第07单元 / Word List 7

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

liberation

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[,libə'reiʃn] · n. [U] · Page 120

the act or process of setting people free from control, poverty, or unfair limits

解放;摆脱束缚

联想

liberation 是名词,强调“被解放/摆脱束缚”的过程或结果。它常接 from,说明从什么困境、控制或限制中解放出来。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]解放;摆脱束缚

表示从贫困、压迫、限制或旧观念中获得自由,常用于社会、历史和个人成长语境。

常见表达liberation from povertynational liberationa sense of liberationwomen's liberation

Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families.

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liberation from poverty 是高频搭配,表示摆脱贫困。

The end of the war gave the town a strong sense of liberation.

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a sense of liberation 表示获得自由后的解脱感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oppression
压迫
The story shows how people suffered under oppression. oppression 是 liberation 要摆脱的相反状态。

词族线索 / 同组词

liberate
解放;使自由
The new rule helped liberate workers from unsafe conditions. liberate 是动词,强调主动使某人/某地获得自由。
liberty
自由;自由权
Students are at liberty to choose one club each term. liberty 更强调自由状态或权利,liberation 强调解放过程。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

liberation = liberate + -ion,名词后缀 -ion 表示动作或结果;liber- 线索指向 free。

liberate
解放;使自由
The new rule helped liberate workers from unsafe conditions.
liberty
自由;自由权
Students are at liberty to choose one club each term.

非派生记忆线索

liberation from poverty
摆脱贫困
Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families.

词族导图

liberation / liberate / liberty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

liberate

['libəreit] · vt. · Page 120

to set someone or something free from control, limits, or a difficult situation

解放;使自由;使摆脱

联想

liberate 是及物动词,重点是“把某人/某地从束缚中放出来”。常见结构是 liberate sb./sth. from...。

意思、用法与例句

vt.解放;使自由;使摆脱

后面直接接被解放的人、地方或抽象对象,再用 from 说明摆脱的限制。

常见表达liberate sb. from...liberate a townliberate the mindliberate workers from danger

The new rule helped liberate workers from unsafe conditions.

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liberate workers from... 表示使工人摆脱某种危险条件。

Reading different books can liberate the mind from narrow habits.

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liberate the mind 是抽象用法,表示打破思维限制。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

free
释放;使自由
The guard agreed to free the bird from the cage. free 更普通;liberate 更常用于较正式的社会、历史或精神解放。
imprison
监禁;束缚
The law should not imprison innocent people. imprison 与 liberate 的“使自由”方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

liberation
解放;摆脱束缚
Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families. liberation 是名词,表示解放过程或结果。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

liberate 的 -ate 常构成动词;liberation 是它的名词形式。

liberation
解放;摆脱束缚
Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families.
liberty
自由;自由权
Students are at liberty to choose one club each term.

非派生记忆线索

liberate sb. from...
使某人摆脱……
The rule helped liberate workers from unsafe conditions.

词族导图

liberation / liberate / liberty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

liberty

['libəti] · n. · Page 120

freedom or a legal right; sometimes an over-free or rude action

自由;自由权;冒昧/冒犯行为

联想

liberty 主要讲“自由状态或权利”,常见 at liberty / be at liberty to do;另有 take liberties with... 表示过分随便、冒犯,不要和普通 freedom 义混在一起。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]自由;自由权

表示个人、社会或法律上的自由和权利;at liberty 强调有自由或有权做某事。

常见表达at libertybe at liberty to do sth.personal libertycivil liberty

Students are at liberty to choose one club each term.

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be at liberty to do sth. 表示有权或可以做某事。

A fair society protects personal liberty and public safety at the same time.

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personal liberty 表示个人自由。

n. [C/U]冒昧;过分随便的行为

常见于 take liberties with...,表示对人、事实或规则过分随便;take the liberty of doing... 则是礼貌地说“冒昧做某事”。

常见表达take liberties with sb./sth.take the liberty of doing sth.a liberty

Do not take liberties with other people's private information.

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take liberties with... 表示过分随便或冒犯。

I took the liberty of booking seats for our group.

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take the liberty of doing sth. 是礼貌说法,表示冒昧先做了某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

freedom
自由
Freedom of speech must be used with responsibility. freedom 更普通;liberty 更常带法律、权利或正式语境。
restriction
限制
The new rule placed a restriction on late-night noise. restriction 与 liberty 的自由权方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

liberation
解放;摆脱束缚
Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families. liberation 是获得自由的过程,liberty 是自由状态或权利。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

liberty 与 liberate/liberation 同属 liber/free 线索,但 liberty 不是动词派生;重点记 at liberty 和 take liberties。

liberate
解放;使自由
The new rule helped liberate workers from unsafe conditions.
liberation
解放;摆脱束缚
Better education can bring liberation from poverty to many families.

非派生记忆线索

at liberty
自由的;有权做某事
Students are at liberty to choose one club each term.
take liberties with
过分随便;冒犯
Do not take liberties with private information.

词族导图

liberation / liberate / liberty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

deliver

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[di'livə(r)] · vt. · Page 120

to take goods to someone, give a formal speech, rescue someone, or help with childbirth

递送;发表;解救;接生;生孩子

联想

deliver 的核心画面是“把某物/某人带到应到的位置”。考试里要按宾语判断:deliver a package 是递送,deliver a speech 是发表,deliver sb. from danger 是解救,deliver a baby 是接生或生孩子。

意思、用法与例句

vt.递送;传送

把货物、信件或消息送到某人或某地,常见结构是 deliver sth. to sb./a place。

常见表达deliver sth. to sb.deliver a packagedeliver a messageget it delivered

The driver delivered the books to our school before lunch.

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deliver sth. to sb./place 表示把东西递送到某处。

I ordered the dictionary today and will get it delivered tomorrow.

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get it delivered 对应“让它被送到”。

vt.发表;宣布

正式说出演讲、报告或判决,常接 speech、lecture、message、judgment 等名词。

常见表达deliver a speechdeliver a lecturedeliver a messagedeliver a judgment

The head teacher delivered a short speech at the opening ceremony.

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deliver a speech 是发表演讲。

The student delivered her report clearly and confidently.

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deliver a report 强调正式讲出报告内容。

vt.解救;拯救;使摆脱

较正式地表示把某人从危险、痛苦或困境中救出,常用 deliver sb. from...。

常见表达deliver sb. from dangerdeliver people from hungerdeliver a village from trouble

The rescue team delivered the trapped workers from danger.

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deliver sb. from danger 表示把某人从危险中救出。

Clean water helped deliver the village from disease.

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deliver a place from... 表示使某地摆脱困境。

vt.接生;生孩子

医疗语境中,医生 deliver a baby 是接生;母亲 deliver a baby 可表示生下孩子。

常见表达deliver a babybe delivered of a babydeliver a healthy baby

The doctor delivered the baby safely in a small clinic.

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doctor delivered the baby 表示医生接生。

She delivered a healthy baby early on Monday morning.

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She delivered a baby 表示她生下孩子。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

send
发送;送出
Please send the form by email today. send 更普通;deliver 更强调送达或正式发表。
rescue
营救
Firefighters rescued the child from the building. rescue 更日常;deliver from danger 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

delivery
递送;交付;分娩
The store offers same-day delivery in the city. delivery 是 deliver 的名词形式,表示递送服务、交付过程或分娩。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 de- + liver/liber 记成“加强 + 解放”的线索;学习重点仍是按宾语区分 deliver 的五个用法。

delivery
递送;交付;分娩
The store offers same-day delivery in the city.

非派生记忆线索

deliver sth. to sb.
把某物交给某人
The driver delivered the books to our school.
deliver a speech
发表演讲
The head teacher delivered a short speech.
deliver a baby
接生;生孩子
The doctor delivered the baby safely.

词族导图

deliver / delivery 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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005

delivery

[di'livəri] · n. [C/U] · Page 120

the act of bringing goods to someone, giving something formally, or childbirth

递送;交付;分娩

联想

delivery 是 deliver 的名词,最常见是“递送/交付”;在医学语境中也表示“分娩”。on delivery 表示到货时或交货时。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]递送;交付

表示货物、信件或服务被送达,也可指交付这个动作或服务。

常见表达on deliveryfree deliverydelivery servicedelivery addresscash on delivery

Please pay for the bike on delivery.

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on delivery 表示到货时或交货时。

The store offers free delivery for books ordered online.

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free delivery 表示免费配送服务。

n. [C/U]分娩

医疗或家庭语境中表示孩子出生或分娩过程,常见 safe delivery。

常见表达safe deliveryafter deliveryduring deliverythe delivery of a baby

The nurse helped the mother after delivery.

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after delivery 在医学语境中表示分娩后。

Everyone was relieved after the safe delivery of the baby.

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safe delivery 表示顺利分娩。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shipment
装运;货物运输
The shipment arrived at the port on Friday. shipment 偏货运批次;delivery 更强调送达或交付。
pickup
取件;自提
Pickup is available after three o'clock. pickup 是自己取;delivery 是送到。

词族线索 / 同组词

deliver
递送;发表;解救;接生
The driver delivered the books to our school before lunch. deliver 是动词;delivery 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

delivery = deliver + -y,名词后缀形成动作、过程或结果名词。

deliver
递送;发表;解救;接生
The driver delivered the books to our school before lunch.

非派生记忆线索

delivery service
配送服务
The shop has a fast delivery service.
on delivery
到货时
Please pay for the bike on delivery.
safe delivery
顺利分娩
The family hoped for a safe delivery.

词族导图

deliver / delivery 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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006

deliberate

[di'libəreit] v.; [di'libərət] a. · v. / adj. · Page 120

to think carefully before deciding; intentional or slow and careful

仔细考虑;从容不迫的;故意的,蓄意的

联想

deliberate 有两个读音和两条词性线:作动词时是“仔细考虑”,常接 on/about/over;作形容词时可表示“故意的”,也可表示动作“从容、慢而谨慎”。

意思、用法与例句

v.仔细考虑;慎重商议

作动词时重音在后,表示认真思考或讨论后再决定,常接 on/about/over。

常见表达deliberate on/about/over sth.deliberate before doing sth.deliberate for an hour

There was silence while she deliberated on his words.

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deliberate on his words 表示认真掂量他的话。

The committee will deliberate over the plan before voting.

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deliberate over the plan 表示对计划慎重讨论。

adj.故意的;蓄意的

表示动作经过有意安排,不是偶然发生,常修饰 act、attempt、choice、mistake 等。

常见表达a deliberate acta deliberate choicea deliberate attemptdeliberate damage

The broken window was not an accident; it was a deliberate act.

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a deliberate act 表示有意做出的行为。

Her delay was a deliberate choice, not a mistake.

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a deliberate choice 强调有意选择。

adj.从容不迫的;谨慎的

形容动作、声音或步伐慢而稳,强调控制和谨慎,不是拖拉。

常见表达a deliberate pacea deliberate voiceslow and deliberate movements

He spoke in a deliberate voice so every student could follow him.

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a deliberate voice 表示说话从容、谨慎。

The old artist worked with slow and deliberate movements.

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deliberate movements 表示动作慢而稳。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

intentional
故意的
The change was intentional, not accidental. intentional 只讲有意;deliberate 还可作动词并表示从容谨慎。
accidental
偶然的
The error was accidental and easy to correct. accidental 与 deliberate 的故意义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

deliberately
故意地;从容不迫地
She deliberately left a blank line for new notes. deliberately 是副词形式,对应 deliberate 的故意或从容义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

deliberate 中的 liber 记忆线索是“权衡、掂量”;动词和形容词读音不同,学习时按词性分开。

deliberately
故意地;从容不迫地
She deliberately left a blank line for new notes.

非派生记忆线索

deliberate on/about/over
仔细思考
The committee will deliberate over the plan.
a deliberate act
故意行为
It was a deliberate act.
a deliberate pace
从容步伐
He walked at a deliberate pace.

词族导图

deliberate / deliberately 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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007

deliberately

[di'libərətli] · adv. · Page 120-121

on purpose, or in a slow careful way

故意地;从容不迫地

联想

deliberately 是 deliberate 的副词。多数考试语境里它表示“故意地”,说明动作不是 accidental;也可表示“从容不迫地”,修饰 speak、walk、move 等动作方式。

意思、用法与例句

adv.故意地;蓄意地

说明动作是有意做出的,不是偶然或无心的。

常见表达deliberately avoiddeliberately ignoredeliberately choosedo sth. deliberately

He deliberately left early so he could avoid the crowd.

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deliberately left 表示有意提前离开。

The player deliberately touched the ball with his hand.

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deliberately touched 表示故意触碰。

adv.从容不迫地;谨慎地

修饰说话、走路、移动等动作,表示慢而稳、经过控制。

常见表达speak deliberatelywalk deliberatelymove deliberately

She spoke deliberately so that every child could follow her instructions.

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spoke deliberately 表示说得从容清楚。

The worker moved deliberately while carrying the glass box.

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moved deliberately 表示动作谨慎、从容。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

intentionally
故意地
She intentionally kept the message short. intentionally 只突出故意;deliberately 还可表示从容谨慎地。
accidentally
偶然地
He accidentally deleted the file. accidentally 与 deliberately 的故意义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

deliberate
仔细考虑;故意的;从容的
The committee will deliberate over the plan before voting. deliberate 是动词或形容词;deliberately 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

deliberately = deliberate + -ly,副词后缀 -ly 表示动作方式。

deliberate
仔细考虑;故意的;从容的
The committee will deliberate over the plan before voting.

非派生记忆线索

do sth. deliberately
故意做某事
He deliberately left early.
speak deliberately
从容地说
She spoke deliberately.

词族导图

deliberate / deliberately 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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008

dialog(ue)

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['daiəlɒg] · n. [C/U] · Page 121

a conversation between two or more people, especially in a book, film, play, or discussion

对话;对白

联想

dialog(ue) 是两方或多方之间的对话,也可指戏剧、电影、小说中的对白。它强调交流是双向的,和 monologue“一人独白”相对。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]对话;对白

用于真实交流、公共讨论,也用于文学和影视中的人物对白。

常见表达a dialogue between A and Bopen dialoguewrite dialoguefilm dialogue

The play begins with a quiet dialogue between a father and his son.

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dialogue between A and B 表示两者之间的对话。

Open dialogue between teachers and students can solve many problems.

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open dialogue 表示坦诚交流。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

monologue
独白
The actor's monologue lasted three minutes. monologue 是一人独白;dialogue 是双方或多方对话。
apologise/-ize
道歉
You should apologise to your sister for breaking her cup. apologise 含 log/speak 线索,但考试重点是 apologize to/for。
catalog(ue)
目录;编入目录
The library catalog helps students find books. catalog 含 log/list 线索,和 dialogue 形近但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

log(ue) 可记作 word/speak 线索;dialogue 中 dia- 有“双方、穿过”感觉,重点记双向交流。

非派生记忆线索

open dialogue
坦诚交流
Open dialogue can solve problems.
monologue
独白
The actor's monologue was moving.

词族导图

dialog 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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009

apologise/-ize

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[ə'pɒlədʒaiz] · vi. · Page 121

to say that you are sorry for a mistake or hurt

道歉;谢罪

联想

apologise/-ize 是不及物动词,不能直接接人或事。常用 apologize to sb. for sth./doing sth.,先向谁道歉,再说明原因。

意思、用法与例句

vi.道歉;谢罪

说明向某人承认错误或表达歉意;to 后接人,for 后接原因。

常见表达apologize to sb.apologize for (doing) sth.apologize to sb. for sth.apologize sincerely

You do not need to apologize for a minor slip.

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apologize for... 表示为某事道歉。

The company apologized to customers for the delay.

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apologize to sb. for... 同时交代对象和原因。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sorry
抱歉的
I am sorry for the mistake. sorry 是形容词;apologize 是动作。
blame
责备
Do not blame others for your own mistake. blame 是责备别人,和 apologize 的承担错误方向不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

apology
道歉;歉意
The coach made an apology to the players for losing his temper. apology 是名词;apologise/apologize 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

apo- + log/speak + -ise/-ize,可记成“说开、说明歉意”;英式 apologise 和美式 apologize 都要能识别。

apology
道歉;歉意
The coach made an apology to the players.

非派生记忆线索

apologize to sb. for sth.
因某事向某人道歉
The company apologized to customers for the delay.

词族导图

dialog 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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010

apology

[ə'pɒlədʒi] · n. [C/U] · Page 121

words or actions that show you are sorry for a mistake or hurt

道歉;歉意;谢罪

联想

apology 是名词,表示一次道歉或歉意。常说 make/offer an apology to sb. for sth.;make no apology for sth. 表示认为自己没有错,不打算道歉。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]道歉;歉意

表示道歉这件事或道歉的话,可用作可数或不可数名词。

常见表达make an apology to sb. for sth.offer an apologyaccept an apologyowe sb. an apology

The coach made an apology to the players for losing his temper.

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make an apology to sb. for sth. 表示因某事向某人道歉。

His apology sounded sincere because he explained what he had done wrong.

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apology 可指一段道歉的话。

n. [C/U]无可道歉;无错可认

make no apology/apologies for sth. 表示坚持某事正当,不认为需要道歉。

常见表达make no apology for sth.make no apologies for doing sth.

She made no apology for protecting her team.

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make no apology for... 表示不认为需要为某事道歉。

The writer makes no apologies for asking difficult questions.

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make no apologies for doing sth. 强调立场坚定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excuse
借口;理由
That is only an excuse, not a real apology. excuse 可表示借口,apology 是承认错误并道歉。
insult
侮辱
The rude joke sounded like an insult. insult 伤害别人,apology 用来修复这种伤害。

词族线索 / 同组词

apologise/-ize
道歉;谢罪
The company apologized to customers for the delay. apologise/apologize 是动词;apology 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

apology 与 apologise/apologize 同属 apo- + log/speak 线索;-y 在这里形成名词。

apologise/-ize
道歉;谢罪
The company apologized to customers for the delay.

非派生记忆线索

make an apology
道歉
The coach made an apology.
make no apology for
无可道歉
She made no apology for protecting her team.

词族导图

dialog 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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011

catalog(ue)

['kætəlɒg] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 121

a list of things for sale or study, or to record things in an organized list

目录;列入目录;编入目录

联想

catalog(ue) 可作名词“目录”,也可作动词“编入目录”。英式常写 catalogue,美式常写 catalog;不要和 dialogue 的“对话”混淆。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]目录

指商品、图书、资料等按顺序列出的目录。

常见表达a book cataloga product cataloga library cataloglook up sth. in a catalog

Please show me a catalog of your books.

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a catalog of books 表示图书目录。

The library catalog helps students find books by title or writer.

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library catalog 是图书馆目录。

vt.列入目录;编入目录

把物品、资料或藏品登记、分类并收入目录。

常见表达catalog old photoscatalog books by subjectcatalog museum objects

Volunteers catalogued every old photograph in the school museum.

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catalogued old photographs 表示把旧照片编目。

The librarian catalogued the new books by subject.

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catalog books by subject 表示按主题编目。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dialog(ue)
对话;对白
The play begins with a quiet dialogue. dialogue 和 catalogue 都含 log 线索,但意义不同。
directory
名录;目录
The school directory lists every teacher's office. directory 是名录,catalog 更常是商品、图书或藏品目录。
list
清单;列出
Please make a list of the books we need. list 更普通;catalog 更有分类、编目的意味。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

catalogue/catalog 中 cata- 有“向下、逐项”感觉,log 可记作 word/list;英美拼写都要能识别。

非派生记忆线索

a book catalog
图书目录
Please show me a catalog of your books.
catalog by subject
按主题编目
The librarian catalogued the new books by subject.

