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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020

ambition

星标

[æm'biʃn] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 104

a strong wish to succeed, or a goal someone hopes to achieve

雄心;野心;志向;抱负;追求的目标

联想

ambition 不只是“野心”,中性或褒义时常指志向、抱负;可数时指一个具体想实现的目标。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]雄心;志向;抱负

不可数时表示追求成功的动力或抱负。

常见表达have ambitionbe full of ambitiontalent and ambitionlack ambition

Talent, ambition, energy and luck helped Dickens become a distinguished writer.

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ambition 与 talent、energy 并列,表示抱负。

The young nurse was full of ambition and kindness.

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be full of ambition 表示很有抱负。

n. [C]追求的目标;夙愿

可数时指某人长期想实现的一项目标。

常见表达achieve one's ambitionan ambition to do sth.one's lifelong ambition

Her ambition is to become a doctor in her hometown.

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Her ambition is to... 表示她的目标是……。

He finally achieved his ambition of studying abroad.

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achieve one's ambition 表示实现抱负。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

goal
目标
A goal can be small; an ambition is usually a strong or long-term goal. goal 更普通;ambition 更强调强烈愿望或长期抱负。
laziness
懒散
Ambition pushes people to work; laziness holds them back. laziness 是 ambition 的反向语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

ambitious
有雄心的;目标高的
An ambitious student often has clear ambition. ambition 是名词,ambitious 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ambition 可用“四处奔走追求”的画面帮助记忆;学习重点是“志向/抱负/目标”。

ambitious
有雄心的;目标高的
The ambitious plan needs careful work.
unambitious
无雄心的;目标不高的
The plan was safe but unambitious.

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ambulance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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021

ambitious

[æm'biʃəs] · adj. · Page 104

wanting strongly to succeed; needing a lot of effort because the goal is high

有雄心的;有野心的;费力的,艰巨的

联想

ambitious 可形容人“有抱负”,也可形容 plan/project/goal “目标高、难度大”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有雄心的;有抱负的

形容人想取得成功或实现较高目标。

常见表达an ambitious studentan ambitious youthbe ambitious for...ambitious goals

The ambitious young engineer designed a cleaner bus.

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ambitious young engineer 表示有抱负的年轻工程师。

She is ambitious for her students and expects them to read widely.

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be ambitious for... 表示对某人有高期待。

adj.费力的;艰巨的;目标高的

形容计划或项目要求高、难度大。

常见表达an ambitious planan ambitious projectan ambitious target

Building a library in one year was an ambitious plan.

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ambitious plan 表示目标高、难度大的计划。

The school set an ambitious target for saving energy.

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ambitious target 表示有挑战性的目标。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

determined
坚定的
An ambitious person wants success; a determined person does not easily give up. determined 强调不放弃,ambitious 强调目标高或想成功。
unambitious
无雄心的;目标不高的
The second plan was safer but unambitious. unambitious 是直接反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

ambition
雄心;志向;目标
Ambitious people usually have strong ambition. ambitious 是形容词,ambition 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ambition + -ous 形成形容词 ambitious。

ambition
雄心;抱负
Her ambition is clear.
unambitious
无雄心的
An unambitious plan may be easy but less exciting.

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022

ambassador

[æm'bæsədə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 105

an official representative of a country, or a public representative of a sport, cause, or activity

大使;使节;代表人物

联想

ambassador 有官方和非官方两条线:国家的大使,以及某项运动、行业或公益的代表人物。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大使;使节

指代表国家在外国工作的正式外交官。

常见表达the Chinese ambassadorthe ambassador to...the ambassador from...

The Chinese ambassador gave a speech at the university.

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ambassador 可指国家正式大使。

Several students met the ambassador to learn about international work.

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the ambassador to... 表示派驻某国或面向某处的大使。

n. [C]代表人物

也可指某项运动、行业、品牌或公益活动的公开代表。

常见表达an ambassador for...a sports ambassadora cultural ambassador

The best ambassadors for the sport are the players.

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ambassador for... 表示某项运动的代表人物。

The singer became an ambassador for children's reading.

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ambassador for... 可用于公益代表。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

embassy
大使馆;使馆人员
The ambassador works at the embassy. ambassador 是人,embassy 是机构或地点。
representative
代表
An ambassador is an official or public representative. representative 范围更宽;ambassador 常带外交或公开代表身份。
minister
公使;部长
A minister may work in government or diplomacy. minister 在外交或政府语境中常指不同角色,不等于 ambassador。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ambassador 可按“两边走动、代表一方沟通的人”记忆。

embassy
大使馆;使馆人员
The embassy helped tourists with lost passports.

非派生记忆线索

representative
代表
A class representative speaks for the class.

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ambulance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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023

embassy

['embəsi] · n. [C] · Page 105

the office or building where an ambassador and staff work; the ambassador's staff

大使馆;全体使馆官员

联想

embassy 和 ambassador 配套:ambassador 是人,embassy 是大使馆这个地点/机构,也可指全体使馆人员。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大使馆;全体使馆官员

常用于旅行、护照、签证、外交或官方帮助语境。

常见表达at the embassythe British embassyembassy staffcontact the embassy

Tourists went to the embassy for help with lost passports.

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go to the embassy 表示去大使馆求助。

Embassy staff arranged the meeting with local schools.

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embassy staff 指使馆工作人员。

You should contact the embassy before applying for the visa.

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contact the embassy 表示联系大使馆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ambassador
大使;代表人物
The ambassador gave a speech at the embassy. ambassador 是人,embassy 是地点或机构。
consulate
领事馆
A consulate also helps citizens abroad, but it is not the same as an embassy. consulate 是领事馆,和 embassy 都是外交机构但级别和职能不同。
office
办公室;机构
An embassy is a special diplomatic office. office 范围很宽,embassy 是外交机构。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

embassy 与 ambassador 同线:大使工作的地点或机构。

ambassador
大使;代表人物
The ambassador works closely with embassy staff.

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024

ambiguous

[æm'bigjuəs] · adj. · Page 105

having more than one possible meaning, so that people may misunderstand it

含糊不清的;模棱两可的;引起歧义的

联想

ambiguous 重点是“可向两边理解、容易引起歧义”;比 vague 更强调多种解释。

意思、用法与例句

adj.含糊不清的;有歧义的

常形容 answer、sentence、words、meaning、message 等表达有多种可能理解。

常见表达an ambiguous answerambiguous wordsan ambiguous sentenceremain ambiguous

The last sentence is ambiguous, so readers may misunderstand it.

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ambiguous sentence 表示有歧义的句子。

His reply was deliberately ambiguous.

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deliberately ambiguous 表示故意说得模棱两可。

The notice remained ambiguous even after we read it twice.

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remain ambiguous 表示仍然不清楚、有歧义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

vague
含糊的;不具体的;朦胧的
A vague plan lacks detail; an ambiguous sentence has two possible meanings. vague 强调不具体,ambiguous 强调可有多种理解。
clear
清楚的;明确的
A clear answer is not ambiguous. clear 是 ambiguous 的常见反义词。
definite
明确的;确定的
The teacher asked for a definite answer, not an ambiguous one. definite 强调确定明确。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ambiguous 可按“游离在两边、不确定”记忆;考试中重点放在歧义和多种理解。

ambiguity
歧义;含糊
The sentence has some ambiguity.

非派生记忆线索

vague
含糊的;不具体的
A vague memory is not clear or detailed.

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025

vague

星标

[veig] · adj. · Page 105

not clear, exact, detailed, or easy to see

含糊的;不明确的;不清楚的;朦胧的

联想

vague 的核心是不清楚、不具体:想法可以 vague,记忆可以 vague,远处轮廓也可以 vague。

意思、用法与例句

adj.含糊的;不明确的

形容想法、计划、回答或说明缺少具体细节。

常见表达a vague ideaa vague memoryvague instructionsa vague answer

I had only a vague idea of where the village was.

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a vague idea 表示大概但不清楚的想法。

His answer was too vague to be useful.

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vague answer 表示回答不具体。

The instructions were vague, so we asked for more details.

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vague instructions 表示说明不明确。

adj.朦胧的;模糊的

形容远处景物或轮廓看不清。

常见表达a vague shapea vague outlinelook vague in the mist

The mountains looked vague in the morning mist.

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vague 可表示视觉上朦胧。

A vague outline of the island appeared on the horizon.

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vague outline 表示模糊轮廓。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ambiguous
含糊不清的;有歧义的
A vague instruction lacks detail; an ambiguous instruction can be read in two ways. vague 是不具体,ambiguous 是多重理解。
clear
清楚的
The plan became clear after the vague parts were rewritten. clear 是 vague 的常见反义词。
specific
具体的;明确的
Please give a specific time, not a vague promise. specific 强调具体,和 vague 形成反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

vague 与“走动、游离、不固定”的记忆线索相连;现代用法重点是“不清楚、不具体”。

vaguely
含糊地;隐约地
I vaguely remember meeting him before.
vagueness
含糊;不明确
The vagueness of the plan worried us.

非派生记忆线索

ambiguous
有歧义的
Ambiguous words can mean two different things.

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ambulance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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026

term①

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[tɜ:m] · n. [C] · Page 105

a school period, or a fixed length of time

学期;期限

联想

term① 是时间线:学校里的一个学期,或有界限的一段期限;long/short term 是高频搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]学期

学校按时间划分的一个学习阶段。

常见表达this termnext terma school termat the end of term

The new school term begins in September.

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school term 表示学校学期。

Our art club meets every Friday this term.

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this term 表示本学期。

n. [C]期限;长期/短期

指有界限的一段时间,常用于 long term / short term。

常见表达in the long termin the short terma fixed term

Regular exercise protects your health in the long term.

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in the long term 表示从长期来看。

The job is for a fixed term of six months.

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a fixed term 表示固定期限。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

term②
术语;条款
The spring term is a school period, but a scientific term is a special word. term① 讲时间;term② 讲语言术语或协议条款。
semester
学期
In some schools, a term is similar to a semester. semester 更偏正式学期制度,term 范围更宽。
terminal
期末的;终点站;终端
The terminal exam comes at the end of the term. terminal 形容终点或期末,term① 是时间段。
unlimited time
无限期
A fixed term is not unlimited time. term 强调有界限的时间。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

term / termin 可作“界限、终点”记忆线索;term① 是有界限的一段时间。

terminal
期末的;终点站
The bus terminal is the end of the route.
determine
确定;决定
Rules determine the end point of the game.

非派生记忆线索

term②
术语;条款
A technical term has a fixed meaning.

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027

terminal

['tɜ:minl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 105

at the end; a station, building, or device at the end of a route or system

期末的;末端的;疾病晚期的;终点站;终端设备

联想

terminal 的核心是“终点/末端”:期末考试、路线终点、机场航站楼、计算机终端都从这个核心展开。

意思、用法与例句

adj.期末的;末端的;晚期的

形容在终点、末端或最后阶段。

常见表达terminal examterminal pointterminal illness

The terminal exam covers the whole book.

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terminal exam 表示期末考试。

The line stops at the terminal point near the river.

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terminal point 表示终点。

The hospital cares for patients with terminal illnesses.

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terminal illness 表示晚期疾病。

n. [C]终点站;航站楼;终端设备

名词指交通路线终点或计算机终端。

常见表达airport terminalbus terminalcomputer terminalTerminal 2

Meet me at Terminal 2 after you land.

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Terminal 2 指机场二号航站楼。

The bus terminal is next to the railway station.

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bus terminal 表示公交终点站或总站。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

term①
学期;期限
A terminal exam happens near the end of a term. term① 是时间段,terminal 强调末端或终点。
initial
最初的;开始的
The initial point is the start, and the terminal point is the end. initial 是 terminal 的常见反义词。
station
车站
An airport terminal is a station building for air travel. station 范围较宽;terminal 强调路线终点或大型交通建筑。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

termin 表示界限或终点,terminal 是到达终点或末端的。

term①
学期;期限
The term ends with a terminal exam.
terminate
结束;终止
The agreement will terminate next year.

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028

determine

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[di'tɜ:min] · vt. / vi. · Page 105

to decide, discover, or make up one's mind firmly

确定;决定;查明;决心

联想

determine 有三条考试线:确定结果、查明事实、下定决心。注意 determine to do 和 be determined to do。

意思、用法与例句

vt.确定;决定;查明

宾语常是 cause、result、identity、date、factor 等需要被确定的内容。

常见表达determine the causedetermine the resultdetermine one's identitybe determined by...

The keyboard can help determine people's identities.

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determine people's identities 表示识别/确定身份。

Scientists worked to determine the cause of the fish deaths.

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determine the cause 表示查明原因。

Several factors determine the final price.

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determine the final price 表示决定最终价格。

vi. / vt.决心

表示下定决心,常用 determine to do;更常见形容词搭配是 be determined to do。

常见表达determine to do sth.be determined to do sth.be determined that...

She determined to improve her handwriting before the exam.

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determine to do sth. 表示决心做某事。

The team was determined to finish the project on time.

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be determined to do sth. 表示下定决心做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decide
决定
Decide is common; determine is more formal and can mean discover the facts. determine 比 decide 更正式,还可表示查明。
hesitate
犹豫
She did not hesitate; she determined to act. hesitate 与决心行动形成反差。
term①
学期;期限
Both words can be linked by the idea of setting a limit. determine 与 term① 只按 termin 界限线索复习,不是近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

determined
有决心的;坚定的
A determined student keeps working after mistakes. determined 是形容词,常用于 be determined to do。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 加强 + termin=界限,可记为“把界限定下来”,引申为确定、决定、决心。

determined
有决心的
She is determined to pass the exam.
determination
决心;确定
His determination impressed the coach.

非派生记忆线索

factor
因素
Several factors determine the result.

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term / terminal / determine 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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029

term②

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[tɜ:m] · n. [C] / n. pl. · Page 105

a word with a special meaning, or the conditions of an agreement

术语;条款

联想

term② 不是“学期”,而是语言和规则线:technical term 是术语,terms of an agreement 是条款,in terms of 是就……而言。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]术语

指某学科、行业或语境中有特殊含义的词。

常见表达a technical terma scientific terma medical term

Photosynthesis is a scientific term in biology.

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scientific term 表示科学术语。

The guide explained each medical term in simple English.

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medical term 表示医学术语。

n. pl.条款;条件

复数 terms 常指协议、合同或交易条件。

常见表达legal termsthe terms of an agreementon good terms

Read the terms of the agreement before you sign it.

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terms of the agreement 表示协议条款。

The two clubs are on good terms after years of cooperation.

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on good terms 表示关系良好。

phrase就……而言

固定表达 in terms of... 用来引出评价角度。

常见表达in terms of cost/time/safety

In terms of cost, the second plan is better.

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in terms of cost 表示从成本角度看。

The city has improved in terms of public transport.

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in terms of 引出评价方面。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

term①
学期;期限
A school term is a period of time; a technical term is a special word. term① 讲时间,term② 讲术语或条款。
word
词;单词
Every term is a word, but not every word is a technical term. word 范围更宽;term 有特殊领域含义。
condition
条件;条款
The terms of the agreement are its conditions. condition 可指条件;terms 常指正式协议条款。
everyday word
日常词
A technical term is different from an everyday word. 术语与普通日常词形成对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

term 的“界限”可帮助理解:术语限定含义,条款限定条件。

terminology
术语体系
Medical terminology can be difficult for beginners.

非派生记忆线索

term①
学期;期限
The same spelling can name a school period.

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term / terminal / determine 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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030

bit

星标

[bit] · n. [C] · Page 106

a small piece, amount, or part of something

一小片;一小块;部分;片段

联想

bit 是“小片/一点/片段”,高频短语很多;特别注意 not a bit = not at all,而 not a little = very。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]一点;一小片;片段

表示数量很少、物体小片或内容片段。

常见表达a bita bit of...a little bitbits and pieces

Add a bit of salt to the soup before tasting it.

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a bit of... 表示一点儿。

Maya saved bits and pieces of colored paper for the art project.

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bits and pieces 表示零碎东西。

n. [C]逐渐;短距离;固定辨析

bit by bit 表示一点点地;not a bit 和 not a little 意思相反。

常见表达bit by bitnot a bitnot a littlea bit farther

The class built the model bridge bit by bit after school.

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bit by bit 表示一点点地、逐渐地。

She said she was not a bit tired, but in fact she was not a little tired.

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not a bit = 一点也不;not a little = 非常。

not a bit 和 not a little 是本词的高价值辨析,意思不能按字面混读。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bite
咬;叮;咬伤
A bite can be remembered as taking a bit with the teeth. bit 这里是小片/一点,bite 是咬;只作记忆线索,不是同义词。
bitter
苦的;痛苦的;严寒的
A bitter taste is sharp and unpleasant, not simply a small bit. bitter 与 bit/bite 有记忆线索,现代用法要按味觉、情绪和寒冷分开。
piece
片;块
A bit is usually a small piece or amount. piece 更普通,bit 强调小。
whole
整体
A bit is only a small part, not the whole. whole 是 bit 的反向词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bit 可按“一口的量、一点点”记忆,并连接 bite 的“咬一口”画面。

bite
咬;叮;咬伤
The dog bit the rope, not the boy.
bitter
苦的;痛苦的;严寒的
The medicine tasted bitter.

非派生记忆线索

not a bit
一点也不
He was not a bit afraid.
not a little
非常
He was not a little surprised.

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bit / bite / bitter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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031

bite

星标

[bait] · v. / n. [C] · Page 106

to cut with teeth, or the mark or small amount made by biting

咬;叮;蛰;咬;咬伤,叮伤

联想

bite 可作动词也可作名词;动词变化是 bite - bit - bitten,昆虫叮咬也用 bite。

意思、用法与例句

v.咬;叮;蛰

人、动物、昆虫都可作主语;过去式 bit,过去分词 bitten。

常见表达bite into...bite sb. on...be bitten by...

The puppy bit the rope and pulled it across the room.

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bit 是 bite 的过去式。

A mosquito bit him on the ankle during the picnic.

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mosquito bite/bit 表示蚊子叮咬。

n. [C]咬;咬伤;一口

名词可指咬的动作、伤口,或咬下的一口。

常见表达a dog bitea mosquito bitetake a bite of...

A mosquito bite on his ankle became red.

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mosquito bite 表示蚊子叮的包。

She took a bite of the apple and smiled.

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take a bite of... 表示咬一口。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bit
一小片;一点;片段
A bite may leave a bit of food missing. bit 是小片/一点;bite 是咬或咬伤。
bitter
苦的;痛苦的;严寒的
The bitter medicine made him stop after one bite. bitter 不是 bite 的动作,而是味道或感受。
chew
咀嚼
Bite is one cut with teeth; chew is repeated biting to break food. bite 强调咬一下,chew 强调咀嚼。
release
松开
The dog bit the rope and would not release it. release 与咬住形成动作反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bite 可用 bit“一口的量”帮助记忆;注意 bit 也是 bite 的过去式。

bit
一小片;一点;bite 的过去式
The child ate a bit of bread.
bitten
bite 的过去分词
He was bitten by a dog.

非派生记忆线索

bitter
苦的;刺痛的
The bitter taste felt sharp.

词族导图

bit / bite / bitter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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032

bitter

['bitə(r)] · adj. · Page 106

sharp and unpleasant in taste, feeling, attitude, or coldness

刺痛的;有苦味的;痛苦的;愤愤不平的;严寒的

联想

bitter 从“刺痛/苦味”扩展到痛苦经历、怨恨情绪和严寒天气;不是 bit 的“小”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有苦味的;刺痛的

形容味道苦、感觉刺痛或令人不舒服。

常见表达bitter coffeebitter medicinea bitter taste

The medicine tasted bitter, but it helped his throat.

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bitter medicine 表示苦药。

The tea became bitter after it was boiled too long.

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bitter tea 表示茶味发苦。

adj.痛苦的;愤愤不平的;严寒的

可形容经历痛苦、心里怨恨,也可形容寒风严寒。

常见表达a bitter experiencebe bitter about...bitter colda bitter wind

Losing the final was a bitter experience for the team.

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bitter experience 表示痛苦经历。

A bitter wind blew across the playground at dawn.

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bitter wind 表示刺骨寒风。

He was bitter about missing the last train.

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be bitter about... 表示对某事愤愤不平。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sweet
甜的;愉快的
The first drink was sweet, but the second tasted bitter. sweet 是味觉上 bitter 的反义词,也可作情感反差。
bite
咬;叮;咬伤
A bitter taste can feel sharp, but bite is an action. bite 是动作,bitter 是形容味道、感受或寒冷。
painful
痛苦的
A bitter experience is a painful experience. painful 更普通,bitter 常带失败、怨恨或苦涩感。
pleasant
令人愉快的
The trip was pleasant, not bitter. pleasant 与 bitter 的情绪义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bitter 可用 bite 的刺痛感帮助记忆,但现代用法要覆盖苦味、痛苦、怨恨和严寒。

bitterness
苦味;怨恨
There was bitterness in his voice.
bitterly
痛苦地;强烈地
She was bitterly disappointed.

非派生记忆线索

bite
咬;叮
A bite can leave a sharp pain.

词族导图

bit / bite / bitter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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033

went

[went] · v. · Page 106

the past tense of go

go 的过去式

联想

went 是 go 的不规则过去式,学习重点是过去时间里的“去、进行、结果如何”。它和 vent 词根组只作记忆对照,不是现代派生词。

意思、用法与例句

v.go 的过去式

表示过去去了某地、回家、事情进展或继续发生。

常见表达went to...went homewent wellwent on

We went to the science museum last Friday.

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went to... 表示过去去了某地。

The interview went better than I expected.

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went better/well 表示进展如何。

After lunch, the discussion went on for another hour.

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went on 表示继续进行。

went 是 go 的过去式,不要按规则加 -ed。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

go
去;进行
They go there every week, but they went there yesterday. went 是 go 的过去式。
event
事件;活动;比赛项目
An event is something that happens; went is simply the past of go. went 与 event 只保留 vent 记忆线索,现代用法完全不同。
stayed
停留;留下
She went to the library, but her brother stayed at home. went 表示离开或去某处,stayed 表示停留。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

went 本身按 go 的不规则过去式掌握;went 与 vent 可作为词形记忆对照。

go
去;进行
We go to the library on Fridays.
gone
go 的过去分词
The train has gone.

非派生记忆线索

event
发生的事情;活动
The school event went well.
convention
大会;惯例
People came together at the convention.

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034

convention

[kən'venʃn] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 106

a large formal meeting, an agreement, or an accepted custom

大会;会议;协定,公约;习俗,惯例

联想

convention 有三条线:人聚到一起开大会;国家或组织达成公约;社会形成惯例。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大会;会议

指大型、正式、有主题的会议。

常见表达a national conventiona medical conventionattend a convention

Doctors from many countries attended the medical convention.

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attend a convention 表示参加大会。

The city will host a national convention next summer.

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host a convention 表示举办大会。

n. [C]协定;公约

指国家、组织之间形成的正式协议。

常见表达an international conventionsign a conventiona convention on...

Several countries signed an international convention on climate protection.

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international convention 表示国际公约。

The convention on children's rights is taught in many schools.

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convention on... 表示关于某主题的公约。

n. [C, U]习俗;惯例

指人们通常接受的做法或社会规则。

常见表达by conventionsocial conventionfollow convention

By convention, the oldest member speaks first.

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by convention 表示按照惯例。

In some cultures, shaking hands is a social convention.

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social convention 表示社会习俗。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

custom
习俗;惯例
A custom is a usual practice; a convention can be a custom, meeting, or agreement. custom 主要是习俗,convention 还可指大会或公约。
innovation
创新
Innovation breaks from convention. 习俗义中 convention 与 innovation 构成反差。

词族线索 / 同组词

conventional
传统的;常规的;符合习俗的
Conventional methods often follow old conventions. convention 是名词,conventional 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con-=together + vent=come,可记为“人们走到一起”,引申为大会、共同协议和惯例。

conventional
传统的;常规的
The machine uses conventional methods.
conventionally
按惯例地
The story is conventionally told in the past tense.

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035

conventional

星标

[kən'venʃənl] · adj. · Page 106

traditional, usual, and following accepted ways

传统的;常规的;符合习俗的;因循守旧的

联想

conventional 来自 convention,意思是按惯例、传统或常规来的;语境不同可中性,也可带“缺少新意”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.传统的;常规的

形容方法、观点、治疗、生活方式等按通常做法。

常见表达conventional wisdomconventional methodsconventional medicinea conventional view

The factory still uses conventional methods to make paper.

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conventional methods 表示传统/常规方法。

Conventional wisdom says that practice improves memory.

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conventional wisdom 表示普遍看法。

adj.符合习俗的;因循守旧的

可形容人、设计或观点过于遵从习俗,缺少新意。

常见表达a conventional designtoo conventionalless conventional

Her dress was simple but less conventional than the others.

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less conventional 表示不那么传统。

The ending of the story felt too conventional.

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too conventional 可表示太套路、缺少新意。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

traditional
传统的
Conventional methods are often traditional methods. traditional 与 conventional 接近。
unconventional
非传统的;不按惯例的
His solution was unconventional but effective. unconventional 是 conventional 的直接反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

convention
大会;公约;惯例
Conventional rules usually come from social convention. convention 是名词,conventional 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

convention + -al 形成形容词 conventional。

convention
习俗;大会;公约
The meeting followed convention.
unconventional
非传统的
The team tried an unconventional method.

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036

event

星标

[i'vent] · n. [C] · Page 106

something that happens, especially an important activity, public occasion, or competition item

发生的事情,大事;比赛项目;公开活动,社交场合

联想

event 比 thing 更正式:可以是发生的大事、学校活动,也可以是运动会的比赛项目。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]事件;大事;公开活动

指发生的事情,尤其是重要活动或公开场合。

常见表达a major eventa school eventa public eventthe main event

The school art festival is the biggest event of the month.

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school event 表示学校活动。

The heavy rain was the main event of the weekend trip.

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main event 表示最主要的事情。

n. [C]比赛项目

体育比赛中指一个单项项目。

常见表达a sports eventthe first eventan Olympic event

The 100-metre race was the first event of the afternoon.

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event 在运动会中表示比赛项目。

Table tennis became a popular event at the school games.

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popular event 表示受欢迎的比赛项目。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

happening
发生的事
An event is usually more important or organized than a simple happening. happening 更口语、更泛;event 更正式。
routine
日常惯例
The award ceremony was an event, not part of the daily routine. event 常指值得注意的事,routine 是日常惯例。

词族线索 / 同组词

eventually
最后;最终;终于
After many small events, the team eventually won. event 是名词,eventually 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

e-/ex-=out + vent=come,可记为“事情发生、显现出来”。

eventually
最后;终于
The plan eventually worked.
eventful
多事的;充满事件的
It was an eventful year for the school.

非派生记忆线索

prevent
阻止;防止
Good rules prevent dangerous events.

词族导图

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037

eventually

星标

[i'ventʃuəli] · adv. · Page 107

in the end, after a period of time, effort, or delay

最后;最终;终于

联想

eventually 表示经过过程之后“最终”。它不是 possibly,也不是“偶然地”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.最后;终于

强调经过一段时间、努力、等待或曲折之后出现结果。

常见表达eventually becomeeventually findeventually succeedeventually lead to...

After several wrong turns, we eventually found the hotel.

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eventually found 表示最后终于找到。

The small club eventually became a national organization.

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eventually became 表示经过发展后最终成为。

Careless habits can eventually lead to serious problems.

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eventually lead to... 表示最终导致。

eventually 不表示“可能地”,不要和 possibly 混。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finally
最后;终于
After hours of work, they finally finished the model. finally 与 eventually 接近。
at first
起初
At first they failed, but eventually they succeeded. at first 是开始阶段,eventually 是最终结果。
possibly
可能地
The outdoor concert may possibly move indoors, but the festival will eventually take place. possibly 表示可能,eventually 表示最终。

词族线索 / 同组词

event
事件;活动;比赛项目
The event was delayed, but it eventually started. event 是名词,eventually 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

event + -ual + -ly 形成副词 eventually,表示事情发展到最后。

event
事件;活动
The event lasted three days.
eventual
最终的
The eventual result surprised everyone.

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038

intervention

[,intə'venʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 107

action taken to become involved in a situation in order to change it

干涉;干预;介入

联想

intervention 是“进入中间介入”:可以是政府、医疗、教育或国际关系中的干预。语气可中性,也可带负面。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]干预;介入

指主动进入某个局面,试图改变结果。

常见表达government interventionearly interventionmedical interventioninternational intervention

Early intervention helped the child learn to read.

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early intervention 表示早期干预。

The conflict ended after international intervention.

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international intervention 表示国际干预。

Medical intervention may be needed if the fever continues.

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medical intervention 表示医疗干预。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

interfere
干涉;妨碍
Intervention can be helpful, but interference is often unwanted. intervention 可中性或积极;interference 常偏负面。
noninterference
不干涉
The policy of noninterference avoided direct intervention. noninterference 是不干涉。
event
事件;活动
An intervention may change the course of an event. intervention 与 event 共享 vent 记忆线索,但不是现代同义词。
prevent
阻止;防止
Early intervention can prevent bigger problems. 干预有时是为了 prevent 某种问题。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inter-=between + vent=come + -ion,可记为“来到中间介入”。

intervene
介入;干预
Teachers intervened before the argument grew worse.
interventional
干预性的
Interventional treatment was discussed.

非派生记忆线索

prevent
阻止;防止
Some intervention is meant to prevent harm.

词族导图

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039

invent

星标

[in'vent] · vt. · Page 107

to create something new, or to make up a story or excuse

发明;创造;捏造,编造

联想

invent 有两条线:创造本来没有的新东西;也可以表示编造借口或故事。不要和 discover“发现已存在的东西”混。

意思、用法与例句

vt.发明;创造

宾语常是 machine、tool、method、game、system 等新东西或新方法。

常见表达invent a machineinvent a toolinvent a methodinvent a game

Students invented a simple tool for collecting leaves.

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invent a tool 表示发明工具。

Who invented the telephone?

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invent the telephone 表示发明电话。

The club invented a new game for the school fair.

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invent a game 表示创造新游戏。

vt.捏造;编造

宾语常是 excuse、story、reason 等不存在或不真实的说法。

常见表达invent an excuseinvent a storyinvent a reason

He invented an excuse for being late.

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invent an excuse 表示编造借口。

The child invented a story about a lost robot.

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invent a story 表示编故事。

invent 是创造或编造;discover 是发现已经存在的东西。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discover
发现
Scientists discover facts about nature, but engineers invent new machines. discover 是发现已存在的东西;invent 是创造新东西。
copy
复制;模仿
To invent is to create, not simply copy. copy 与 invent 的创造义形成反差。

词族线索 / 同组词

invention
发明;发明物;创意;虚构故事
The invention of paper changed communication. invent 是动词,invention 是名词。
inventor
发明者;发明家
An inventor often spends years testing ideas. inventor 是发明的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in-=in + vent=come 可作记忆线索;学习重点是“创造出来”或“编出来”。

invention
发明;发明物
The invention won a science prize.
inventor
发明者
The young inventor tested the machine many times.
inventive
有创造力的
The team found an inventive solution.

非派生记忆线索

discover
发现
They discovered water under the ground.

词族导图

invent / invention / inventor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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040

invention

[in'venʃn] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 107

the act of inventing, a new thing created, or a story that has been made up

发明;创造;发明物;创意;虚构的故事

联想

invention 是 invent 的名词:不可数时是发明/创造这个过程,可数时是发明物;也可表示编造出来的说法。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]发明;创造

不可数时指发明这一行为或过程。

常见表达the invention of...human inventiona spirit of invention

The invention of paper changed human communication.

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the invention of... 表示……的发明。

Necessity often drives invention in daily life.

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invention 作不可数名词表示创造活动。

n. [C]发明物;创意

可数时指某个新发明、新装置或新想法。

常见表达a useful inventionan important inventiona new invention

The safety lamp was an important invention for miners.

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important invention 表示重要发明物。

Her water-saving bottle was a useful invention.

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useful invention 表示有用的发明。

n. [C, U]虚构;编造的故事

可表示不是事实、编出来的话。

常见表达a pure inventiona complete invention

His excuse was a pure invention.

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pure invention 表示纯属编造。

The strange story was a complete invention.

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complete invention 表示完全虚构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

innovation
创新;新方法
An invention may become an innovation when people start using it widely. innovation 更强调被采用的新做法或创新。
discovery
发现
A discovery finds something already there; an invention creates something new. discovery 是发现,invention 是发明。
copy
复制品;模仿
The design was an invention, not a copy. copy 与 invention 的原创性相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

invent
发明;创造;编造
The students invented a tool, and their invention worked well. invent 是动词,invention 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

invent + -ion 形成名词 invention。

invent
发明;编造
They invented a safer backpack.
inventor
发明者
The inventor explained the design.
inventive
有创造力的
The solution was simple and inventive.

词族导图

invent / invention / inventor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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041

inventor

[in'ventə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 107

a person who creates a new machine, method, or idea

发明者;发明家;创造者

联想

inventor = invent + -or,指做出发明的人;常见结构是 the inventor of...。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]发明者;发明家

指创造新机器、新方法或新想法的人。

常见表达a famous inventora young inventorthe inventor of...an inventor's idea

The young inventor built a robot that waters plants.

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young inventor 表示年轻发明者。

The inventor of the device later became a science teacher.

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the inventor of... 表示……的发明者。

A good inventor keeps testing an idea after failure.

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inventor 常和 idea、test、design 等语境连用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

creator
创造者
A creator may make art or stories; an inventor usually creates a new device or method. creator 范围更宽,inventor 更偏发明。
imitator
模仿者
An inventor creates; an imitator copies. imitator 与 inventor 的原创性相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

invent
发明;创造;编造
An inventor invents new things. inventor 是人,invent 是动作。
invention
发明;发明物
The inventor showed his invention to the class. invention 是发明或发明物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

invent + -or 表示“发明的人”。

invent
发明;创造
The team invented a low-cost filter.
invention
发明物
Their invention helped clean water.
inventive
有创造力的
Inventive students often ask practical questions.

词族导图

invent / invention / inventor 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

prevent

星标

[pri'vent] · vt. · Page 107

to stop something from happening or stop someone from doing something

阻止;防止;阻碍;阻挠

联想

prevent 是及物动词,核心结构是 prevent sth. 和 prevent sb./sth. from doing。from 在主动句中常见,不能漏掉意思。

意思、用法与例句

vt.阻止;防止

宾语可以是事故、疾病、损失、风险或某人做某事。

常见表达prevent accidentsprevent diseaseprevent damageprevent...from doing sth.

Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.

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prevent disqualification 表示防止被取消资格。

A helmet can prevent a rider from serious head injuries.

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prevent sb. from... 表示阻止/防止某人遭遇某事。

Washing hands helps prevent the spread of disease.

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prevent the spread of disease 表示防止疾病传播。

常见结构是 prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.;被动结构中 from 通常保留。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stop
停止;阻止
Stop is general; prevent often means stop something before it happens. prevent 强调事前防止。
allow
允许
Rules prevent dangerous behavior; permission allows safe activities. allow 是 prevent 的反义方向。
avoid
避免
You avoid mistakes yourself; rules can prevent mistakes from happening. avoid 常是主动避开,prevent 可表示外力防止。
event
事件;活动
Safety rules prevent dangerous events. prevent 与 event 共享 vent 线索,但 prevent 是动词“阻止”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pre-=before + vent=come,可记为“事先到前面挡住”,引申为阻止、防止。

prevention
预防;防止
Disease prevention starts with clean water.
preventive
预防性的
Preventive action can save time.

非派生记忆线索

intervention
干预;介入
Early intervention can prevent harm.

词族导图

went 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

convenient

星标

[kən'vi:niənt] · adj. · Page 107

easy to use, reach, or do; suitable for a person or purpose

方便的;便利的;近便的

联想

convenient 形容时间、地点、方法或安排方便,不直接拿人作主语。正确说法是 It is convenient for you 或 The time is convenient for you。

意思、用法与例句

adj.方便的;便利的

主语通常是 time、place、method、arrangement、it 等,不是人。

常见表达be convenient for sb.a convenient time/placeIt is convenient to do sth.at a convenient time

Is Friday afternoon a convenient time for the meeting?

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a convenient time for... 表示对某事方便的时间。

It is convenient to book tickets online.

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It is convenient to do sth. 是常见结构。

The new app is convenient for students who borrow books often.

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be convenient for sb. 表示对某人方便。

不要说 Are you convenient? 要说 Is it convenient for you?

adj.近便的;附近的

可表示地点离某处近、容易到达。

常见表达convenient to/for...conveniently located

The library is convenient for students who live nearby.

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convenient for... 可表示对某人来说地点方便。

The hotel is convenient to the railway station.

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convenient to... 可表示离某地近。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

inconvenient
不方便的
The early bus is inconvenient for students who live far away. inconvenient 是 convenient 的直接反义词。
suitable
合适的
A convenient time is usually a suitable time, but convenient stresses ease. suitable 强调合适,convenient 强调省事、方便。

词族线索 / 同组词

convenience
便利;方便;便利设施
For convenience, the list is arranged by topic. convenient 是形容词,convenience 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ven(i)=come,可记为“条件来到一起,所以方便”。

convenience
便利;便利设施
Online payment adds convenience.
inconvenient
不方便的
The late time was inconvenient for parents.
conveniently
方便地;近便地
The station is conveniently located near the school.

词族导图

convenient / convenience 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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044

convenience

星标

[kən'vi:niəns] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 107

the quality of being easy or useful; something that makes life easier

便利;方便;便利措施,便利设施

联想

convenience 是名词:不可数时指方便,复数 conveniences 常指让生活更方便的设施。at your convenience 是礼貌表达。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]便利;方便

指容易、省事、有用的状态或特点。

常见表达for convenienceat your conveniencethe convenience of...

For convenience, the list is arranged by topic.

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for convenience 表示为了方便。

Please reply at your convenience.

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at your convenience 是礼貌表达,表示在你方便时。

Many people enjoy the convenience of online shopping.

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the convenience of... 表示……的便利。

n. [C]便利设施;便利措施

可数时指让生活更方便的设备、服务或安排,常用复数。

常见表达modern conveniencespublic convenienceshousehold conveniences

The hotel offers many modern conveniences.

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modern conveniences 表示现代便利设施。

Better signs are a simple convenience for visitors.

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a convenience 指一项便利措施。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

inconvenience
不便;麻烦
The delay caused great inconvenience to passengers. inconvenience 是 convenience 的反义名词。
facility
设施;设备
A convenience makes life easier; a facility may be a building, service, or piece of equipment. facility 偏设施服务,convenience 强调带来的方便。

词族线索 / 同组词

convenient
方便的;便利的
Online forms are convenient and add convenience. convenient 是形容词,convenience 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

convenient + -ence 形成名词 convenience。

convenient
方便的;便利的
The online form is convenient.
inconvenience
不便;麻烦
Sorry for the inconvenience.
conveniently
方便地;近便地
The shop is conveniently located.

词族导图

convenient / convenience 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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045

venue

['venju:] · n. [C] · Page 107

the place where an event, meeting, concert, or competition is held

举办地点;会场

联想

venue 是活动发生的地点,常用于会议、比赛、演出、婚礼等正式或半正式活动。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]举办地点;会场

指活动、会议、比赛或演出的举办场所。

常见表达a concert venuea conference venuethe venue for...change/choose the venue

The school gym will be the venue for the speech contest.

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the venue for... 表示某活动的举办地点。

Because of the rain, they changed the venue to the indoor hall.

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change the venue 表示更换会场。

The museum is a popular venue for small concerts.

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a venue for... 表示举办某类活动的场地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

avenue
林荫道;大街;途径
A venue is a place for an event; an avenue is a road or a way to reach a goal. venue 是会场,avenue 是道路或途径,只保留 venu/come 记忆线索。
site
地点;场地
The site of the festival became a new music venue. site 更泛,venue 专指活动举办地。
location
位置;地点
A good venue needs a convenient location. location 强调位置,venue 强调用于活动。
no fixed place
没有固定地点
The online meeting had no fixed venue. venue 需要一个举办地点;线上或流动活动可能没有固定会场。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

venu=come,可记为“大家来到的活动地点”。

非派生记忆线索

avenue
林荫道;途径
A tree-lined avenue led to the concert venue.
event
活动;事件
Every event needs a suitable venue.

词族导图

venue / avenue 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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046

avenue

星标

['ævənju:] · n. [C] · Page 107

a wide road, often with trees, or a way of achieving something

林荫道;大街;途径,手段

联想

avenue 有具体和抽象两条线:具体是林荫道/大街;抽象是达成目标的一条途径。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]林荫道;大街

指宽阔道路,常有树,也可作街名,Avenue 大写时常见于路名。

常见表达a tree-lined avenueFifth Avenuewalk along the avenue

We walked along a quiet avenue after dinner.

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walk along the avenue 表示沿着林荫道走。

The museum stands on Fifth Avenue.

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Avenue 大写时常用于街名。

n. [C]途径;手段

抽象义表示实现目标、解决问题或理解世界的一种方式。

常见表达an avenue for...an avenue to...explore every avenue

Reading gives students another avenue for understanding the world.

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an avenue for... 表示……的途径。

The team explored every avenue before giving up.

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explore every avenue 表示尝试所有途径。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

venue
举办地点;会场
The avenue outside the venue was crowded after the concert. avenue 是道路或途径,venue 是活动地点。
road
道路
An avenue is usually a wide road, often with trees or an important name. road 范围更宽,avenue 更具体。
way
方式;道路
Education is an avenue, or a way, to a better life. way 更普通,avenue 作抽象义时更正式。
dead end
死胡同;无出路
The plan opened a new avenue instead of leading to a dead end. 抽象义中 avenue 与 dead end 形成反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

a-=to + venue/venu=come,可记为“通向某处的路”,再引申为途径。

非派生记忆线索

venue
会场;举办地点
The avenue leads to the venue.
way
方式;途径
Avenue can mean a formal way to do something.

词族导图

venue / avenue 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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047

head

星标

[hed] · n. [C, U] / vt. / vi. · Page 108

the top body part, the mind, a leader or front part; to lead, top, head a ball, or move toward

头,头部;头脑;领导人,负责人;前端;主管;位于顶部;朝……行进

联想

head 的核心是“最上、最前、负责”。从身体的头,扩展到头脑、负责人、前端;作动词时表示主管、位于顶部、用头顶球或朝某处行进。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]头;头脑

指身体头部,也可引申为头脑、脑筋。

常见表达shake/nod one's headuse one's headkeep a cool head

Mina nodded her head when she understood the rule.

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nod one's head 表示点头。

You need to use your head before choosing an answer.

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use one's head 表示动脑筋。

n. [C, U]领导人;负责人;前端;头数

指组织或队伍最前、最高或负责的位置,也可用于牲畜头数。

常见表达the head of...at the head of...a head of cattle

The head of the club announced a new reading plan.

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the head of... 表示……的负责人。

A small bridge stands at the head of the valley.

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at the head of... 可表示在前端或源头。

vt. / vi.主管;位于顶部;用头顶;朝……行进

作动词时可表示领导项目、列在首位、用头顶球或朝某处走。

常见表达head a team/projecthead the listhead the ballhead for...

Ms. Chen will head the school reading project this year.

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head a project 表示主管项目。

We headed for the station after lunch.

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head for... 表示朝……前进。

The striker headed the ball into the goal.

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head the ball 表示用头顶球。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ahead
在前面;向前;领先
Go straight ahead, and the library will be on your left. ahead 是副词,表示在前面或向前;head 是名词或动词。
overhead
在头顶上的;在空中
The overhead lights were turned off after the meeting. overhead 表示在头顶上方。
leader
领导者
The head of a group is often its leader. leader 对应 head 的负责人义,不覆盖头部或动词义。
tail
尾部;末端
The head of the line moved first, and the tail followed. head 可与 tail 构成前后反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

head 先从身体部位理解,再扩展为“最上/最前/负责”。

ahead
在前面;向前
The road ahead is narrow.
overhead
在头顶上的;在空中
A plane passed overhead.
headline
新闻标题
The headline summarized the story.
headmaster
男校长
The headmaster welcomed the guests.
headmistress
女校长
The headmistress opened the meeting.

非派生记忆线索

head teacher
校长;英式英语
The head teacher spoke to the whole school.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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048

ahead

星标

[ə'hed] · adv. · Page 108

in front, forward, earlier, or in a better position

在前面;向前;领先;提前

联想

ahead 是副词,既可以指路上“往前”,也可以指时间上“提前”、比赛学习中“领先”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.在前面;向前

用于指路或位置,常见 straight ahead。

常见表达straight aheadlook aheadgo ahead

Go straight ahead and walk about three blocks.

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straight ahead 表示一直往前。

The road ahead was covered with fallen leaves.

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ahead 可表示前方。

adv.领先;提前;取得进步

ahead of 可表示在……前面、领先或早于;get ahead 表示取得进步。

常见表达ahead of...get aheadplan aheadahead of time

Our class is two lessons ahead of the other class.

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ahead of... 表示领先于。

Careful students plan ahead before the exam week.

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plan ahead 表示提前计划。

She worked hard to get ahead in science.

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get ahead 表示取得进步或成功。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

head
头;负责人;朝……行进
Use your head before you rush ahead. ahead 是副词,head 是名词或动词。
behind
在后面;落后
Our team was ahead by ten points, but theirs was behind. behind 是 ahead 的反方向。
forward
向前
Walk forward and keep looking ahead. forward 强调方向,ahead 也可表示领先或提前。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

a- + head,可记为“在头的前面”。

head
头;前端;负责人
The head of the line moved slowly.

非派生记忆线索

behind
在后面;落后
The runners behind tried to catch up.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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049

overhead

['əuvəhed] a.; [,əuvə'hed] ad. · adj. / adv. · Page 108

above your head, high in the air, or fixed above

在头顶上的;高架的;在空中,在头顶上方

联想

overhead = over + head,作形容词放在名词前,如 overhead lights;作副词常放在动词后,如 flew overhead。

意思、用法与例句

adj.头顶上的;高架的

放在名词前,形容灯、线、桥等位于上方。

常见表达overhead lightsoverhead wiresan overhead bridge

The overhead lights made the reading room bright.

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overhead lights 表示头顶上的灯。

Workers repaired the overhead wires after the storm.

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overhead wires 表示架空电线。

adv.在空中;在头顶上方

作副词时常修饰 fly、pass、hang 等动作或状态。

常见表达fly overheadpass overheadhang overhead

A plane flew overhead during the match.

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fly overhead 表示从头顶飞过。

Dark clouds hung overhead before the rain began.

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hang overhead 表示悬在头顶上方。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

head
头;负责人;朝……行进
The fan above his head was overhead. overhead 由 over + head 构成,表示位置。
below
在下面
The wires were overhead, and the road was below. below 是 overhead 的空间反向。
above
在……上方
The light above the desk was overhead. above 与 overhead 接近。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

over-=在……上 + head,直接表示在头上方。

head
头;头部
Rain fell on his head.
overhead projector
投影仪
The old classroom still had an overhead projector.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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050

headline

['hedlain] · n. [C] / n. pl. · Page 108

the title of a news story, or the main points of the news

大字标题;新闻提要

联想

headline 是新闻最上方最醒目的标题;复数 headlines 还可指新闻提要。make headlines 表示成为新闻焦点。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大字标题

指报纸、网页或新闻报道的醒目标题。

常见表达a newspaper headlineread the headlinewrite a headline

The headline caught my eye before I read the article.

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headline 表示新闻大标题。

A clear headline helps readers understand the story quickly.

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headline 是文章或新闻的醒目标题。

n. pl.新闻提要;新闻焦点

headlines 可指主要新闻;make headlines 表示上新闻、成为关注点。

常见表达today's headlinesmake headlineshit the headlines

The victory made headlines across the country.

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make headlines 表示成为新闻焦点。

Today's headlines focused on the new railway line.

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today's headlines 表示今日新闻提要。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

head
头;前端;负责人
A headline sits at the head of a news story. headline = head + line,词义是标题,不是身体部位。
title
标题
A headline is a title for a news story. title 范围更宽,headline 常用于新闻。
body text
正文
The headline is short, but the body text gives details. headline 与正文形成位置和功能反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

head + line,可记为“放在新闻最上方的一行”。

head
前端;顶部
The title sits at the head of the page.
headline news
头条新闻
The story became headline news overnight.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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051

headmaster

[,hed'mɑ:stə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 108

a male head teacher or principal, especially in British English

男校长;校长

联想

headmaster 是英式英语中常见的“男校长/校长”。现代语境也常用 principal 或 head teacher。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]男校长;校长

英式英语中常用,指学校负责人;性别不明确或现代正式表达可用 head teacher/principal。

常见表达the headmaster of...ask the headmasterthe headmaster's office

The headmaster welcomed new students in the school hall.

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headmaster 表示校长,常见于英式英语。

Parents met the headmaster after the ceremony.