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012

sociology

[,səusi'ɒlədʒi] · n. [U] · Page 121

the scientific study of human society, social groups, and social behavior

社会学

联想

sociology 是“社会学”,重点是 human society 和 social behavior。它属于 social science;不要和 biology、zoology 这类自然科学学科混成近义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]社会学

不可数名词,指研究社会、社会群体和社会行为的学科。

常见表达study sociologya sociology classsociology researcha sociology professormajor in sociology

She chose sociology because she wanted to understand how communities change.

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study/choose sociology 表示学习社会学。

The sociology class discussed how families and schools shape young people.

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sociology class 表示社会学课程。

Sociology research can explain why some students feel lonely in a new city.

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sociology research 表示社会学研究。

sociology 通常不可数;sociologist 是“社会学家”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

society
社会;社团
Technology is changing society in many ways. society 是研究对象之一;sociology 是研究这类对象的学科。
zoology
动物学
Zoology studies animals, while sociology studies human society. 二者都以 -logy 结尾,但研究对象不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

sociologist
社会学家
A sociologist studies how people live and work in groups. sociologist 是研究 sociology 的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-logy 表示学科或研究;sociology 可联想到 society/social,表示研究社会的学科。

sociologist
社会学家
A sociologist studies how people live and work in groups.
social science
社会科学
Sociology is an important social science.

非派生记忆线索

society
社会
Technology is changing society in many ways.
zoology
动物学
Zoology studies animals, while sociology studies human society.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

013

zoology

[zu'ɒlədʒi, zəu'ɒlədʒi] · n. [U] · Page 121

the scientific study of animals and animal life

动物学

联想

zoology 是“动物学”,重点是 animals 和 animal life。它属于科学学科;不要把 zoology 当成 zoo,也不要和 sociology 这类社会科学混成近义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]动物学

不可数名词,指研究动物及其生命活动的学科;它不是 zoo 本身。

常见表达study zoologya zoology classzoology researcha zoology textbooka zoology museum

Zoology teaches students how animals live, move, and adapt.

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zoology 指动物学这门学科。

The zoology class compared insects, birds, and small mammals.

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zoology class 表示动物学课程。

The museum has a small zoology collection with insects and bird bones.

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zoology collection 表示动物学收藏。

zoology 通常不可数;zoologist 是“动物学家”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

botany
植物学
Botany studies plants, while zoology studies animals. botany 研究植物,zoology 研究动物。
sociology
社会学
Zoology studies animals, while sociology studies human society. 二者都以 -logy 结尾,但研究对象不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

zoologist
动物学家
A zoologist studies how animals behave in the wild. zoologist 是研究 zoology 的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-logy 表示学科或研究;zoo-/zo- 可联想到 animals,zoology 表示研究动物的学科。

zoologist
动物学家
A zoologist studies how animals behave in the wild.
animal science
动物科学
Zoology is closely connected with animal science.

非派生记忆线索

botany
植物学
Botany studies plants, while zoology studies animals.
sociology
社会学
Zoology studies animals, while sociology studies human society.

词族导图

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014

grade

[greid] · n. [C] · Page 121

a school year level, a mark at school, or a level of quality

年级;等级;成绩等级/分数等级

联想

grade 在本单元按名词掌握:学校里的年级、考试作业的成绩等级,以及质量或水平的等级。它和 graduate/graduation 是学校线,和 gradual/gradually 是“一级一级变化”的线索。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]年级

表示学校中的年级或学习阶段,英美写法可见 Grade Ten / tenth grade。

常见表达in Grade Tenin the tenth gradegrade level

My cousin is in Grade Ten this year.

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Grade Ten 表示十年级。

Students at this grade level can read longer articles.

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grade level 表示年级水平。

n. [C]成绩等级;分数等级

表示作业、考试或课程得到的分数、等级或评价。

常见表达get a good gradereceive a high gradefinal grade

The teacher explained why the essay received a high grade.

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high grade 表示高分或高等级评价。

Her final grade improved after she revised her project.

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final grade 表示课程最终成绩。

n. [C]等级;质量级别

表示产品、材料或质量的等级。

常见表达a high grade of teadifferent grades of papergrade A

The shop sells different grades of paper for drawing.

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grades of paper 表示纸张等级。

This is a high grade of tea, so it costs more.

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a high grade of tea 表示高级茶叶。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

score
分数
His score in the test was 92. score 是具体分数;grade 可表示分数等级或评价。

词族线索 / 同组词

graduate
毕业;毕业生
She will graduate from high school next June. graduate 从 grade 年级线延伸到完成学业。
gradual
逐渐的
There was a gradual rise in the class average. gradual 用 grade 的等级阶梯作记忆,但意思是逐渐变化。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

grade 可联想到等级阶梯;graduate 是走完学习阶段,gradual 是一级一级慢慢变化。

graduate
毕业;毕业生
She will graduate from high school next June.
gradual
逐渐的
There was a gradual rise in the class average.

非派生记忆线索

grade level
年级水平
Students at this grade level can read longer articles.

词族导图

grade 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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015

graduate

星标

['grædʒueit] v.; ['grædʒuət] n. · vi. / n. [C] · Page 121-122

to finish school or university, or a person who has finished

毕业;获得学位;毕业生

联想

graduate 作动词时是不及物,常用 graduate from... 表示从学校毕业,graduate in... 表示某专业毕业;作名词时是毕业生。

意思、用法与例句

vi.毕业;获得学位

表示完成学校学习或取得学位,from 接学校,in 接专业。

常见表达graduate from high schoolgraduate in artificial intelligencegraduate with honors

She will graduate from high school next June.

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graduate from 后接毕业学校。

She graduated in artificial intelligence.

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graduate in 后接专业。

n. [C]毕业生

指已经毕业的人,常见 university graduate、recent graduate。

常见表达a university graduatea high-school graduaterecent graduates

The company wants to hire a recent university graduate.

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recent graduate 表示刚毕业的人。

Many graduates returned to thank their old teachers.

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graduates 表示毕业生群体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

drop out
退学
He did not want to drop out before finishing the course. drop out 与 graduate 完成学业方向相反。
student
学生
Every graduate was once a student. student 是在读学生,graduate 是已经毕业的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

graduation
毕业;毕业典礼
Parents took photos after the graduation ceremony. graduation 是名词,指毕业或毕业典礼。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

graduate = grade + -ate,可记成完成一个个年级后毕业;graduation 是名词。

graduation
毕业;毕业典礼
Parents took photos after the graduation ceremony.

非派生记忆线索

graduate from
从……毕业
She will graduate from high school.
graduate in
从……专业毕业
She graduated in artificial intelligence.

词族导图

grade 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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016

graduation

[,grædʒu'eiʃn] · n. [U/C] · Page 122

the act of finishing school, or the ceremony for it

毕业;毕业典礼

联想

graduation 是名词,可指完成学业这件事,也可指毕业典礼。人是 graduate,不是 graduation。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]毕业

表示完成学业这个过程或时间点。

常见表达after graduationbefore graduationupon graduation

After graduation, Mei plans to study engineering.

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after graduation 表示毕业之后。

He found an internship before graduation.

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before graduation 表示毕业前。

n. [C/U]毕业典礼

表示学校为毕业举行的仪式或活动。

常见表达graduation ceremonygraduation dayattend graduation

Parents took photos after the graduation ceremony.

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graduation ceremony 表示毕业典礼。

Graduation day was full of speeches and music.

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graduation day 表示毕业典礼那天。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

enrolment
入学;注册
Enrolment begins in September. enrolment 是入学开始,graduation 是完成学业。
ceremony
典礼
The ceremony lasted one hour. ceremony 范围更广,graduation ceremony 是毕业典礼。

词族线索 / 同组词

graduate
毕业;毕业生
She will graduate from high school next June. graduate 是动词或人;graduation 是事件或仪式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

graduation = graduate + -ion,-ion 表示动作、过程或结果。

graduate
毕业;毕业生
She will graduate from high school next June.

非派生记忆线索

graduation ceremony
毕业典礼
Parents took photos after the graduation ceremony.

词族导图

grade 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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017

gradual

星标

['grædʒuəl] · adj. · Page 122

happening slowly in small steps, not suddenly

逐渐的;逐步的;渐进的

联想

gradual 形容变化像一级一级台阶一样慢慢发生,常和 change、increase、improvement、process 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

adj.逐渐的;逐步的

形容变化、增长、改进或过程慢慢发生,不是突然完成。

常见表达gradual changegradual improvementa gradual increasea gradual process

There was a gradual improvement in his pronunciation.

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gradual improvement 表示逐步改善。

The city saw a gradual increase in bike use.

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a gradual increase 表示逐渐增加。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sudden
突然的
A sudden storm stopped the game. sudden 与 gradual 的慢慢发生相反。
step-by-step
逐步的
The teacher gave a step-by-step explanation. step-by-step 接近 gradual,但更强调步骤安排。

词族线索 / 同组词

gradually
逐渐地
The sky gradually grew darker as the storm came closer. gradually 是副词,修饰动作或变化。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gradual 可借 grade 的等级阶梯记忆:变化一级一级发生。

gradually
逐渐地
The sky gradually grew darker.

非派生记忆线索

gradual improvement
逐步改善
There was a gradual improvement.

词族导图

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018

gradually

星标

['grædʒuəli] · adv. · Page 122

slowly over a period of time, step by step

逐渐地;逐步地

联想

gradually 是副词,放在动词或变化前后,说明变化一步一步发生。它常和 become、turn into、improve、change、increase 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

adv.逐渐地;逐步地

修饰动作或变化过程,强调经过一段时间慢慢发生。

常见表达gradually becomegradually turn intogradually improvegradually change

Small twigs gradually turned into chopsticks.

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gradually turned into 表示逐渐演变成。

She gradually became more confident after speaking English every day.

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gradually became 表示慢慢变得。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

suddenly
突然地
The lights suddenly went out. suddenly 与 gradually 的慢慢发生相反。
step by step
一步一步地
We solved the problem step by step. step by step 更强调步骤;gradually 更强调时间中的变化。

词族线索 / 同组词

gradual
逐渐的;逐步的
There was a gradual improvement in his pronunciation. gradual 是形容词;gradually 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gradually = gradual + -ly,副词后缀 -ly 表示动作方式。

gradual
逐渐的
There was a gradual improvement.

非派生记忆线索

gradually turn into
逐渐变成
Small twigs gradually turned into chopsticks.

词族导图

grade 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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019

blanket

['blæŋkit] · n. [C] · Page 122

a warm cover used on a bed or around the body

毛毯;毯子

联想

blanket 是可数名词,指盖在身上或铺在地上的毯子。它和 blank 只保留形近/词源记忆线索,考试用法完全不同。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]毛毯;毯子

指床上、身上或野餐时用来保暖、覆盖或铺地的毯子。

常见表达a wool blanketa thick blanketput a blanket over sb.a picnic blanket

Grandma put a thick blanket over the sleeping child.

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put a blanket over sb. 表示把毯子盖在某人身上。

We sat on a picnic blanket beside the lake.

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picnic blanket 表示野餐垫或野餐毯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

blank
空白的;空格
Write your name in the blank at the top of the form. blanket 和 blank 形近,但 blanket 是实物毯子,blank 是空白。
carpet
地毯
A carpet covered the floor of the room. carpet 铺在地面;blanket 常盖在身上或临时铺用。
bare
无遮盖的
The bed looked bare without a blanket. bare 表示没有覆盖物,可反衬 blanket 的覆盖作用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

blanket 可借 blank 的“白、空”线索辅助记忆,但学生端要把实物 blanket 与抽象 blank 分开。

blank
空白的;空格
Write your name in the blank.

非派生记忆线索

put a blanket over sb.
给某人盖毯子
Grandma put a thick blanket over the child.

词族导图

blanket / blank 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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020

blank

星标

[blæŋk] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 122

an empty space; empty without writing or marks; showing no expression

空格;空白处;空白的;无表情的

联想

blank 既可作名词“空格、空白处”,也可作形容词“空白的、无表情的”。高频短语 fill in the blanks 和 go blank 要单独记。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]空格;空白处

指试题、表格或句子里需要填写的空处。

常见表达fill in the blankfill in the blanksleave a blankwrite in the blank

Write your name in the blank at the top of the form.

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blank 作名词,表示表格中的空白处。

There are five blanks in this grammar exercise.

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blanks 表示填空题中的多个空格。

adj.空白的;无标记的

形容纸张、屏幕、支票等没有文字、图画或内容。

常见表达a blank pagea blank screenblank checkgo blank

Suddenly the screen went blank during the presentation.

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go blank 可表示屏幕变成空白。

Please write your answer on a blank page.

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blank page 表示空白页。

adj.无表情的;茫然的

形容脸、眼神或脑子没有反应、没有表情或突然想不起来。

常见表达a blank facea blank lookmy mind went blank

He gave me a blank look when I asked the question.

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a blank look 表示茫然的表情。

When the test began, my mind went blank for a moment.

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my mind went blank 表示脑子突然一片空白。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

filled
填满的;写满的
The form was filled after ten minutes. filled 与 blank 的空白义相反。
empty
空的
The box was empty. empty 更普通;blank 常指纸张、屏幕、表情或空格。
blanket
毛毯;毯子
We sat on a picnic blanket beside the lake. blanket 和 blank 形近但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

blank 可记为“白、空”;blanket 只作形近记忆,不要把 blanket 解释成空白。

blanket
毛毯;毯子
We sat on a picnic blanket.

非派生记忆线索

fill in the blanks
填空
Please fill in the blanks.
go blank
变空白;脑子空白
My mind went blank.

词族导图

blanket / blank 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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021

before

星标

[bi'fɔ:(r)] · prep. / conj. / adv. · Page 123

earlier than a time, ahead in order, in front of, or at an earlier time

在……以前;在……之前;在……前面;以前

联想

before 的核心是“在前”:时间上更早,顺序上更靠前,位置上在前面;作连词时连接两个动作,作副词时单独表示以前。

意思、用法与例句

prep.在……以前;在……之前;在……前面

作介词后接名词、代词或动名词,可表示时间、顺序或位置在前。

常见表达before dinnerbefore mebefore entering the roomhardly...before...

Finish your homework before dinner.

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before dinner 表示晚饭以前。

Several students spoke before me in the competition.

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before me 表示顺序在我之前。

conj.在……以前

作连词连接从句,说明一个动作发生在另一个动作之前。

常见表达before you leavebefore the bell ringsbefore it gets dark

Wash your hands before you eat lunch.

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before 引导时间从句。

Call me before you leave school.

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before you leave school 表示离校以前。

adv.以前

作副词单独使用,常与完成时、never、as 等搭配。

常见表达as beforenever beforehave done it before

I have heard that story before.

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before 单独作副词,表示以前。

She had never seen snow before.

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never before 表示以前从未。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

after
在……之后
We talked after class. after 与 before 的时间和顺序方向相反。
behind
在……后面
The garden is behind the house. behind 与 before 的位置义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

fore
前部的;在前部
The sailors checked the fore part of the boat. fore 是 before 的前部线索,用在较正式或构词中。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

before 可以拆成 be- + fore,fore 表示前部或在前。

fore
前部的;在前部
The sailors checked the fore part of the boat.

非派生记忆线索

hardly...before...
刚……就……
Hardly had we sat down before the phone rang.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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022

fore

[fɔ:(r)] · adj. / adv. · Page 123

at or toward the front part of something, especially a ship, aircraft, or animal

在前部的;在前部

联想

fore 是较正式的“前部”线索,常见于 fore part、fore legs,也藏在 forehead、forecast、foresee、forward 等词里。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / adv.在前部的;在前部

多用于船、飞机、动物身体或正式表达,表示前部或靠前位置。

常见表达fore partfore legsat the fore

The sailors checked the fore part of the boat after the storm.

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fore part 表示船的前部。

In the drawing, the horse raised its fore legs.

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fore legs 表示动物前腿。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

aft
船尾的;后部的
The cabin is in the aft part of the boat. aft 是船或飞机后部,和 fore 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

forehead
前额
He touched the child's forehead to check for a fever. forehead = fore + head,头的前部。
forecast
预测;预报
The weather forecast says rain will arrive tonight. forecast 用 fore 表示事先。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fore 表示 before/front,是本组 forehead、forecast、foresee、forward 的共同线索。

forehead
前额
He touched the child's forehead.
forecast
预测;预报
The weather forecast says rain will arrive.

非派生记忆线索

fore legs
前腿
The horse raised its fore legs.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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023

former

星标

['fɔ:mə(r)] · adj. / n. · Page 123

previous, or the first of two people or things just mentioned

以前的;从前的;前者

联想

former 有两条线:作形容词表示以前的、从前的;the former 作名词短语,指刚提到的两者中的前者,常和 the latter 对照。

意思、用法与例句

adj.以前的;从前的

放在名词前,说明某人或某物过去有某身份或状态。

常见表达a former teacherthe former captaina former factory

The former captain still trains with the team on weekends.

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former captain 表示以前的队长。

The former factory is now a public library.

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former factory 表示过去曾是工厂。

n.前者

the former 指刚提到的两者中的第一个,与 the latter 后者对应。

常见表达the former and the latterchoose the formerprefer the former

Tea and coffee were offered; I chose the former.

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the former 指前面提到的 tea。

The former is cheaper, but the latter is stronger.

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former/latter 用来对比前者和后者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

latter
后者;后面的
The latter choice is more expensive. latter 与 former 的前者义相对。
previous
以前的
The previous owner painted the door blue. previous 接近 former 的以前义,但不表示“前者”。

词族线索 / 同组词

fore
前部;在前
The sailors checked the fore part of the boat. former 保留 fore 的在前线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

former 可借 fore 的“在前”记忆:时间上在前,或两者中排在前。

fore
前部;在前
The sailors checked the fore part of the boat.

非派生记忆线索

the former...the latter...
前者……后者……
The former is cheaper, but the latter is stronger.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
024

first

星标

[fɜ:st] · adj. / adv. / n. · Page 123

number one in order, earliest, most important, or the first person or thing

第一的;最佳的;首先;第一个人或事物

联想

first 的核心是“排在最前”。它可作形容词、adv.、名词,既可表示顺序第一,也可表示优先、首先或第一次。

意思、用法与例句

adj.第一的;最早的;最重要的

修饰名词,表示顺序第一、最早或最重要。

常见表达the first studentthe first stepthe first time

She was the first student to arrive at the lab.

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first student 表示第一个学生。

Understanding the question is the first step toward a good answer.

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first step 表示第一步。

adv.首先;先

说明动作先发生或列出第一步。

常见表达first, ... then ...first of allcome first

First, read the question carefully; then choose the best answer.

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first 用于列步骤。

Safety should come first during the trip.

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come first 表示优先。

n.第一个人或事物

作名词时指第一个出现、完成或达到的人或事物。

常见表达be the first to do sth.a first in school historyfrom the first

He was the first to finish the race.

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the first to do sth. 表示第一个做某事的人。

Winning the prize was a first for our school.

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a first 表示第一次出现的成就。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

last
最后的
The last bus leaves at ten. last 与 first 的顺序相反。
foremost
最重要的;最前的
Health is our foremost concern. foremost 更正式,强调最前或最重要。
former
以前的;前者
Tea and coffee were offered; I chose the former. former 是以前的或两者中的前者,不等于 first 的第一。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

first 与 fore/front 有“在最前”的语义联系,但按常用序数词掌握。

非派生记忆线索

for the first time
第一次
She saw snow for the first time.
first of all
首先
First of all, check the title.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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025

forehead

['fɔ:hed, 'fɒrid] · n. [C] · Page 123

the front part of the head above the eyes

前额;额

联想

forehead = fore + head,就是头的前部、眼睛上方的位置。它是具体身体部位词,不等于 face。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]前额;额

指眼睛上方、头发以下的前部。

常见表达touch one's foreheada wide foreheadsweat on the foreheadforehead temperature

The doctor touched the child's forehead to check for a fever.