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meet the headmaster 表示见校长。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

headmistress
女校长
The headmaster and headmistress both led schools in different years. headmaster 偏男校长,headmistress 偏女校长。
head teacher
校长;英式英语
In modern British English, head teacher can be used for the school leader. head teacher 更中性。
principal
校长
Principal is common in American English. principal 常见于美式英语或更中性的学校负责人称呼。
student
学生
The headmaster spoke to the students. 学生是被管理者,headmaster 是学校负责人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

head + master,字面是“学校里居首负责的人”。

head
负责人;领导
The head of the school made the decision.
headmistress
女校长
The headmistress gave a speech.
head teacher
校长
The head teacher wrote to parents.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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052

headmistress

[,hed'mistres] · n. [C] · Page 108

a female head teacher or principal, especially in British English

女校长

联想

headmistress 与 headmaster 对应,强调女性校长;现代更中性的说法可用 head teacher 或 principal。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]女校长

英式英语中指女性校长或学校负责人。

常见表达the headmistress of...the headmistress's officemeet the headmistress

The headmistress spoke about reading habits at assembly.

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headmistress 表示女校长。

My grandmother once worked as a headmistress in a village school.

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work as a headmistress 表示担任女校长。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

headmaster
男校长;校长
The headmistress wrote the letter after the former headmaster retired. headmaster 偏男校长,headmistress 偏女校长。
head teacher
校长;英式英语
Head teacher is often used as a gender-neutral term. head teacher 更中性。
principal
校长
The principal welcomed the visitors. principal 是更通用、更中性的校长表达。
student
学生
The students listened while the headmistress spoke. 学生与校长角色相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

head + mistress,字面是“学校里居首负责的女性”。

head
负责人;领导
The head of the school made the decision.
headmaster
男校长;校长
The headmaster greeted parents.
head teacher
校长
The head teacher led the meeting.

词族导图

head 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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053

head teacher

[,hed 'ti:tʃə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 108

the teacher who is in charge of a school, especially in British English

校长(英式英语)

联想

head teacher 字面是“处在学校负责人位置的老师”,英式英语中常指校长。它比 headmaster/headmistress 更中性,和 principal 都可表示学校负责人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]校长;学校负责人

英式英语中常用,指负责管理学校的教师。

常见表达the head teachermeet the head teacherhead teacher's officehead teacher's message

The head teacher welcomed the new students at the gate.

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the head teacher 表示校长。

A message from the head teacher was printed in the school newsletter.

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head teacher's message 表示校长寄语或通知。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

principal
校长
The principal spoke at the school meeting. principal 在美式英语和国际语境中常见;head teacher 更英式。
headmaster
男校长;校长
The headmaster announced the exam rules. headmaster 带传统和性别色彩;head teacher 更中性。
headmistress
女校长
The headmistress visited the class. headmistress 指女性校长;head teacher 不标性别。

词族线索 / 同组词

head
负责人;头部
She is the head of the music club. head teacher 中 head 表示负责人位置。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

head teacher 是 head + teacher 的复合短语;head 在这里表示负责人。

head
负责人;头部
He is head of the team.
teacher
教师
The teacher explained the rule.

非派生记忆线索

principal
校长
The principal met the parents.
headmaster/headmistress
校长称呼
Head teacher is a more neutral school-leader term.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

054

beat

星标

[bi:t] · v. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 108

to hit repeatedly, make a regular movement, defeat someone, or form a heart or music rhythm

敲打;跳动;打败;心跳;节拍

联想

beat 的核心是“一下一下地打或跳”。它可以表示敲打、心脏跳动、比赛中打败对手,也可以作名词表示心跳或音乐节拍。

意思、用法与例句

v.敲打;连续打击

指雨、鼓声、手等反复打在某物上;beat back/down 是识别型短语。

常见表达beat against...beat the drumbeat backbeat down

Rain beat against the classroom windows during the exam.

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beat against... 表示连续敲打。

The soldiers beat back the attack before morning.

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beat back 表示击退。

v.跳动

常用 heart beats 表示心脏跳动。

常见表达heart beatsbeat fastbeat wildly

Her heart beat fast before she gave the speech.

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heart beat fast 表示心跳加快。

The doctor checked whether the patient's heart was beating normally.

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be beating 表示正在跳动。

vt.打败;战胜

比赛或竞争中 beat 后直接接对手。

常见表达beat a teambeat sb. by two pointsbeat the record

Our team beat the visitors by two points.

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beat the visitors 表示打败客队。

Lina beat the school record in the 800-metre race.

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beat the record 表示打破纪录。

n. [C]心跳;节拍

作名词时表示一次心跳或音乐节拍。

常见表达a heart beata steady beatdance to the beat

The song has a strong beat that is easy to follow.

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a strong beat 表示强烈节拍。

The nurse listened carefully to each beat of the baby's heart.

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each beat of the heart 表示每一次心跳。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

defeat
打败;战胜
They defeated a strong team in the final. defeat 比 beat 更正式;beat 在比赛中更口语、更常见。
lose
输掉;失败
We beat them last week, but we lost this week. beat an opponent 与 lose to an opponent 相反。
rhythm
节奏;韵律
The dancers moved with the rhythm of the drums. rhythm 对应 beat 的音乐节拍义。
bat①
球棒;球拍
He hit the ball with a wooden bat. bat① 是击球工具,与 beat 只保留击打画面和形近记忆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

beat 可从“反复击打”联想到打败、心跳和节拍。

bat①
球棒;球拍
She picked up a cricket bat.
battery
电池;炮组
The battery needs recharging.
battle
战斗;斗争
The battle lasted three days.
debate
辩论;讨论
The class held a debate on uniforms.

非派生记忆线索

beat back
击退
The guards beat back the crowd.
beat down
打倒;晒得很强烈
The hot sun beat down on the field.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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055

bat①

[bæt] · n. [C] · Page 108

a stick or flat tool used to hit a ball in games such as baseball or cricket

球棒;球拍;球板

联想

bat① 是运动器具,重点搭配是 baseball bat、cricket bat、swing a bat。它和 bat② 同形不同义,和 beat 只是击打画面相连。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]球棒;球拍;球板

用于棒球、板球、乒乓球等语境,指击球工具。

常见表达a baseball bata cricket batswing a bathold a bat

He swung the baseball bat and hit the ball far.

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baseball bat 表示棒球球棒。

The young player chose a lighter cricket bat.

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cricket bat 表示板球球板。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

racket
球拍
She bought a new tennis racket yesterday. racket 多用于网球、羽毛球等;bat 多用于棒球、板球、乒乓球等。
ball
A bat is used to hit a ball in several sports. ball 是 bat 击打的对象,不是反义词。
bat②
蝙蝠
A bat flew above the field after sunset. bat① 是球具,bat② 是动物,同形不同义。
beat
敲打;打败
The player used the bat to beat the ball across the field. bat① 可帮助记 beat 的击打画面,但不是 beat 的派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bat① 与 beat 只保留击打画面和形近记忆。

beat
敲打;打败
Our team beat theirs by one point.

非派生记忆线索

bat②
蝙蝠
A bat is also a night-flying animal.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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056

bat②

[bæt] · n. [C] · Page 108

a small flying mammal that is usually active at night

蝙蝠

联想

bat② 是动物“蝙蝠”,与 bat① 同形不同义。学习时用 flying mammal、at night、in a cave 锁定语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]蝙蝠

指夜间活动、能飞的哺乳动物。

常见表达a bat fliesat nightin a cavea flying mammal

A bat flew out of the cave at sunset.

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bat② 表示蝙蝠。

Bats can find insects in the dark.

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bats 是复数,表示蝙蝠。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flying mammal
会飞的哺乳动物
A bat is a flying mammal, not a bird. flying mammal 可帮助准确识别 bat②。
bird
A bat has wings like a bird, but it is a mammal. bird 是易混类别,不是 bat② 的反义词。
bat①
球棒;球拍
He put the bat back in the sports bag. bat① 是运动器具,bat② 是动物。
night
夜晚
Many bats hunt at night. night 是 bat② 的常见语境线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bat② 与 bat① 同形不同义,不能按同一个意思记。

bat①
球棒;球拍
The bat broke during the game.

非派生记忆线索

mammal
哺乳动物
A bat is a mammal that can fly.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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057

battery

['bætri] · n. [C] · Page 108-109

a device or group of cells that stores electricity, or a group of guns

电池组;电池;排炮,炮组

联想

battery 的高频义是“电池/电池组”,重点搭配是 car battery、phone battery、recharge a battery。炮组义只需识别,不要压过常用电池义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]电池;电池组

为车、手机、设备供电的装置。

常见表达a car batteryphone batteryrecharge a batterythe battery runs down

My car battery has run down; it needs recharging.

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run down 表示电池没电。

Please charge the phone battery before the trip.

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phone battery 表示手机电池。

n. [C]排炮;炮组

较少见,指一组炮或火炮阵地,考试中主要识别。

常见表达a battery of gunsan artillery battery

A battery of guns stood behind the old wall.

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a battery of guns 表示一组炮。

The report described an artillery battery near the river.

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artillery battery 表示炮兵连或炮组。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cell
电池;电芯
A small cell powered the clock. cell 可指单个电池或电芯;battery 可指电池组或常见电池。
recharge
给……再充电
You need to recharge the battery tonight. recharge 是 battery 的高频动作搭配。
charger
充电器
I left my charger at home, so the battery died. charger 是给 battery 充电的工具,不是反义词。
power
电力;供电
The battery provides power for the radio. power 是 battery 的功能语境。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bat(t)=打击的记忆线索只帮助识别炮组义;高频学习仍应回到电池义。

beat
敲打;打败
The rain beat against the roof.

非派生记忆线索

recharge
再充电
Recharge the battery before it runs out.
a battery of guns
一组炮
A battery of guns fired from the hill.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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058

battle

['bætl] · n. [C, U] · Page 109

a fight in war, a hard struggle, or a serious competition or argument

战斗,战役;斗争,奋斗;竞争,争论

联想

battle 从真实战斗扩展到抽象斗争和竞争争论。注意 win/lose a battle、in battle、a battle against/for...。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]战斗;战役

战争中的战斗或战役,可数或不可数。

常见表达in battlego into battlewin/lose a battle

Many soldiers were wounded in battle.

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in battle 表示在战斗中。

The army won the battle after a long night.

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win a battle 表示打赢一场仗。

n. [C, usually sing.]斗争;奋斗

常用于 a battle against/for... 表示与困难作斗争或为目标奋斗。

常见表达a battle against...a battle for...fight a battle

She faced a long battle against illness.

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a battle against illness 表示与疾病斗争。

The villagers began a battle for cleaner water.

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a battle for... 表示为……奋斗。

n. [C]竞争;争论

可指激烈竞争或争论。

常见表达a battle between...a battle over...a close battle

The two teams fought a close battle for first place.

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a close battle 表示激烈竞争。

There was a battle over how to spend the money.

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a battle over... 可指争论。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

war
战争
A war may include many battles. war 是更大的战争,battle 是其中一场战斗或一场斗争。
fight
打斗;斗争
The fight ended quickly. fight 范围更宽,可正式可日常;battle 更强调艰苦或规模。
peace
和平
After the battle, people hoped for peace. peace 与 battle 的战争义相反。
struggle
奋斗;斗争
Her struggle against illness lasted two years. struggle 对应 battle 的抽象斗争义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

battle 可从 beat 的打击画面联想到战斗,但现代用法以名词搭配为主。

beat
打败
They beat us in the final.
debate
辩论
The debate became very heated.

非派生记忆线索

war
战争
A war can contain several battles.
peace
和平
People wanted peace after years of battle.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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059

debate

星标

[di'beit] · v. / n. [C, U] · Page 109

to discuss a question seriously from different sides, or the discussion itself

辩论,讨论,争论

联想

debate 是带不同观点的认真讨论,可作动词也可作名词。重点搭配是 debate sth. with sb. 和 a debate on/about/over...。

意思、用法与例句

v.辩论;讨论;争论

作动词时常直接接议题,也可用 with sb. 表示与某人辩论。

常见表达debate sth.debate sth. with sb.debate whether/how...

Students debated the rule with their teacher after class.

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debate sth. with sb. 表示与某人辩论某事。

The committee debated whether to build a new library.

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debate whether... 表示讨论是否……。

n. [C, U]辩论;讨论;争论

作名词时常用 a debate on/about/over...;heated debate 表示激烈辩论。

常见表达a debate on/about/over...a heated debatehold a debate

The discussion turned into a heated debate.

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heated debate 表示激烈辩论。

Our class held a debate about school uniforms.

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hold a debate 表示举行辩论。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discuss
讨论
We discussed the plan for half an hour. discuss 可中性讨论;debate 更强调不同观点的交锋。
argument
争论;争吵
The argument became too personal. argument 可偏情绪化争吵;debate 更正式、更有组织。
agreement
一致;同意
After a long debate, the group finally reached agreement. agreement 是 debate 之后可能达成的一致。
battle
战斗;争论
The public debate became a political battle. battle 可比喻激烈争斗,debate 更强调语言和观点。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 加强 + bate,可用“唇枪舌剑”帮助记忆,但不要把它当作普通 fight。

battle
战斗;争论
The argument became a battle over money.
beat
打败
One side tried to beat the other in the debate.

非派生记忆线索

heated debate
激烈辩论
The proposal caused a heated debate.

词族导图

beat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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060

clear①

星标

[kliə(r)] · adj. / vt. / vi. · Page 109

easy to see or understand, not blocked or dirty; to remove something or become bright

清楚的;明亮的;明显的;清澈的;晴朗的;清除;变晴

联想

clear① 的核心是“没有遮挡、没有混乱”。所以它可表示看得清、听得懂、明显、清澈、晴朗,也可作动词表示清除或天气放晴。

意思、用法与例句

adj.清楚的;明显的;易懂的

形容答案、说明、证据、想法等没有模糊之处。

常见表达a clear answerclear instructionsIt is clear that...make sth. clear

The teacher gave a clear explanation of the rule.

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clear explanation 表示清楚的解释。

It is clear that more practice is needed.

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It is clear that... 表示很明显……。

Please make your meaning clear before the discussion starts.

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make sth. clear 表示把某事讲清楚。

adj.明亮的;清澈的;晴朗的;头脑清醒的

形容光线、水、天空或头脑没有遮挡、浑浊或混乱。

常见表达clear watera clear skya clear mindclear eyes

The water was so clear that we could see the stones.

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clear water 表示清澈的水。

After a short walk, she returned with a clearer mind.

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a clear mind 表示头脑清醒。

We went hiking on a clear spring morning.

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clear morning 表示晴朗的早晨。

vt. / vi.清除;清扫;变晴;变清楚

作动词时可表示移走障碍或杂物;clear up 还可表示天气放晴或问题被整理清楚。

常见表达clear the tableclear away...clear out...clear up

Please clear the plates from the table after dinner.

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clear sth. from... 表示把某物清走。

Volunteers helped clear away the fallen branches.

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clear away 表示清除掉。

The sky cleared up before the match began.

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clear up 可表示天气放晴。

clear up 既可讲天气,也可讲整理、解释清楚,需看语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unclear
不清楚的;不明确的
The instructions were unclear, so many students asked questions. unclear 是 clear 的直接反义词。
cloudy
多云的;浑浊的;不清楚的
The sky was cloudy in the morning but clear in the afternoon. 天气或水的语境中 cloudy 与 clear 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

clearly
清楚地;明显地
The sign clearly shows the way to the exit. clear 是形容词/动词,clearly 是副词。
clarify
澄清;阐明
The teacher clarified the task by giving an example. clarify 是 make clear 的动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

clar(e)=clear,是本组的核心记忆线索。

clearly
清楚地;明显地
She spoke clearly in the interview.
clarify
澄清;阐明
The note clarified the rule.

非派生记忆线索

declare
正式宣布;申报
The school declared the result.
declaration
声明;宣言;申报
The declaration was read aloud.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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061

clear②

[kliə(r)] · adv. · Page 109

away from something, without touching it or getting involved

不靠近;不接触;远离

联想

clear② 是副词,常在 keep/stay/stand clear of 中表示离危险、麻烦或运动物体远一点。

意思、用法与例句

adv.远离;不接触

常和 keep、stay、stand 连用,后接 of 表示避开对象。

常见表达keep clear of...stay clear of...stand clearwell clear of...

Keep clear of the broken glass on the floor.

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keep clear of... 表示避开、不要靠近。

Passengers must stand clear of the doors.

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stand clear of... 常见于安全提醒。

She stayed clear of the argument and kept working.

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stay clear of... 可表示避开麻烦。

clear② 不等于 clearly;它强调距离或避开接触。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

away from
远离
Move away from the edge of the platform. away from 可解释 clear② 的距离感。
avoid
避开;避免
Try to avoid unnecessary arguments. stay clear of trouble 与 avoid trouble 意思接近。
close to
靠近
Stand clear of the machine, not close to it. clear② 表示远离,close to 表示靠近。
clear①
清楚的;清除
The sky is clear, but keep clear of the road work. clear① 是形容词/动词,clear② 是副词短语用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

clear② 可理解为“留出空隙,所以不接触”。

clear①
清楚的;清除
The sign was clear.

非派生记忆线索

stay clear of
避开
Stay clear of deep water.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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062

clearly

['kliəli] · adv. · Page 109

in a clear way, or in a way that is easy to see, hear, understand, or believe

清楚地;清晰地;明白地;明显地

联想

clearly 是 clear 的副词:一条线是方式清楚,如 speak clearly;另一条线是判断明显,如 clearly show。

意思、用法与例句

adv.清楚地;清晰地

修饰 speak、see、write、explain 等动作,表示表达或感知清楚。

常见表达speak clearlysee clearlywrite clearlyexplain clearly

Please speak clearly so the whole class can hear you.

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speak clearly 表示说得清楚。

The map was printed clearly on the first page.

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printed clearly 表示印得清晰。

adv.明显地;显然

修饰 show、be、need、understand 等,表示事实或判断很明显。

常见表达clearly showclearly needclearly wrongclearly understand

The results clearly show the need for more practice.

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clearly show 表示清楚表明。

He was clearly tired after the long trip.

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clearly 可表示显然。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plainly
清楚地;明显地
The rule was plainly stated at the beginning. plainly 与 clearly 接近。
vaguely
模糊地;含糊地
The witness described the man's face vaguely, so the police needed more details. vaguely 是 clearly 的反义方向。
obviously
明显地
Obviously, the plan needs more time. obviously 更偏说话人判断,clearly 可偏视觉、听觉或逻辑清楚。

词族线索 / 同组词

clear①
清楚的;清除
A clear sign can clearly show the way. clear 是形容词/动词,clearly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

clear + -ly 形成副词 clearly。

clear①
清楚的
The answer is clear.
clarify
澄清;阐明
The example clarified the point.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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063

clarify

星标

['klærəfai] · vt. · Page 109

to make something clearer and easier to understand

澄清;阐明;说明

联想

clarify = make clear,常用于把问题、规则、意思、立场或细节讲明白。

意思、用法与例句

vt.澄清;阐明

宾语常是 question、rule、meaning、point、situation、position 等信息。

常见表达clarify a questionclarify the rulesclarify one's meaningclarify the situation

You can clarify this question by studying British history.

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clarify a question 表示阐明问题。

The teacher clarified the difference between the two words.

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clarify the difference 表示讲清区别。

Please clarify your meaning before we vote.

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clarify one's meaning 表示说明自己的意思。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clear up
解释清楚;整理清楚
The teacher cleared up our doubts with one example. clear up 在问题/疑惑语境中接近 clarify。
explain
解释
She explained the rule in simple words. explain 更普通,clarify 强调把原本模糊之处讲清。
confuse
使困惑
The extra details confused the readers instead of clarifying the point. confuse 与 clarify 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

clear①
清楚的;清除
A diagram can make a difficult idea clear. clarify 的核心就是 make clear。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

clar(e)=clear + -ify=make,clarify 就是 make clear。

clear①
清楚的
The answer is clear now.
clearly
清楚地;明显地
She explained the plan clearly.

非派生记忆线索

declare
正式宣布;申报
The company declared its decision.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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064

declare

星标

[di'kleə(r)] · vt. · Page 110

to announce something officially or state it clearly, or to report goods or income

宣布;宣告;公布;申报

联想

declare 是把事情正式说出来:可以宣布决定、宣战、表态赞成/反对,也可以在海关或税务语境中申报。

意思、用法与例句

vt.宣布;宣告;公布

常用于正式决定、结果、状态或战争。

常见表达declare a resultdeclare sb./sth. + adj./n.declare war on...declare for/against

The judge declared the game over after the heavy rain.

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declare sth. over 表示宣布某事结束。

The school declared Monday a holiday after the sports meeting.

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declare + 宾语 + 名词 表示宣布为……。

The country declared war on its neighbor.

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declare war on... 表示对……宣战。

vt.申报

在海关、税务等语境中表示申报物品、收入等。

常见表达declare goodsdeclare incomedeclare sth. at customs

Travellers must declare expensive goods at customs.

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declare goods at customs 表示在海关申报物品。

Workers are required to declare their income honestly.

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declare income 表示申报收入。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

announce
宣布;通知
They announced the exam date on Friday. announce 更普通;declare 更正式,常带官方或明确表态。
deny
否认
He declared his support, but others denied any connection. declare 是公开说明,deny 是否认。
clarify
澄清;阐明
The notice clarified the rule but did not declare a new policy. declare 与 clarify 都有 clare/clear 线索,但 declare 更正式公开,clarify 是讲清楚。

词族线索 / 同组词

declaration
声明;宣言;申报
The leader made a public declaration. declare 是动词,declaration 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 加强 + clare=clear,可记为“把话说清楚并正式公开”。

declaration
声明;宣言;申报
The declaration was signed by all members.

非派生记忆线索

clarify
澄清;阐明
The example clarified the rule.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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065

declaration

[,deklə'reiʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 110

an official statement, a formal announcement, or the act of reporting goods or income

声明;宣言;申报

联想

declaration 是 declare 的名词,常有正式色彩:public declaration、declaration of war、customs declaration 都很常见。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]声明;宣言

指正式公开的书面或口头声明。

常见表达a public declarationa formal declarationmake/sign a declarationa declaration of war

The students signed a declaration to protect the river.

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sign a declaration 表示签署声明。

The declaration of war shocked the whole country.

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declaration of war 表示宣战声明。

Her public declaration of support encouraged the team.

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public declaration 表示公开声明。

n. [C, U]申报

海关或税务语境中指申报表、申报内容或申报行为。

常见表达a customs declarationtax declarationfill in a declaration

Please fill in the customs declaration before landing.

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customs declaration 表示海关申报表。

A false declaration may lead to a fine.

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false declaration 表示虚假申报。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

statement
声明;陈述
The school made a short statement after the meeting. statement 更普通,declaration 更正式。
announcement
公告;宣布
The announcement was posted on the school website. announcement 偏通知,declaration 偏正式声明或宣言。
denial
否认
His declaration of support was followed by a denial from another member. denial 是否认,与 declaration 的公开声明方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

declare
宣布;申报
Passengers must declare certain goods at customs. declare 是动词,declaration 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

declare + -ation 形成名词 declaration。

declare
宣布;申报
The final score was declared at noon.

非派生记忆线索

customs declaration
海关申报
The customs declaration must be accurate.

词族导图

clear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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066

voice

星标

[vɔis] · n. [C, U] / vt. · Page 110

the sound a person makes when speaking, the right to express opinions, a grammar form, or to express an opinion

说话声,嗓音;发言权;语态;表达

联想

voice 先是人的声音,再扩展为“表达意见的权利”;语法中还指主动/被动语态。作动词时常表示正式表达担忧、意见或反对。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]说话声;嗓音

指人发出的说话声或歌声,不等于所有 sound,也通常不是刺耳 noise。

常见表达raise/lower one's voicein a quiet voicea familiar voicelose one's voice

The physics teacher had to raise his voice over the noise outside.

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raise one's voice 表示提高嗓门。

I recognized my sister's voice on the phone.

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recognize one's voice 表示听出某人的声音。

She spoke in a calm voice during the interview.

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in a calm voice 表示用平静的声音。

noise 常指不悦耳的声音;sound 泛指声音;voice 常指人的嗓音或说话声。

n. [sing.]发言权;表达意见的权利

常用于 have a voice / give sb. a voice,强调能表达意见并被听见。

常见表达have a voicegive sb. a voicea voice in...make one's voice heard

Students should have a voice in school activities.

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have a voice in... 表示在某事上有发言权。

The survey gave parents a voice in the new policy.

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give sb. a voice 表示让某人能表达意见。

n. [sing.]语态

语法中指 active voice 和 passive voice。

常见表达active voicepassive voicechange into the passive voice

In the passive voice, the receiver of the action becomes the subject.

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passive voice 表示被动语态。

Use the active voice when you want a direct sentence.

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active voice 表示主动语态。

vt.表达;说出

后接 concern、opinion、support、doubt 等,语气比 say 更正式。

常见表达voice concernvoice an opinionvoice supportvoice doubt

Several parents voiced concern about road safety.

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voice concern 表示表达担忧。

The young speaker voiced her opinion clearly.

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voice an opinion 表示表达意见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sound
声音
Sound travels more slowly than light. sound 泛指一切声音;voice 多指人的声音。
noise
噪音;嘈杂声
The noise outside made it hard to hear the teacher's voice. noise 常是不悦耳、干扰人的声音。
silence
沉默;寂静
After a long silence, one student raised his voice. silence 与 voice 的表达/声音语境相反。
advocate
支持;提倡;支持者
An advocate gives a voice to people who are often ignored. advocate 与 voice 共享 voc/call 记忆线索,但词性和用法不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

voice 可联系 voc=voice/call,用来记与发声、表达有关的词。

advocate
支持;提倡;支持者
She advocates better public transport.

非派生记忆线索

active voice
主动语态
The active voice is direct.
passive voice
被动语态
The passive voice focuses on the receiver.

词族导图

voice / advocate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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067

advocate

星标

['ædvəkeit] v.; ['ædvəkət] n. · vt. / n. [C] · Page 110

to publicly support an idea or action; a supporter of an idea, or a lawyer who speaks for someone in court

支持;提倡;拥护;支持者;提倡者;辩护律师

联想

advocate = ad- + voc/call + -ate,可记为“站出来呼吁”。它可作动词提倡某做法,也可作名词表示支持者或法庭辩护人。

意思、用法与例句

vt.支持;提倡;拥护

作动词时后接做法、政策、观点,常见 advocate doing sth.。

常见表达advocate doing sth.advocate a policyadvocate changeadvocate reform

Many doctors advocate walking for thirty minutes a day.

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advocate doing sth. 表示提倡做某事。

The group advocates cleaner energy and safer streets.

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advocate + 名词 表示支持某观点或政策。

The writer advocated giving children more time to read.

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advocate doing 表示提倡某做法。

n. [C]支持者;提倡者

常用 an advocate of/for... 表示某事的支持者。

常见表达an advocate of...an advocate for...a strong advocatea public advocate

She is a strong advocate of equal education.

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advocate of... 表示……的支持者。

The coach became an advocate for daily exercise.

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advocate for... 表示为某事发声的支持者。

n. [C]辩护律师;出庭辩护人

法律语境中指在法庭上为某人辩护的人。

常见表达a legal advocatean advocate in court

A legal advocate spoke for the family in court.

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legal advocate 表示法律辩护人。

The advocate asked the witness a careful question.

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advocate 在法律语境中可指辩护律师。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

support
支持
Many teachers support the reading plan. support 更普通;advocate 强调公开、积极地支持或提倡。
oppose
反对
Some members opposed the plan that others advocated. oppose 与 advocate 方向相反。
opponent
反对者;对手
An advocate supports the idea, while an opponent argues against it. advocate 作名词时可与 opponent 对比。
voice
声音;发言权;表达
An advocate uses a public voice to support a cause. 二者共享 voc/call 记忆线索;voice 偏声音/表达,advocate 偏支持/提倡的人或动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ad-=to + voc=call + -ate,可记为“向公众呼吁支持”。

voice
声音;表达
The speaker voiced concern about safety.

非派生记忆线索

advocacy
倡导;拥护
Public advocacy changed the rule.
opponent
反对者
The opponent disagreed with the advocate.

词族导图

voice / advocate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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068

receive

星标

[ri'si:v] · vt. · Page 110

to get something sent, welcome someone, accept treatment or attention, or pick up a signal

收到;接待;接受;接收

联想

receive 的核心是“接到”。可以接到信件、奖项、服务或信号,也可接待客人;和 accept 的区别是 receive 强调客观收到,accept 强调主观接受。

意思、用法与例句

vt.收到;接到

宾语常是 letter、message、email、gift、prize、help 等。

常见表达receive a letterreceive a messagereceive a giftreceive a prize

I received an email from my cousin yesterday.

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receive an email 表示收到邮件。

The volunteer received a prize for her work with children.

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receive a prize 表示获得奖项。

Each family received help after the flood.

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receive help 表示得到帮助。

vt.接待;迎接

宾语常是 guest、visitor、customer 等人。

常见表达receive guestsreceive visitorsbe warmly received

The hotel received guests from several countries.

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receive guests 表示接待客人。

The new students were warmly received by the class.

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be warmly received 表示受到热情接待。

vt.接受;接收信号

可接 treatment、education、training,也可接 radio/signal。

常见表达receive treatmentreceive trainingreceive a signalreceive information

The injured runner received treatment at once.

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receive treatment 表示接受治疗。

The radio receives signals better near the window.

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receive signals 表示接收信号。

receive 不一定表示同意;accept 才强调愿意接受。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

accept
接受;同意接受
She received the invitation but did not accept it. receive 是客观收到,accept 是主观接受。
send
发送;寄出
They sent the parcel on Monday, and we received it on Thursday. send 是发出,receive 是收到。

词族线索 / 同组词

receiver
听筒;接收机
He picked up the receiver and heard a quiet voice. receiver 是接收声音或信号的装置。
reception
接待;招待会;接待处;接收效果
Please ask at reception when you arrive. reception 是 receive 的名词扩展。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

receive 可记为 re- + ceive/cap=get,核心是“接到、收到”。

receiver
听筒;接收机
The radio receiver picked up a weak signal.
receipt
收据;接收
Keep the receipt after you pay.
reception
接待;接收效果
The phone has poor reception here.
receptionist
接待员
The receptionist answered the call.

非派生记忆线索

perceive
察觉;看待
People may perceive the same event differently.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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069

accept

星标

[ək'sept] · v. / vt. · Page 110

to agree to take something, welcome someone, or admit that something is true

接受;接纳;承认

联想

accept 是把机会、建议、人或事实“接纳进来”。重点和 receive 区分:receive 是收到,accept 是愿意接受;也要和 except“除外”拼写分开。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.接受;同意接受

宾语常是 offer、invitation、gift、help、advice、job 等。

常见表达accept an offeraccept an invitationaccept helpaccept advice

She accepted the invitation to speak at the club.

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accept an invitation 表示接受邀请。

He accepted the job after talking with his family.

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accept a job 表示接受工作机会。

vt.接纳;认可

可表示接纳某人成为群体成员,或承认某种事实、责任、解释。

常见表达accept sb. as...accept the truthaccept responsibilityaccept an explanation

The team accepted the new student as a member.

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accept sb. as... 表示接纳某人为……。

It took him time to accept the truth.

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accept the truth 表示承认事实。

A good leader accepts responsibility for mistakes.

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accept responsibility 表示承担责任。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

receive
收到;接待;接收
She received the invitation but did not accept it. receive 是客观收到,accept 是主观接受。
refuse
拒绝
He refused the offer that his friend accepted. refuse 是 accept 的直接反义词。
except
除……之外
Everyone except Tom accepted the plan. accept 是接受,except 是除外,只差一个字母但意义相反。
admit
承认
She admitted that the answer was wrong. admit 接近 accept 的承认事实义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accept 可联系 cept=get/take,表示愿意拿进来、接纳。

except
除……之外
Everyone except Lily came early.
concept
概念;观念
Students learned the concept of energy.

非派生记忆线索

receive
收到
Receive first; accept only if you agree to take it.

词族导图

accept 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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070

receiver

[ri'si:və(r)] · n. [C] · Page 110

the part of a phone you listen through, or a device that receives radio signals

电话听筒;无线电接收机,收音机

联想

receiver 来自 receive + -er,本组重点记“接收声音或信号的装置”,尤其是电话听筒和无线电接收机。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]电话听筒

传统电话中拿起、放下并听声音的部分。

常见表达pick up the receiverput down the receivertelephone receiver

He picked up the receiver and called the office.

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pick up the receiver 表示拿起听筒。

Please put down the receiver when the call is over.

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put down the receiver 表示放下听筒。

n. [C]无线电接收机;收音机

能接收无线电信号的设备。

常见表达radio receivera signal receiverthe receiver picks up...

The old radio receiver still works well.

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radio receiver 表示无线电接收机。

The receiver picked up a weak signal from the mountain station.

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pick up a signal 表示接收到信号。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

transmitter
发射机;发送器
A transmitter sends a signal, and a receiver gets it. transmitter 发送,receiver 接收。
handset
电话听筒;手机听筒
She held the handset close to her ear. handset 可指电话手柄,receiver 更强调接收声音的部件。
speaker
扬声器;说话者
The receiver picked up the signal, and the speaker played the sound. speaker 输出声音,receiver 接收信号或声音。

词族线索 / 同组词

receive
收到;接收
The receiver receives signals. receiver 是 receive + -er 的装置名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

receive + -er,可表示接收者或接收装置;这里重点记装置义。

receive
收到;接收
The radio can receive signals.
reception
接收效果
The phone reception is poor.

非派生记忆线索

transmitter
发射机
The transmitter sends signals to the receiver.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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071

receipt

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[ri'si:t] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 111

a written record that you have paid for something, or the act of receiving

收据,收条;接收

联想

receipt 的 p 不发音。可数时是付款后拿到的收据;不可数时常见 on receipt of...,表示一收到……就。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]收据;收条

付款后证明已付款的记录。

常见表达keep the receiptshow a receiptsales receiptask for a receipt

Keep the receipt in case you need to return the shoes.

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keep the receipt 表示保留收据。

The shop assistant printed a receipt for the customer.

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print a receipt 表示打印收据。

receipt 中 p 不发音。

n. [U]接收;收到

正式或书面语中表示收到某物,常见 on receipt of...。

常见表达on receipt of...confirm receiptupon receipt of...

On receipt of your application, we will send a reply.

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on receipt of... 表示一收到……就。

Please confirm receipt of this message before Friday.

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confirm receipt 表示确认收到。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bill
账单
A bill tells you how much to pay; a receipt shows you have paid. bill 是待付款账单,receipt 是付款凭证。
payment
付款
The receipt proved that the payment was made. payment 是收据证明的付款动作。
sending
发送;寄出
Receipt of the form must happen before sending the reply. receipt 是收到,sending 是发出。

词族线索 / 同组词

receive
收到;接收
We received the books and kept the receipt. receipt 是 receive 的名词相关词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

receipt 与 receive 同源,拼写中 p 不发音,按 /ri'si:t/ 记。

receive
收到
We received the package.
reception
接待;接收效果
Reception was poor in the basement.

非派生记忆线索

on receipt of
一收到……就
On receipt of payment, we will send the ticket.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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072

reception

星标

[ri'sepʃn] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 111

the act of welcoming people, a formal party, a front desk, or the quality of a received signal

接待,迎接;招待会,欢迎会;接待处;接收效果

联想

reception 是 receive 的名词扩展:人来了要接待,活动后有招待会,酒店前台叫 reception,手机或广播信号也有 reception 好坏。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]接待;迎接

指欢迎或接待某人的行为或态度。

常见表达a warm receptionreceive a good receptiongive sb. a friendly reception

The visiting students received a warm reception at our school.

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a warm reception 表示热情接待。

The singer's new song got a mixed reception online.

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mixed reception 表示反响不一。

n. [C]招待会;欢迎会

指正式或半正式的聚会。

常见表达a wedding receptionhold a receptionattend a reception

They held a reception after the concert.

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hold a reception 表示举办招待会。

The team attended a reception at the city hall.

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attend a reception 表示参加招待会。

n. [U]接待处;前台

酒店、办公室、医院等的问询接待区域。

常见表达at receptiongo to receptionask at reception

Ask for a visitor card at reception.

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at reception 表示在接待处。

The notice at reception listed the meeting rooms.

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reception 可指前台接待处。

n. [U]接收效果

指手机、电视、广播等信号接收质量。

常见表达good receptionpoor receptionphone reception

The phone has poor reception in the basement.

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poor reception 表示信号接收差。

We moved closer to the window to get better reception.

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better reception 表示更好的接收效果。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

welcome
欢迎;接待
The welcome was warm and friendly. welcome 可对应 reception 的接待/欢迎义。
rejection
拒绝;排斥
The proposal met with rejection, not a warm reception. 反响语境中 rejection 与 warm reception 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

receptionist
接待员
The receptionist works at reception. receptionist 是在 reception 工作的人。
receive
收到;接待;接收
The guests were received with a warm reception. reception 是 receive 的名词扩展。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

receive 的 ceive/cap 在名词中变为 cept/recept,reception 表示接待或接收。

receive
接待;接收
The office receives visitors every morning.
receptionist
接待员
The receptionist answered the phone.
receipt
收据;接收
The receipt was in the bag.

非派生记忆线索

poor reception
接收效果差
The radio had poor reception in the tunnel.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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073

receptionist

[ri'sepʃənist] · n. [C] · Page 111

a person whose job is to welcome visitors, answer calls, and help at a front desk

接待员

联想

receptionist = reception + -ist,指在前台或接待处工作的人,常见于 hotel、office、hospital 等场景。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]接待员

负责接待访客、接电话、安排登记或提供前台帮助的人。

常见表达hotel receptionistoffice receptionistask the receptionistreceptionist's desk

The receptionist gave us the room key and a city map.

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hotel receptionist 常处理入住和咨询。

Please tell the receptionist if you need a taxi.

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ask/tell the receptionist 表示向接待员说明。

The office receptionist answered three calls at once.

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office receptionist 表示办公室接待员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

visitor
访客
The receptionist greeted each visitor politely. visitor 是被接待的人,receptionist 是接待者。
clerk
职员;办事员
The desk clerk checked our names. clerk 范围更宽;receptionist 专指前台接待工作。
guest
客人
The receptionist helped the guests find their rooms. guest 是客人,不是接待员。

词族线索 / 同组词

reception
接待;接待处
The receptionist works at the reception desk. reception 是地点或接待行为,receptionist 是人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

reception + -ist,-ist 可表示从事某工作的人。

reception
接待处;接待
Ask at reception.
receive
接待;收到
The hotel receives guests all year.

非派生记忆线索

visitor
访客
A receptionist helps visitors.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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074

perceive

[pə'si:v] · vt. · Page 111

to notice something through the senses, or understand and judge it in a particular way

注意到,察觉;理解,看待

联想

perceive 比 see/notice 更正式:既可以通过感官察觉细微变化,也可以表示人们怎样理解、看待某事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.注意到;察觉

常接 change、difference、sound、danger、problem 等,强调察觉到不一定明显的东西。

常见表达perceive a changeperceive a differenceperceive dangerperceive that...

She perceived a slight change in his voice.

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perceive a change 表示察觉变化。

Good readers can perceive the writer's attitude from small details.

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perceive attitude 表示从细节察觉态度。

vt.理解;看待

表示以某种方式理解或评价某人、某事,常用 be perceived as...。

常见表达be perceived as...perceive sth. as...be widely perceived to be...

The rule was perceived as unfair by many students.

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be perceived as... 表示被看作……。

Some people perceive silence as agreement, but others do not.

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perceive sth. as... 表示把某事看作……。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

notice
注意到
He noticed a mistake in the timetable. notice 更普通;perceive 更正式,常指感知或理解。
overlook
忽视;没注意到
She perceived the risk that others overlooked. overlook 表示没注意到,与 perceive 相反。
receive
收到;接收
You can receive a message without perceiving its real meaning. receive 是收到外部信息,perceive 是感知或理解信息。
view
看待;观点
The issue is viewed differently by different groups. view 可对应 perceive 的看待义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

per-=through + ceive=get,可记为“通过感官或理解拿到信息”。

perception
感知;看法
Public perception of the plan changed.
perceptive
有洞察力的
A perceptive reader notices small clues.

非派生记忆线索

receive
收到;接收
The phone received the message.

词族导图

receive 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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075

except

星标

[ik'sept] · prep. / vt. · Page 111

not including someone or something; to leave something out

除……之外;把……除外;区别,辨别

联想

except 的核心是“拿出去不算”。考试中最常见是介词 except / except for;动词义“除外、区别”只需识别。

意思、用法与例句

prep.除……之外

放在名词、代词或短语前,表示不包括。

常见表达except for...everyone except...nothing except...all except...

Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well.

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except for... 表示除……之外。

Everyone except Tom joined the clean-up.

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everyone except... 表示除某人外所有人。

The room was empty except for one wooden chair.

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empty except for... 表示除了……外是空的。

vt.把……除外;区别

较正式或少见,常用 be excepted from... 表示被排除在外。

常见表达be excepted from...except a caseexcept one group

Children under six are excepted from the full ticket price.

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be excepted from... 表示被除外。

The rule excepts emergency vehicles from the parking ban.

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except 作动词表示把……排除在外。

except 作动词不如介词常见,阅读中能识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

besides
除……之外还
Besides Tom, three other students joined the team. besides 常表示包含在内的“此外”;except 表示排除在外。
including
包括
The price is for everyone, including children, not excepting them. including 是包括,except 是排除。
accept
接受;接纳
I accept your idea except for one small detail. accept 与 except 形近但意义不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

exceptional
杰出的;罕见的
Exceptional results are results that stand out from the usual group. exceptional 来自 exception,表示例外级别。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ex-=out + cept=take,可记为“拿出去、不包括”。

exception
例外
There is one exception to the rule.
exceptional
杰出的;罕见的
She showed exceptional courage.

非派生记忆线索

accept
接受
Accept means take in; except means leave out.

词族导图

accept 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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076

exceptional

星标

[ik'sepʃənl] · adj. · Page 111

unusually good, or unusual enough to be different from normal cases

优越的,杰出的;罕见的,不寻常的

联想

exceptional 来自 exception“例外”:可以是好到例外级别,也可以是情况罕见、不寻常。

意思、用法与例句

adj.杰出的;优越的

形容能力、表现、勇气、成绩等超出通常水平。

常见表达exceptional talentexceptional abilityexceptional courageexceptional performance

The young pianist showed exceptional talent.

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exceptional talent 表示杰出天赋。

Her exceptional courage inspired the whole class.

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exceptional courage 表示非凡勇气。

adj.罕见的;不寻常的

形容情况、条件、事件等不是通常状态。

常见表达exceptional circumstancesan exceptional caseexceptional weather

Our circumstances have been rather exceptional.

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exceptional circumstances 表示特殊情况。

The school closed early because of exceptional weather.

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exceptional weather 表示罕见天气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outstanding
杰出的
Her outstanding performance won first prize. outstanding 对应 exceptional 的杰出义。
ordinary
普通的
It was not an ordinary result; it was exceptional. ordinary 是普通,exceptional 是出众或罕见。
rare
罕见的
Snow is rare in this city. rare 对应 exceptional 的罕见义。

词族线索 / 同组词

except
除……之外
The word exceptional suggests something excepted from the usual rule. exceptional 与 except/exception 有例外线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

exception + -al 形成形容词 exceptional,表示“像例外一样不同”。

exception
例外
This rule has no exception.
except
除……之外
Everyone except me knew the answer.

词族导图

accept 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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077

concept

星标

['kɒnsept] · n. [C] · Page 111

an idea, principle, or way of understanding something

概念;观念;思想

联想

concept 是头脑里抓住的“概念/观念”。常见搭配是 basic concept、the concept of...、grasp/understand a concept。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]概念;观念;思想

指某一学科、讨论或设计中的抽象想法或原则。

常见表达basic conceptthe concept of...grasp a conceptunderstand a concept

He cannot grasp the basic concepts of mathematics.

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grasp a concept 表示掌握概念。

The concept of fairness is important in the story.

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the concept of... 表示……的概念。

The designer explained a new concept for a low-cost library.

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a new concept 表示新理念。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

idea
想法;主意
The idea sounded simple at first. idea 更普通,concept 更偏抽象概念或系统性观念。
principle
原则;原理
The lesson introduced the principle of balance. principle 可对应 concept 的原则/原理义。
concrete object
具体物体
A chair is a concrete object, but fairness is a concept. concept 是抽象观念,不是具体物体。
accept
接受;接纳
Students may accept an idea after they understand the concept. accept 与 concept 共享 cept 记忆线索,但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- + cept=get/take,可记为“在头脑中抓住的东西”。

conceptual
概念上的
The plan is still at a conceptual stage.

非派生记忆线索

grasp a concept
掌握概念
Students need examples to grasp a concept.

词族导图

accept 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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078

distinguish

星标

[di'stiŋgwiʃ] · v. / vt. · Page 111

to tell the difference, recognize something clearly, or make someone or something special

区别,辨别;看清,认出,听出;使杰出;使有别于

联想

distinguish 的核心是“把差别看出来”。常考结构是 distinguish A from B 和 distinguish between A and B;也可表示看清/听出,或使某人突出。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.区别;辨别

表示看出两者差异,常用 from 或 between...and...。

常见表达distinguish A from Bdistinguish between A and Bdistinguish facts from opinions

Good readers distinguish facts from opinions.

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distinguish A from B 表示把 A 和 B 区分开。

Young children may find it hard to distinguish between fantasy and reality.

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distinguish between...and... 表示辨别两者。

vt.看清;认出;听出

表示通过视觉、听觉等认出某物或某人。

常见表达distinguish a shapedistinguish a voicebarely distinguish

In the fog, we could barely distinguish the road ahead.

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barely distinguish 表示几乎看不清。

She distinguished her brother's voice in the noisy hall.

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distinguish a voice 表示听出声音。

vt.使杰出;使有别于

常见 distinguish oneself 或 be distinguished by...。

常见表达distinguish oneselfbe distinguished by...what distinguishes A from B

She distinguished herself by winning three science prizes.

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distinguish oneself 表示使自己出众。

Its simple style distinguishes the building from others nearby.

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distinguish A from B 也可表示使 A 有别于 B。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

tell apart
区分;辨别
Can you tell the twins apart? tell apart 更口语,distinguish 更正式。
confuse
混淆
Do not confuse the two words; distinguish their meanings. confuse 与 distinguish 方向相反。
recognize
认出
I recognized his voice immediately. recognize 对应 distinguish 的看清、听出义。

词族线索 / 同组词

distinct
有区别的;清楚的
The two sounds are distinct, so they are easy to distinguish. distinct 是形容词,distinguish 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

distinguish 组的共同线索是“把差别标出来、看出来”。

distinct
有区别的;清楚的
The two areas have distinct climates.
distinguishable
能分辨出来的
The marks are barely distinguishable.
distinction
差别;区分;优秀
There is a clear distinction between the two ideas.

词族导图

distinguish 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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079

extinguish

[ik'stiŋgwiʃ] · vt. · Page 111

to put out a fire or light, or to end a hope, feeling, custom, or chance

熄灭,扑灭;使破灭,使消亡

联想

extinguish 是及物动词,最具体的对象是 fire、flame、candle;抽象时可表示让 hope、dream、custom 等消失。

意思、用法与例句

vt.熄灭;扑灭

宾语常是 fire、flame、candle、blaze 等。

常见表达extinguish a fireextinguish a flameextinguish a candleextinguish a blaze

Firefighters extinguished the fire before it reached the houses.

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extinguish a fire 表示扑灭火。

She extinguished the candle before leaving the room.

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extinguish a candle 表示熄灭蜡烛。

vt.使破灭;使消亡

抽象宾语常是 hope、dream、belief、custom、tradition。

常见表达extinguish hopeextinguish a dreamextinguish a tradition

The failure did not extinguish her hope.

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extinguish hope 表示使希望破灭。

New habits slowly extinguished the old village tradition.

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extinguish a tradition 表示使传统消亡。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

put out
扑灭;熄灭
They put out the small fire with water. put out 更常用,extinguish 更正式。
ignite
点燃;引发
A small spark can ignite a fire that is hard to extinguish. ignite 是点燃,extinguish 是熄灭。
destroy
毁掉;破坏
The flood destroyed many homes. destroy 更泛;extinguish 常指熄灭或使希望/习俗消失。

词族线索 / 同组词

extinct
灭绝的;不再活跃的;消亡的
Some customs became extinct after years of change. extinguish 是动作,extinct 是状态。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extinguish 和 extinct 共享“熄灭、消亡”的记忆线索,但一个是动作,一个是状态。

extinct
灭绝的;消亡的
The animal is now extinct.
extinction
灭绝;消亡
The species faces extinction.

非派生记忆线索

put out
扑灭
Put out the fire before it spreads.