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touch one's forehead 表示摸额头。

A drop of rain ran down her forehead.

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forehead 指前额位置。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

face
His face turned red in the cold wind. face 范围更大;forehead 只是脸上方的额头。
chin
下巴
He rested his chin on his hand. chin 在脸下方,forehead 在上方。

词族线索 / 同组词

fore
前部;在前
The sailors checked the fore part of the boat. forehead 用 fore 表示头的前部。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

forehead = fore + head,fore 表示前部。

fore
前部
The fore part of the boat was damaged.

非派生记忆线索

forehead temperature
额温
The nurse checked his forehead temperature.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
026

forecast

星标

['fɔ:kɑ:st] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 123

a statement about what will probably happen, or to predict it

预告;预测;预报

联想

forecast = fore + cast,可理解为“事先投出判断”。它可作名词,也可作动词,最常见搭配是 weather forecast。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]预测;预报

作名词指对天气、销量、人数等未来情况的预测。

常见表达weather forecastsales forecasta forecast of rain

The weather forecast says heavy rain will arrive tonight.

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weather forecast 是天气预报。

The sales forecast helped the shop prepare enough food.

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sales forecast 表示销售预测。

vt.预测;预报

作动词指根据信息判断未来可能发生的事。

常见表达forecast rainforecast a riseforecast that...

Experts forecast a rise in visitor numbers this summer.

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forecast a rise 表示预测会上升。

The report forecasts that more families will travel by train.

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forecast that... 后接预测内容。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

predict
预测
Scientists predict a warmer summer. predict 更普通;forecast 常用于天气、经济或数据预测。
foresee
预见
The manager foresaw a shortage. foresee 更偏预见问题或结果;forecast 更偏给出预测。
record
记录已发生的事
The chart records last year's rainfall. record 是记录过去,forecast 是预测未来。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

forecast = fore(before) + cast(throw),可记作提前抛出判断。

fore
在前;提前
Fore means front or before in this group.

非派生记忆线索

weather forecast
天气预报
The weather forecast says it will rain.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
027

foresee

星标

[fɔ:'si:] · vt. · Page 124

to realize or predict that something will happen before it happens

预见;预知

联想

foresee = fore + see,像“提前看见”。它比 predict 更正式,常接 problem、difficulty、future、result 等。过去式 foresaw,过去分词 foreseen。

意思、用法与例句

vt.预见;预知

根据情况提前想到未来可能发生的事,常用于问题、困难、结果。

常见表达foresee a problemforesee difficultiesforesee the futurecould not foresee

No one could foresee how popular the small app would become.

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could foresee 后接未来结果。

The manager foresaw a shortage and ordered extra water.

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foresaw 是 foresee 的过去式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

predict
预测
Scientists predict a warmer summer. predict 更普通;foresee 更强调提前意识到可能结果。
forecast
预报;预测
The weather forecast says rain will arrive tonight. forecast 常给出天气或数据预测,foresee 常用于预见问题。
overlook
忽视;未注意
We overlooked one small problem. overlook 是没注意到,foresee 是提前想到。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

foresee = fore(before) + see,直接记成提前看见。

fore
提前;在前
Fore means before in foresee.

非派生记忆线索

foresaw / foreseen
过去式/过去分词
The manager foresaw a shortage.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
028

forward(s)

星标

['fɔ:wəd(z)] · adv. · Page 124

toward the front, toward the future, or onward in progress

向前;向将来;进展,前进

联想

forward(s) 是副词,三条线都和“往前”有关:空间上向前,时间上向将来,事情上向前推进。look forward to 中 to 是介词,后接名词或 -ing。

意思、用法与例句

adv.向前

表示朝前方移动或看。

常见表达move forwardstep forwardlook forward

Please step forward when your name is called.

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step forward 表示向前迈步。

The driver moved the car forward a little.

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move forward 表示向前移动。

adv.向将来;今后

表示从某个时间点往未来。

常见表达from this day forwardlook forwardforward in time

From this day forward, the team will meet every Friday.

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from this day forward 表示从今天以后。

The story then jumps forward ten years.

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jump forward 表示时间向后推进。

adv.进展;前进

表示计划、工作或局面继续推进。

常见表达move forward with a planpush forwardgo forward

The project moved forward after the team solved the problem.

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move forward 表示事情有进展。

We can go forward with the plan after the final check.

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go forward with 表示继续推进计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

backward(s)
向后
The child stepped backward from the road. backward(s) 与 forward(s) 的方向相反。
ahead
向前;在前
The road ahead was clear. ahead 接近 forward 的向前义,但不用于 look forward to 的期待结构。

词族线索 / 同组词

straightforward
坦率的;简单的
The instructions are straightforward. straightforward 中 forward 表示直向前,引申为直接、清楚。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

forward(s) = fore/for(front) + -ward(s)(向……),表示朝前。

straightforward
坦率的;简单的
The instructions are straightforward.

非派生记忆线索

look forward to doing sth.
期待做某事
We look forward to seeing you.
move forward
向前/推进
The project moved forward.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
029

straightforward

[,streit'fɔ:wəd] · adj. · Page 124

easy to understand, direct, honest, or frank

正直的;坦率的;简单的

联想

straightforward = straight + forward,可理解为“直直向前”,所以可表示事情简单清楚,也可表示人说话坦率、不拐弯。

意思、用法与例句

adj.简单的;易懂的

形容方法、说明、任务等不复杂、容易理解。

常见表达a straightforward methodstraightforward instructionsa straightforward task

The instructions are straightforward, so most students can follow them.

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straightforward instructions 表示说明简单清楚。

The repair was straightforward and took only ten minutes.

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straightforward repair 表示维修过程简单。

adj.正直的;坦率的

形容人或回答直接诚实,不绕弯。

常见表达a straightforward answerbe straightforward about sth.a straightforward person

He gave a straightforward answer instead of hiding the truth.

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straightforward answer 表示坦率直接的回答。

Be straightforward about the problem so we can solve it.

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be straightforward about 表示坦诚说明。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direct
直接的
The coach answered the question in a direct way. direct 更普通;straightforward 还可表示简单易懂。
complicated
复杂的
The old rule was too complicated. complicated 与 straightforward 的简单义相反。
dishonest
不诚实的
A dishonest answer can break trust. dishonest 与 straightforward 的坦率诚实义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

straightforward = straight + forward,直直向前,引申为直接、清楚、坦率。

forward(s)
向前;推进
The project moved forward.

非派生记忆线索

straightforward answer
坦率回答
He gave a straightforward answer.
straightforward instructions
简单明了的说明
The instructions are straightforward.

词族导图

before 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
030

metre/-ter

['mi:tə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 124

a unit of length equal to 100 centimeters

米;公尺

联想

metre 是英式拼写,meter 是美式拼写;在本组里 metre/-ter 重点作长度单位“米”。先记 1 metre = 100 centimetres,再看 kilo- 和 milli- 如何改变大小。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]米;公尺

表示长度单位,常跟数字连用;复数通常加 -s。英式 metre 和美式 meter 作长度单位时拼写不同。

常见表达one metre longtwo metres higha square metrewithin a metre of sth.

The classroom is about eight metres long.

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metres long 表示长度为多少米。

The high jumper cleared two metres in the final.

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two metres 表示高度单位。

The garden covers nearly twenty square metres.

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square metre 表示平方米。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kilometre/-ter
千米;公里
The town is three kilometres from our school. kilometre 表示更长距离,1 kilometre = 1000 metres。
millimetre/-ter
毫米
The crack is only two millimetres wide. millimetre 表示很小长度,1 millimetre = one thousandth of a metre。
meter
米的美式拼写;计量器
The electricity meter is outside the house. meter 可作美式长度单位拼写,也可表示计量器;本源词 meter 重点是计量器。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

metre/-ter 与 measure 同属 measurement 语义场:从长度单位扩展到测量动作、仪表和尺寸。

kilometre/-ter
一千米;公里
The town is three kilometres from our school.
millimetre/-ter
毫米
The crack is only two millimetres wide.
measure
测量;衡量;措施
We measured the desk before moving it.

非派生记忆线索

kilo-
A kilometre is one thousand metres.
milli-
千分之一
A millimetre is one thousandth of a metre.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
031

kilometre/-ter

['kiləmi:tə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 124

a unit of distance equal to 1000 metres

千米;公里

联想

kilometre = kilo- + metre。kilo- 表示“千”,所以 kilometre 是一千米,常用于道路、地图、跑步和城市间距离。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]千米;公里

用于较长距离,常和 away、from、to、per 等搭配。英式 kilometre,美式 kilometer。

常见表达one kilometrefive kilometres awaykilometres from hereper kilometre

The new road is five kilometres from the village to the town.

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kilometres from...to... 表示两地距离。

We walked one kilometre along the river after lunch.

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one kilometre 表示步行距离。

The car used less fuel per kilometre on the highway.

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per kilometre 表示每公里。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long. metre 是基本长度单位;kilometre 用于更远距离。
mile
英里
The sign says the station is two miles away. mile 是另一种距离单位,不是 kilometre 的反义词。
millimetre/-ter
毫米
The crack is only two millimetres wide. millimetre 用于极小长度,和 kilometre 的尺度相差很大。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

kilo- 表示 thousand;kilometre/-ter = 1000 metres。

metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long.
meter
美式长度单位拼写;计量器
The taxi meter showed the cost.

非派生记忆线索

km
kilometre 的缩写
The race is 10 km long.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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032

millimetre/-ter

['milimi:tə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 124

a very small unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre

毫米

联想

millimetre = milli- + metre。milli- 表示“千分之一”,所以 millimetre 是毫米,常用于科学、工具、图纸和很小的尺寸。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]毫米

表示非常小的长度或厚度,常与 wide、thick、long 等形容词连用。

常见表达one millimetretwo millimetres widea few millimetres thickmm

The gap under the door is only two millimetres wide.

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millimetres wide 表示宽度很小。

The science teacher asked us to draw a line fifty millimetres long.

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millimetres long 用于精确长度。

A small insect can be only a few millimetres long.

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a few millimetres 强调尺寸很小。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long. metre 是更大的基本单位;millimetre 是其千分之一。
centimetre
厘米
The photo is ten centimetres wide. centimetre 位于 metre 和 millimetre 之间,1 centimetre = 10 millimetres。
kilometre/-ter
千米;公里
The town is three kilometres from our school. kilometre 用于大距离;millimetre 用于极小尺寸。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

milli- 表示 one thousandth;millimetre/-ter = one thousandth of a metre。

metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long.
kilometre/-ter
千米;公里
The town is three kilometres away.

非派生记忆线索

mm
millimetre 的缩写
The drawing marks the line as 50 mm.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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033

meter

['mi:tə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 124

a device that measures an amount, or to measure by using such a device

计;表;计量器;用仪表计量

联想

本源词 meter 不是简单重复 metre 的长度单位,而是“计量器/用仪表计量”:taxi meter 计价器,electricity meter 电表,作动词时表示用仪表记录用量。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]计;表;计量器

指显示或记录用量、费用、速度等的仪表。

常见表达a taxi meteran electricity metera parking meterread the meter

The taxi meter showed the cost of the ride.

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taxi meter 表示出租车计价器。

Workers came to read the electricity meter in the hallway.

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read the meter 表示抄表。

vt.用仪表计量

作动词时指用仪表测量或控制水、电、停车时间等用量。

常见表达meter water usemeter electricitymeter parking time

The new system meters how much water each flat uses.

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meters 作动词,表示计量用水量。

Parking is metered near the station, so drivers must pay by time.

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metered parking 表示按表计时收费。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long. metre 是英式长度单位;meter 在本源词重点是计量器。
gauge
测量仪表
The fuel gauge showed that the tank was nearly empty. gauge 也是仪表,但 meter 更常用于电表、水表、计价器。
measure
测量;衡量
We measured the desk before moving it. measure 是测量动作或标准;meter 是具体仪表或用仪表计量。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

meter 可与 measure 一起记作 measurement 语义场:工具负责记录,动词 measure 表示测量动作。

measure
测量;衡量;措施
We measured the desk before moving it.
metre/-ter
米;公尺
The classroom is about eight metres long.

非派生记忆线索

electricity meter
电表
Workers came to read the electricity meter.
parking meter
停车计时收费表
The parking meter stopped after one hour.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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034

arithmetic

[ə'riθmətik] · n. [U] · Page 124

basic number calculation with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division

算术

联想

arithmetic 是“算术”,重点是基础数字计算。它和 mathematics/math 有包含关系:math 更大,arithmetic 更窄,主要是加减乘除和心算、计算错误等语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]算术;基本计算

不可数名词,指加、减、乘、除等基础数字计算,不是所有数学分支的统称。

常见表达learn arithmeticbasic arithmeticmental arithmeticarithmetic lessonarithmetic test

Primary school students learn arithmetic before they study algebra.

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arithmetic 指基础算术,algebra 是更高一级的代数。

Mental arithmetic helped him add the prices without using a calculator.

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mental arithmetic 表示心算。

The teacher found one arithmetic error in the final answer.

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arithmetic error 表示计算错误。

arithmetic 通常作不可数名词;说一门课可用 arithmetic lesson/class。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mathematics
数学
Arithmetic is only one part of mathematics. mathematics/math 范围更大,arithmetic 只指基础计算。
algebra
代数
Primary school students learn arithmetic before they study algebra. algebra 处理字母和公式,arithmetic 处理基础数字计算。
calculation
计算
Careful calculation can prevent an arithmetic error. calculation 是具体计算过程,arithmetic 是算术这类知识或能力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索可把 arithmetic 理解为“计量的技术”。教学上不要强行派生,按 math/calculation/algebra 的意义边界记。

arithmetic error
计算错误
The teacher found one arithmetic error in the final answer.
mental arithmetic
心算
Mental arithmetic helped him add the prices without using a calculator.

非派生记忆线索

mathematics
数学
Arithmetic is only one part of mathematics.
algebra
代数
Students often study algebra after basic arithmetic.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

035

measure

星标

['meʒə(r)] · vt. / n. · Page 124-125

to find size or amount, to judge value, or a step taken to deal with a problem

量;测量;估量;尺度;程度;措施

联想

measure 既可作动词“测量/估量”,也可作名词“尺度、程度、措施”。遇到 take measures 时不要译成“拿测量”,而是“采取措施”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.量;测量

直接接被测量对象,表示量长度、距离、温度、重量等。

常见表达measure the lengthmeasure the distancemeasure the temperature

We measured the desk before moving it into the room.

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measure the desk 表示测量桌子的尺寸。

The nurse measured the child's temperature twice.

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measure the temperature 表示测体温。

vt.估量;判定

用于抽象事物时,表示判断价值、影响、重要性或成功程度。

常见表达measure the value of sth.measure success by ...hard to measure

It is hard to measure the value of a good friendship.

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measure the value 表示估量价值。

The coach measures success by effort, not only by scores.

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measure success by... 表示用某标准衡量成功。

n.尺度;标准;程度;措施

作名词时既可表示衡量标准或程度,也可表示解决问题的措施、方法。

常见表达a measure of abilityin full measurefor good measuretake measures to do sth.a safety measure

Exam scores are not the only measure of a student's ability.

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measure 作名词,表示衡量标准。

The school took measures to protect students' eyesight.

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take measures 表示采取措施。

She added one more example for good measure.

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for good measure 表示额外增加。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

weigh
称重量
The shopkeeper weighed the apples carefully. weigh 是测重量;measure 范围更广,可测长度、温度或抽象价值。
estimate
估计
We estimated the cost before the trip. estimate 强调近似估计;measure 更强调测量或用标准判断。
dimension
尺寸;维度;方面
The box's dimensions are printed on the side. dimension 是测量得到的尺寸或方面;measure 是测量动作、标准或措施。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

measure 与 metre/meter/dimension 都围绕 measurement:从量长度,到用标准判断,再到采取具体措施。

meter
计量器;用仪表计量
Workers came to read the electricity meter.
dimension
尺寸;维度;方面
The box's dimensions are printed on the side.

非派生记忆线索

take measures to do sth.
采取措施做某事
The school took measures to protect students' eyesight.
for good measure
额外增加
She added one more example for good measure.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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036

dimension

星标

[dai'menʃn, di'menʃn] · n. [C] · Page 125

a measurement of size, a direction in space, or an aspect of a situation

尺寸;大小;维度;方面;规模;程度

联想

dimension 从“量出来的尺寸”扩展到“维度、方面”。复数 dimensions 常指长宽高等尺寸;a new dimension 常指给事情增加新的方面。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]尺寸;大小

常用复数 dimensions,指物体的长、宽、高等尺寸。

常见表达the dimensions of a roommeasure the dimensionsexact dimensions

The box's dimensions are printed on the side.

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dimensions 表示盒子的尺寸。

Please measure the dimensions of the room before buying the carpet.

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measure the dimensions 表示测量尺寸。

n. [C]维度;方面;侧面

可指空间维度,也可指问题、生活或学习中的一个方面。

常见表达three dimensionsa new dimensionthe social dimension of sth.

Students used a model to understand three dimensions.

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three dimensions 表示三维。

Her job added a new dimension to her life.

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a new dimension 表示给生活增加新的方面。

The plan has an environmental dimension that we must consider.

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dimension 可表示问题的一个方面。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

size
大小;尺寸
The size of the desk matters in a small room. size 更普通;dimension 常指具体量出的尺寸或某个方面。
measure
测量;衡量;措施
Please measure the dimensions of the room. measure 是动作;dimension 是被测出的尺寸或抽象方面。

词族线索 / 同组词

one-dimensional
一维的;单一角度的
A one-dimensional answer ignores the human side of the problem. one-dimensional 是 dimension 的派生形容词,可表示单一维度或单薄。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

source 里 dis- + mens(量) + -ion 提示 dimension 与“量、尺寸”有关,再扩展为抽象方面。

two-dimensional
二维的;平面的
The map is a two-dimensional drawing of the town.
one-dimensional
一维的;单一角度的
A one-dimensional answer ignores the human side of the problem.
measure
测量;衡量
Please measure the dimensions of the room.

非派生记忆线索

a new dimension
新的方面
Her job added a new dimension to her life.

词族导图

metre-ter 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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037

draw

星标

[drɔ:] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 125

to make a picture, pull, attract, take out, breathe in, infer, or finish with equal scores

画;拉;吸引;提取;吸入;推断出;打成平局

联想

draw 的核心可以理解成“把东西拉出来/拉过来”:画线是把线拉出来,draw attention 是把注意力拉过来,draw money 是把钱取出来,draw a conclusion 是从信息中得出结论。

意思、用法与例句

vt.画;绘制

接 picture、map、line 等,表示用笔画出图形。

常见表达draw a picturedraw a mapdraw a line

She drew a map to show us the way to the station.

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drew 是 draw 的过去式,表示画地图。

The child drew a red line under the new word.

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draw a line 表示画一条线。

vt.拉;拖;吸引

表示拉动物体,也可引申为吸引注意、兴趣或人群。

常见表达draw the curtainsdraw attention to sth.draw a crowd

Please draw the curtains before the film starts.

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draw the curtains 表示拉上窗帘。

The speech drew attention to the need for clean water.

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draw attention to 表示吸引注意到某事。

vt.提取;吸入;推断出

可表示从银行取钱、吸入空气,也可表示从事实中得出结论。

常见表达draw money from a bankdraw a deep breathdraw a conclusion from sth.

He drew some money from the bank before the trip.

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draw money from a bank 表示从银行取钱。

We can draw a conclusion from the survey results.

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draw a conclusion 表示得出结论。

phr.常见短语:后退;天黑变早;起草;利用

draw back、draw in、draw up、draw upon/on 都需要按短语整体识别,不能按 draw 的单个词义直译。

常见表达draw backdraw indraw up a plandraw on/upon experience

The child drew back when the dog barked loudly.

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draw back 表示后退。

The lawyer drew up a simple agreement for the two families.

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draw up 表示起草。

Good writers often draw on their own experience.

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draw on/upon 表示利用。

vi. / n.打成平局;平局

比赛中作动词表示打平;作名词 a draw 表示平局。

常见表达draw 1-1draw with another teamend in a draw

The two teams drew 1-1 after a hard match.

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draw 1-1 表示打成 1 比 1。

The game ended in a draw, so both teams got one point.

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a draw 作名词,表示平局。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sketch
素描;草绘
She sketched the old tree in five minutes. sketch 强调快速画出轮廓;draw 是更普通的画。
pull
He pulled the door open. pull 是直接拉;draw 更常出现在固定搭配,如 draw curtains、draw attention。
push
He pushed the box across the floor. 在拉/拖义上 push 与 draw/pull 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

withdraw
撤回;退出;取款
She withdrew some money from the bank. withdraw = with(back) + draw,保留“往回/取出”的线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

draw 的多义都可从“拉出/拉过来”理解:线条、注意力、钱、空气、结论、比分结果。

drawing
图画;绘画
His drawing of the old bridge won first prize.
drawer
抽屉
She kept her passport in the top drawer.
withdraw
撤回;取款
She withdrew some money from the bank.

非派生记忆线索

drew / drawn
过去式/过去分词
She drew a map, and the map was drawn carefully.
draw upon/on
利用
The writer drew on her childhood memories.
draw up
起草
The lawyer drew up a simple agreement.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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038

drawback

['drɔ:bæk] · n. [C] · Page 125

a disadvantage or weak point that makes something less good

缺点;不利条件

联想

drawback = draw + back,可记成“把事情往后拉的地方”,也就是计划、选择或产品的不利点。常用 drawback of/to。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]缺点;不利条件

指某个计划、选择或情况中让它变差或不方便的负面因素。

常见表达main drawbackdrawback of a plandrawback to doing sth.serious drawback

The only drawback of the plan is its high cost.

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drawback of the plan 表示计划的缺点。

Living far from school has one serious drawback: the long bus ride.

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serious drawback 表示严重不利之处。

A drawback to online meetings is that some students may lose focus.

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drawback to doing sth. 表示做某事的不利点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disadvantage
缺点;不利条件
The main disadvantage is the long waiting time. disadvantage 更普通;drawback 常用于评价方案或选择。
advantage
优点;有利条件
One advantage of the plan is its low cost. advantage 与 drawback 方向相反。
weakness
弱点
The report points out the weakness of the system. weakness 可指人、系统或观点的弱点;drawback 多指方案的不利点。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drawback 的 back 提醒学生:这个点会把计划往后拉,是阻碍或缺点。

draw
拉;吸引;画
The speech drew attention to the problem.

非派生记忆线索

drawback of/to
……的缺点
A drawback to online meetings is weak interaction.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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039

drawer

[drɔ:(r)] · n. [C] · Page 125

a box-shaped part of a desk or cabinet that you pull out

抽屉

联想

drawer 是能被 draw/pull out 的“抽屉”。注意 drawer 在本单元是物品,不是画画的人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]抽屉

指桌子、柜子里可以拉出的盒状储物部分。

常见表达top draweropen a drawerdesk drawerpull out a drawer

She kept her passport in the top drawer.

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top drawer 表示最上面的抽屉。

The drawer was too full to close properly.

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drawer 作主语,指抽屉。

He pulled out the desk drawer and found an old photo.

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pull out a drawer 表示拉开抽屉。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cabinet
橱柜;柜子
The cups are in the kitchen cabinet. cabinet 是柜子整体;drawer 是柜子或桌子中可拉出的部分。
shelf
架子;搁板
Put the book back on the shelf. shelf 通常是开放的搁板;drawer 是可拉出的封闭储物格。

词族线索 / 同组词

draw
拉;画;吸引
He pulled out the desk drawer. drawer 可用 draw/pull out 的动作帮助记忆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drawer 可从 draw out 记忆:抽屉是可以拉出来的储物格。

draw
拉;画;吸引
Please draw the curtains.

非派生记忆线索

top drawer
最上面的抽屉
She kept her passport in the top drawer.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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040

drawing

['drɔ:iŋ] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 125

a picture made with lines, or the activity/art of making such pictures

图画;素描;绘画艺术

联想

drawing 是 draw 的名词:可数时是一幅图画或素描;不可数时是绘画这门活动或艺术。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]图画;素描

指用线条画出的具体作品。

常见表达a pencil drawinga drawing of sth.make a drawing

His drawing of the old bridge won first prize.

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drawing of... 表示……的图画。

The architect showed us a drawing of the new library.

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drawing 可指设计图或草图。

n. [U]绘画;绘画艺术

指画画这项活动、课程或能力。

常见表达drawing classbe good at drawinglearn drawing

Drawing helps children notice shapes and details.

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drawing 作不可数名词,表示绘画活动。

She is good at drawing animals from life.

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be good at drawing 表示擅长画画。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sketch
素描;草图
The artist made a quick sketch of the street. sketch 多指快速或简略的画;drawing 范围更宽。
painting
绘画;油画/水彩画作品
The museum shows a famous painting of the sea. painting 常用颜料;drawing 更强调线条。

词族线索 / 同组词

draw
画;绘制
She drew a map to the station. drawing 是 draw 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drawing = draw + -ing,可表示 draw 的结果,也可表示 draw 这项活动。

draw
画;绘制
She drew a map to the station.

非派生记忆线索

a drawing of...
……的图画
The architect showed us a drawing of the new library.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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041

withdraw

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[wið'drɔ:] · v. / vt. · Page 125

to take back, leave a place or activity, or take money from an account

撤回;撤离;退出;提取存款

联想

withdraw = with(back) + draw,核心是“往回拉/取回”。可用于军队撤离、退出比赛、撤回申请,也可用于从银行取钱。过去式 withdrew,过去分词 withdrawn。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.撤回;撤离;退出

表示人、军队、申请、支持或决定从某地、某活动或某立场中退出或撤回。

常见表达withdraw from a placewithdraw from a competitionwithdraw supportwithdraw an application

Both powers withdrew their forces from the area.

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保留源义:withdraw forces from... 表示撤军。

She withdrew from the race because of a knee injury.

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withdraw from a race 表示退出比赛。

The student withdrew his application after getting another offer.

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withdraw an application 表示撤回申请。

vt.提取存款

表示从银行账户或机器中取出现金。

常见表达withdraw moneywithdraw cash from a bankwithdraw 500 yuan

She withdrew some money from the bank to pay for the trip.

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withdraw money from the bank 表示从银行取钱。

You can withdraw cash from the machine outside the supermarket.

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withdraw cash 表示取现金。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

retreat
撤退;退却
The soldiers retreated behind the hill. retreat 常指军事或身体后退;withdraw 更可用于申请、支持、钱款等。
deposit
存入;存款
He deposited the money in his account. 取款义上 withdraw 与 deposit 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

draw
拉;取出;得出
He drew some money from the bank. withdraw 保留 draw 的取出线索,并加 with/back 的往回意味。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

withdraw = with(back) + draw,表示把人、物、钱或决定往回拉。

draw
拉;取出;得出
He drew some money from the bank.

非派生记忆线索

withdrew / withdrawn
过去式/过去分词
The army withdrew; the order was withdrawn later.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

draft

[drɑ:ft] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 125

a rough version of writing or a plan, a current of air, or to write a first version or call someone into service

草图;草案;汇票;穿堂风;征兵;起草;征召

联想

draft 与 draw 有“画出/拉出”的历史线索,但高考复习要按语境拆:rough draft 是草稿,draft a plan 是起草,cold draft 是穿堂风,be drafted into the army 是被征召。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]草图;草案;初稿

指还没最终完成、需要修改的文章、计划或图样。

常见表达a first drafta rough drafta draft of a planrevise a draft

I've made a rough draft of the letter.

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rough draft 表示草稿。

Please hand in the first draft of your report on Friday.

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first draft 表示第一稿。

n. [C]汇票;穿堂风;征兵

较少见但源义保留:bank draft 是汇票,cold draft 是穿堂风,the draft 是征兵制度。

常见表达a bank drafta cold draftthe draft

A cold draft came through the broken window.

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cold draft 表示穿堂风。

The bank draft was sent with the documents.

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bank draft 表示银行汇票。

vt.起草;草拟;征召

作动词时可表示起草文件,也可表示征召某人入伍或加入组织。

常见表达draft a letterdraft new rulesbe drafted into the army

The committee drafted new rules for the reading room.

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draft 作动词,表示起草规则。

He was drafted into the army when he was twenty.

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be drafted into the army 表示被征召入伍。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outline
提纲;概述
Make an outline before writing the essay. outline 是结构提纲;draft 是可修改的初稿。
final version
定稿;最终版本
The final version must be sent tomorrow. draft 未定稿,final version 是最终版本。
draw up
起草
The club drew up new rules for members. draw up 和 draft a document 都可表示起草文件。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

source 提示 draw 的绘画、提取、吸入义可帮助记 draft:草图、汇票、穿堂风都与“拉出/画出/气流”有关。

draw up
起草
The club drew up new rules for members.
draw
画;拉;吸入
She drew a deep breath before speaking.

非派生记忆线索

rough draft
草稿
I've made a rough draft of the letter.
cold draft
穿堂风
A cold draft came through the window.

词族导图

draw 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

turn

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[tɜ:n] · v. / n. · Page 126

to move round, change direction, become different, or a chance/place in order

旋转;转弯;转身;对准;变成;转动;转变;机会;转弯处

联想

turn 的核心是“转”:身体转、道路转、页面翻转、状态转变,也可名词化为“轮到的机会”或“转弯处”。短语义很多,必须把 turn down/in/into/on/off/out/over/to/up 按搭配整体记。

意思、用法与例句

v.旋转;翻转;转弯;转身;对准

表示方向或位置发生转动、翻转或转向。

常见表达turn leftturn the pageturn aroundturn the camera toward sth.

Turn left at the bank and you will see the post office.

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turn left 表示向左转。

Please turn the page and read the next paragraph.

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turn the page 表示翻页。

She turned around when she heard her name.

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turn around 表示转身。

v.变成;变得

表示颜色、状态或身份发生变化,常接形容词或 into。

常见表达turn yellowturn coldturn into sth.turn from...into...

The leaves turn yellow when autumn arrives.

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turn yellow 表示变黄。

The old factory turned into a modern museum.

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turn into 表示变成。

n. [C]转动;变化;机会;转弯处

作名词可指一次转动、变化、轮到某人的机会,也可指道路转弯处。

常见表达take turnsmy turna sharp turna turn for the better

It is your turn to clean the blackboard today.

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your turn 表示轮到你。

There is a sharp turn at the end of the road.

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a sharp turn 表示急转弯。

Her health took a turn for the better.

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a turn for the better 表示好转。

phr.高频短语动词和固定搭配

turn 的短语义常不能直译,考试中要按搭配整体识别。

常见表达by turnsin turntake turnsturn downturn inturn intoturn on/offturn out to be

The job turned out to be harder than we expected.

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turn out to be 表示最后证明是。

Please turn down the music while your brother is studying.

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turn down 表示调低音量,也可表示拒绝。

When she was in trouble, she turned to her teacher for help.

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turn to sb. for help 表示向某人求助。

The students took turns reading the story aloud.

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take turns 表示轮流。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rotate
旋转
The wheel rotates quickly. rotate 偏物体绕轴旋转;turn 更常用,可表示转弯、变成、轮到。
straight
笔直;直行
Go straight until you see the library. 道路方向上 turn 与 go straight 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

return
返回;归还
The birds return to the lake every spring. return = re(back) + turn,强调回到原处或还回去。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

turn 表示转动或改变方向,return 加 re- 表示转回,turning 是转弯处,tournament 源自 tourn=turn 的回合/轮转竞技。

return
返回;归还
Please return the camera to the office.
turning
转弯处;岔路口
Take the second turning on the right.
tournament
锦标赛;联赛
I won the tennis tournament.

非派生记忆线索

turn out to be
结果是;证明是
The job turned out to be harder than expected.
turn down
拒绝;调低
She turned down the offer politely.

词族导图

turn 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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044

return

星标

[ri'tɜ:n] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 126

to give something back, come back, or something given back in response

归还;返回;回来;回报

联想

return = re(back) + turn,核心是“转回去”:人 return to school,物品 return books to the library;in return 表示作为回报。

意思、用法与例句

vt.归还

后接要归还的物品,说明还给谁或还到哪里时用 to。

常见表达return a bookreturn sth. to sb./somewherereturn borrowed equipment

She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library.

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return the books to the library 表示把书还给图书馆。

Please return the camera to the office after class.

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return sth. to somewhere 表示把某物归还到某处。

vi.返回;回来

表示人、动物或事物回到原来的地方或状态,常接 to/from。

常见表达return homereturn to schoolreturn from a trip

The birds return to the lake every spring.

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return to 表示回到某地。

She returned home late after the meeting.

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return home 表示回家。

n.回报;报答

in return for... 表示作为对某事的回报或报答。

常见表达in returnin return for helpexpect nothing in return

He helped his neighbor and expected nothing in return.

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in return 表示作为回报。

She gave me a book in return for my help.

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in return for 后接得到帮助等原因。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

come back
回来
Please come back before dinner. come back 只表示回来;return 更正式,也可表示归还。
give back
归还
Give back the dictionary after class. give back 更口语;return 更正式。
keep
保留;不归还
You can keep the book for one more week. 在归还义上 keep 与 return 相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

return = re(back) + turn,表示转回原处或把东西还回去。

turn
转;变;轮到
Turn left at the bank.

非派生记忆线索

in return for
作为……的回报
She gave me a book in return for my help.

词族导图

turn 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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045

turning

['tɜ:niŋ] · n. [C] · Page 126

a place where a road or path changes direction

拐弯处;转弯处;岔路口

联想

turning 是路“转”的地方,常用于问路和指路:first turning、second turning、turning on the left/right。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]拐弯处;转弯处;岔路口

指道路或小路改变方向的地方,常用于 directions。

常见表达first turningsecond turning on the rightmiss a turningat the next turning

Take the second turning on the right after the school gate.

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second turning on the right 表示右边第二个路口。

The bus stop is just before the next turning.

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next turning 表示下一个转弯处。

We missed the turning and had to drive back.

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miss a turning 表示错过路口。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

corner
街角;拐角
Wait for me at the corner of the street. corner 是街角或物体角;turning 更强调道路转向处。
crossroads
十字路口
The traffic lights are at the crossroads. crossroads 是多条路交叉处;turning 可只是一个转弯口。

词族线索 / 同组词

turn
转弯;转动
Turn left at the bank. turning 是从 turn 派生出的地点名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

turning = turn + -ing,表示道路发生转向的地方。

turn
转弯;转动
Turn left at the bank.

非派生记忆线索

take the second turning
在第二个路口转
Take the second turning on the right.

词族导图

turn 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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046

tournament

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['tʊənəmənt] · n. [C] · Page 126

an organized competition with several games, matches, or rounds

锦标赛;联赛;中世纪骑马比武

联想

tournament 来自 tourn=turn 的“轮转/回合”线索。现代常指多场比赛组成的锦标赛或联赛;中世纪义是骑马比武,了解即可。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]锦标赛;联赛

指有多名选手或多支队伍参加、通常有多轮比赛的正式竞赛。

常见表达tennis tournamentbasketball tournamentwin a tournamententer a tournamentreach the final of a tournament

I won the tennis tournament.

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tennis tournament 表示网球锦标赛。

Our class reached the final of the basketball tournament.

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reach the final 表示进入决赛。

Players from eight schools entered the table tennis tournament.

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enter a tournament 表示参加锦标赛。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

competition
比赛;竞赛
The English competition lasted two hours. competition 范围更宽;tournament 通常有多轮或多场比赛。
championship
锦标赛;冠军赛
The team won the national championship. championship 更强调冠军归属;tournament 强调赛事组织和轮次。
match
一场比赛
The final match starts at three. match 通常是一场;tournament 是多场比赛组成的赛事。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tournament 中 tourn=turn,原指骑马比武中轮番交锋,现代指多轮赛事。

turn
轮到;转
The players took turns serving.

非派生记忆线索

reach the final of a tournament
进入锦标赛决赛
Our class reached the final of the tournament.

词族导图

turn 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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047

centre/-ter

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['sentə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 126

the middle of a place or topic, or to place/focus something at the centre

中心;中央;集中;使处于中心位置

联想

centre/-ter 是“中心”。作名词可指空间中心、城市中心、活动中心;作动词常说 centre on/around,表示主题或注意力围绕某事。英式 centre,美式 center。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]中心;中央;活动中心

指空间中间位置,也可指城市、组织或活动场所。

常见表达in the centre ofthe city centrea sports centrethe centre of attention

The statue stands in the centre of the square.

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in the centre of 表示在……中央。

The new sports centre is open to students after school.

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sports centre 表示体育活动中心。

During the festival, the old street became the centre of attention.

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centre of attention 表示关注中心。

vt.集中;使处于中心位置

作动词时常用于 centre on/around,表示围绕某主题或问题。

常见表达centre on a topiccentre around a problemcentre attention on sth.

The lesson centred on how to protect local rivers.

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centre on 表示课程围绕某主题。

The plan centres around safer roads for children.

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centre around 表示以某问题为中心。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

middle
中间;中心
Put the table in the middle of the room. middle 更口语、具体;centre 更可用于地点、组织或主题中心。
edge
边缘
Trees grow at the edge of the lake. edge 与 centre 的空间位置相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

central
中央的;主要的
Trust is central to a strong friendship. central 是 centre 的形容词形式,也可表示主要的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

centre/-ter 是本组核心:central 是形容词,concentrate 含 con- + centre 线索,表示把注意力或物质集中到中心。

central
中央的;主要的
Trust is central to a strong friendship.
concentrate
集中;浓缩
She tried to concentrate on her studies.

非派生记忆线索

centre/center
英美拼写差异
British centre and American center mean the same place in the middle.

词族导图

centre/-ter / central / concentrate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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048

central

星标

['sentrəl] · adj. · Page 126

in the centre, or most important to something

在中心的;中央的;主要的

联想

central 是 centre 的形容词:central area 是中央区域;central idea 是中心思想;be central to... 表示对某事很重要。Central Park 是纽约中央公园。

意思、用法与例句

adj.在中心的;中央的

描述位置在中心或靠近中心。

常见表达central areacentral partCentral Park

The library is in a central part of the city.

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central part 表示城市中心区域。

Many visitors take a walk in Central Park when they visit New York.

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Central Park 是纽约中央公园。

adj.主要的;核心的

描述观点、问题、品质等对整体很重要。

常见表达central ideacentral questionbe central to sth.

Trust is central to a strong friendship.

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central to 表示对……很重要。

The central idea of the passage is that small habits can change our lives.

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central idea 表示中心思想。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

main
主要的
The main reason is lack of time. main 更普通;central 更强调处在核心位置或核心作用。
minor
次要的
This is only a minor detail. minor 与 central 的主要义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

centre/-ter
中心;中央
The statue stands in the centre of the square. centre 是名词/动词,central 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

central = centre + -al,表示中心的或核心的。

centre/-ter
中心;中央
The statue stands in the centre of the square.