词族导图

extinguish / extinct / extinction 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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080

distinct

[di'stiŋkt] · adj. · Page 112

clearly different, easy to see or hear, or definite

有区别的,截然不同的;清楚的,清晰的;确切的,确实的

联想

distinct 是形容词,核心是“分得开、看得清”。它可表示 distinct from,也可表示声音、形状、可能性等清楚明确。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有区别的;截然不同的

常用 distinct from... 表示与……不同。

常见表达distinct from...a distinct differencetwo distinct groups

The two words are similar in spelling but distinct in meaning.

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distinct in meaning 表示意义不同。

Desert weather is distinct from the climate near the sea.

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distinct from... 表示与……不同。

adj.清楚的;清晰的

形容声音、形状、气味、印象等容易识别。

常见表达a distinct sounda distinct shapea distinct smell

I heard a distinct knock at the door.

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a distinct knock 表示清楚的敲门声。

There was a distinct smell of smoke in the room.

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a distinct smell 表示明显气味。

adj. [attrib.]确切的;确实的

常放名词前,表示明确存在的可能、优势、印象等。

常见表达a distinct possibilitya distinct advantagea distinct impression

There is a distinct possibility that the match will be delayed.

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a distinct possibility 表示确实有可能。

Early preparation gave the team a distinct advantage.

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a distinct advantage 表示明显优势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

different
不同的
The two answers are different in several ways. different 更普通,distinct 强调清楚可分。
similar
相似的
The drawings look similar at first, but their meanings are distinct. similar 与 distinct 的差异义相反。
clear
清楚的
The speaker's voice was clear. clear 对应 distinct 的清楚义。

词族线索 / 同组词

distinguish
区别;辨别
A distinct difference is easy to distinguish. distinct 是形容词,distinguish 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

distinct 可看作 distinguish 的形容词线,强调差别清楚或感知清楚。

distinguish
区别;辨别
Readers should distinguish fact from opinion.
distinction
差别;区分
The distinction is important.

词族导图

distinguish 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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081

distinguishable

[di'stiŋgwiʃəbl] · adj. · Page 112

able to be recognized as different

能分辨出来的,可区别的

联想

distinguishable = distinguish + -able,表示“可以被分辨出来”。常用 distinguishable from,否定词 indistinguishable 也很常见。

意思、用法与例句

adj.能分辨出来的

形容声音、颜色、图案、差异等能被识别出来。

常见表达distinguishable from...barely distinguishableclearly distinguishableeasily distinguishable

The two colours are barely distinguishable in weak light.

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barely distinguishable 表示几乎分辨不出。

His voice is easily distinguishable from the others.

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distinguishable from... 表示能与……区分开。

The island is clearly distinguishable on the map.

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clearly distinguishable 表示清楚可辨。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recognizable
可认出的
The building is recognizable by its red roof. recognizable 接近 distinguishable。
indistinguishable
无法分辨的
The copies were almost indistinguishable from the original. indistinguishable 是直接反义词。
distinct
清楚不同的
The two patterns are distinct. distinct 说明差别清楚,distinguishable 说明能被分辨。

词族线索 / 同组词

distinguish
区别;辨别
If you can distinguish two sounds, they are distinguishable. distinguishable 是 distinguish + -able。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

distinguish + -able,表示“能够被区别出来”。

distinguish
区别;辨别
We can distinguish the two voices.
indistinguishable
无法分辨的
The twins were almost indistinguishable in childhood.

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distinguish 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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082

distinction

星标

[di'stiŋkʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 112

a difference, the act of telling things apart, special excellence, or a high grade

差别,区别;区分,辨别;优秀,杰出;优等评分

联想

distinction 是 distinguish 的名词:可以讲两者之间的差别,也可讲分清差别;with distinction 还表示成绩优秀或表现杰出。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]差别;区别

常用 distinction between...and... 表示两者差别。

常见表达distinction between...and...a clear distinctionan important distinction

There is an important distinction between courage and carelessness.

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distinction between...and... 表示……与……的区别。

The article makes a clear distinction between facts and opinions.

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make a distinction 表示作出区分。

n. [U]区分;辨别;分清

指分辨差异的行为或能力。

常见表达make/draw a distinctionwithout distinctiona failure of distinction

The law applies to everyone without distinction.

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without distinction 表示不加区分。

Young learners need examples to draw a distinction between the two sounds.

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draw a distinction 表示分清差别。

n. [U] / n. [C]优秀;杰出;优等评分

可表示优秀表现,也可表示考试或课程中的优等成绩。

常见表达with distinctionwin distinctiona distinction in...

She passed the piano exam with distinction.

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with distinction 表示以优异成绩。

The scientist won distinction for his careful work.

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win distinction 表示赢得声望。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

difference
差别
The difference between the two plans is small but important. difference 更普通,distinction 更正式。
similarity
相似点
The lesson focused on distinction, not similarity. similarity 与 distinction 的差别义相反。
honour
荣誉;优秀表现
The prize was a great honour for the school. honour 接近 distinction 的荣誉/杰出义。

词族线索 / 同组词

distinguish
区别;辨别
To make a distinction is to distinguish one thing from another. distinction 是 distinguish 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

distinguish 的名词形式是 distinction,既能表示差别,也能表示优秀得有区别。

distinguish
区别;辨别
We distinguish facts from opinions.
distinct
有区别的;清楚的
The two groups are distinct.

非派生记忆线索

with distinction
以优异成绩
She graduated with distinction.

词族导图

distinguish 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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083

extinct

[ik'stiŋkt] · adj. · Page 112

no longer existing, no longer active, or no longer used

灭绝的;不再活跃的;消亡的

联想

extinct 是状态形容词:动物植物可以 extinct,火山可以 extinct,习俗和技能也可以 become extinct。

意思、用法与例句

adj.灭绝的

指动物、植物等不再存在。

常见表达become extinctan extinct speciesalmost extinct

Some animals become extinct when their habitats disappear.

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become extinct 表示变得灭绝。

The museum shows bones of an extinct species.

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an extinct species 表示灭绝物种。

adj.不再活跃的;消亡的

可形容火山、技能、习俗、语言等不再活跃或不再使用。

常见表达an extinct volcanoan extinct skillan extinct custom

The village stands near an extinct volcano.

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an extinct volcano 表示死火山。

Herbalism had become an almost extinct skill in that area.

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an almost extinct skill 表示几乎绝迹的技能。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

living
活着的;现存的
A living species can still reproduce, but an extinct species cannot. living 与 extinct 的物种义相反。
active
活跃的;活动的
The old volcano is extinct, not active. 火山语境中 active 与 extinct 相反。
endangered
濒危的
Endangered animals may become extinct if people do not protect them. endangered 是濒危但未灭绝,extinct 是已经灭绝。

词族线索 / 同组词

extinction
灭绝;消亡
Extinction happens when a species becomes extinct. extinct 是形容词,extinction 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extinct 描述 extinguish 后或自然变化后的“不再存在/不再活跃”状态。

extinction
灭绝;消亡
Habitat loss can lead to extinction.
extinguish
熄灭;使消亡
Rain helped extinguish the fire.

非派生记忆线索

endangered
濒危的
Endangered does not mean extinct yet.

词族导图

extinguish / extinct / extinction 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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084

extinction

[ik'stiŋkʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 112

the process or state of dying out completely

灭绝;绝种;消亡

联想

extinction 是 extinct 的名词,常用于物种、植物、动物、语言、生活方式等完全消失的过程或状态。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]灭绝;绝种;消亡

指物种、植物、动物、生活方式等彻底消失。

常见表达in danger of extinctionface extinctionspecies extinctionthe extinction of...

Many small species face extinction because forests are cut down.

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face extinction 表示面临灭绝。

Protecting habitats can slow the extinction of wild animals.

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the extinction of... 表示……的灭绝。

Some local languages are in danger of extinction.

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in danger of extinction 表示有消亡危险。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

survival
生存;幸存
The survival of the species depends on clean rivers. survival 与 extinction 方向相反。
disappearance
消失
The disappearance of the old custom surprised the villagers. disappearance 更泛,extinction 更强调彻底消亡。
endangered
濒危的
Endangered species need protection before extinction happens. endangered 是危险状态,extinction 是最终消亡。

词族线索 / 同组词

extinct
灭绝的;消亡的
A species is extinct after extinction has happened. extinct 是形容词,extinction 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

extinct + -ion 形成名词 extinction。

extinct
灭绝的;消亡的
The bird became extinct years ago.
extinguish
熄灭;使消亡
The storm extinguished the campfire.

非派生记忆线索

in danger of extinction
濒临灭绝
The animal is in danger of extinction.

词族导图

extinguish / extinct / extinction 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

cent

[sent] · n. [C] · Page 112

a small coin or money unit equal to one hundredth of a dollar or euro

分;分币

联想

cent 的数字线索是 100 或 1/100:1 dollar = 100 cents,1 cent = 1/100 dollar。这个线索还能帮助记 percent、century、centimetre 等。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]分;分币

可数名词,表示美元、欧元等货币中的小单位。

常见表达one centfifty centsnot a centcents in a dollar

The postcard cost only fifty cents.

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fifty cents 表示五十分。

He did not spend a cent on the old game.

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not a cent 表示一分钱也没有。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dollar
美元;元
One dollar equals one hundred cents. dollar 是较大单位,cent 是 1/100。
penny
便士;一分硬币
The child found a penny under the chair. penny 在美式英语中常指一美分硬币。

词族线索 / 同组词

percent
百分之……
Thirty percent means thirty in every hundred. percent 共享 per hundred 的百位线索。
centimetre/-ter
厘米;公分
One centimetre is one hundredth of a metre. centimetre 中 centi- 表示 1/100。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cent / centi- 表示 100 或 1/100。

percent
百分之……
Only twenty percent of the seats were empty.
century
世纪;百年
A century is one hundred years.
centimetre/-ter
厘米;公分
The line is ten centimetres long.

非派生记忆线索

percentage
百分比;百分率
The percentage of visitors increased.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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086

percent

星标

[pə'sent] · n. [sing., same pl.] · Page 112-113

a number out of every hundred, often written with %

百分之……

联想

percent = per hundred,前面通常有具体数字,如 7 percent、125 percent。它也可写作 per cent;one hundred percent 还可表示完全地。

意思、用法与例句

n. [sing., same pl.]百分之……

前面通常有具体数字,相当于 %;单复数同形。

常见表达ten percent7 percent125 percentincrease by...percent

Corn production jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years.

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percent 前常有具体数字。

About sixty percent of the class chose history.

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sixty percent of... 表示……中的百分之六十。

The price rose by five percent in one month.

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increase/rise by...percent 表示上升百分之……。

percent 也可写作 per cent;a hundred percent 可表示完全地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

percentage
百分比;百分率
The percentage of students who passed was high. percent 前接具体数字;percentage 前通常不用具体数字,而用 high/low/large/small 等。
fraction
分数;小部分
One half is a fraction, and it can be written as 50 percent. fraction 和 percent 都可表达部分。
total
总数;总量
Twenty percent of the total budget went to books. percent 通常说明总量中的一部分。
zero percent
百分之零
A hundred percent support is the opposite of zero percent support. 按比例语境可用 zero percent 形成反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

per=for each + cent=hundred,percent 即每一百中占多少。

percentage
百分比;百分率
The percentage rose slowly.
cent
分;分币
A cent is one hundredth of a dollar.

非派生记忆线索

%
percent sign
The symbol % means percent.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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087

century

['sentʃəri] · n. [C] · Page 112

a period of one hundred years

世纪;百年

联想

century 也有“百”的线索:a century 是一百年;in the 21st century 指 21 世纪;for centuries 表示许多个世纪。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]世纪;百年

表示一百年的时间段,或某个世纪。

常见表达a century agoin the 21st centuryfor centuriesover a century

The bridge was built more than a century ago.

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a century ago 表示一百年前。

Students in the 21st century need digital skills.

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in the 21st century 表示在 21 世纪。

The old song has been sung in the village for centuries.

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for centuries 表示许多个世纪。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decade
十年
A decade is ten years, while a century is one hundred years. source related word decade helps contrast ten years and one hundred years.
year
A century contains one hundred years. year 是较小时间单位。
era
时代;年代
The digital era changed how people read. era 更宽泛,不一定刚好一百年。
cent
分;分币
Cent and century both carry the hundred clue. century 与 cent 共享 hundred 记忆线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

century 中 cent 表示 hundred,一世纪就是一百年。

cent
分;分币
There are 100 cents in a dollar.
percent
百分之……
Percent means per hundred.

非派生记忆线索

decade
十年
A decade is one tenth of a century.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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088

percentage

星标

[pə'sentidʒ] · n. [C] · Page 113

a rate or share expressed as a number out of one hundred

百分比;百分率

联想

percentage 是“百分比这个数值”。关键区别:percent 前接具体数字,如 60 percent;percentage 前通常不用具体数字,而说 a high/low percentage of...。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]百分比;百分率

表示一组数据中占多少比例,常被 high、low、large、small 等修饰。

常见表达a high percentage of...a low percentage of...calculate the percentagepercentage point

A high percentage of students passed the test after the review week.

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a high percentage of... 表示高比例的……。

The report compared the percentage of water used by farms and factories.

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the percentage of... 表示……所占百分比。

The winning percentage rose by three percentage points.

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percentage point 表示百分点。

不要说 three percentage of...;具体数字通常用 three percent。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

percent
百分之……
Sixty percent of the students passed, so the pass percentage was high. percent 前接具体数字;percentage 表示比例这个数值。
rate
比率;速度
The birth rate fell last year. rate 可表示比率,percentage 是百分比形式的比率。
proportion
比例
A large proportion of the class joined the club. proportion 与 percentage 接近,但不一定用百分数表达。
fixed number
固定数量
A percentage tells a share, not just a fixed number. percentage 是比例,不是单纯数量。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

percent + -age 形成 percentage,表示“百分比这个量”。

percent
百分之……
Only 20 percent of the seats were empty.
percentage point
百分点
The rate rose by two percentage points.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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089

centigrade

['sentigreid] · n. [U] / adj. · Page 113

using the Celsius temperature scale

摄氏温度;摄氏温度的

联想

centigrade 与 Celsius 基本对应,常说 degrees centigrade。centi- 是百分之一,grade 是等级,可记为把温标分成许多等级。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / adj.摄氏温度;摄氏温度的

表示摄氏温标或用摄氏度计量。

常见表达degrees centigradezero degrees centigradecentigrade scale30°C

Water freezes at zero degrees centigrade.

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zero degrees centigrade 表示零摄氏度。

The temperature rose to thirty-two degrees centigrade in the afternoon.

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degrees centigrade 表示摄氏度。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

Celsius
摄氏的;摄氏温标
The weather report said it would be 30 degrees Celsius. Celsius 是现代更常见的摄氏表达。
Fahrenheit
华氏温标
In some countries, temperature is given in Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit 是另一种温标。
temperature
温度
The temperature reached 35 degrees centigrade. centigrade 用于温度语境。
cent
百;百分之一线索
The centigrade scale uses a hundred-degree idea. centigrade 与 cent 共享 centi- 线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

centi-=百分之一 + grade=等级;centigrade 表示摄氏温标。

cent
分;百分之一线索
Cent can point to one hundredth.
Celsius
摄氏
The Celsius scale is widely used.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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090

centimetre/-ter

['sentimi:tə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 113

a unit of length equal to one hundredth of a metre

厘米;公分

联想

centimetre / centimeter 是英美拼写差异,缩写 cm。centi- 表示一百分之一,所以 1 centimetre = 1/100 metre。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]厘米;公分

长度单位,可数,常用缩写 cm。

常见表达one centimetreten centimetres longin centimetrescm

The pencil is fifteen centimetres long.

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fifteen centimetres long 表示十五厘米长。

Measure the plant in centimetres each week.

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in centimetres 表示用厘米计量。

The gap is only two cm wide.

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cm 是 centimetre/centimeter 的缩写。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metre
One metre contains one hundred centimetres. metre 是更大的长度单位。
millimetre
毫米
Ten millimetres make one centimetre. millimetre 比 centimetre 小。
kilometre
千米;公里
A kilometre is much longer than a centimetre. kilometre 是更大的距离单位。
cent
百;百分之一线索
Centimetre uses centi- to mean one hundredth. centimetre 与 cent 共享 centi- 线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

centi-=百分之一 + metre/meter=米;centimetre 即一米的一百分之一。

metre
The table is two metres long.
cent
分;百分之一线索
One cent is one hundredth of a dollar.

非派生记忆线索

cm
厘米缩写
The line is 6 cm long.

词族导图

cent 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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091

defend

星标

[di'fend] · v. / vt. · Page 113

to protect against danger, play defence in sport, support in argument, or keep a title

防御,保护,保卫;防守;为……辩护;捍卫,维护;卫冕

联想

defend 的核心是“挡在前面保护”。它可用于保卫国家、比赛防守、为某人辩护、维护观点,也可表示卫冕。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.防御;保护;保卫

常用 defend...against/from... 表示保护……免受……。

常见表达defend...against/from...defend one's countrydefend the citydefend rights

The wall was built to defend the city from floods.

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defend...from... 表示保护……免受……。

Many young people volunteered to defend their country.

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defend one's country 表示保卫国家。

v. / vt.防守;卫冕

体育语境中表示防守,也可表示保持冠军头衔。

常见表达defend a goaldefend welldefend a titledefending champion

The team defended well in the final minutes.

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defend well 表示防守得好。

The player returned to defend her title.

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defend a title 表示卫冕。

vt.为……辩护;捍卫;维护

可用于法律、争论、决定、观点等。

常见表达defend sb. in courtdefend a decisiondefend a viewdefend oneself

The lawyer defended the young man in court.

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defend sb. in court 表示在法庭上为某人辩护。

She defended her decision with clear reasons.

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defend a decision 表示为决定辩护。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

protect
保护
A helmet protects a rider's head. protect 更普通,defend 常含抵挡攻击或批评。
attack
攻击
The soldiers defended the gate when the enemy attacked. attack 与 defend 方向相反。
offend
冒犯;违法
He defended his friend but did not mean to offend anyone. offend 与 defend 形近但语义方向不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

defence/-nse
防御;辩护;防守
A strong defence helped the team win. defend 是动词,defence/defense 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

defend / defence 与 fence 共享“护、挡”的记忆线索;offend 是向外冲撞而冒犯。

defence/-nse
防御;辩护
The defence must be filed soon.
fence
栅栏;围栏
A fence protects the garden.

非派生记忆线索

offend
冒犯;违法
Careless words can offend people.

词族导图

defend 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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092

defence/-nse

星标

[di'fens] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 113-114

protection, something that protects, an explanation or legal argument, or the players who defend in sport

防御,保卫;防御物,防御能力;辩解,辩护;防守

联想

defence 是英式拼写,defense 是美式拼写。它是 defend 的名词,可指保卫、防御物、法律辩护、辩解,也可指体育防守。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / n. [C]防御;保卫;防御物

可指保护行为、保护系统或防御能力。

常见表达in defence of...national defencea strong defencedefence against...

The soldiers died in defence of their country.

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in defence of... 表示为保卫……。

Clean water is the best defence against many diseases.

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defence against... 表示抵御……的防线。

n. [C] / n. [U]辩解;辩护;辩词

法律或争论语境中表示辩护理由、辩词或辩护行为。

常见表达a defence of...legal defencemake a defenceprepare a defence

The defence must be filed and served in seven days.

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legal defence 可指辩词。

The lawyer prepared a careful defence for the young man.

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prepare a defence 表示准备辩护。

n. [sing., U]防守;后卫;防守队员

体育语境中指防守体系或防守队员。

常见表达the team's defenceplay in defencea weak defence

The team's defence was strong in the second half.

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team's defence 表示球队防守。

He played in defence for the school team.

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play in defence 表示打后卫/防守位置。

defence/defense 是英美拼写差异,考试中两种都要识别。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

attack
进攻;攻击
A good defence can stop a quick attack. attack 与 defence 的攻防方向相反。
offence/-nse
进攻;冒犯;违法行为
In sport, offence attacks and defence protects. 体育语境中 offence 可指进攻;本单元更常用来讲犯罪或冒犯。
fence
栅栏;围栏
A fence can serve as a simple defence for a garden. fence 是具体围挡,defence 是抽象或系统防御。

词族线索 / 同组词

defend
防御;辩护;卫冕
The wall defends the town, and the river is part of its defence. defend 是动词,defence 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

defence/defense = defend 的名词;-ce/-se 体现英美拼写差异。

defend
保护;辩护
They defended the village.
defensive
防御性的
The team used a defensive plan.

非派生记忆线索

in defence of
为保卫/为辩护
He spoke in defence of his friend.

词族导图

defend 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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093

offend

[ə'fend] · vt. / vi. · Page 113-114

to upset or insult someone, break a rule, or commit a crime

冒犯,使生气;使不舒服,使厌恶;违背,违反;犯罪,犯法

联想

offend 原有“冲撞、进攻”的方向,现代常表示冒犯别人、违反规则或违法。常见被动结构是 be offended by/at。

意思、用法与例句

vt.冒犯;使生气;使不舒服

宾语常是 person、people、feelings,也可用 be offended by/at。

常见表达offend sb.be offended by/at...offend people's feelings

His joke offended several people in the room.

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offend sb. 表示冒犯某人。

She was offended by the rude comment.

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be offended by... 表示被……冒犯。

The smell offended many passengers on the bus.

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offend 可表示使人不舒服或厌恶。

vt. / vi.违背;违反;犯罪

可指违反法律、规则或道德标准。

常见表达offend against...offend againfirst-time offender

Drivers who offend against traffic laws should be punished.

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offend against... 表示违反……。

The report studied why some young people offend again.

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offend 作不及物动词可表示违法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

insult
侮辱;冒犯
The rude words insulted the visitor. insult 偏直接侮辱,offend 可更宽泛地使人生气或不舒服。
please
使高兴;取悦
The polite answer pleased the guest instead of offending her. please 与 offend 的情感方向相反。
defend
保护;辩护
He tried to defend his words, but they still offended many people. defend 和 offend 形近但意义不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

offence/-nse
犯罪;冒犯
The photo may cause offence to some people. offend 是动词,offence/offense 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

offend 可用“向对方冲撞”记忆,引申为冒犯或违法。

offence/-nse
犯罪;冒犯
It was a minor offence.
offensive
冒犯的;进攻的
The sign used offensive language.

非派生记忆线索

defend
防御;辩护
Defend is not the opposite spelling of offend, but their directions contrast.

词族导图

defend 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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094

offence/-nse

星标

[ə'fens] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 114

a crime or illegal act, or the act of hurting someone's feelings

犯罪,违法行为;冒犯,得罪

联想

offence 是英式拼写,offense 是美式拼写。本单元重点掌握犯罪/违法行为和冒犯;常见短语 cause offence、take offence、criminal offence。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]犯罪;违法行为

指具体违法行为或罪行。

常见表达criminal offenceminor offenceserious offence

Stealing a bike is a criminal offence.

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criminal offence 表示犯罪行为。

Parking there is a minor offence, but it still brings a fine.

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minor offence 表示轻微违法。

n. [U]冒犯;得罪

指冒犯感、反感或得罪他人的行为。

常见表达cause offencetake offencegive offenceno offence

The photo may cause offence to some people.

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cause offence 表示引起反感。

No offence, but I disagree with your plan.

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no offence 表示无意冒犯。

She took offence at the careless remark.

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take offence at... 表示因……生气。

offence/offense 是英美拼写差异。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

crime
犯罪
The police recorded the crime that night. crime 对应 offence 的违法行为义。
respect
尊重
A respectful joke avoids offence. respect 与 offence 的冒犯义形成反差。
defence/-nse
防御;辩护
The defence answered each offence listed in the report. defence 和 offence 在法律/体育中常成对出现。

词族线索 / 同组词

offend
冒犯;违法
Words that offend people may cause offence. offend 是动词,offence/offense 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

offence/offense = offend 的名词;-ce/-se 体现英美拼写差异。

offend
冒犯;违法
The words offended the audience.
offensive
冒犯的;进攻的
Offensive language is not allowed.

非派生记忆线索

no offence
无意冒犯
No offence, but this answer needs work.

词族导图

defend 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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095

fence

[fens] · n. [C] · Page 114

a barrier around an area, often made of wood, wire, or metal

栅栏,围栏,篱笆

联想

fence 是具体的围栏,用来围住或保护一片区域;sit/be on the fence 是固定表达,表示在争论中保持中立。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]栅栏;围栏;篱笆

围住花园、农场、学校等区域的屏障。

常见表达a wooden fencea wire fencebuild a fenceclimb over a fence

A low fence separates the garden from the road.