非派生记忆线索

central to sth.
对……很重要
Trust is central to a strong friendship.

词族导图

centre/-ter / central / concentrate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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049

concentrate

星标

['kɒnsntreit] · v. / vt. / n. · Page 126-127

to focus attention or gather something together; to make or be a stronger substance

集中;聚集;全神贯注;浓缩;浓缩物

联想

concentrate 把 con- 和 centre 的“集中到中心”连起来。最重要考点是 concentrate on sth./doing sth.,也可表示把液体浓缩,名词为浓缩物。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.集中注意力;聚集

表示把注意力、精力、力量或资源集中到某事上,常接 on。

常见表达concentrate on studiesconcentrate on doing sth.concentrate attention on sth.concentrate efforts on sth.

She turned down several invitations in order to concentrate on her studies.

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concentrate on her studies 表示专心学习。

I cannot concentrate on homework when the television is on.

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concentrate on homework 表示集中注意力做作业。

The rescue team concentrated its efforts on the flooded village.

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concentrate efforts on 表示集中力量于。

vt.浓缩

表示减少水分等,使液体或物质浓度更高。

常见表达concentrate fruit juiceconcentrate milkconcentrated liquid

The factory concentrates fruit juice before it is shipped.

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concentrate fruit juice 表示浓缩果汁。

The cook concentrated the soup by boiling it for another ten minutes.

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concentrate the soup 表示把汤煮浓。

n. [C, U]浓缩物

作名词指经过浓缩的液体或物质。

常见表达orange juice concentratetomato concentratemix concentrate with water

Orange juice concentrate must be mixed with water before drinking.

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concentrate 作名词,指浓缩物。

The restaurant uses tomato concentrate to make a thick sauce.

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tomato concentrate 指番茄浓缩物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

focus
集中注意力
Focus on one question at a time. focus 更普通;concentrate 常接 on,强调持续专注。
distract
使分心
Loud music can distract students from reading. distract 与 concentrate on 的专注意义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

central
中央的;核心的
The central idea is easy to find. concentrate 与 centre/central 共享集中到中心的线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

concentrate 可用 con- + centre 记:把注意力、力量或物质集中到一起。

centre/-ter
中心;中央
The statue stands in the centre of the square.
central
核心的;中央的
The central idea is easy to find.

非派生记忆线索

concentrate on doing sth.
专心做某事
She tried to concentrate on reading.
concentrated
浓缩的;集中的
The bottle contains concentrated juice.

词族导图

centre/-ter / central / concentrate 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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050

question

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['kwestʃən] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 127

a problem or thing asked, or to ask someone or doubt something

问题;疑问;询问;质疑

联想

question 来自 quest 的“问、求”线索。作名词是问题、疑问;作动词可表示询问,也可表示质疑。注意 out of the question 是不可能,out of question 是没问题、无疑。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]问题;疑问;题目

可指课堂提问、考试题、待讨论的问题或疑问。

常见表达ask a questionanswer a questiona question about sth.raise a question

The last question on the test was about the reading passage.

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question 作名词,指考试题。

May I ask a question about the homework?

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ask a question about... 表示问一个关于……的问题。

The article raises an important question about online safety.

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raise a question 表示提出问题。

vt.询问;盘问;质疑

作动词时可表示向某人提问,也可表示怀疑决定、说法或事实是否正确。

常见表达question a witnessquestion a decisionquestion whether...question the truth of sth.

The police questioned the driver about the accident.

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question 作动词,表示询问或盘问。

Some parents questioned whether the rule was fair.

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question whether 表示质疑是否。

A good reader may question the writer's opinion instead of accepting it at once.

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question 可表示对观点提出质疑。

phr.固定表达:没问题;不可能

out of question 与 out of the question 只差 the,但意思相反方向明显。

常见表达out of questionout of the questionwithout question

His honesty is out of question.

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out of question 表示没问题、无疑。

Going camping in such heavy rain is out of the question.

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out of the question 表示不可能或不允许。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

answer
回答;答案
Write your answer below the question. 名词义上 question 与 answer 相对。
ask
She asked me why I was late. ask 更普通;question 作动词还可表示正式询问或质疑。
request
请求;要求
The student requested extra time. request 不是提问,而是正式或礼貌地提出要求。

词族线索 / 同组词

questionnaire
问卷;调查表
Students filled in a questionnaire about reading habits. questionnaire 是由多道 question 组成的表格。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

quest 表示问、求;question 是提出问题,questionnaire 是问题表,request/require 保留 ask/seek/demand 的语义线索。

questionnaire
问卷;调查表
Students filled in a questionnaire about reading habits.
request
请求;要求
The student requested extra time.

非派生记忆线索

out of the question
不可能;不允许
Going camping in such heavy rain is out of the question.
out of question
无疑;没问题
His honesty is out of question.

词族导图

question 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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051

questionnaire

[,kwestʃə'neə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 127

a written or online set of questions used to collect information

问卷;调查表

联想

questionnaire = question + -naire,可理解为一组问题组成的调查表。它不是单个 question,而是用来收集信息的表格。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]问卷;调查表

指纸质或在线的一组问题,用于调查意见、习惯或信息。

常见表达fill in a questionnairefill out a questionnairecomplete a questionnairedesign a questionnaire

Students filled in a questionnaire about their reading habits.

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fill in a questionnaire 表示填写调查表。

The researcher designed a short questionnaire for parents.

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design a questionnaire 表示设计问卷。

Please complete the questionnaire before you leave the museum.

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complete a questionnaire 表示完成问卷。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

survey
调查;民意测验
The school carried out a survey on sleep habits. survey 是调查活动或结果;questionnaire 是调查用的问题表。
answer sheet
答题纸
Write your name at the top of the answer sheet. answer sheet 用来写答案;questionnaire 用来收集回答。

词族线索 / 同组词

question
问题;提问
May I ask a question about the homework? questionnaire 通常包含多道 questions。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

questionnaire 以 question 为核心,加后缀形成“问题表”。

question
问题;提问;质疑
May I ask a question about the homework?

非派生记忆线索

fill in / fill out / complete
填写问卷
Students filled in a questionnaire about their reading habits.

词族导图

question 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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052

request

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[ri'kwest] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 127

to ask for something formally or politely; a formal or polite asking

请求;要求;请求的事

联想

request 比 ask 更正式、更礼貌;作动词可说 request sb. to do sth.,作名词可说 make a request for...、at one's request、by request。

意思、用法与例句

vt.请求;要求

正式或礼貌地请求某人做某事,或请求得到某物。

常见表达request helprequest extra timerequest sb. to do sth.be requested to do sth.

The student requested extra time to finish the project.

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request extra time 表示请求更多时间。

Visitors are requested to keep quiet in the reading room.

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be requested to do sth. 表示被要求做某事。

The teacher requested us to hand in the form by Friday.

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request sb. to do sth. 表示要求某人做某事。

n. [C]请求;要求的事

作名词指一次正式请求,常接 for,也可用于固定搭配。

常见表达make a request for sth.at one's requestby requesta polite request

At the visitor's request, the guide spoke more slowly.

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at one's request 表示应某人要求。

The school received a request for more reading time.

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request for 表示对某事的请求。

This song is played by request.

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by request 表示按照要求。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ask for
请求;索要
She asked for a glass of water. ask for 更日常;request 更正式。
require
需要;要求;规定
The rule requires every student to wear a helmet. require 更强,常表示必要条件或规定;request 更像请求。
refuse
拒绝
The manager refused our request. refuse 与 request 的回应方向相反。
question
问题;询问;质疑
The police questioned the driver. question 是提问或质疑;request 是提出要求。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

request 与 question 同含 quest 的 ask/seek 线索,但 request 的重点是正式请求。

question
问题;询问
May I ask a question?
require
需要;要求
The rule requires every student to wear a helmet.

非派生记忆线索

at one's request
应某人要求
At the visitor's request, the guide spoke more slowly.

词族导图

question 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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053

acquire

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[ə'kwaiə(r)] · vt. · Page 127

to gain, get, learn, or develop something through time or effort

取得;获得;学到;养成

联想

acquire 不是简单的 get,而是通过时间、努力、经历或过程逐渐获得。常接 skills、knowledge、language、habit、taste 等。

意思、用法与例句

vt.取得;获得

表示通过努力、经历或过程获得技能、知识、财产、品质等。

常见表达acquire skillsacquire knowledgeacquire experienceacquire a taste for sth.

It took him a long time to acquire the skills needed for the job.

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acquire skills 表示逐渐掌握技能。

Students acquire knowledge not only from books but also from practice.

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acquire knowledge 表示获得知识。

She acquired a taste for classical music after joining the school band.

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acquire a taste for... 表示逐渐喜欢上。

vt.学到;养成

用于语言、习惯、能力时,强调通过接触和练习逐渐学会或形成。

常见表达acquire languageacquire a habitacquire the ability to do sth.

Children acquire language by hearing it every day.

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acquire language 表示习得语言。

He acquired the habit of checking his work twice.

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acquire a habit 表示养成习惯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

gain
获得;赢得
She gained confidence after the speech contest. gain 较宽泛;acquire 更强调经过过程逐渐获得。
learn
学习;学会
He learned to swim last summer. learn 侧重学习行为;acquire 可指不知不觉或长期积累获得。
lose
失去
He lost the skill because he stopped practising. lose 与 acquire 的获得方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

acquisition
获得;习得;获得物
Language acquisition starts long before school. acquisition 是 acquire 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

acquire 与 acquisition 构成动词和名词关系:acquire 是获得这个动作,acquisition 是获得过程或获得物。

acquisition
获得;习得;获得物
Language acquisition starts long before school.

非派生记忆线索

acquire a habit
养成习惯
He acquired the habit of checking his work twice.

词族导图

acquire / acquisition 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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054

acquisition

[,ækwi'ziʃn] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 127

the process of getting or learning something, or something that has been obtained

取得;获得;习得;获得物;购置物

联想

acquisition 是 acquire 的名词。不可数时多表示“获得/习得的过程”,如 language acquisition;可数时表示获得物或购置物。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]取得;获得;习得

表示获得知识、技能、语言或能力的过程,常用于教育和学习语境。

常见表达language acquisitionskill acquisitionthe acquisition of knowledge

Language acquisition starts long before children enter school.

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language acquisition 表示语言习得。

The acquisition of study skills takes time and practice.

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the acquisition of... 表示……的获得过程。

n. [C]获得物;购置物

表示新获得或新买到的人、物、藏品或资产。

常见表达a new acquisitionthe latest acquisitiona valuable acquisition

The museum's latest acquisition is a painting by a local artist.

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latest acquisition 表示最新获得的藏品。

The new player is a valuable acquisition for the school team.

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a valuable acquisition 表示有价值的新成员或新获得物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

learning
学习;习得
Language learning needs daily practice. learning 更普通;acquisition 常强调获得过程。
loss
损失;失去
The loss of old photos made her sad. loss 与 acquisition 的获得方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

acquire
取得;获得;学到
Students acquire knowledge from practice. acquire 是动作,acquisition 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

acquisition = acquire 的名词形式,注意不可数过程义和可数获得物义。

acquire
取得;获得;学到
Students acquire knowledge from practice.

非派生记忆线索

language acquisition
语言习得
Language acquisition starts long before school.

词族导图

acquire / acquisition 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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055

enquire/inquire

[in'kwaiə(r)] · v. · Page 127

to ask for information, often in a polite or formal way

打听;询问

联想

enquire/inquire 比 ask 更正式,重点是“打听信息”。enquire 常偏英式,inquire 常偏美式或正式书面语;搭配看 about、whether、at。

意思、用法与例句

v.打听;询问信息

表示向某人或某处打听信息,常接 about、whether 或 at。

常见表达inquire about sth.inquire whether...inquire at the deskenquire for information

I called the station to inquire about the lost bag.

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inquire about 表示打听某事。

Several parents enquired whether the trip would continue in the rain.

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enquire whether 表示询问是否。

You can inquire at the front desk about train times.

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inquire at 表示在某处询问。

v.调查;查问

正式语境中可表示对问题进行调查或查问,常用 enquire/inquire into。

常见表达inquire into a matterinquire into the causeofficially inquire into sth.

The committee will inquire into the cause of the accident.

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inquire into 表示调查原因。

The teacher enquired into why the equipment was missing.

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enquire into 表示查问或调查。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ask
She asked me where the library was. ask 最普通;enquire/inquire 更正式,强调获取信息。
investigate
调查
The police investigated the case carefully. investigate 更强调系统调查;inquire into 可表示正式查问。
answer
回答
The clerk answered my question politely. answer 是回应询问;enquire/inquire 是发出询问。

词族线索 / 同组词

enquiry/inquiry
询问;调查
The hotel received an inquiry about room prices. enquiry/inquiry 是 enquire/inquire 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

enquire/inquire 与 inquiry/enquiry 共享 quire 的 ask/seek 线索;动词是询问,名词是询问或调查。

enquiry/inquiry
询问;调查
The hotel received an inquiry about room prices.

非派生记忆线索

enquire / inquire
英美和正式拼写变体
Both enquire and inquire mean ask for information.

词族导图

enquire/inquire / enquiry/inquiry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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056

enquiry/inquiry

星标

[in'kwaiəri] · n. [C] · Page 127

a request for information, or a formal investigation

打听;询问;调查;查究

联想

enquiry/inquiry 是名词:可指一次普通询问,也可指正式调查。enquiry 常偏英式,inquiry 常偏美式或正式;搭配是 inquiry about / inquiry into。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]询问;打听

指向机构或个人提出的信息询问,常见于服务、报名、价格等语境。

常见表达make an inquirycustomer inquiryinquiry about sth.answer an inquiry

The hotel received an inquiry about room prices.

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inquiry about 表示关于……的询问。

The shop answers customer inquiries by email.

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customer inquiry 表示顾客咨询。

For further enquiries, please call the school office.

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further enquiries 表示进一步咨询。

n. [C]调查;查究

正式语境中表示对事故、问题或事件的调查。

常见表达an inquiry into sth.open an inquiryhold an inquiry

The school opened an inquiry into the missing equipment.

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open an inquiry into 表示展开调查。

The report called for an inquiry into the accident.

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inquiry into 表示对事故的调查。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

question
问题;询问
The student asked a question about the rule. question 可指单个问题;inquiry/enquiry 更常是一项咨询或调查。
investigation
调查
The investigation lasted two weeks. investigation 更强调系统调查;inquiry 可表示咨询或正式调查。
answer
回答;答复
We received an answer to our inquiry. answer 是询问得到的答复。

词族线索 / 同组词

enquire/inquire
打听;询问;调查
I called to inquire about the lost bag. enquiry/inquiry 是名词,enquire/inquire 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

enquiry/inquiry 是 enquire/inquire 的名词形式,可表示一次咨询或正式调查。

enquire/inquire
打听;询问
I called to inquire about the lost bag.

非派生记忆线索

inquiry into
对……的调查
The school opened an inquiry into the missing equipment.

词族导图

enquire/inquire / enquiry/inquiry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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057

require

星标

[ri'kwaiə(r)] · vt. · Page 127-128

to need something, or to officially demand that something be done

需要;要求;规定

联想

require 比 request 更强:它表示客观需要、规则要求或正式规定。重点结构是 require sth.、require sb. to do sth.、require doing/to be done、require that...。

意思、用法与例句

vt.需要

表示某事物客观上需要某种条件、资源或动作。

常见表达require timerequire effortrequire less waterrequire doing/to be done

Some gardening methods require less water and fewer fertilizers.

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require less water 表示需要更少水。

This experiment requires clean water and careful timing.

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require 后接所需条件。

The old bike requires repairing before the trip.

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require doing 表示需要被做。

vt.要求;规定

表示规则、法律、老师或机构正式要求某人做某事。

常见表达require sb. to do sth.require that...be required to do sth.

The rules require every student to wear a helmet.

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require sb. to do sth. 表示规定某人做某事。

The notice requires that all visitors sign their names.

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require that... 表示正式要求。

Students are required to show their ID cards at the gate.

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be required to do sth. 表示被要求做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

need
需要
The job needs patience. need 更普通;require 更正式,常用于规则、条件或客观需求。
request
请求;要求
The student requested extra time. request 是请求;require 是需要或正式规定,语气更强。
optional
可选择的;非必需的
The final task is optional. required 与 optional 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

requirement
要求;必要条件
A passport is a basic requirement for this trip. requirement 是 require 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

require 与 request 都有 quest/quire 的 ask/seek 线索;require 强调必须满足的需要或规定。

requirement
要求;必要条件
A passport is a basic requirement for this trip.
required
必需的;规定的
Safety training is required before the activity.

非派生记忆线索

require doing/to be done
需要被做
The old bike requires repairing before the trip.

词族导图

question 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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058

requirement

星标

[ri'kwaiəmənt] · n. [C] · Page 128

something needed or officially demanded

要求;必要条件;需要的东西

联想

requirement 是 require 的名词,常表示必须满足的条件或要求。注意 requirement 后的同位语从句或表语从句可用 should + 动词原形,其中 should 常省略。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]要求;必要条件;需要的东西

指课程、工作、旅行、制度等要求必须具备或完成的条件。

常见表达meet a requirementbasic requirementcourse requirementjob requirement

A passport is a basic requirement for this trip.

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basic requirement 表示基本要求。

The course has a reading requirement each week.

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course requirement 表示课程要求。

Good eyesight is one requirement for the job.

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requirement for 表示某事所需条件。

n. [C]同位语/表语从句中的要求

正式表达中,requirement 后的 that 从句可用动词原形,表示规定或要求。

常见表达the requirement that sb. do sth.It is a requirement that...meet the requirement that...

The school has a requirement that every student wear a uniform on Monday.

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requirement 后 that 从句中 wear 用动词原形。

It is a requirement that the form be signed by a parent.

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be signed 用于正式要求中的被动结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

condition
条件
One condition of the trip is good health. condition 更宽泛;requirement 更强调必须满足的要求。
option
可选择项
The art class is an option, not a requirement. option 是可选项;requirement 是必需项。

词族线索 / 同组词

require
需要;要求;规定
The rules require every student to wear a helmet. requirement 是 require 的名词形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

requirement = require + -ment,表示被要求满足的条件或东西。

require
需要;要求;规定
The rules require every student to wear a helmet.
required
必需的;规定的
A helmet is required for the ride.

非派生记忆线索

meet a requirement
满足要求
The plan meets the safety requirement.

词族导图

question 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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059

radio

星标

['reidiəu] · n. [U] / n. [C] / v. · Page 128

wireless communication or broadcasting, a radio set, or to send a message by radio

无线电通信;无线电广播;收音机;用无线电发送

联想

radio 在日常英语里有三条线:无线电通信、广播节目/媒介、收音机设备;作动词时表示用无线电发送信息。它和 radiation 共享 radi- 线索,但 radio 不等于“辐射”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / n. [C]无线电通信;广播;收音机

不可数时指无线电通信或广播媒介;可数时指收音机设备。

常见表达on the radiolisten to the radioa radio programa car radio

We listened to the news on the radio during breakfast.

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on the radio 表示通过广播。

The old radio on the desk still works well.

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radio 作可数名词,表示收音机。

The rescue team kept in touch by radio during the storm.

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by radio 表示通过无线电通信。

v.用无线电发送;用无线电联系

常用于船、飞机、救援等语境,表示通过无线电发送消息或求助。

常见表达radio for helpradio a messageradio the airportradio back

The boat radioed for help after its engine failed.

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radioed for help 表示用无线电求救。

The pilot radioed the airport before landing.

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radio 作动词,表示用无线电联系机场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

broadcast
广播;播送
The station broadcasts news every hour. broadcast 强调播送内容;radio 可指媒介、设备或无线电发送。
wireless
无线的;无线通信
The village uses wireless communication in emergencies. wireless 是更宽的无线通信概念;radio 是其中一种。
radiation
辐射;放射线
The sun's radiation can damage skin. radiation 是能量射线;radio 是无线电或广播,不能混作同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

radio 与 radi/ray 线索有关,但在现代词义中既可指广播/无线电,也可引出 radiation、radioactive 等科学词。

radiation
辐射;放射线
The sun's radiation can damage skin.
radioactive
放射性的
Radioactive waste must be stored carefully.

非派生记忆线索

on the radio
通过广播
We heard the news on the radio.
radio for help
用无线电求救
The boat radioed for help.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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060

radiation

[,reidi'eiʃn] · n. [C, U] / n. [U] · Page 128

energy that travels in waves or rays, especially heat, light, or nuclear energy

辐射;放射线;辐射热

联想

radiation 是“能量以射线/波的形式传播”。日常可见 solar radiation,科学语境有 nuclear radiation;它通常不可数,但可指不同种类的 radiation。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]辐射;放射线

指以射线或波传播的能量,可能来自太阳、机器或放射性物质。

常见表达radiation levelsolar radiationradiation from a sourceexposure to radiation

Doctors used special equipment to measure radiation in the lab.

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measure radiation 表示测量辐射。

The sun's radiation can damage skin without protection.

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solar radiation 指太阳辐射。

Workers wore special clothes to reduce exposure to radiation.

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exposure to radiation 表示接触辐射。

n. [U]辐射热

指通过辐射传递的热量。

常见表达radiation heatheat radiationradiation from the sun

Dark surfaces can absorb more heat radiation from the sun.

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heat radiation 表示热辐射。

Radiation from the fire warmed the room even before the air got hot.

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radiation 可指热量辐射。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window. ray 是一束光或能量线;radiation 是能量传播或放射现象。
protection
保护
Wear a hat for protection from strong sunlight. protection 不是反义词,但常与 radiation exposure 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

radioactive
放射性的
Radioactive material gives off radiation. radioactive 描述会放出 radiation 的物质。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

radiation 来自 radi/ray 线索,表示像射线一样向外传播的能量。

radioactive
放射性的
Radioactive material gives off radiation.
ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window.

非派生记忆线索

solar radiation
太阳辐射
The sun's radiation can damage skin.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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061

radioactive

[,reidiəu'æktiv] · adj. · Page 128

giving off radiation, often dangerous energy from unstable atoms

放射性的

联想

radioactive = radio/radiation + active,可记成“会主动放出辐射的”。它修饰 material、waste、substance、element 等。

意思、用法与例句

adj.放射性的

描述物质、废料、元素等会放出辐射,可能需要严格处理。

常见表达radioactive materialradioactive wasteradioactive substanceradioactive element

Radioactive waste must be stored very carefully.

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radioactive waste 表示放射性废料。

Scientists tested whether the rock was radioactive.

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radioactive 可作表语。

Radioactive material should not be touched without protection.

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radioactive material 表示放射性物质。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nonradioactive
非放射性的
The container holds nonradioactive material. nonradioactive 与 radioactive 相反。
safe
安全的
Safe material can be handled in a classroom. safe 不是严格构词反义,但与危险放射性语境对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

radiation
辐射;放射线
Radioactive material gives off radiation. radioactive 是形容词,radiation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

radioactive = radio/radiation + active,表示会放出辐射。

radiation
辐射;放射线
Radioactive material gives off radiation.
radium
Radium is a radioactive metal element.

非派生记忆线索

radioactive waste
放射性废料
Radioactive waste must be stored carefully.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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062

radium

['reidiəm] · n. [U] · Page 128

a radioactive metal chemical element

联想

radium 是一种金属元素,-ium 常见于元素名。它是 radioactive 的,不是普通 radio 或 radiation 的同义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]

指一种放射性金属元素,通常作不可数名词。

常见表达the element radiumradioactive radiuma radium sample

Radium was once used in glowing clock faces.

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radium 指元素镭。

The science display explained why radium must be handled with care.

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radium 因有放射性需要小心处理。

A radium sample belongs in a protected laboratory, not a classroom.

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radium sample 表示镭样品。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

element
元素
Oxygen is a chemical element. element 是类别词;radium 是其中一种。
ordinary metal
普通金属
Iron is a common metal in buildings. radium 是放射性金属,不可当普通金属处理。

词族线索 / 同组词

radioactive
放射性的
Radium is a radioactive metal element. radium 是具体元素;radioactive 是描述性质的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-ium 常用于元素名称;radium = radi(放射) + -ium。

radioactive
放射性的
Radium is radioactive.
radiation
辐射
Radium can give off radiation.

非派生记忆线索

-ium
金属或元素名后缀线索
Radium and sodium are element names ending in -ium.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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063

radius

['reidiəs] · n. [C] · Page 128

the distance from the centre of a circle to its edge, or an area around a point

半径;半径范围

联想

radius 的复数是 radii。几何里它是圆心到圆周的距离;日常表达 within a radius of... 表示某点周围一定范围。diameter 是直径,不是 radius 的反义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]半径

几何中指圆心到圆周的距离,复数 radii。

常见表达radius of a circlea five-centimetre radiusplural radii

The radius of the circle is five centimetres.

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radius of a circle 表示圆的半径。

The two radii in the diagram are equal.

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radii 是 radius 的复数。

n. [C]半径范围

日常可表示以某点为中心的范围。

常见表达within a radius ofa two-kilometre radiussearch radius

Families within a two-kilometre radius of the school received the notice.

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within a radius of 表示在……半径范围内。

The app shows restaurants within a one-kilometre radius.

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radius 可表示搜索范围。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

diameter
直径
The diameter is twice the radius. diameter 是穿过圆心的直径,长度是 radius 的两倍,不是反义词。
ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window. radius 可用从中心射出的线来记,但数学含义不同于 ray。
centre/-ter
中心
The centre of the circle is marked with a dot. radius 从中心到圆周,必须有 centre 这个参照点。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

radius 可借 radi/ray 的向外射出线条来记,但数学上固定为半径。

ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window.
diameter
直径
The diameter is twice the radius.

非派生记忆线索

within a radius of
在……半径范围内
The app shows restaurants within a one-kilometre radius.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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064

ray

星标

[rei] · n. [C] · Page 128

a narrow line of light, heat, or energy, or a small amount of hope

光线;射线;一线希望

联想

ray 是一束光或能量线。a ray of... 可表示一线光、少量希望等;X-ray 是一种特殊射线或用它拍出的照片。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]光线;射线

表示一束光、热或能量。

常见表达a ray of sunlightray of lightlight rayenergy ray

A ray of sunlight came through the window.

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a ray of sunlight 表示一缕阳光。

The X-ray uses special rays to show the broken bone.

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ray 可表示能量射线。

n. [C]少量;一线

a ray of hope 等比喻表达表示少量积极的东西。

常见表达a ray of hopea ray of comforta ray of light in a hard time

The good news gave the team a ray of hope.

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a ray of hope 表示一线希望。

Her kind words were a ray of comfort after the long exam.

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a ray of comfort 表示一点安慰。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

beam
光束
A beam of light crossed the dark room. beam 通常更强、更宽;ray 可表示细线状光或射线。
shadow
影子;阴影
The tree made a shadow on the wall. shadow 是挡住光形成的阴影,与 ray 的光线语境对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

X-ray
X 光;X 光片;用 X 光检查
The doctor took an X-ray to check my ankle. X-ray 是特定种类的 ray 及其医学检查。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ray 是本组 radius、X-ray 等词的形象核心:线状光或能量。

X-ray
X 光;X 光片
The doctor took an X-ray to check my ankle.
radius
半径
The radius is a line from the centre to the edge.

非派生记忆线索

a ray of hope
一线希望
The good news gave the team a ray of hope.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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065

X-ray

['eks rei] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 128

a special ray used to see inside things, a picture/test made with it, or to examine with it

X 射线;X 光;X 光照片;X 光检查;用 X 光拍照

联想

X-ray 可指 X 射线、X 光片、X 光检查,也可作动词“用 X 光检查”。医学中常见 take/have an X-ray;安检中可说 X-ray luggage。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]X 光;X 光片;X 光检查

作名词可指射线、拍出的片子或一次检查。

常见表达take an X-rayhave an X-rayan X-ray of the chestan X-ray showed

The doctor took an X-ray to check my ankle.

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take an X-ray 表示做 X 光检查。

An X-ray showed that the bone was not broken.

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X-ray 可指 X 光片或检查结果。

She had a chest X-ray before the operation.

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chest X-ray 表示胸部 X 光检查。

vt.用 X 光拍照;用 X 光检查

作动词时后接身体部位、行李等检查对象。

常见表达X-ray a broken armX-ray the luggagebe X-rayed

The nurse X-rayed my wrist after I fell.

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X-ray 作动词,表示给手腕拍 X 光。

Security workers X-rayed the bags at the station.

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X-rayed 表示用 X 光检查。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

scan
扫描;检查
The doctor ordered a scan of his knee. scan 范围更宽;X-ray 是一种具体检查方式。
radiation
辐射;放射线
X-rays are a form of radiation. X-ray 属于 radiation 的一种医学/安检用途。

词族线索 / 同组词

ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window. X-ray 是特殊射线,不等于普通 light ray。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

X-ray = X + ray,既是射线名,也可指照片/检查/动词。

ray
光线;射线
A ray of sunlight came through the window.
radiation
辐射;放射线
X-rays are a form of radiation.

非派生记忆线索

take/have an X-ray
做 X 光检查
The doctor took an X-ray to check my ankle.

词族导图

radio 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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066

flow

[fləu] · vi. / n. [C, U] · Page 128

to move or continue smoothly, or a smooth movement or supply

流动;流传;畅通;流畅;流、车流、连贯、不断供应

联想

flow 的核心画面是“像水一样顺着方向连续移动”。水、交通、信息、语言和供应都可以 flow;作名词时看 of 后面的对象判断是水流、车流、思路连贯还是不断供应。

意思、用法与例句

vi.流动;流传;畅通;说话或思路流畅

作不及物动词,主语常是 water、river、traffic、information、ideas、words,强调连续、顺畅地移动或展开。

常见表达flow into/through/fromtraffic flows smoothlyinformation flowswords/ideas flow

The river flows through the city and into the sea.

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flow through/into 表示水流经过并流入。

Traffic flowed smoothly after the police cleared the road.

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traffic flowed smoothly 表示车辆通行顺畅。

Once the discussion started, ideas began to flow.

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ideas flow 表示想法不断冒出来。

n. [C, U]水流;车流;连贯;不断供应

作名词时既可指实际的流,也可指交通、信息、文章或物资的连续状态。

常见表达the flow of watera steady flow of trafficthe flow of a speecha flow of supplies

There was a steady flow of traffic outside the school gate.

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a steady flow of traffic 指持续车流。

The essay has a clear flow from problem to solution.

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flow 指文章思路连贯。

Volunteers kept a flow of clean water to the village.

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a flow of clean water 可指不断供应。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stream
流;小河;连续流
A small stream runs behind the school. stream 更像具体水流或数据流;flow 强调流动动作或连续状态。
block
阻塞;阻挡
A fallen tree blocked the road. block 表示让流动停住;flow 表示顺畅继续。
flu
流感
Many students stayed home because they had the flu. flu 与 flow 音近、同组记忆,但 flu 是疾病名词,不表示流动。

词族线索 / 同组词

fluent
流利的;流畅的
She is fluent in English after years of practice. fluent 把 flow 的“顺畅”转成形容词,常说语言或表达流利。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

flow 的“流动、顺畅”可帮助记 fluent、fluency、influence;flu 在本组作为音近形近记忆点处理,不当作 flow 的派生词。

fluent
流利的;流畅的
She is fluent in English after years of practice.
fluency
流利;流畅
Reading aloud improved his fluency.
influence
影响;影响力
The book had a strong influence on her.

非派生记忆线索

flu
流感,influenza 的缩略写法
He missed the match because he had the flu.
a flow of ideas
想法不断涌现
Ideas began to flow during the group talk.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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067

flu

[flu:] · n. [U] · Page 128

influenza, a common illness with fever, aches, and tiredness

流行性感冒;流感

联想

flu 是 influenza 的缩略写法,作不可数疾病名词。考试中重点抓 get/have/catch the flu 和 flu season;它和 flow 只是音近形近的记忆关系,不能混成“流动”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]流感;流行性感冒

常与 get、have、catch 连用,表示得流感;也可修饰 season、virus、shot 等名词。

常见表达get/have the flucatch the fluflu seasonflu virus

Many students stayed home because they had the flu.

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have the flu 表示患流感。

The school reminded students to wash their hands during flu season.

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flu season 指流感高发季。

She caught the flu and had to rest for a week.

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catch the flu 表示感染流感。

英式英语中也可见 catch flu,但高考常按 get/have/catch the flu 掌握。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

influenza
流行性感冒
Influenza can spread quickly in winter. influenza 是完整正式名称;flu 是常用缩略词。
cold
普通感冒
A cold often starts with a runny nose. cold 通常较轻;flu 往往有发烧、酸痛和明显乏力。
health
健康
Good sleep helps protect your health. health 不是构词反义词,但与得 flu 的状态形成语义对比。
flow
流动;流
Water flows down the hill after heavy rain. flow 表示流动或流;flu 是疾病名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

flu 是 influenza 的缩略写法。本组用 flow/flu 音近形近帮助记忆,但学生可见讲解必须明确 flu 是 illness,不是 flow 的动词形式。

influenza
流行性感冒的完整名称
Influenza can spread quickly in winter.

非派生记忆线索

get the flu
得流感
He got the flu before the exam.
flu season
流感季
Doctors are busy during flu season.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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068

fluent

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['flu:ənt] · adj. · Page 128

able to speak, write, or move smoothly and easily

流利的;流畅的

联想

fluent 把“流动顺畅”变成形容词:最常说人 fluent in a language,也可说 speech、writing、style 流畅。它描述能力或表达状态,不是疾病 flu。

意思、用法与例句

adj.语言或表达流利的;风格流畅的

修饰人、语言能力、发言、文章或动作,强调没有明显停顿、卡壳或生硬感。

常见表达be fluent in a languagea fluent speakerfluent speechfluent writing/style

She became fluent in English after years of daily practice.

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be fluent in English 表示英语流利。

His speech was fluent and easy to follow.

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fluent speech 表示讲话流畅。

The dancer's fluent movements made the show look natural.

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fluent movements 可表示动作流畅。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

halting
断断续续的
He gave a halting answer because he was nervous. halting 强调停顿多、不流畅;fluent 强调顺畅。
smooth
顺畅的
The speaker's smooth delivery impressed the class. smooth 更宽泛;fluent 常用于语言、表达或动作。
flu
流感
She stayed home with the flu. fluent 虽含 flu 拼写,但不是 flu 的形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

fluency
流利;流畅
Reading aloud every day improved her fluency. fluent 是形容词;fluency 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fluent 与 fluency 共享“流畅”语义;-ent 是形容词线索,-ency 是名词线索。

fluency
流利;流畅
Reading aloud every day improved her fluency.
flow
顺畅流动;连贯
The essay has a clear flow.

非派生记忆线索

fluent in
在某语言方面流利
She is fluent in English and Spanish.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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069

fluency

['flu:ənsi] · n. [U, sing.] · Page 129

the ability to speak, write, or move smoothly and easily

流利;流畅

联想

fluency 是 fluent 的名词形式,通常不可数:improve fluency、speak with fluency、fluency in English。它强调流利程度,不是“流感 flu”的状态。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U, sing.]语言、阅读或表达的流利程度

多指说话、阅读、写作或表达的顺畅能力,常与 improve、develop、with、in 搭配。

常见表达speak with fluencyimprove/develop fluencyreading fluencyfluency in English

Reading aloud every day improved her fluency.

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improve fluency 表示提高流利程度。

He spoke with fluency, but he still made a few grammar mistakes.

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with fluency 表示说得流畅。

The teacher focused on reading fluency before speed.

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reading fluency 指阅读流畅度。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hesitation
犹豫;停顿
Too much hesitation made the speech hard to follow. hesitation 强调停顿和不确定;fluency 强调顺畅。
accuracy
准确性
Language learning needs both fluency and accuracy. fluency 讲流畅,accuracy 讲正确;两者不是同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

fluent
流利的;流畅的
She is fluent in English. fluent 是形容词,描述人或表达;fluency 是名词,表示能力或程度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fluency = fluent + -cy,形容词变名词,表示“流利这种能力或程度”。

fluent
流利的;流畅的
She is fluent in English.
flow
流动;连贯
Good writing has a clear flow.

非派生记忆线索

fluency and accuracy
流利度和准确性
Language learning needs both fluency and accuracy.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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070

influence

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['influəns] · vt. / n. [C, U] · Page 129

to affect someone or something, or the power/person/thing that affects others

影响;对……起作用;影响力;有影响的人或事物

联想

influence 可用 in- + flu + -ence 记成“流入并产生作用”。它既可作动词“影响某人/某事”,也可作名词“影响、影响力、有影响的人或事物”。重点搭配是 have an influence on 和 under the influence of。

意思、用法与例句

vt.影响某人、决定、行为或结果

作及物动词,后面直接接被影响的人、决定、习惯、结果等。

常见表达influence a decisioninfluence sb.'s habitsbe influenced bygreatly influence

The coach's words influenced the team before the final match.

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influence the team 表示影响球队状态或想法。

Weather can influence how people choose to travel.

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influence 后可接 how 引导的内容。

Her reading habit was influenced by her parents.

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be influenced by 表示受……影响。

n. [U]影响;影响力;支配力

作不可数名词时,常表示对人、行为或结果产生作用的力量。

常见表达have an influence onunder the influence ofa strong/great influencewithout influence

Parents can have a strong influence on children's reading habits.

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have an influence on 是名词搭配。

He made the decision under the influence of his friends.

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under the influence of 表示受……影响。

n. [C]有影响的人或事物

作可数名词时,可指对某人产生重要影响的人、书、事件或经历。

常见表达an important influencea good/bad influencean influence on sb.

The book was an important influence on her choice of career.

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an influence 可指有影响的事物。

A patient teacher can be a good influence on young students.

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a good influence 指产生好影响的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

affect
影响
Lack of sleep can affect your memory. affect 只作动词;influence 可作动词也可作名词。
effect
影响;效果
The new rule had a clear effect on traffic. effect 是名词,常指结果;influence 可指作用力、影响力或有影响的人/物。
ignore
忽视;不受其影响地处理
She ignored the advertisement and bought nothing. ignore 不是严格反义词,但表示不让某信息影响自己。

词族线索 / 同组词

influential
有影响力的
The scientist wrote an influential book. influential 是形容词,描述人或事物有影响力。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

influence = in- + flu(flow) + -ence,可用“流入”帮助理解“影响进入并起作用”。

influential
有影响力的
The scientist wrote an influential book.
flow
流动;连续展开
Ideas began to flow during the discussion.

非派生记忆线索

have an influence on
对……有影响
Parents have an influence on children's habits.
under the influence of
受……影响
He acted under the influence of his friends.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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071

influential

[,influ'enʃl] · adj. · Page 129

having enough power, importance, or respect to affect people or events

有影响力的;有支配力的

联想

influential 是 influence 的形容词:有能力影响别人、事件或观点。它常修饰 person、teacher、book、idea、factor,后面可接 in 表示在哪个领域有影响。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有影响力的;能起重要作用的

修饰人、书、观点、因素、组织等,强调它们对别人或事件有明显影响。

常见表达an influential personan influential book/ideahighly influentialbe influential in sth.