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fence 表示围栏。

The farmer repaired the wire fence after the storm.

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wire fence 表示铁丝围栏。

phr.sit/be on the fence

在争论或选择中保持中立,不明确站队。

常见表达sit on the fencebe on the fence

He sat on the fence during the argument and chose no side.

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sit on the fence 表示保持中立。

Some students are still on the fence about joining the trip.

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be on the fence 表示犹豫未决。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

barrier
障碍物;屏障
The barrier kept cars away from the school gate. barrier 更泛,fence 是具体围栏。
gate
大门;栅栏门
The gate in the fence was locked. gate 是围栏上的入口。
defence/-nse
防御;保卫
A fence can be part of a farm's defence against animals. fence 是具体围挡,defence 是防御。
opening
开口;缺口
The fence had an opening near the path. opening 与 fence 的封闭作用形成反差。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fence 原义有“护、挡”的线索,可帮助记 defend/defence。

defend
保护;防御
The wall defended the town.
defence/-nse
防御;保卫
The fence was part of the defence.

非派生记忆线索

sit on the fence
保持中立
Do not sit on the fence forever.

词族导图

defend 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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096

answer

['ɑ:nsə(r)] · v. / vt. / n. · Page 114

to reply, meet a need, or a reply or solution

回答,答复;适合,符合;回答,答复;答案

联想

answer 的核心是“给出回应”。它既可作动词回答问题、接电话、响应号召,也可表示符合需要;作名词时是回答或答案。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.回答;答复;接听

宾语常是 question、letter、email、phone,也可表示回应呼唤或号召。

常见表达answer a questionanswer an emailanswer the phoneanswer the call

Please answer the question in a complete sentence.

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answer a question 表示回答问题。

The receptionist answered the phone before the second ring.

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answer the phone 表示接电话。

Many students answered the call to help after the storm.

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answer the call 表示响应号召。

vt.适合;符合;满足

正式或书面语中可表示满足需要、符合描述或达到目的。

常见表达answer a needanswer the purposeanswer the description

The new bus route answers the needs of many students.

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answer a need 表示满足需要。

This simple tool answers the purpose very well.

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answer the purpose 表示符合目的。

n. [C] / n. [U]回答;答复;答案

作名词时常接介词 to,表示某个问题或难题的答案。

常见表达the answer to a questiona clear answerfind an answerwait for an answer

Do you know the answer to this question?

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the answer to... 表示……的答案。

We waited for an answer from the school office.

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answer 可指回复。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reply
回答;回复
He replied to my message quickly. reply 更常强调回复某人或某条信息;answer 可接 question、phone、call、need。
question
问题;提问
A good question often leads to a better answer. question 是问题或提问,answer 是回答或答案。
solution
解决办法;答案
The team found a solution to the problem. solution 偏解决问题的方法;answer 可指题目答案或一般回应。
swear
发誓;咒骂
A witness may swear to tell the truth before answering questions. swear 可用于正式宣誓,answer 是回答;二者不是近义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

answer 与 swear 在本组可作“正式说话场景”记忆:先 swear to tell the truth,再 answer questions;不要把 swear 当作 answer 的派生词。

reply
回复
She replied to the email.
solution
答案;解决办法
There is no easy solution.

非派生记忆线索

answer the call
响应号召
They answered the call for volunteers.

词族导图

answer / swear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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097

swear

星标

[sweə(r)] · v. / vi. · Page 114

to make a serious promise or use rude, angry words

宣誓,发誓;诅咒,咒骂

联想

swear 有两条常考线:正式或认真地发誓、保证;以及不礼貌地咒骂别人。注意 swear at sb. 是骂某人,swear to do sth. 是发誓做某事。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.宣誓;发誓;保证

可接不定式、that 从句,也可用于法庭或严肃承诺。

常见表达swear to do sth.swear that...swear not to do sth.swear an oath

She made him swear not to tell anyone.

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swear not to do sth. 表示发誓不做某事。

The witness swore to tell the truth in court.

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swear to do sth. 可用于正式宣誓。

He swore that he would return the book tomorrow.

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swear that... 表示郑重保证。

vi.咒骂;说脏话

常用 swear at sb. 表示咒骂某人;也可表示因愤怒或疼痛而骂人。

常见表达swear at sb.swear loudlyswear under one's breath

Why did you let him swear at you like that?

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swear at sb. 表示咒骂某人。

The driver swore loudly when the car would not start.

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swear loudly 表示大声骂人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

promise
承诺;答应
She promised to keep the secret. promise 较普通;swear 更郑重,有发誓意味。
curse
咒骂;诅咒
He cursed when he dropped the glass. curse 与 swear 的骂人义接近,但 swear 也有正式发誓义。
answer
回答;答案
The witness swore to tell the truth and then answered the questions. answer 是回答,swear 是宣誓或咒骂。
respect
尊重
Respectful speakers do not swear at others. swear at sb. 与尊重他人的表达方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

swear 的两义都和“说出强烈的话”有关:一种是郑重保证,一种是粗鲁咒骂。

promise
承诺
He promised to arrive early.
curse
咒骂
The angry man cursed loudly.

非派生记忆线索

swear at sb.
咒骂某人
Do not swear at your classmates.

词族导图

answer / swear 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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098

assist

星标

[ə'sist] · v. / vt. · Page 114

to help someone by working with them or giving support

协助,帮助

联想

assist 比 help 更书面,常强调“对方自己也在做,你从旁协助”。高考里要记住 assist sb. in doing sth. 和 assist sb. to do sth.。

意思、用法与例句

vt.协助某人做某事

宾语通常是人,后面可接 in doing sth. 或 to do sth.。

常见表达assist sb. in doing sth.assist sb. to do sth.assist the teacher

Two volunteers assisted the nurse in moving the patient.

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assist sb. in doing sth. 表示协助某人做某事。

The guide assisted the visitors to find their seats.

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assist sb. to do sth. 是另一种常见结构。

vi. / vt.协助某事;提供支持

可用 assist with... 或 assist in... 表示在某项工作中帮忙。

常见表达assist with the workassist in the searchassist with homework

Older students assisted with the school science fair.

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assist with... 表示协助某项事务。

Local people assisted in the search for the lost child.

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assist in... 表示参与协助某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

help
帮助
Can you help me carry these books? help 最普通,可具体可抽象;assist 更正式,常指从旁协助。
aid
援助;资助
The charity aided families after the flood. aid 常用于救援、资助或帮助群体,语气较正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

assistance
帮助;援助
Please ask for assistance if the machine stops. assist 是动词,assistance 是名词。
assistant
助手;助理;助理的
The lab assistant prepared the equipment. assistant 是帮助的人或“助理的”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

assist 加 -ance 变名词 assistance,加 -ant 变 assistant,表示“提供帮助的人”。

assistance
帮助;援助
The plan succeeded with their assistance.
assistant
助手;助理
The assistant checked the list.

非派生记忆线索

assist sb. in doing sth.
协助某人做某事
She assisted him in writing the report.

词族导图

assist / assistance / assistant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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099

assistance

星标

[ə'sistəns] · n. [U] · Page 114-115

help or support given to someone

帮助,援助

联想

assistance 是 assist 的名词,通常不可数,常见于较正式的帮助、服务或援助场景。可以说 ask for assistance、offer assistance、with assistance。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]帮助;援助

表示别人给予的帮助、支持或服务。

常见表达ask for assistanceoffer assistanceaccept assistanceprovide assistance

Please ask for assistance if you cannot open the file.

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ask for assistance 表示请求帮助。

I'm sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from.

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accept assistance from... 表示接受某人的帮助。

n. [U]在帮助下;借助

with assistance 表示在帮助或辅助下完成某事。

常见表达with assistancewithout assistancefinancial assistance

The injured runner walked off the track with assistance.

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with assistance 表示在帮助下。

The family received financial assistance after the fire.

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financial assistance 表示经济援助。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

help
帮助
Thank you for your help with the project. help 更口语,assistance 更正式。
support
支持;帮助
The school offered support to new students. support 可指情感、技术或经济支持;assistance 更直接表示帮助。

词族线索 / 同组词

assist
协助;帮助
Teachers assisted the students in preparing the show. assist 是动词,assistance 是名词。
assistant
助手;助理
The assistant gave us useful assistance. assistant 是人,assistance 是帮助本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

assistance = assist + -ance,表示帮助这一行为或支持。

assist
协助;帮助
They assisted the old man.
assistant
助手;助理
A teaching assistant helped the class.

非派生记忆线索

ask for assistance
请求帮助
Ask for assistance before the problem gets worse.

词族导图

assist / assistance / assistant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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100

assistant

[ə'sistənt] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 115

a person who helps someone, or a lower-ranking helper role

助手,助理,副手;商店店员;助理的,副的

联想

assistant 是“帮助的人”,可指办公室、实验室、课堂中的助理,也可指英式英语里的商店店员;作形容词时表示助理的、副的。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]助手;助理;副手

指帮助某人完成工作的人。

常见表达personal assistantteaching assistantlab assistantoffice assistant

The lab assistant prepared the equipment before class.

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lab assistant 表示实验室助手。

Her personal assistant arranged the meeting schedule.

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personal assistant 表示私人助理。

n. [C]商店店员

英式英语中 shop assistant 指商店店员。

常见表达shop assistantsales assistant

The shop assistant helped me choose a winter coat.

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shop assistant 表示商店店员。

A sales assistant answered my question about the price.

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sales assistant 表示销售店员。

adj.助理的;副的

放在职务名词前,表示较低级别或辅助职位。

常见表达assistant managerassistant coachassistant teacher

She became assistant manager after two years.

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assistant manager 表示副经理。

The assistant coach led the warm-up exercises.

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assistant coach 表示助理教练。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

helper
帮手
A helper carried the boxes into the hall. helper 更普通;assistant 常是正式职位。
manager
经理;管理者
The assistant manager reported to the manager. assistant manager 是副经理,manager 是主要负责人。

词族线索 / 同组词

assist
协助;帮助
The assistant assists the teacher during experiments. assist 是动词,assistant 是人或职位。
assistance
帮助;援助
The assistant offered assistance to visitors. assistance 是帮助本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

assistant = assist + -ant,-ant 常表示做某动作的人或相关形容词。

assist
协助;帮助
The nurse assisted the doctor.
assistance
帮助;援助
We thanked them for their assistance.

非派生记忆线索

personal assistant
私人助理
Her personal assistant booked the tickets.

词族导图

assist / assistance / assistant 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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101

consist

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[kən'sist] · vi. · Page 115

to be made up of, agree with, or have something as its main point

由……组成,由……构成;与……一致;在于,存在于

联想

consist 是不及物动词,常靠介词表达意思:consist of 是由……组成,consist with 是与……一致,consist in 是在于。

意思、用法与例句

vi.由……组成

consist of 后接组成部分,不能用于进行时或被动语态;可用 be made up of 改写。

常见表达consist of...be made up of...A consists of B

The committee consists of twelve members.

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consist of 表示由……组成。

This breakfast consists of bread, eggs, and milk.

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consist of 后接组成部分。

不要写 is consisted of 或 is consisting of。

vi.与……一致

consist with 用于观点、事实或行为之间不矛盾,较正式。

常见表达consist with...be consistent with...

His actions do not consist with his promises.

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consist with... 表示与……一致。

The new rule consists with the school's safety plan.

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consist with 可用于规则、计划等。

vi.在于;存在于

consist in 表示本质或关键在于某事。

常见表达consist in...success consists in...

True courage consists in doing what is right under pressure.

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consist in... 表示在于。

The value of the trip consists in the lessons we learned.

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consist in 指价值或本质所在。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

include
包括
The price includes breakfast. include 强调包含,consist of 强调整体由哪些部分构成。
compose
组成;构成
Four short parts compose the song. compose 可及物;consist of 是不及物短语。
insist
坚持认为;坚决要求
She insisted on checking every detail. insist 共享 -sist 记忆线索,但不是 consist 的派生词。

词族线索 / 同组词

consistent
一致的;一贯的
The result is consistent with earlier tests. consistent 是形容词,常用 be consistent with。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-sist 可记作“站”:consist 像各部分站在一起。这个线索帮助记忆,但搭配仍要按英语习惯掌握。

consistent
一致的;一贯的
Her actions were consistent with her words.

非派生记忆线索

consist of
由……组成
The class consists of thirty students.
insist on
坚持
He insisted on a clear answer.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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102

consistent

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[kən'sistent] · adj. · Page 115

not changing, agreeing with something, or happening regularly

一致的,一贯的,始终如一的;连续的

联想

consistent 强调前后一致、不矛盾或持续稳定。常见结构是 be consistent with...,也可说 consistent effort/practice。

意思、用法与例句

adj.一致的;相符的

常用 be consistent with... 表示与事实、规则、结果一致。

常见表达be consistent with...consistent with the factsconsistent with the rule

Her story is consistent with the facts we know.

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be consistent with... 表示与……一致。

The test result is consistent with the doctor's explanation.

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consistent with 可接解释、结果等。

adj.一贯的;持续稳定的

描述表现、努力、练习或行为前后稳定。

常见表达consistent effortconsistent practiceon a consistent basis

Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.

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on a consistent basis 表示持续不断地。

His grades improved after months of consistent effort.

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consistent effort 表示持续稳定的努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

steady
稳定的
The team made steady progress. steady 强调稳定推进;consistent 强调前后一致或持续。
inconsistent
不一致的
His answers were inconsistent with the evidence. inconsistent 是 consistent 的反义词。
constant
持续的;不变的
The constant noise made reading hard. constant 强调不停或不变;consistent 强调规律、一致。

词族线索 / 同组词

consist
由……组成;一致
The plan consists with the rules. consist 是动词,consistent 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

consistent 可和 consist with 一起记,重点落在“前后站得住、不冲突”。

consist
由……组成;一致
The meal consists of rice and vegetables.
inconsistent
不一致的
The two reports are inconsistent.

非派生记忆线索

be consistent with
与……一致
The answer is consistent with the data.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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103

exist

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[ig'zist] · vi. · Page 115

to be real, be present, or live under certain conditions

存在;生活,生存

联想

exist 是不及物动词,先记“存在”,再记 exist on... 表示靠……生存,常用于贫困、困难或极少资源。

意思、用法与例句

vi.存在;有

表示某事物真实存在或某问题仍然存在。

常见表达exist in...still existexist among...

Many old customs still exist in small villages.

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still exist 表示仍然存在。

A serious problem exists in the plan.

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exist in... 表示存在于……中。

vi.生活;生存

exist on... 表示靠很少的钱、食物或资源维持生活。

常见表达exist on...exist without...

Some families had to exist on very little money.

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exist on... 表示靠……生存。

No plant can exist without water and light.

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exist without... 表示没有……也能/不能生存。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

live
生活;活着
People need clean water to live. live 更普通;exist 可强调仅仅活着或艰难生存。
appear
出现
A rainbow appeared after the rain. appear 强调出现,exist 强调真实存在。

词族线索 / 同组词

existence
存在;生活
The village came into existence a century ago. exist 是动词,existence 是名词。
coexistence
共处;共存
Peaceful coexistence requires respect. coexistence 是共同存在或和平共处。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

exist 加 -ence 变 existence;co- + existence 表示共同存在。

existence
存在;生活
The law came into existence last year.
coexistence
共处;共存
The park shows coexistence between people and nature.

非派生记忆线索

existing
现存的
We should improve the existing system.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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104

existence

[ig'zistəns] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 115

the state of being real, or a way of living

存在;生活,生活方式

联想

existence 是 exist 的名词,常见 come into existence、bring...into existence、in existence。也可指一种生活状态。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]存在

表示存在这个状态,常用于制度、组织、问题、物种等。

常见表达come into existencebring...into existencein existence

The club came into existence in 1998.

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come into existence 表示出现、产生。

This is one of the oldest bridges still in existence.

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in existence 表示现存的。

n. [C]生活;生活方式

可指某种生活状态,常带形容词。

常见表达a quiet existencea hard existencea lonely existence

The old man led a quiet existence by the lake.

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a quiet existence 表示平静的生活。

During the war, many families lived a hard existence.

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a hard existence 表示艰难生活。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

life
生活;生命
Life in the mountains can be peaceful. life 更普通,existence 更书面,可指存在状态。
disappearance
消失
The disappearance of the old bridge changed the town. disappearance 与 existence 的存在义方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

exist
存在;生存
Many questions still exist. exist 是动词,existence 是名词。
coexistence
共处;共存
Coexistence means shared existence in the same place. coexistence 是加 co- 后的共同存在。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

existence = exist + -ence,表示存在状态;coexistence = co- + existence。

exist
存在;生存
The problem still exists.
coexistence
共处;共存
Peaceful coexistence is possible.

非派生记忆线索

come into existence
出现;产生
The idea came into existence during a class discussion.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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105

coexistence

· n. [U] · Page 115

the state of existing together, often peacefully

共处,共存

联想

coexistence = co- 一起 + existence 存在,常用于人与自然、不同文化、不同观点和平共处。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]共处;共存

强调不同人、群体、物种、观点在同一空间或社会中共同存在。

常见表达peaceful coexistencecoexistence with...coexistence between A and B

The park is a model of coexistence between people and nature.

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coexistence between A and B 表示 A 与 B 共存。

Peaceful coexistence requires patience and respect.

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peaceful coexistence 表示和平共处。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cooperation
合作
Cooperation helps the two groups solve problems. cooperation 强调一起做事;coexistence 强调共同存在或和平相处。
conflict
冲突
Conflict made coexistence difficult. conflict 与 peaceful coexistence 方向相反。
harmony
和谐
The class worked in harmony. harmony 强调和谐状态,coexistence 可只是共处。

词族线索 / 同组词

existence
存在;生活
The village has had a long existence. coexistence 来自 co- + existence,强调共同存在。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

co- 表“一起”,existence 表“存在”;coexistence 是共同存在或和平共处。

exist
存在
Different opinions can exist in one team.
existence
存在
The custom's existence is important to local people.

非派生记忆线索

peaceful coexistence
和平共处
Peaceful coexistence needs mutual respect.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

insist

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[in'sist] · v. / vt. / vi. · Page 115-116

to state firmly that something is true, or demand firmly that something happen

坚称,坚决认为;坚决要求,坚持主张

联想

insist 有两条线:坚持认为某事实是真的,用普通陈述语气;坚决要求某事发生,从句常用 should + 动词原形或直接动词原形。

意思、用法与例句

vt.坚称;坚决认为

表示坚持某一事实或看法时,that 从句用正常时态。

常见表达insist that + factinsist that he was right

She insisted that she had locked the door.

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坚持认为某事属实时,用正常时态。

Insisting that Tom had stolen his car, Mr. Smith called the police.

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insist that... 可表示坚称某事实。

vt.坚决要求;坚持主张

表示要求别人做某事时,从句常用 should + 动词原形或省略 should。

常见表达insist that sb. (should) do sth.insist on doing sth.

The coach insisted that every player be on time.

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坚决要求时从句可用动词原形。

Mr. Smith insisted that Tom be put into prison.

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此处表示坚决要求。

vi.坚持做某事

insist on doing sth. 表示坚持要做某事。

常见表达insist on doing sth.insist on an answer

My sister insisted on paying for the meal.

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insist on doing sth. 表示坚持做某事。

The reporter insisted on a clear answer.

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insist on + 名词也常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

demand
要求
The workers demanded safer conditions. demand 强调要求,insist 还可表示坚称事实。
claim
声称
He claimed that the phone was his. claim 可表示声称;insist 更强调态度坚决。
give in
让步
She refused to give in and insisted on her plan. give in 与 insist 的坚持方向相反。
consist
由……组成;一致
The group consists of six students. consist 与 insist 共享 -sist 记忆线索,但搭配和意思不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

insist 可用“站在自己的立场上”记忆;但考试重点是 insist that 的语气差别和 insist on doing。

insistent
坚持的;坚决的
His insistent voice made everyone listen.

非派生记忆线索

insist on doing sth.
坚持做某事
He insisted on checking the answer again.

词族导图

consist 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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107

resist

星标

[ri'zist] · v. / vt. · Page 116

to oppose, refuse to accept, hold back from doing, or withstand damage

抵制,阻挡;抵抗,反抗,抗拒;忍住;抗伤害

联想

resist 的核心是“顶住”。可以顶住压力、改变或攻击,也可以顶住诱惑而忍住不做。考试重点是 resist doing sth. 和 cannot resist doing sth.。

意思、用法与例句

vt.抵制;反抗;阻挡

宾语常是 pressure、change、attack、control 等。

常见表达resist pressureresist changeresist an attack

The students resisted pressure to give up the project.

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resist pressure 表示顶住压力。

Some people resist change even when it is useful.

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resist change 表示抗拒改变。

vt.忍住;抵挡诱惑

常用 cannot resist doing sth. 或 cannot resist sth. 表示忍不住。

常见表达cannot resist doing sth.cannot resist sth.resist doing sth.

I can resist everything except temptation.

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resist temptation 表示抵制诱惑。

I can never resist an ice cream.

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cannot resist sth. 表示忍不住某物。

He could not resist checking his phone during the break.

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cannot resist doing sth. 后接动名词。

vt.抗伤害;耐受

用于材料、身体或系统能抵抗某种损害。

常见表达resist heatresist diseaseresist damage

This paint can resist heat and rain.

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resist heat/rain 表示耐受热和雨。

Healthy plants can resist disease better.

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resist disease 表示抗病。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oppose
反对
Many parents opposed the plan. oppose 强调反对某事;resist 还可表示抗拒行动或抵抗伤害。
accept
接受
She accepted the change instead of resisting it. accept 与 resist change 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

resistance
反抗;抵抗力;阻力
The plan met strong resistance. resist 是动词,resistance 是名词。
resistant
有抵抗力的
Some materials are resistant to water. resistant 是形容词,常接 to。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

resist 加 -ance 变 resistance,表示反抗、抵抗力或阻力;resistant 是形容词。

resistance
反抗;抵抗力;阻力
Air resistance slowed the bike.
resistant
有抵抗力的
The jacket is resistant to rain.

非派生记忆线索

cannot resist doing sth.
忍不住做某事
She could not resist laughing.

词族导图

resist / resistance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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108

resistance

[ri'zistəns] · n. [U] / n. [sing.] · Page 116

opposition, the ability to withstand something, or force that slows movement

反抗,抵制;抵抗力;阻力

联想

resistance 是 resist 的名词,语境决定三种意思:计划遇到 resistance 是反对;身体有 resistance 是抵抗力;空气或水的 resistance 是阻力。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / n. [sing.]反抗;抵制;反对

常接 to,表示对计划、改变或压力的反对。

常见表达resistance to...meet resistancestrong resistance

We expected that we would meet a certain amount of resistance to our plan.

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meet resistance to... 表示遇到对……的反对。

There was strong resistance to the new rule at first.

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resistance to... 表示对……的抵制。

n. [U]抵抗力;耐受力

表示身体、材料或系统抵抗疾病、压力、热量等的能力。

常见表达resistance to diseasewater resistanceheat resistance

Regular exercise can improve the body's resistance to disease.

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resistance to disease 表示抗病能力。

The watch has good water resistance.

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water resistance 表示防水能力。

n. [U]阻力

物理或运动语境中表示妨碍移动的力。

常见表达air resistancewater resistance

Air resistance slows a falling object.

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air resistance 表示空气阻力。

Swimmers train hard to move through water resistance.

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water resistance 表示水阻力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

opposition
反对
The proposal faced public opposition. opposition 接近 resistance 的反对义。
support
支持
Public support replaced early resistance. support 与 resistance to a plan 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

resist
抵制;忍住;抗伤害
Many people resisted the change. resist 是动词,resistance 是名词。
resistant
有抵抗力的
The material is resistant to heat. resistant 是形容词,常接 to。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

resistance = resist + -ance;related adjective resistant 常用 be resistant to...。

resist
抵制;抵抗
The workers resisted unfair rules.
resistant
有抵抗力的
These plants are resistant to cold.

非派生记忆线索

air resistance
空气阻力
Air resistance slows the ball.

词族导图

resist / resistance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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109

weekday names

· phr. / table entry · Page 116

the English names and short forms for the days of the week

星期英文名称表

联想

weekday names 是表格类词条,重点是七天的英文拼写、常见缩写和日期前介词 on。英语星期名首字母大写。

意思、用法与例句

phr.星期名称和缩写

学习 Monday 到 Sunday 的拼写、顺序和常见缩写。

常见表达Monday to SundayMon.Tue./Tues.Wed./Weds.Thur./Thurs.Fri.Sat.Sun.

Monday is the first school day for many students.