The scientist wrote an influential book about climate change.

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influential book 指有影响力的书。

An influential teacher can shape a student's future choices.

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influential teacher 指能影响学生的重要老师。

This report was influential in the final decision.

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be influential in 表示在某事中有影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

important
重要的
Sleep is important for health. important 强调重要;influential 强调能影响别人或结果。
powerful
有力量的;强大的
The mayor is a powerful local leader. powerful 可指权力或力量;influential 更强调影响力。
unknown
不知名的
The writer was unknown before the prize. unknown 与 influential 常形成语境对比,但不是构词反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

influence
影响;影响力
Parents can have a strong influence on children's habits. influence 是名词/动词;influential 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

influential = influence + -ial,名词/动词 influence 转成形容词,表示“有影响力的”。

influence
影响;影响力;有影响的人或事物
The book had a strong influence on her.
flow
流动;连续展开
The idea flowed from one student to another.

非派生记忆线索

be influential in
在……方面有影响
The report was influential in the final decision.

词族导图

flow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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072

origin

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['ɒridʒin] · n. [C, U] · Page 129

the beginning, source, cause, or family background of something

起源;源头;起因;身世;出身

联想

origin 的核心是“从哪里开始”。它可以问词语、习俗、问题、河流的起源,也可以说人的 family origin / social origin,表示身世或出身。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]起源;源头;起因

说明某事物、词语、习俗、问题或地点从哪里来、怎样开始。

常见表达the origin of sth.trace the origin ofunknown originfrom its origin

The origin of the custom is still unclear.

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the origin of the custom 指习俗的起源。

Scientists tried to trace the origin of the disease.

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trace the origin of 表示追溯起因或源头。

This river has its origin in the mountains.

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origin 可指河流源头。

n. [C, U]身世;出身;来历

用于说明人或家庭来自哪里、社会背景如何。

常见表达family originsocial originpeople of different originsa story of unknown origin

Students of different origins shared stories about their hometowns.

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different origins 指不同出身或来历。

The novel follows a young man of humble origin.

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of humble origin 表示出身普通或卑微。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

source
来源;源头
The reporter checked the source of the information. source 更常指信息、水流或材料来源;origin 更强调起点、起因或来历。
cause
原因;起因
The cause of the fire is still unknown. cause 强调造成结果的原因;origin 可强调最早开始处。
result
结果
The result of the experiment surprised the class. result 是发展后的结果;origin 是开始处或来源。

词族线索 / 同组词

original
最初的;原作的;独创的
This is the original painting; the others are copies. original 是形容词/名词,来自 origin 的“最初、原本”线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

origin 可用 ort = rise / be born 的线索记“开始、出生、来源”。original 是同一词族;abortion 共享 be born 记忆线索,但现代用法不是 origin 的派生。

original
最初的;独创的;原件
This is the original painting; the others are copies.
originality
独创性
The teacher praised the originality of her story.

非派生记忆线索

abortion
人工流产;堕胎;人工流产手术
The article discussed abortion in a serious medical context.

词族导图

origin / original / abortion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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073

original

[ə'ridʒənl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 129

first, not copied, creative, or the real work rather than a copy

最初的;独创的;原作的;原件;原作

联想

original 来自 origin 的“最初、源头”线索。作形容词可表示最初的、原作的、独创的;作名词指原件或原作。判断时看它修饰 plan/idea/painting,还是单独作 the original。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最初的;原来的

表示最早的版本或后来改变前的状态。

常见表达the original planthe original meaningthe original pricethe original owner

The original plan was to leave at six, but we changed it later.

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the original plan 指最初计划。

Few people know the original meaning of the old saying.

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original meaning 指最初含义。

adj.独创的;原作的;非复制的

表示有新意、不是抄袭,也可指作品为原作。

常见表达an original ideaoriginal workthe original paintinghighly original

Her story was original and full of surprising details.

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original 表示有独创性。

This is the original painting, and the others are copies.

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original painting 和 copies 构成原作与复制品的对比。

n. [C]原件;原作

作名词时指真实原件或原作,而不是复印件、复制品或翻拍版本。

常见表达the originala copy of the originalkeep the originalcompare it with the original

Please keep the original and send me a copy.

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the original 作名词,指原件。

The museum owns the original, not a later copy.

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original 作名词,指原作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

copy
复制品;复印件
Keep the original and give me a copy. copy 是复制出来的;original 是原件或原作。
creative
有创造力的;有创意的
The creative design attracted many visitors. creative 强调创造力;original 强调新颖且非抄袭。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 与 original 形近但含义不同;ordinary 是普通,original 是最初或独创。

词族线索 / 同组词

origin
起源;来源;出身
The origin of the custom is unclear. origin 是名词“起源”;original 是形容词/名词“最初的、原件”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

original = origin + -al,表示与“起源、原初状态”有关,也可引申为“独创”。

origin
起源;来源;出身
The origin of the custom is unclear.
originality
独创性
Originality matters in a writing competition.

非派生记忆线索

the original and a copy
原件和复制品
This is the original, and the others are copies.

词族导图

origin / original / abortion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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074

abortion

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[ə'bɔ:ʃn] · n. [U, C] · Page 129

the deliberate ending of a pregnancy before birth, or the medical operation

人工流产;堕胎;人工流产手术

联想

abortion 是严肃的医学和社会话题词,不能随便口语化使用。它可作不可数名词表示“人工流产/堕胎”这一行为或议题,也可作可数名词表示一次人工流产手术。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]人工流产;堕胎这一行为或议题

作为不可数名词时,常出现在法律、医学、公共议题或伦理讨论中,语气严肃。

常见表达abortion lawabortion debateviews on abortionaccess to abortion

The article discussed abortion in a serious medical context.

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abortion 作不可数名词,表示这个医学/社会议题。

Different countries have different laws on abortion.

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abortion law 指关于人工流产的法律。

n. [C]一次人工流产手术

作为可数名词时,常指一次具体的医疗手术或过程。

常见表达have an abortionperform an abortiona safe abortionan abortion procedure

The doctor explained the risks before the patient had an abortion.

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have an abortion 指接受一次人工流产手术。

The report focused on safe medical care after an abortion.

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an abortion 指一次具体医疗过程。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

birth
出生;分娩
The birth of the baby brought joy to the family. birth 是婴儿出生;abortion 是出生前终止妊娠。
pregnancy
怀孕;妊娠
Pregnancy care is important for a mother's health. pregnancy 是怀孕状态;abortion 是终止妊娠。
medical procedure
医疗程序;手术过程
A medical procedure should be done by trained professionals. abortion 可指一种具体医疗程序。
origin
起源;来源;出身
The origin of the word is unclear. 二者只共享 ort = be born 的记忆线索;abortion 不是 origin 的现代派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

abortion = ab-(off/away) + ort(be born) + -ion,可记为“离开出生过程”;这是记忆线索,不表示它是 origin 的普通派生词。

abort
中止;使流产
The mission was aborted because of bad weather.
abortive
失败的;未成功的
The team made an abortive attempt to fix the old machine.

非派生记忆线索

origin
起源;来源,ort 线索与 birth/start 有关
The river has its origin in the mountains.

词族导图

origin / original / abortion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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075

devote

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[di'vəut] · vt. · Page 129

to give time, effort, attention, money, or oneself fully to something

致力于;献身;倾注;把……用于

联想

devote 的重点不是“给”本身,而是把时间、精力、注意力、金钱甚至自己长期投入到某事。核心结构是 devote sth./oneself to sth./doing sth.,to 是介词,后面接名词或 -ing。

意思、用法与例句

vt.把时间、精力、注意力或金钱用于某事

宾语通常是 time、energy、attention、money、life 等投入资源,to 后接用途或目标。

常见表达devote time/energy to sth.devote attention to sth.devote money/resources to sth.devote sth. to doing sth.

She devotes two hours a day to piano practice.

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devote time to 表示把时间用于某事。

The charity devoted most of its money to children's health.

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devote money to 表示把钱用于某目标。

Good readers devote attention to both details and the main idea.

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devote attention to 表示把注意力集中到某事上。

vt.献身于;全心投入

devote oneself to... 表示把自己长期投入某事业、职业或目标,语气比普通 spend 更强。

常见表达devote oneself to sth./doing sth.devote one's life tobe devoted toa devoted teacher

He devoted himself to helping children in poor villages.

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devote oneself to doing 中 to 是介词。

The scientist devoted her life to medical research.

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devote one's life to 表示献身于某事业。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dedicate
把……奉献给;致力于
He dedicated his life to education. dedicate 与 devote 接近,但 dedicate 更正式,也常用于书籍献辞。
neglect
忽视;疏于照管
Do not neglect your health during exams. neglect 表示没有投入应有的注意或照顾。
vote
投票;选票;投票权
Students voted for the film they wanted to watch. vote 与 devote 有记忆线索和词形联系,但不是 devote 的现代派生词。

词族线索 / 同组词

devotion
奉献;忠诚;关爱
The nurse showed great devotion to her patients. devote 是动词,devotion 是名词。
devoted
忠实的;挚爱的;专用于……的
She is devoted to her students. devoted 是形容词,常说 be devoted to。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

devote 与 devotion 是真词族;devoted 是常用形容词。vote 可用历史/记忆线索一起复习,但不要放进 devote 的普通派生链。

devotion
奉献;忠诚;关爱
The nurse showed great devotion to her patients.
devoted
忠实的;挚爱的;专用于……的
She is devoted to her students.

非派生记忆线索

vote
投票;选票;投票权
Twenty-two voted for it and fourteen voted against it.

词族导图

devote / devotion / vote 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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076

devotion

[di'vəuʃn] · n. [U, sing.] · Page 129

strong loyalty, love, care, or commitment to someone or something

奉献;忠诚;关爱;关照

联想

devotion 是 devote 的名词形式,强调长期、真诚地投入。它可以讲对事业的奉献、对人的忠诚或关爱,常用 devotion to sb./sth.。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U, sing.]奉献;忠诚;投入

表示对事业、职责、信仰、学习或目标的长期投入和忠诚。

常见表达devotion to dutydevotion to workshow devotiondeep/great devotion

Her devotion to duty earned the respect of the whole team.

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devotion to duty 表示忠于职责。

The coach's devotion helped the young players improve.

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devotion 可指长期投入和奉献。

n. [U, sing.]关爱;关照;挚爱

表示对家人、朋友、病人等的深厚关爱和照顾。

常见表达devotion to familydevotion to patientsshow great devotiona mother's devotion

His devotion to his grandmother moved everyone in the family.

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devotion to sb. 表示对某人的关爱。

The nurse showed great devotion to her patients.

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show devotion to 表示对病人尽心照顾。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

loyalty
忠诚
The old worker's loyalty to the company was clear. loyalty 偏忠诚;devotion 还可包含投入、奉献和关爱。
indifference
冷漠;不关心
His indifference hurt his friends. indifference 是不关心;devotion 是深切投入或关爱。

词族线索 / 同组词

devote
致力于;把……用于;献身
She devotes two hours a day to piano practice. devote 是动词,devotion 是名词。
devotional
虔诚的;用于礼拜的
The choir sang a devotional song. devotional 是相关形容词,常带宗教或虔敬语境。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

devotion = devote + -ion,动词变名词,表示“奉献、忠诚、关爱”这种状态或品质。

devote
致力于;献身;把……用于
She devotes time to piano practice.
devoted
忠实的;挚爱的
He is a devoted father.
devotional
虔诚的;用于礼拜的
They read devotional poems quietly.

非派生记忆线索

devotion to
对……的奉献/关爱
His devotion to his family was clear.

词族导图

devote / devotion / vote 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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077

vote

星标

[vəut] · v. / n. [C] / n. [the] · Page 130

to make an official choice, or the choice, ballot, total, or right to choose

投票;表决;选举;选票;投票;投票总数;投票权

联想

vote 可以作动词,也可以作名词。作动词时常用 vote for / vote against / vote on;作名词时可指一张票、一次投票、投票结果或 the vote 投票权。

意思、用法与例句

v.投票;表决;选举

作动词时,for 表示赞成或投票给某人/方案,against 表示反对,on 表示就某事投票。

常见表达vote for sb./sth.vote against sth.vote on a planvote to do sth.

Twenty-two voted for it and fourteen voted against it.

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vote for / vote against 分别表示投赞成票和投反对票。

Students voted for the film they wanted to watch on Friday.

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vote for 可表示投票选择。

The club voted to hold the meeting online.

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vote to do 表示投票决定做某事。

n. [C]选票;一票;一次投票或表决

可指一张票、一个人的投票选择,或一次投票过程。

常见表达cast a votea close votethe deciding votehold a vote

The chairman has the deciding vote.

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the deciding vote 指决定性的一票。

The final vote was close, with only two more people supporting the plan.

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a close vote 表示结果接近的投票。

n. [the]投票总数;投票权;选举权

the vote 可指总票数,也可指某群体拥有投票权。

常见表达the total votewin the votehave the votewomen won the vote

The young candidate won a large share of the vote.

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the vote 可指总票数或选票总量。

In many countries, women fought for the vote.

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the vote 可指投票权。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ballot
选票;投票
Each student wrote one name on the ballot. ballot 多指选票或无记名投票方式;vote 可作动词和名词。
election
选举
The election will be held next month. election 是选举活动;vote 是投票动作、票或投票权。
vote for
投票赞成;投票给
Many people voted for the new rule. vote for 表示支持;vote against 表示反对。
abstain
弃权
Three members abstained from the vote. abstain 表示不投票;vote 表示作出投票选择。
devote
致力于;献身;把……用于
She devotes two hours a day to piano practice. vote 与 devote 有记忆线索和词形联系,但现代用法完全不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

vote 可和 voter、voting 构成清楚的现代词族;与 devote 只作为记忆对照复习,不是真派生。

voter
投票者;选民
Young voters discussed the election online.
voting
投票;投票的
Voting ended at six o'clock.

非派生记忆线索

devote
致力于;把……用于
She devotes time to reading.
vote for / vote against
投赞成票 / 投反对票
Twenty-two voted for it and fourteen voted against it.

词族导图

devote / devotion / vote 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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078

expect

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[ik'spekt] · vt. · Page 130

to think something will happen, or to want/require someone to do something

预料;预计;预期;期望

联想

expect 有两条常考线:一是“预计会发生”,二是“期望/要求某人做”。expect sb. to do sth. 是核心结构;不要把 expect 和 wait for 混同,expect 强调心理预期。

意思、用法与例句

vt.预料;预计;预期

表示根据情况认为某事会发生,后面可接名词、to do 或 that 从句。

常见表达expect sth.expect to do sth.expect that...be expected to doas expected

We expect the train to arrive at six.

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expect sth. to do 表示预计某事会发生。

Experts expect that prices will rise next year.

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expect that 从句表示预测。

As expected, the hall was full before the speech began.

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as expected 表示如预料一样。

vt.期望;要求

表示希望或要求某人按某种标准行动,常用 expect sb. to do sth.。

常见表达expect sb. to do sth.expect honestyexpect too much of sb.be expected of sb.

Parents expect their children to be honest.

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expect sb. to do 表示期望某人做某事。

Do not expect too much of yourself before the first test.

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expect too much of sb. 表示对某人期望过高。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

predict
预测;预言
Scientists predict a warm winter. predict 更强调基于资料作出预测;expect 可表示普通预期或期望。
hope
希望
I hope you feel better soon. hope 更偏愿望;expect 带有认为会发生或要求发生的意味。
doubt
怀疑;不确定
I doubt that the train will arrive on time. doubt 表示不相信或不确定;expect 表示认为可能会发生。
spect
look 的记忆线索
Inspect means to look at something carefully. expect 组可借 spect=look 记忆,但不是所有 spect 词都互为派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

expectation
预料;期望
The movie met our expectations. expect 是动词,expectation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

expect = ex-/e- + spect(look),可记成“向外看、向前看而预期”。expectation 是真名词派生;aspect、inspect、prospect、respect、suspect 共享 spect 记忆线索,但现代用法要分别学。

expectation
预料;期望
Her performance went beyond our expectations.
expected
预期的;预料之中的
The expected result did not appear.
unexpected
出乎意料的
An unexpected storm changed the plan.

非派生记忆线索

spect
look,看
Inspect means to look at something carefully.

词族导图

expect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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079

expectation

星标

[,ekspek'teiʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 130

a belief about what will happen, or a hope/standard for the future

预料;期望

联想

expectation 是 expect 的名词。单数或不可数可讲预料;复数 expectations 常讲期望、标准。重点搭配是 above/beyond/below expectation、meet expectations、in expectation of。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]预料;预期

表示对未来会发生什么的判断,可与 above/beyond/below 搭配比较结果和预期。

常见表达above expectationbeyond expectationbelow expectationcontrary to expectation

Her performance went beyond our expectations.

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beyond expectations 表示超出预期。

Sales were below expectation in the first month.

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below expectation 表示低于预期。

n. [C, often pl., U]期望;期待;标准

常用复数 expectations 表示别人或自己对表现、未来的期望。

常见表达meet expectationshigh expectationsin expectation of sth.live up to expectations

The movie met our expectations and made us laugh.

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meet expectations 表示达到期望。

Her parents have high expectations for her future.

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high expectations 表示很高的期望。

The children waited at the door in expectation of a surprise.

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in expectation of 表示期待某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hope
希望
Her hope is to study medicine. hope 偏愿望;expectation 还可指标准或可预料的结果。
disappointment
失望
The loss was a disappointment to the team. 当结果低于 expectations 时,常带来 disappointment。

词族线索 / 同组词

expect
预料;期望
We expect the train to arrive at six. expect 是动词,expectation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

expectation = expect + -ation,动词变名词,表示预料或期望。

expect
预料;期望
We expect the train to arrive at six.
expected
预期的
The expected answer was short and clear.
unexpected
意外的
The unexpected news changed their plan.

非派生记忆线索

meet expectations
达到期望
The movie met our expectations.

词族导图

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080

aspect

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['æspekt] · n. [C] / n. [sing., U] · Page 130

one part or feature of a situation, the way something looks, or the direction it faces

方面;容貌;外表;朝向;方位

联想

aspect 最常考的是“方面”:an aspect of...。它还可表示外观、容貌,以及建筑物或地点的朝向。它和 respect 的“方面”义接近,但 aspect 更常用于讨论主题的某一面。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]方面;特征;某一面

用于把一个大主题拆成不同方面,常接 of。

常见表达an aspect of sth.all aspects ofevery aspect ofimportant aspect

The book aims to cover all aspects of city life.

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all aspects of 是表示“各个方面”的重点结构。

The social aspect of the club is important for new students.

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aspect 表示某个方面。

We need to consider every aspect of school safety.

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every aspect of 表示各个方面。

n. [sing., U]容貌;外表;样子

较正式,表示人、地方或事物呈现出来的外观。

常见表达a calm aspecta serious aspectchange the aspect ofoutward aspect

The old house had a peaceful aspect in the morning light.

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aspect 可表示外观或样子。

The new trees changed the aspect of the street.

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change the aspect of 表示改变外观。

n. [C, often sing.]朝向;方位

用于建筑、房间或山坡等朝向某方向。

常见表达a southern aspecta sunny aspecta room with a good aspect

The classroom has a sunny southern aspect.

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southern aspect 指朝南。

They chose a room with a good aspect over the garden.