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Monday 是星期一,首字母大写。

The notice says the library is open from Tue. to Fri.

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Tue. 是 Tuesday 的常见缩写。

phr.星期前用 on

表示在星期几,通常用 on;可与 this、next、last 等搭配。

常见表达on Mondaythis Sundaynext Fridayfrom Tuesday to Friday

Our English test is on Monday morning.

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on Monday 表示在星期一。

The final match will be played this Sunday.

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this Sunday 表示本周日或这个周日。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

weekday
工作日;平日
The library is open on weekdays. weekday 通常指周一到周五。
weekend
周末
We often visit grandparents at the weekend. weekend 通常指 Saturday and Sunday。
calendar
日历
Mark the meeting on your calendar. weekday names 常用于日历、课表和通知。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

weekday names 是表格类词条,不按派生词族处理;重点掌握七个专名和缩写。

weekday
工作日;平日
Classes are held on weekdays.
weekend
周末
The trip starts at the weekend.

非派生记忆线索

Monday to Sunday
星期一到星期日
Write Monday to Sunday in order.
on Monday
在星期一
The club meets on Monday.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

110

kill

[kil] · v. / vt. · Page 117

to make a living thing die, or to make someone suffer greatly

杀死,弄死;使受折磨

联想

kill 可用于人、动物、植物或抽象事物,也可口语化表示“使难受得要命”。murder 是故意违法杀人,比 kill 窄得多。

意思、用法与例句

vt.杀死;弄死

可用于事故、疾病、战争、植物死亡等,不一定表示谋杀。

常见表达kill a person/animal/plantbe killed in...kill germs

The sudden frost killed many young plants in the field.

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kill plants 表示使植物死亡。

Several people were killed in the train accident.

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be killed in... 常用于事故语境。

vt.使受折磨;使非常难受

口语中表示疼痛、炎热、等待等让人难受。

常见表达My back is killing me.This heat is killing me.The wait is killing me.

My feet are killing me after the long walk.

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身体部位 + is killing me 表示疼得难受。

This heat is killing me, so I need some water.

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This heat is killing me 表示热得难受。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

murder
谋杀
The report said the man was murdered, not killed by accident. murder 是故意违法杀人;kill 范围更宽。
save
挽救
Quick treatment saved the child. save 与 kill 的结果相反。
die
死亡
Many fish died when the river was polluted. die 是不及物,kill 是及物。

词族线索 / 同组词

killer
杀手;致命物
The disease became a silent killer. killer = kill + -er。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

kill + -er = killer;murder/rot/ruin/damage 与 kill 是主题相关,不是 kill 的派生词。

killer
杀手;致命物
Smoking is a major killer.

非派生记忆线索

murder
谋杀
Murder is illegal and deliberate killing.
ruin
毁坏
The rain ruined the picnic.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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111

killer

· n. [C] · Page 117

a person or thing that kills

杀手;致命物

联想

killer 是 kill + -er,可指杀人者,也可指致命疾病、危险习惯等。它不是 murder 的同义词,语境要看是否违法故意。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]杀手;致命物

既可指人,也可指导致死亡的疾病、危险或事物。

常见表达a suspected killera killer diseasea silent killer

Police searched the area for the suspected killer.

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suspected killer 表示嫌疑杀手。

High blood pressure is sometimes called a silent killer.

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silent killer 指不易察觉但危险的致命物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

murderer
谋杀犯
A murderer is a killer who murders someone. murderer 一定涉及 murder;killer 范围更宽。
victim
受害者
The victim called for help. victim 是受害者,不是施害者。

词族线索 / 同组词

kill
杀死;弄死
The cold weather killed the crops. killer 来自动词 kill。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

killer = kill + -er,-er 表示做某事的人或物。

kill
杀死;弄死
The virus can kill young trees.

非派生记忆线索

silent killer
隐形杀手
Stress can become a silent killer.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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112

murder

['mɜ:də(r)] · vt. / n. [C, U] · Page 117

to kill someone illegally and deliberately, or the crime of doing this

谋杀;谋杀罪,凶杀

联想

murder 的核心是“故意、违法地杀人”。kill 可用于事故、疾病、植物等,murder 只用于人且带犯罪含义。

意思、用法与例句

vt.谋杀

指故意、违法地杀人。

常见表达murder sb.be murdered

The old man was murdered on his way home.

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be murdered 表示被谋杀。

The novel begins with a plan to murder a businessman.

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murder sb. 指故意杀害某人。

n. [C, U]谋杀罪;凶杀案

作名词时可指罪行或案件。

常见表达be charged with murdera murder casethe murder of...

The suspect was charged with murder after the trial.

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be charged with murder 表示被控谋杀。

The murder of the young reporter shocked the town.

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the murder of... 表示对某人的谋杀。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kill
杀死
A driver may kill someone by accident, but that is not always murder. kill 可无意或非犯罪;murder 必须故意违法。
crime
犯罪
Murder is a serious crime. crime 范围更广,murder 是一种严重犯罪。

词族线索 / 同组词

murderer
谋杀犯
The murderer was caught near the station. murderer = murder + -er。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

murder + -er = murderer,表示实施谋杀的人。

murderer
谋杀犯
The murderer left evidence behind.

非派生记忆线索

kill
杀死
Not every killing is murder.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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113

murderer

· n. [C] · Page 117

a person who murders someone

谋杀犯,凶手

联想

murderer 是 murder + -er,必须和 murder 的故意违法杀人义相连。不要把所有 killer 都叫 murderer。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]谋杀犯;凶手

指犯下谋杀罪的人。

常见表达catch the murderera convicted murdererthe murderer of...

Detectives finally caught the murderer after ten years.

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catch the murderer 表示抓住凶手。

A convicted murderer cannot be called only a suspect.

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convicted murderer 表示已定罪的谋杀犯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

killer
杀手;致命物
A killer disease is not a murderer. killer 可指物;murderer 只能指人。
victim
受害者
The victim's family waited for justice. victim 是受害者,murderer 是施害者。

词族线索 / 同组词

murder
谋杀;谋杀罪
The murder case remained unsolved. murderer 来自 murder。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

murderer = murder + -er,-er 表示做该动作的人。

murder
谋杀
He was accused of murder.

非派生记忆线索

victim
受害者
The victim was found alive.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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114

rot

[rɒt] · v. / vi. / vt. · Page 117

to decay, or make something decay

腐烂,使腐烂

联想

rot 强调食物、木头、植物等自然腐烂变坏,和 damage 的人为或外力损害不同。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.腐烂;使腐烂

用于有机物、木头、植物、食物等变坏。

常见表达fruit rotswood rotsrot awaymake sth. rot

The apples began to rot in the warm kitchen.

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fruit begins to rot 表示水果开始腐烂。

Rainwater made the old wooden floor rot away.

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rot away 表示逐渐腐烂掉。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decay
腐烂;衰败
Leaves decay and become part of the soil. decay 较正式,rot 更具体常见。
fresh
新鲜的
Fresh fruit should be kept in a cool place. fresh 与 rotten/rot 的状态相反。
ruin
毁坏;废墟
Water can ruin a house after wood rots. rot 是腐烂过程,ruin 是严重毁坏结果。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rot 与 ruin/damage 是破坏主题相关,不是直接派生。

rotten
腐烂的
Throw away the rotten fruit.

非派生记忆线索

rot away
腐烂掉
The fence rotted away after years of rain.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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115

ruin

星标

['ruɪn] · vt. / n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 117

to spoil or destroy badly; destruction, bankruptcy, or broken remains

毁灭,毁坏;使破产;毁灭,破坏;废墟;破产

联想

ruin 比 damage 更重,常表示毁到很难恢复;作名词时 ruins 常指废墟,in ruins 表示严重受损。

意思、用法与例句

vt.毁坏;毁掉;使破产

可用于计划、健康、机会、事业、财务等被严重破坏。

常见表达ruin a planruin one's healthruin a chanceruin a business

Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food?

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ruin a workout 表示毁掉锻炼效果。

A single careless post can ruin a student's chance of getting the job.

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ruin a chance 表示毁掉机会。

n. [U] / n. [C]毁灭;废墟;破产

in ruins 表示严重受损;fall into ruin 表示败落。

常见表达in ruinsfall into ruinfinancial ruinancient ruins

After the earthquake, several old houses lay in ruins.

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in ruins 表示严重受损或成废墟。

Without repairs, the theater slowly fell into ruin.

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fall into ruin 表示逐渐败落。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

damage
损害;毁坏
The storm damaged the roof but did not ruin the whole house. damage 不一定彻底;ruin 更重。
destroy
摧毁
The fire destroyed the old library. destroy 强调摧毁;ruin 可指计划、健康、财务被毁。
repair
修理
Workers repaired the damaged bridge. repair 与 ruin/damage 的结果方向相反。
rot
腐烂
The beams rotted and the building fell into ruin. rot 可导致 ruin。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ruin 与 damage 是近义对比,不是派生;ruins 作复数常指废墟。

ruins
废墟
Tourists visited the ancient ruins.

非派生记忆线索

in ruins
严重受损;成废墟
The village was in ruins.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

damage

星标

['dæmidʒ] · vt. / n. [U] · Page 117

to harm something, or harm caused to something

毁坏,损害;伤害;损害,损失

联想

damage 是“造成损害”,程度通常比 ruin 轻,不一定完全毁掉。常见搭配是 do/cause damage to...。

意思、用法与例句

vt.损害;毁坏;伤害

宾语可为物品、环境、健康、名誉等。

常见表达damage propertydamage the environmentdamage one's health

The flood damaged several classrooms on the first floor.

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damage classrooms 表示损坏教室。

Too much screen time may damage children's eyesight.

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damage eyesight 表示损害视力。

n. [U]损害;损失;伤害

常用 do/cause damage to... 表示对……造成损害。

常见表达do damage to...cause damage to...serious damage

The storm caused serious damage to the village road.

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cause damage to... 表示对……造成损害。

Damaged but not defeated, he was still ahead of me.

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damaged 可表示受伤或受损。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ruin
毁坏;毁灭
The rain damaged our posters but did not ruin the whole event. damage 较轻,ruin 更严重。
harm
伤害;损害
Noise can harm students' hearing. harm 更宽泛,damage 常指可见或可衡量损害。
repair
修理
The school repaired the damaged windows. repair 是修复损坏。

词族线索 / 同组词

damaging
造成伤害的
Damaging habits can hurt health. damaging 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

damage 可作动词和不可数名词;damaging 是形容词,表示造成伤害的。

damaging
造成伤害的
The rumor was damaging to his reputation.
damaged
受损的
The damaged bike needed repair.

非派生记忆线索

do/cause damage to
对……造成损害
The flood caused damage to the bridge.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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117

damaging

· adj. · Page 117

causing harm, loss, or damage

造成伤害的,造成损害的

联想

damaging 是 damage 的形容词,描述行为、消息、习惯、影响等会造成伤害。常接 to。

意思、用法与例句

adj.造成伤害的;有损害的

常修饰 effect、habit、information、remark,也可用 be damaging to...。

常见表达damaging effectsdamaging habitsbe damaging to...

Smoking has damaging effects on the heart.

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damaging effects 表示有害影响。

False information can be damaging to a student's reputation.

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be damaging to... 表示对……有害。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

harmful
有害的
Harmful gases entered the room. harmful 更普通,damaging 强调造成损害。
helpful
有帮助的
Helpful feedback improves writing. helpful 与 damaging 的结果相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

damage
损害;损失
Noise can damage hearing. damaging 来自动词/名词 damage。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

damaging = damage + -ing,作形容词表示会造成损害的。

damage
损害;损失
The accident caused damage.
damaged
受损的
The damaged phone still worked.

非派生记忆线索

be damaging to
对……有害
Stress can be damaging to sleep.

词族导图

kill 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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118

borrow

['bɒrəu] · v. / vt. · Page 117

to take and use something from someone and return it later

借用,借入

联想

borrow 的方向是“借进来”:borrow sth. from sb.。它通常不涉及付租金;若付钱临时使用,常用 rent。

意思、用法与例句

vt.向别人借入;借用

主语是借入的人,常接 from 表示从谁那里借。

常见表达borrow sth. from sb.borrow a book from the libraryborrow money from a friend

Mina borrowed a dictionary from the school library.

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borrow sth. from... 表示从……借入。

Can I borrow your notes for one evening?

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borrow 表示临时借用并归还。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lend
借给;借出
Tom lent his bike to Ben, so Ben borrowed it from Tom. lend 是借出,borrow 是借入。
rent
租用;出租;租金
We rented a bike for two hours near the lake. rent 通常涉及付费使用。
loan
贷款;借出
The bank gave the family a small loan. loan 多用于钱或正式借贷。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

borrow/lend/rent/loan 是借贷主题组,不是派生词族;重点看方向、费用和对象。

非派生记忆线索

borrow from
从……借入
She borrowed a ruler from me.
lend to
把……借给
I lent a ruler to her.

词族导图

borrow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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119

lend

星标

[lend] · vt. · Page 117

to give something to someone for a time and expect it back

借给,借出

联想

lend 的方向是“借出去”:lend sb. sth. 或 lend sth. to sb.。lend a hand 是固定短语,表示帮忙。

意思、用法与例句

vt.把某物借给某人

主语是借出的人,既可用双宾语,也可用 to。

常见表达lend sb. sth.lend sth. to sb.lend money to sb.

You'd better not lend him the books borrowed from the library.

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lend sb. sth. 表示把某物借给某人。

Could you lend your umbrella to Jack until Friday?

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lend sth. to sb. 也表示借给某人。

phr.帮忙

lend a hand 是固定短语,不是把手借出去。

常见表达lend a handlend sb. a hand

Several neighbors lent a hand after the storm.

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lend a hand 表示帮忙。

Can you lend me a hand with this heavy box?

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lend sb. a hand 表示帮某人一把。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

borrow
借入;借用
I borrowed the book after Amy lent it to me. 同一件事从借入者看是 borrow,从借出者看是 lend。
loan
借出;贷款
The bank loaned money to the shop. loan 更正式,常用于钱。
help
帮助
Please help me move the table. lend a hand 接近 help。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lend 与 borrow 是方向相反的一对;loan 可作正式动词或名词。

非派生记忆线索

lend a hand
帮忙
Friends lent a hand at the fair.

词族导图

borrow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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120

rent

星标

[rent] · v. / vt. / n. [C, U] · Page 117-118

to pay to use something, let someone use something for payment, or the money paid for it

租用;出租;租金

联想

rent 的关键是“付钱临时使用”。rent...from... 是向某人租,rent...to... 是把某物租给某人;作名词是租金。

意思、用法与例句

vt.租用;租借

主语是租用者时,常用 rent...from...。

常见表达rent a flatrent a bikerent...from...

We rented a small flat from a retired teacher.

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rent...from... 表示向……租用。

The tourists rented two bikes near the station.

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rent a bike 表示租一辆自行车。

vt.出租

主语是拥有者时,常用 rent...to...。

常见表达rent...to...rent out a room

My aunt rents a spare room to college students.

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rent...to... 表示把……租给……。

The company rents out cameras for school projects.

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rent out 表示出租。

n. [C, U]租金

表示租房或租物品所付的钱。

常见表达pay the rentmonthly renthigh rent

They pay the rent at the beginning of each month.

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pay the rent 表示付租金。

High rent forced the family to move farther from school.

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high rent 表示高租金。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

borrow
借入;借用
She borrowed a dress from her cousin for free. borrow 通常不付租金,rent 通常付费。
hire
租用;雇用
They hired a coach for the trip. 英式英语中 hire 常用于租设备或雇人。
loan
贷款;借款
The student asked for a loan to pay rent. loan 多指借钱,rent 是租金或租用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rent 和 borrow/lend/loan 是借用主题,不是派生关系;rent 的方向靠 from/to 区分。

非派生记忆线索

rent from
向……租
We rent the house from Mr. Li.
rent to
把……租给
Mr. Li rents the house to us.

词族导图

borrow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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121

loan

[ləun] · vt. / n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 118

money that is borrowed, or to lend something formally

借出,贷给;贷款,借款;借出

联想

loan 常和钱、银行、正式借贷相连。作名词最常见:ask for a loan、pay back a loan;作动词时接近 lend。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]贷款;借款

指借来的钱,尤其是银行或机构贷款。

常见表达ask for a loanpay back a loana bank loanstudent loan

The family asked for a loan to repair the small shop.

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ask for a loan 表示申请贷款。

She worked during the summer to pay back her student loan.

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pay back a loan 表示偿还贷款。

vt.借出;贷给

较正式,常用于钱或机构借出。

常见表达loan money to sb.loan sth. to sb.

The bank loaned money to the farmers after the flood.

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loan money to... 表示贷钱给……。

The museum loaned the painting to a school exhibition.

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loan sth. to... 可表示正式借出物品。

n. [sing.]借出;借用状态

on loan 表示借出或借用中。

常见表达on loanbe on loan from...

The old map is on loan from the city museum.

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on loan from... 表示从……借展。

Several tablets are on loan to students this term.

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on loan to... 表示借给……使用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lend
借给;借出
She lent me her notebook for one day. lend 更日常;loan 更正式,常用于钱或机构。
borrow
借入
He borrowed money from the bank. borrow 是借入,loan 可指贷款本身或贷出。
rent
租用;租金
Rent is paid for using a place or object. loan 要归还借款或借物,rent 是付费使用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

loan 与 borrow/lend/rent 是主题对比;核心看 money/formality 和 pay back。

非派生记忆线索

pay back a loan
偿还贷款
He paid back the loan in two years.

词族导图

borrow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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122

tidy

['taidi] · adj. / v. · Page 118

well arranged and in order; to make a place or things neat

整洁的,整齐的;使整洁,整理

联想

tidy 的核心是“有条理、收拾好”。它可作形容词,也可作动词;tidy up 和 tidy away 是高频搭配。

意思、用法与例句

adj.整洁的;整齐的;爱整洁的

强调东西摆放有序、空间不乱,也可形容人爱整洁。

常见表达a tidy roomkeep sth. tidytidy desk

Her desk is tidy because every book has its place.

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tidy desk 强调桌面有序。

Please keep the classroom tidy after the activity.

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keep sth. tidy 表示保持整洁。

v. / vt.整理;收拾

可用 tidy up 表示收拾妥当,tidy away 表示把东西收起来。

常见表达tidy uptidy sth. uptidy sth. away

We tidied up the lab before the next class arrived.

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tidy up 表示收拾整齐。

The children tidied their toys away after dinner.

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tidy...away 表示把……收起来。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

neat
整洁的;利落的
His handwriting is neat and easy to read. neat 强调清洁、整齐、外观利落;tidy 更强调有序不乱。
messy
凌乱的
A messy desk makes it hard to find notes. messy 与 tidy 相反。
organize
整理;组织
She organized the files by date. organize 强调按规则安排;tidy 强调收拾整齐。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tidy/neat 是近义对比,不是派生词族;tidy 还可作动词。

untidy
不整洁的
His schoolbag was untidy.

非派生记忆线索

tidy up
收拾妥当
Please tidy up your desk.

词族导图

tidy / neat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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123

neat

星标

[ni:t] · adj. · Page 118

clean and well arranged, skilful, or simple and effective

整洁的;灵巧的;简洁的

联想

neat 先记“干净整齐、外观利落”,再扩展到“灵巧的、简洁有效的”。它通常不作动词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.整洁的;整齐的;利落的

强调外表干净、整齐、看起来利落。

常见表达neat handwritingneat clothesa neat room

Her neat handwriting made the answer easy to check.

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neat handwriting 表示字迹工整。

He wore a neat white shirt for the interview.

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neat clothes 表示衣着整洁利落。

adj.灵巧的;简洁有效的

可形容方法、技巧、解决办法简洁漂亮。

常见表达a neat tricka neat solutiona neat way to do sth.

The student found a neat solution to the maths problem.

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neat solution 表示简洁漂亮的解法。

This app has a neat way to organize notes.

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neat way 表示巧妙方式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

tidy
整洁的;整理
A tidy room has everything in the right place. tidy 强调有序,也可作动词;neat 强调干净整齐或简洁灵巧。
messy
凌乱的
The messy handwriting was hard to read. messy 与 neat/tidy 相反。
clever
巧妙的
That is a clever way to save time. clever 接近 neat 的灵巧义,但不表示整洁。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

neat 与 tidy 是近义对比;neat 的灵巧/简洁义不能直接套到 tidy。

neatly
整洁地;利落地
She folded the clothes neatly.

非派生记忆线索

a neat solution
简洁漂亮的解法
The team found a neat solution.

词族导图

tidy / neat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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124

necessary

星标

['nesəsəri] · adj. · Page 118

needed and not optional

必要的;必需的

联想

necessary 表示“有必要、少不了”。常见 if necessary、be necessary for/to、It is necessary for sb. to do,也要注意 It is necessary that... 可用 should + 动词原形。

意思、用法与例句

adj.必要的;必需的

说明某事是需要的,不做或没有会影响结果。

常见表达if necessarybe necessary for...be necessary to do

Bring your student card if necessary.

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if necessary 表示如果有必要。

Sleep is necessary for healthy growth.

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be necessary for... 表示对……必要。

Money is indeed wonderful and necessary, but it is not everything.

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necessary 可表示生活或目标中必需。

adj.有必要做某事

常用 It is necessary for sb. to do sth.;that 从句可用 should + 动词原形。

常见表达It is necessary for sb. to do sth.It is necessary that sb. should do sth.It is necessary that sb. do sth.

It is necessary for every visitor to sign in at the gate.

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It is necessary for sb. to do sth. 是常用结构。

It is necessary that he should come here every Sunday.

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that 从句可用 should + 动词原形。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

essential
必不可少的;极其重要的
Clean water is essential to life. essential 通常比 necessary 更强,强调核心、不可或缺。
unnecessary
不必要的
Long speeches are unnecessary in a short notice. unnecessary 是 necessary 的反义词。
needed
需要的
A password is needed to open the file. needed 更普通,necessary 更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

necessary/essential 是近义对比,不是派生词族;necessary 的反义词是 unnecessary。

unnecessary
不必要的
Do not take unnecessary risks.

非派生记忆线索

if necessary
如果有必要
Call me if necessary.

词族导图

necessary / essential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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125

essential

[i'senʃl] · adj. · Page 118

absolutely necessary, extremely important, or basic

必不可少的,极其重要的;本质的,基本的

联想

essential 比 necessary 语气更强,强调核心、缺了不行。它还可表示“本质的、基本的”,常见 be essential for/to...。

意思、用法与例句

adj.必不可少的;极其重要的

常接 for 或 to,说明某物对目标、生存、成功非常关键。

常见表达be essential for...be essential to...essential for success

Good communication is essential for teamwork.

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be essential for... 表示对……必不可少。

Water is essential to all living things.

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be essential to... 表示对……极其重要。

adj.本质的;基本的

表示最基本、最核心的信息、部分或特征。

常见表达essential informationan essential partessential facts

The guide gives only the essential information for new students.

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essential information 表示基本必要信息。

Trust is an essential part of a good friendship.

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an essential part 表示核心组成部分。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

necessary
必要的
A passport is necessary for international travel. necessary 表示需要;essential 更强调不可或缺或极其重要。
basic
基本的
Students need basic safety knowledge. basic 接近 essential 的基本义,但 essential 还强调必要性。
optional
可选的
The art club is optional after school. optional 与 essential/necessary 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

essential 可联想 essence“本质”,因此有“本质的、核心的”义;本单元重点放在 essential for/to。

essence
本质
The essence of the story is courage.

非派生记忆线索

be essential to
对……必不可少
Reading is essential to learning.

词族导图

necessary / essential 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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126

scan

星标

[skæn] · vt. / vi. / n. [C] · Page 118

to look over quickly, examine carefully, or make a digital or medical image

细看,审视;扫描;浏览;扫描检查

联想

scan 的核心是“扫过以获取信息”。它可表示快速浏览名单,也可表示仔细查看,还可表示机器扫描或医学扫描。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.浏览;扫视寻找信息

常和 quickly、for 连用,表示快速扫过寻找某个信息。

常见表达scan the listscan for...scan quickly

I scanned the list quickly for my name.

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scan the list for... 表示浏览名单寻找……。

She scanned the timetable for the next train to Chengdu.

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scan for... 表示快速查找。

vt.细看;审视

可表示认真查看某处,寻找问题或细节。

常见表达scan the roomscan the skyscan the crowd

The guard scanned the crowd before opening the gate.

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scan the crowd 表示扫视人群。

The pilot scanned the sky for dark clouds.

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scan the sky for... 表示扫视天空寻找……。

vt. / n. [C]扫描;扫描检查

用于机器读取、二维码、文件或医学影像。

常见表达scan a QR codescan a documenta brain scan

Please scan the QR code to open the school notice.

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scan a QR code 表示扫描二维码。

The doctor ordered a brain scan after the fall.

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a brain scan 表示脑部扫描。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

skim
略读
Skim the article before answering the questions. skim 偏略读文章大意;scan 偏寻找特定信息。
stare
盯着看
The child stared at the strange machine. stare 是长时间盯着,scan 是扫视或扫描。
examine
检查;审视
The nurse examined the wound. examine 更强调仔细检查;scan 可快可细,也可机器扫描。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

scan/stare 是看法动作对比,不是派生词族。scan 可作动词和名词。

scanner
扫描仪;扫描设备
The scanner copied the page clearly.

非派生记忆线索

scan for
扫视寻找
He scanned the shelf for his book.

词族导图

scan / stare 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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127

stare

星标

[steə(r)] · vi. · Page 118

to look at someone or something for a long time

盯着看,凝视

联想

stare 是长时间盯着看,常接 at。它可能表示惊讶、害怕、无礼或走神,和 scan 的快速扫视相反。

意思、用法与例句

vi.盯着看;凝视

常用 stare at sb./sth.,带有持续时间较长、目光固定的感觉。

常见表达stare at...stare in surprisestare silently

I cried out and everyone stared at me.

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stare at sb. 表示盯着某人看。

The little boy stared in surprise at the huge robot.

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stare in surprise 表示惊讶地盯着看。

vi.发呆地看

stare into space 表示目光空空地发呆。

常见表达stare into spacesit staring

After the exam, Leo sat by the window and stared into space.

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stare into space 表示发呆。

She stopped staring and returned to her homework.

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stop staring 表示停止盯着看。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

look
Look at the board, please. look 最普通;stare 强调长时间盯着。
scan
浏览;扫描
She scanned the page for a date. scan 是扫过寻找信息,stare 是固定目光。
glance
瞥一眼
He glanced at his watch and left. glance 是短暂一瞥,stare 是长时间盯着。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stare 与 scan 是看法动作对比。stare at 的 at 很关键。

非派生记忆线索

stare at
盯着看
Do not stare at strangers.
stare into space
发呆
She stared into space for a minute.

词族导图

scan / stare 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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128

survey

[sə'vei] v.; ['sɜ:vei] n. · vt. / n. [C] · Page 119

to ask or examine broadly, measure land, or a study/report

调查;测量,勘测;调查;勘测;全面评述

联想

survey 的核心是“全面看一遍”。它可作动词调查人群或勘测土地,也可作名词表示调查、勘测或全面评述。注意动词和名词重音不同。

意思、用法与例句

vt.调查

通过询问或收集信息了解情况,宾语常是 people、students、readers 等。

常见表达survey studentssurvey readerssurvey the public

The school surveyed students about their reading habits.

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survey students 表示调查学生。

Researchers surveyed parents before changing the timetable.

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survey parents 表示向家长做调查。

vt.测量;勘测

对土地、建筑或地点进行测量检查。

常见表达survey the landsurvey the sitesurvey the building

Engineers surveyed the land before building the bridge.

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survey the land 表示勘测土地。

The team surveyed the old building for safety problems.

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survey a building 表示勘查建筑。

n. [C]调查;勘测;全面评述

可指问卷调查、土地勘测,或对某主题的概览。

常见表达conduct a surveya survey of...a land surveya recent survey

A recent survey showed that most students read online news.

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survey 作名词表示调查。

The article gives a short survey of modern Chinese poetry.

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a survey of... 可表示全面评述。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

questionnaire
问卷
The questionnaire asked ten short questions. questionnaire 是调查用的问卷,survey 是调查过程或结果。
research
研究;调查
The research focused on student sleep. research 更宽泛系统;survey 常靠问卷、访问或总体查看。
scan
浏览;扫描
She scanned the list for her name. scan 是快速扫视或机器扫描,survey 更强调调查或全面查看。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

survey 是独立多义词;可用 sur- + view 的“从上方看、全面看”帮助记忆,但不要把它当作 view 的普通派生用法。

surveying
测量;勘测
Surveying is important before construction.

非派生记忆线索

conduct a survey
开展调查
The club conducted a survey about lunch.
land survey
土地勘测
The land survey took two days.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

129

sort

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[sɔ:t] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 119

a type or kind, or to arrange things into groups or deal with a problem

种类,类别,类型;把……分类,整理;妥善处理

联想

sort 作名词是普通的“种类”,作动词是分类、整理,也可用 sort out 表示解决问题。sort 比 category 更口语、更宽泛。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]种类;类型

普通用词,可用于人、事物、情况的大概类型。

常见表达this sort of...all sorts of...what sort of...

What sort of music helps you study best?

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what sort of... 表示哪一种……。

The club welcomes all sorts of students.

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all sorts of... 表示各种各样的。

vt.分类;整理

表示把物品、信息等按某种方式分组或整理。

常见表达sort...into...sort...by...sort the files

We sorted the photos into three folders.

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sort...into... 表示把……分成……。

Please sort the cards by date before the meeting.

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sort...by... 表示按……分类。

phr.妥善处理;解决

sort out 可表示整理清楚,也可表示解决难题。

常见表达sort out a problemsort out the messsort things out

The team stayed late to sort out the problem.

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sort out a problem 表示解决问题。

Maya sorted out her notes before the exam.

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sort out notes 表示整理笔记。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

category
类别
Each age category has a different prize. category 更书面,通常有明确标准;sort 更普通。
arrange
安排;整理
Arrange the books from small to large. arrange 强调排列安排;sort 强调按类别整理。
mix
混合
Do not mix the clean cards with the dirty ones. mix 与 sort into groups 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sort/category/categorise 是分类主题组;category/categorise 才是直接词族。

非派生记忆线索

sort out
整理;解决
We sorted out the problem together.
all sorts of
各种各样的
The drawer held all sorts of tools.

词族导图

sort / category / categorise/-ize 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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130

category

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['kætəgəri] · n. [C] · Page 119

a clearly defined group of people or things with shared features

种类,类别

联想

category 是较书面的“类别”,常用于有明确标准的分类系统,如年龄组、价格类别、比赛类别。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]种类;类别

指按明确标准划分出来的群体或项目。

常见表达fall into a categoryage categoryprice categorycategory of...

This film falls into the comedy category.

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fall into a category 表示属于某类。

Students compete in different age categories.

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age category 表示年龄组。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sort
种类;分类
This sort of question needs careful reading. sort 更普通,有时只是大概分类;category 更正式、标准更明确。
group
组;群体
The teacher divided the class into groups. group 更普通;category 强调分类标准。

词族线索 / 同组词

categorise/-ize
将……分类
The app categorises books by subject. categorise/categorize 是 category 的动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

category 的动词是 categorise/categorize,两种拼写都要认识。

categorise/-ize
将……分类
They categorised the data by age.

非派生记忆线索

fall into a category
属于某一类
The word falls into the noun category.

词族导图

sort / category / categorise/-ize 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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131

categorise/-ize

· vt. · Page 119

to put people or things into categories

将……分类

联想

categorise 是英式拼写,categorize 是美式拼写,意思都是把人或物放入类别。常见 categorise...as... 和 categorise...by...。

意思、用法与例句

vt.将……分类

按类别、标准或特征把人或物归类。

常见表达categorise...as...categorise...by...categorise...into...

The library categorises books by subject.

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categorise...by... 表示按……分类。

Do not categorise a student as lazy after one mistake.

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categorise...as... 表示把……归为……。

The survey results were categorised into three groups.

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categorise...into... 表示分入若干类。

categorise 是英式拼写,categorize 是美式拼写。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

classify
分类
Scientists classify animals by shared features. classify 与 categorise 接近,也偏正式。
sort
分类;整理
Sort the files by date. sort 更日常,categorise 更强调放入明确类别。

词族线索 / 同组词

category
类别
Each category has a clear rule. categorise/categorize 来自 category。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

category -> categorise/categorize,-ise/-ize 是英美拼写差异。

category
类别
Choose the right category first.
categorization
分类
The categorization was based on age.

非派生记忆线索

categorise as
归类为
The story is categorised as science fiction.

词族导图

sort / category / categorise/-ize 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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132

bright

星标

[brait] · adj. · Page 119

full of light, vivid, or clever

明亮的;聪明的,伶俐的

联想

bright 先是“明亮”,再引申为人“脑子亮、聪明”。它也可形容颜色鲜明或前景乐观,但本单元重点是明亮和聪明。

意思、用法与例句

adj.明亮的;鲜明的

形容光线、房间、颜色明亮鲜艳。

常见表达bright lighta bright roombright colours

The bright morning light filled the classroom.

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bright light 表示明亮的光。

She painted the poster in bright colours.

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bright colours 表示鲜艳颜色。

adj.聪明的;伶俐的

形容学生、孩子、想法反应快、理解力好。

常见表达a bright studenta bright childa bright idea

The bright student solved the puzzle before lunch.

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a bright student 表示聪明的学生。

That was a bright idea for saving water at school.

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a bright idea 表示聪明的想法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brilliant
杰出的;灿烂的
Her brilliant answer impressed the class. brilliant 比 bright 赞赏更强,可表示杰出。
smart
聪明的;智能的
A smart reader checks the title first. smart 强调机灵、反应快,也可表示智能设备。
dark
黑暗的
The room was dark before we opened the curtains. dark 与 bright 的明亮义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bright/brilliant/smart 是近义主题;smartphone 才是 smart + phone 的复合词。

非派生记忆线索

a bright student
聪明学生
A bright student asks good questions.

词族导图

bright 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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133

brilliant

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['briljənt] · adj. · Page 119

very clever, excellent, successful, or very bright

聪颖的;杰出的;灿烂的;很成功的

联想

brilliant 比 bright 更强,常带赞赏:人聪颖、表现杰出、想法很棒,也可表示光线灿烂。

意思、用法与例句

adj.聪颖的;杰出的;很成功的

形容人、想法、表现或结果非常出色。

常见表达a brilliant studenta brilliant ideaa brilliant success

Her brilliant speech changed many students' minds.

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brilliant speech 表示精彩演讲。

The team found a brilliant way to reuse old paper.

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brilliant way 表示很棒的方法。

adj.灿烂的;明亮的

形容光线、颜色或阳光非常明亮。

常见表达brilliant sunshinebrilliant lightbrilliant colours

Brilliant sunshine came through the glass roof.

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brilliant sunshine 表示灿烂阳光。

The stage was covered in brilliant blue light.

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brilliant light 表示很明亮的光。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excellent
优秀的
The article gave an excellent explanation. excellent 更普通;brilliant 更有惊艳、杰出意味。
bright
明亮的;聪明的
A bright child learns quickly. bright 较普通,brilliant 更强。
ordinary
普通的
The plan looked ordinary, not brilliant. ordinary 与 brilliant 的杰出义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

brilliant 与 bright 在“明亮/聪明”上接近,但不是 bright 的简单派生。

brilliance
才华;光辉
Her brilliance was clear in the debate.

非派生记忆线索

a brilliant idea
绝妙主意
He had a brilliant idea for the project.

词族导图

bright 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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134

smart

星标

[smɑ:t] · adj. · Page 119

clever, stylish and neat, or using modern digital technology

聪明的;整洁漂亮的;衣着讲究的;智能的

联想

smart 有三条线:人聪明机灵;外表整洁漂亮;设备智能化。smartphone 只来自第三条“智能”义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.聪明的;机灵的

形容人反应快、判断好。

常见表达a smart studenta smart answerbe smart enough to...

A smart student checks the question before answering.

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smart student 表示机灵聪明的学生。

It was smart of Lina to save her work twice.

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It was smart of sb. to... 表示某人做法聪明。

adj.整洁漂亮的;衣着讲究的

形容穿着或外观看起来利落得体。

常见表达look smartsmart clothesa smart uniform

The volunteers looked smart in their blue uniforms.

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look smart 表示看起来整洁漂亮。

He wore smart clothes for the interview.

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smart clothes 表示得体漂亮的衣服。

adj.智能的

形容设备能联网、计算或自动处理信息。

常见表达smart devicesmart homesmartphone

The smart speaker can answer simple questions.

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smart device 表示智能设备。

Many students use a smartphone to check bus times.

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smartphone 使用 smart 的智能义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clever
聪明的
A clever plan saved time. clever 只讲聪明;smart 还可讲外表和智能设备。
bright
聪明的;明亮的
Bright students enjoy difficult questions. bright 可指明亮或聪明;smart 更偏机灵和现代智能。

词族线索 / 同组词

smartphone
智能手机
A smartphone is a smart mobile phone. smartphone = smart + phone。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

smartphone 是 smart + phone 的复合词;smart 的三义要分开。

smartphone
智能手机
She uses a smartphone for maps.
smartly
衣着整洁地;机灵地
He dressed smartly for the meeting.

非派生记忆线索

look smart
看起来整洁漂亮
The team looked smart in new jackets.

词族导图

bright 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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135

smartphone

· n. [C] · Page 119

a mobile phone that works like a small computer

智能手机

联想

smartphone = smart + phone,是智能手机,能上网、运行应用、拍照和处理信息。它是具体设备词,不等于 smart 的所有意思。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]智能手机

指有电脑式功能的手机。

常见表达use a smartphonesmartphone appsmartphone screencharge a smartphone

She used her smartphone to scan the QR code at the gate.

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use a smartphone 表示使用智能手机。

The school app works on most smartphones.

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smartphone 可指具体设备类别。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mobile phone
手机
A mobile phone can make calls. smartphone 是有更多智能功能的 mobile phone。
app
应用程序
The app sends homework reminders. app 是智能手机常用软件。

词族线索 / 同组词

smart
智能的;聪明的
A smart device can connect to the Internet. smartphone 来自 smart 的智能义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

smartphone = smart + phone,属于复合词。

smart
智能的
A smart watch can count steps.
phone
电话;手机
The phone rang during lunch.

非派生记忆线索

smartphone app
手机应用
The smartphone app records new words.

词族导图

bright 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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136

cold

[kəuld] · adj. / n. [U, C] · Page 119

low in temperature, unfriendly, cold weather, or a common illness

冷的,寒冷的;冷漠的;寒冷;感冒

联想

cold 有四条线:温度低、态度冷淡、寒冷天气,以及名词“感冒”。判断时看搭配:catch/get a cold 是感冒,a cold look 是冷淡眼神。

意思、用法与例句

adj.冷的;寒冷的

形容天气、空气、食物或饮料温度低。

常见表达cold weathera cold drinkcold airfeel cold

The cold wind made everyone close the windows.

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cold wind 表示寒冷的风。

After the match, she drank a glass of cold water.

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cold water 表示冷水。

adj.冷漠的;不友好的

形容人的态度、声音、眼神缺少热情。

常见表达a cold looka cold voicebe cold to sb.

His cold reply made the new student feel unwelcome.

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cold reply 表示冷淡回复。

The manager was cold to anyone who arrived late.

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be cold to sb. 表示对某人冷淡。

n. [U] / n. [C]寒冷;感冒

不可数时表示寒冷;可数时表示感冒,常用 catch/get a cold。

常见表达in the coldthe cold of wintercatch a coldget a cold

The children waited in the cold for the school bus.

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in the cold 表示在寒冷中。

Put on a jacket, or you may catch a cold.

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catch a cold 表示感冒。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cool
凉快的;冷静的
The evening air was cool but not cold. cool 比 cold 温和,也可表示冷静或酷。
warm
温暖的;热情的
A warm smile made the room feel friendly. warm 与 cold 的温度义和态度义都可相反。
flu
流感
The flu kept three students at home. cold 可指普通感冒,flu 通常更重。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cold/cool 是温度和态度主题对比,不是派生词族。

coldly
冷淡地
He answered coldly and left.

非派生记忆线索

catch a cold
感冒
She caught a cold after the trip.

词族导图

cold / cool 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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137

cool

[ku:l] · adj. / v. / vi. / n. [U] · Page 119

slightly cold, calm, stylish, unfriendly, or to become cooler

凉快的;冷静的;酷的,绝妙的;冷漠的;使变凉;冷静下来;凉爽

联想

cool 比 cold 温和,先是“凉爽”,再扩展到“冷静、酷、冷淡”。作动词时 cool down 可表示变凉,也可表示冷静下来。

意思、用法与例句

adj.凉快的;凉爽的

表示温度低但通常不刺骨,比 cold 温和。

常见表达cool weathera cool rooma cool evening

We opened the windows to let in the cool evening air.

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cool air 表示凉爽空气。

The cave stayed cool even in July.

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cool 表示凉快但不一定寒冷。

adj.冷静的;酷的;冷漠的

可表示人沉着、事物很棒,也可表示态度冷淡。

常见表达keep coolkeep one's coola cool ideaa cool response

The captain kept his cool when the lights went out.

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keep one's cool 表示保持冷静。

That is a cool idea for the class video.

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cool 可口语表示很酷、很棒。

Her cool response showed that she was still angry.

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cool response 可表示冷淡回应。

v. / vi.使变凉;冷静下来

cool down 可用于温度下降,也可用于情绪平静。

常见表达cool downcool sth. downlet sth. cool

Let the soup cool before you drink it.

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let sth. cool 表示让某物变凉。

After the argument, both sides needed time to cool down.

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cool down 可表示冷静下来。

n. [U]凉爽

the cool of... 表示某个时间或地点的凉爽。

常见表达the cool of the eveningin the cool

They walked home in the cool of the evening.

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the cool of the evening 表示傍晚的凉爽。

The workers rested in the cool under the trees.

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in the cool 表示在凉爽处。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cold
冷的;感冒
The water was cold enough to hurt my teeth. cold 比 cool 更冷,也可作名词表示感冒。
calm
冷静的
Stay calm before the speaking test. calm 接近 cool 的冷静义。
warm
温暖的;热情的
Warm weather returned in March. warm 与 cool/cold 的温度义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cool 的 cool down 既能讲温度,也能讲情绪;keep one's cool 是固定短语。

coolness
凉爽;冷静
Her coolness helped the team.

非派生记忆线索

keep one's cool
保持冷静
He kept his cool during the interview.

词族导图

cold / cool 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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138

garbage

['gɑ:bidʒ] · n. [U] · Page 119

waste from homes or daily life

生活垃圾

联想

garbage 主要指生活中要扔掉的垃圾,通常不可数。它更偏真实垃圾;junk 更偏没用、没价值的东西。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]生活垃圾;废弃物

指家庭或日常生活中要扔掉的东西。

常见表达take out the garbagethrow garbage awaygarbage baghousehold garbage

Please take out the garbage before the truck arrives.

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take out the garbage 表示倒垃圾。

The park put more garbage bags near the picnic area.

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garbage bag 表示垃圾袋。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

junk
无用的东西;废品
The drawer was full of old cables and junk. junk 强调没用或没价值;garbage 更偏生活垃圾。
waste
废物;浪费
Food waste should be reduced at school. waste 更宽泛,可指废物或浪费。
recycle
回收利用
Students recycle paper instead of throwing it away. recycle 是把废弃物再利用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

garbage/junk 是近义主题组,不是派生词族。

非派生记忆线索

take out the garbage
倒垃圾
Tom takes out the garbage every evening.
garbage bag
垃圾袋
Use a strong garbage bag for wet waste.

词族导图

garbage / junk 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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139

junk

[dʒʌŋk] · n. [U] · Page 119

old, useless, or low-quality things

无用的东西;无价值的东西

联想

junk 强调没用、没价值或质量差,不一定是生活垃圾。常见 junk food、junk mail、a pile of junk。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]无用的东西;废品

指旧的、没用的或杂乱堆放的东西。

常见表达a pile of junkold junkthrow away junk

Dad cleared a pile of junk from the garage.

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a pile of junk 表示一堆无用杂物。

Do not keep old junk if you never use it.

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old junk 表示旧而无用的东西。

n. [U]无价值或质量差的东西

常见 junk food 和 junk mail,分别指垃圾食品和垃圾邮件。

常见表达junk foodjunk mailjunk information

Too much junk food can damage your health.

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junk food 表示垃圾食品。

The email app moves junk mail to a separate folder.

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junk mail 表示垃圾邮件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

garbage
生活垃圾
The kitchen garbage should be thrown away every night. garbage 是真实生活垃圾;junk 是无用或低价值的东西。
trash
垃圾;废物
Trash cans stood at the school gate. trash 与 garbage 接近,也可口语指劣质内容。
valuable
有价值的
The old letter looked plain but was valuable. valuable 与 junk 的无价值义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

junk 的常见固定搭配是 junk food 和 junk mail;不要把它当 garbage 的派生词。

非派生记忆线索

junk food
垃圾食品
Junk food is often high in sugar.
junk mail
垃圾邮件
Delete junk mail carefully.

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garbage / junk 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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140

continue

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[kən'tinju:] · v. / vt. / vi. · Page 119

to keep going, keep doing something, or start speaking again

继续,使继续;继续做;继续说,接着说

联想

continue 的核心是“不中断地接着往下”。它可接 doing 或 to do,也可用 continue with... 表示继续某项工作;to be continued 表示未完待续。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vi.继续;持续

表示活动、状态或情况没有停止。

常见表达continue for...continue until...continue through...

The rain continued for three hours after lunch.

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continue for... 表示持续多长时间。

The discussion continued until everyone had spoken.

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continue until... 表示一直持续到……。

v. / vt.继续做某事;继续某项工作

可接 doing 或 to do;continue with 后接名词。

常见表达continue doing sth.continue to do sth.continue with...

After a short break, the students continued reading the story.

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continue doing sth. 表示继续做某事。

The class continued to work on the science project.

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continue to do sth. 也表示继续做某事。

Please continue with your notes while I check the screen.

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continue with... 后接名词。

v. / vi.继续说;接着说

说话被打断后继续讲下去。

常见表达continue speakingcontinue, "..."to be continued

After a pause, the speaker continued in a softer voice.

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continued 可表示接着说。

The last page said, "To be continued."

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to be continued 表示未完待续。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

keep
保持;继续
Keep walking until you see the library. keep doing 与 continue doing 接近,更口语。
stop
停止
The music stopped when the power failed. stop 与 continue 方向相反。
stretch
延伸;拉伸;持续一段时间
The road stretches to the next town. stretch 可表示空间或时间延伸,不等于 continue 的继续做。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

continue/stretch 是持续和延伸主题对比,不是派生词族。

continuous
连续不断的
The machine made a continuous noise.
continuation
继续;延续
The second book is a continuation of the story.

非派生记忆线索

to be continued
未完待续
The story is to be continued next week.

词族导图

continue / stretch 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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141

stretch

[stretʃ] · v. / vi. / n. [C, U] · Page 119

to extend in space or time, pull longer, move body parts, or a continuous period

延伸,延续;拉长;伸展肢体;连续的一段时间;伸展

联想

stretch 的核心是“拉长”。它可以拉长空间、时间、材料或身体;作名词时可表示一段连续时间,也可表示伸展动作。

意思、用法与例句

vi.延伸;延续

用于道路、土地、时间等向远处或长时间延展。

常见表达stretch from...to...stretch for milesstretch into the future

The road stretches from the village to the river.

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stretch from...to... 表示从……延伸到……。

The meeting stretched into the evening.

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stretch into... 可表示时间延续到……。

v. / vt.拉长;伸展身体

可指拉长物体,也可指伸展胳膊、腿或身体。

常见表达stretch a ropestretch one's armsstretch before exercise

The child stretched the rubber band too far.

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stretch sth. 表示把某物拉长。

Always stretch your legs before a long run.

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stretch one's legs 表示伸展腿部。

n. [C] / n. [U]连续的一段时间;伸展

a stretch of time/road 表示一段时间或路;at a stretch 表示连续地。

常见表达a long stretch of...at a stretchdo some stretches

He studied for a long stretch without checking his phone.

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a long stretch 表示连续一段时间。

I can read for two hours at a stretch.

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at a stretch 表示连续地。

The coach taught us three simple stretches.

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stretches 可指伸展动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

extend
延伸;延长
The school extended the deadline by two days. extend 更正式;stretch 更有拉长或延展画面。
continue
继续;持续
The lesson continued after the break. continue 强调动作不断,stretch 强调空间或时间被拉长。
shrink
缩小;缩水
The sweater shrank in hot water. shrink 与 stretch 的拉长方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stretch 的词义都围绕“拉长、延展”;与 continue 是主题相关,不是构词派生。

stretched
拉紧的;伸展的
The rope was stretched between two trees.

非派生记忆线索

at a stretch
连续地
She worked six hours at a stretch.

词族导图

continue / stretch 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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