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aspect 可指房间朝向和景观。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

side
方面;一边
Try to see the problem from another side. side 更口语;aspect 更正式,常用于主题或问题的某一面。
feature
特征;特点
A useful feature of the app is its search bar. feature 指具体特点;aspect 可指更宽的方面。
whole
整体
Do not judge the whole story by one scene. aspect 是一方面;whole 是整体。
respect
方面;尊重
In this respect, your plan is better. respect 有“方面”义,但还常表示尊重;aspect 主要是方面/外观/朝向。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

aspect 可借 spect=look 记成“看上去的一面”。它不是 expect 的普通派生词,应按“方面、外观、朝向”独立掌握。

非派生记忆线索

spect
look,看
Aspect is one way something looks or one side of a topic.
respect
方面;尊重
In this respect, online learning saves time.

词族导图

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081

inspect

星标

[in'spekt] · vt. · Page 130

to look at something carefully in order to check it, often officially

检查;查看;检验;审视;视察

联想

inspect = in- + spect,看进去、仔细看。它比 look at 正式,常用于检查建筑、机器、证件、食品安全,也可指领导或官员视察。

意思、用法与例句

vt.检查;查看;检验;审视

表示仔细查看以发现问题、确认质量或检查安全。

常见表达inspect sth. carefullyinspect sth. for damageinspect a machineinspect documents

Please inspect your bike for loose parts before the ride.

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inspect for damage/loose parts 表示检查是否有问题。

The mechanic inspected the engine before the long trip.

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inspect the engine 表示检验发动机。

Teachers inspected the exam papers for missing names.

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inspect papers 表示仔细查看。

vt.视察

表示官员、负责人或检查人员正式查看某地、工作或制度。

常见表达inspect a schoolinspect a factoryinspect the workinspect the troops

The officer inspected the kitchen before the school opened.

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inspect the kitchen 表示正式检查。

City officials inspected the bridge after the storm.

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inspect 可用于正式视察公共设施。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

examine
检查;仔细看
The doctor examined the child's throat. examine 更宽,可用于医生、考试、研究;inspect 常带正式检查意味。
overlook
忽略;漏看
Do not overlook small safety problems. overlook 是没看见或忽略;inspect 是仔细查看。

词族线索 / 同组词

inspection
仔细检查;视察
The bridge passed the safety inspection. inspect 是动词,inspection 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inspect = in-(into) + spect(look),表示向里面仔细看;inspection 是名词。

inspection
仔细检查;视察
The bridge passed the safety inspection.
inspector
检查员;视察员
The inspector checked the restaurant kitchen.

非派生记忆线索

inspect for damage
检查是否损坏
Workers inspected the roof for damage.

词族导图

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082

inspection

[in'spekʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 130

a careful check, often official, to make sure something is safe or correct

仔细检查;视察

联想

inspection 是 inspect 的名词,表示一次检查/视察,也可表示检查这一过程。常见搭配是 safety inspection、pass/fail inspection、under inspection。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]仔细检查;检验

用于安全、质量、设备、建筑等正式或细致检查。

常见表达safety inspectionpass/fail inspectionunder inspectioninspection of sth.

The bridge passed the safety inspection last week.

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safety inspection 指安全检查。

During inspection, workers found a crack in the pipe.

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during inspection 表示检查过程中。

The machine is under inspection and cannot be used today.

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under inspection 表示正在检查。

n. [C, U]视察

用于领导、机构或检查人员正式查看某地或工作。

常见表达official inspectionschool inspectioninspection visitmake an inspection

The school prepared for an official inspection on Monday.

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official inspection 表示正式视察。

The manager made a quick inspection of the factory floor.

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make an inspection 表示进行视察。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

examination
检查;考试
The medical examination took ten minutes. examination 更宽,可指医学检查或考试;inspection 常偏安全、质量或官方检查。
neglect
忽视;疏忽
Neglect of safety rules can cause accidents. neglect 是不检查不照管;inspection 是细致检查。

词族线索 / 同组词

inspect
检查;视察
City officials inspected the bridge after the storm. inspect 是动词,inspection 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inspection = inspect + -ion,动作变名词,表示检查或视察。

inspect
检查;视察
Officials inspected the bridge.
inspector
检查员;视察员
The inspector asked to see the safety record.

非派生记忆线索

pass inspection
通过检查
The bridge passed the safety inspection.

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083

prospect

['prɒspekt] n.; [prə'spekt] v. · n. [C] / n. [pl.] / n. [sing., U] / vi. · Page 130-131

a future chance, a view, the possibility of success, or to search for minerals

前景;景色;前途;希望;可能性;勘探;勘察

联想

prospect 的 pro- + spect 可记成“向前看”。最常考的是 future prospects / the prospect of success,表示前途或可能性;也可指景色,作动词时指勘探矿物。

意思、用法与例句

n. [pl.]前途;前景

prospects 常用复数,表示未来发展机会,常见 job prospects、career prospects。

常见表达future prospectsjob prospectscareer prospectsbright prospects

Good communication skills can improve your job prospects.

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job prospects 表示就业前景。

The town has bright prospects after the new railway opens.

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bright prospects 表示良好前景。

n. [sing., U]希望;可能性

the prospect of... 表示某事发生的可能性或想到某事时的期待/担忧。

常见表达the prospect of successthe prospect of doing sth.little prospect ofno prospect of

The prospect of studying abroad made her excited.

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the prospect of doing 表示想到某事的可能性。

There is little prospect of rain this week.

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little prospect of 表示可能性很小。

n. [C]景色;视野

较正式,指从某处看到的景色或开阔视野。

常见表达a wide prospecta fine prospecta prospect over the valley

From the hill, we enjoyed a wide prospect over the valley.

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a wide prospect 表示开阔景色。

The window offers a fine prospect of the lake.

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prospect 可指景色。

vi.勘探;勘察

作动词时重音变化,常与 for 连用,表示勘探矿物、石油等。

常见表达prospect for goldprospect for oilprospect in the mountains

The company prospected for oil in the desert.

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prospect for oil 表示勘探石油。

Early settlers prospected for gold in the mountains.

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prospect for gold 表示勘探黄金。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

future
未来
The future of the project looks bright. prospect 常说未来机会或前景。
possibility
可能性
There is a possibility of heavy rain. possibility 更普通;prospect 常带对未来结果的期待或担心。
view
景色;视野
The hotel room has a sea view. view 更常用;prospect 的景色义更正式。
expect
预料;期望
We expect the train to arrive at six. 二者共享 spect 记忆线索,但 prospect 不是 expect 的现代派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

prospect = pro-(forward) + spect(look),可记成向前看见前景;作动词时是勘探。

prospective
预期的;未来的
Prospective students visited the school.
prospector
勘探者
The prospector searched for gold.

非派生记忆线索

future prospects
未来前景
Her job prospects are good.

词族导图

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084

respect

星标

[ri'spekt] · vt. / n. [U, sing.] / n. [C] · Page 131

to admire or consider important, the feeling of honor, or a particular aspect/detail

尊敬;尊重;重视;顾及;方面;细节

联想

respect 有两大线:一是尊重、尊敬、重视,既可作动词也可作不可数名词;二是名词“方面、细节”,常见 in this respect / in many respects。不要把 respect 只背成尊重。

意思、用法与例句

vt.尊敬;尊重;重视;顾及

作动词可接人、规则、意见、感受等,表示尊敬或认真对待。

常见表达respect sb. for sth.respect a rulerespect different opinionsrespect sb.'s feelings

We respect the old teacher for his patience.

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respect sb. for sth. 表示因某事尊敬某人。

A good discussion respects different opinions.

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respect opinions 表示尊重意见。

Please respect the library rules and keep quiet.

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respect rules 表示遵守并重视规则。

n. [U, sing.]尊敬;尊重;重视

作名词时常与 show、win、gain、have 搭配。

常见表达show respectwin/gain the respect of sb.have respect forwith respect

The volunteer won the respect of the villagers.

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win the respect of sb. 表示赢得某人的尊重。

Students should show respect for different cultures.

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show respect for 表示尊重。

n. [C]方面;细节

表示某一方面或某一点,常与 in this/one/many respect(s) 连用。

常见表达in this respectin one respectin many respectswith respect to sth.

In this respect, online learning saves time.

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in this respect 表示在这方面。

The two plans are similar in many respects.

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in many respects 表示在许多方面。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disrespect
不尊重;失礼
Interrupting others shows disrespect. disrespect 是 respect 尊重义的反向。
aspect
方面
The report covers every aspect of the problem. aspect 和 respect 都可表示方面,但 respect 还有尊重义。

词族线索 / 同组词

respective
各自的;分别的
Students returned to their respective classrooms. respective 来自 respect 的“方面/各自相关”线索,是形容词。
respectable
受人尊敬的;体面的
He is a respectable doctor. respectable 形容人或事体面、值得尊敬。
respectful
恭敬的;表示尊重的
The student answered the guest in a respectful voice. respectful 描述态度恭敬。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

respect = re-(back/again) + spect(look),可记成回头看、重视;respective 是本单元真相关词,respectable/respectful 是常见扩展。

respective
各自的;分别的
Students returned to their respective classrooms.
respectable
受人尊敬的;体面的
He has a respectable job.
respectful
恭敬的;表示尊重的
The student answered the guest in a respectful voice.

非派生记忆线索

in this respect
在这方面
In this respect, online learning saves time.

词族导图

expect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

respective

[ri'spektiv] · adj. · Page 131

belonging separately to each person or thing already mentioned

各自的;分别的

联想

respective 表示“各自的、分别的”,通常放在复数名词前,说明每个人或事物回到自己的位置、角色、任务等。常见 respective roles / duties / schools。

意思、用法与例句

adj.各自的;分别的

修饰复数名词,表示前面提到的每个人或事物各有自己的对象。

常见表达respective rolesrespective dutiesrespective schoolsrespective classrooms

After the meeting, students returned to their respective classrooms.

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respective classrooms 指各自的教室。

The two writers described their respective hometowns.

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respective hometowns 指各自的家乡。

Team members explained their respective duties before the project began.

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respective duties 指各自职责。

respective 通常不单独作表语,常放在名词前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

separate
分开的;各自的
The students worked in separate groups. separate 更普通;respective 强调前面提到的对象各自对应。
shared
共有的;共同的
They worked toward a shared goal. shared 表示共同拥有;respective 表示各自拥有。

词族线索 / 同组词

respect
尊重;方面
In this respect, online learning saves time. respective 与 respect 的“方面/各自相关”线索有关。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

respective = respect(方面) + -ive,表示各自相关的、分别对应的。

respect
尊重;方面
In this respect, your answer is better.
respectively
分别地;各自地
Tom and Anna are 15 and 16 respectively.

非派生记忆线索

respective roles
各自的角色
They discussed their respective roles.

词族导图

expect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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086

suspect

星标

[sə'spekt] v.; ['sʌspekt] n. · vt. / n. [C] · Page 131

to think something may be true or someone may be guilty, or a person/object under suspicion

怀疑;疑有;不信任;嫌疑犯;可疑分子;可疑对象

联想

suspect 作动词读 [sə'spekt],表示怀疑某事是真的、怀疑某人做了某事或不信任;作名词读 ['sʌspekt],指嫌疑犯或可疑对象。重点结构是 suspect that... 和 suspect sb. of doing sth.。

意思、用法与例句

vt.怀疑;疑有;觉得可能

表示认为某事可能为真,常接 that 从句或 problem/cause 等名词。

常见表达suspect that...suspect a problemsuspect the causebe suspected to be

Many people suspect that road salt is harming the environment.

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suspect that 后接怀疑为真的内容。

Doctors suspected a problem with his heart.

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suspect a problem 表示疑有问题。

Police suspect the fire started in the kitchen.

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suspect 后可接从句内容。

vt.怀疑某人有罪;不信任

表示怀疑某人做了坏事,常用 suspect sb. of doing sth.。

常见表达suspect sb. of doing sth.suspect sb. of theftbe suspected ofsuspect his story

The police suspected him of stealing the bike.

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suspect sb. of doing 表示怀疑某人做了某事。

I suspected his story because the details kept changing.

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suspect his story 表示不信任某说法。

n. [C]嫌疑犯;可疑分子;可疑对象

作名词时指被怀疑的人或对象,重音在前。

常见表达a murder suspectthe main suspectquestion a suspecta suspect in a case

The suspect was seen near the bank at noon.

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suspect 作名词,指嫌疑人。

Police questioned the main suspect for two hours.

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the main suspect 指主要嫌疑人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

doubt
怀疑;不相信
I doubt that he can finish on time. doubt 强调不相信;suspect 常表示觉得某事可能是真的或某人可疑。
trust
信任
You can trust her to keep the secret. trust 表示相信;suspect 表示怀疑或不信任。
expect
预料;期望
We expect the train to arrive at six. 二者共享 spect 记忆线索,但 suspect 不是 expect 的现代派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

suspicion
怀疑;嫌疑
The man was arrested on suspicion of theft. suspicion 是名词,表示怀疑或嫌疑。
unsuspecting
无提防之心的
The trick fooled unsuspecting tourists. unsuspecting 表示没有怀疑、没有防备。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suspect = sub-/sus-(under) + spect(look),可记成“从下面看、暗中怀疑”。动词和名词重音不同。

suspicion
怀疑;嫌疑
There was no clear reason for suspicion.
suspicious
怀疑的;可疑的
The guard noticed a suspicious bag.
unsuspecting
无提防之心的
The message tricked unsuspecting users.

非派生记忆线索

suspect sb. of doing
怀疑某人做了某事
Police suspected him of stealing the bike.

词族导图

expect 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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087

despite

[di'spait] · prep. · Page 131

in spite of; used before a noun, pronoun, or -ing form to show contrast

不管;尽管

联想

despite 是介词,意思是“尽管;不管”。它的核心考点不是意思难,而是结构:despite + 名词/代词/-ing;接完整从句要用 despite the fact that 或改用 although。

意思、用法与例句

prep.尽管;虽然有……仍然……

介词 despite 后接名词、代词或 -ing 形式,表示让步对比:虽然有某情况,另一件事仍发生。

常见表达despite the raindespite difficultiesdespite doing sth.despite the fact that...

Despite the heavy rain, the football match continued until dark.

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despite + 名词短语,表示尽管下大雨。

The team finished the project despite facing several difficulties.

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despite + -ing 形式,表示尽管遇到困难。

Despite the fact that she was nervous, Chen Mei spoke clearly on stage.

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despite the fact that 后可接完整从句。

不要写 despite of;若直接接完整从句,用 although/though,或用 despite the fact that...

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

in spite of
尽管
In spite of the noise, Li Hua kept reading. in spite of 与 despite 接近,但 despite 后不加 of。
although
虽然
Although it was raining, the football match continued. although 是连词,直接接从句;despite 是介词。
because of
因为;由于
Because of the rain, the match was delayed. because of 表示原因,despite 表示让步对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索可联想到 de- 与 look/spite,但现代用法按介词结构掌握,不强行派生。

in spite of
尽管
In spite of the noise, Li Hua kept reading.
despite the fact that
尽管事实是……
Despite the fact that she was nervous, Chen Mei spoke clearly on stage.

非派生记忆线索

although
虽然
Although it was raining, the football match continued.
because of
因为;由于
Because of the rain, the match was delayed.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

088

society

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[sə'saiəti] · n. [C, U] · Page 131

people living together as a community, or an organized group with a shared interest

社会;协会;社团

联想

society 有两条线:大范围的“社会”,以及学校、专业或兴趣中的“协会、社团”。social 是形容词;association 也可表示协会,但 society 更常带共同兴趣或社群感。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]社会;社群

表示人们共同生活形成的整体、制度或社群。

常见表达modern societysociety as a wholein societyserve society

Technology is changing society in many ways.

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society 指社会整体。

Education helps young people take part in society.

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in society 表示在社会中。

A fair society should protect the weak.

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a society 可指一种社会形态。

n. [C]协会;社团

指有共同兴趣、职业或目标的人组成的团体。

常见表达student societyEnglish societyjoin a societya music society

She joined the school's English society last term.

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English society 指英语社团。

The music society gives a concert every spring.

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society 可表示协会或社团。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

association
协会;联系;关联
The sports association organized a citywide running event. association 可表示协会,也可表示联系;society 更常表示社会或社团。
community
社区;群体
The community helped rebuild the library. community 强调共同生活或归属;society 可指更大的社会。
individual
个人
The law protects each individual. individual 是个人;society 是社会整体。

词族线索 / 同组词

social
社会的;社交的
Social development depends on education and health. social 是 society 的形容词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

society 可用 soci = social / companion 线索记“社会、社交、团体”。social 是直接形容词;associate/association 是联系和交往线;soccer 只从 association football 进入记忆,不是真派生。

social
社会的;社交的
Social skills help students work in teams.
societal
社会的
Societal changes can be slow.

非派生记忆线索

association
协会;联系
The sports association organized an event.
soccer
足球,来自 association football 的缩略演变
The boys played soccer after class.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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089

associate

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[ə'səuʃieit] v.; [ə'səuʃiət] n./a. · vi. / vt. / n. [C] / adj. · Page 131-132

to spend time with people, connect ideas, or a partner/colleague; also linked or junior in rank

结交;交往;联想;联系;同事;伙伴;合伙人;副的;非正式的;联合的

联想

associate 要按词性拆:作 vi. 是与人交往,作 vt. 是把 A 和 B 联系起来;作名词是同事、伙伴、合伙人;作形容词表示副的、非正式的或有关联的。

意思、用法与例句

vi.结交;交往

常用 associate with sb.,表示与某人来往,语气比 make friends with 更正式。

常见表达associate with sb.not associate withassociate with classmates

He does not associate with classmates who often break rules.

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associate with 表示与某人交往。

At the summer camp, she associated with students from many schools.

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associate with 可指和某群体来往。

vt.联想;联系

用 associate A with B 表示在思想或事实中把两者联系起来。

常见表达associate A with Bassociate a song with a memorybe associated with

Many people associate spring with new life.

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associate A with B 表示把 A 和 B 联系起来。

The smell of bread is associated with home for many people.

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be associated with 表示与……有关联。

n. [C]同事;伙伴;合伙人

指工作、业务或活动中的伙伴。

常见表达business associateclose associatea former associate

She asked a business associate for advice before signing the contract.

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business associate 指业务伙伴。

The manager thanked his close associates for their help.

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associate 作名词表示伙伴或同事。

adj.副的;非正式的;联合的;有关联的

常出现在职位、组织或关系名称中,如 associate professor。

常见表达associate professorassociate memberassociate editor

The associate professor gave a lecture on city planning.

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associate professor 表示副教授。

He became an associate member of the club.

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associate member 表示准会员或非正式会员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

connect
连接;联系
The bridge connects the two villages. connect 更普通;associate 常用于思想联想或人与人的交往。
separate
分开;区分
The teacher separated the two topics clearly. separate 与 associate 的联系义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

association
协会;联想;联系;联合
There is a strong association between exercise and better sleep. associate 是动词/名词/形容词,association 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

associate 与 association 是真词族,核心是“与人或事物连在一起”。

association
协会;联想;联系;联合
The sports association organized an event.
associated
有关联的
The risks associated with smoking are well known.

非派生记忆线索

associate A with B
把 A 与 B 联系起来
Many people associate spring with new life.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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090

association

[ə,səusi'eiʃn] · n. [C, U] · Page 132

an organization, a mental connection, or a relationship/link between things

协会;社团;联想;联系;联合;关联;交往

联想

association 是 associate 的名词。它可指组织,如 NBA;也可指思想上的联想,或事物之间的联系、关联、交往。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]协会;社团

指由有共同目标、职业或兴趣的人组成的组织。

常见表达sports associationstudent associationNational Basketball Associationjoin an association

The sports association organized a citywide running event.

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association 可指协会。

The National Basketball Association is often called the NBA.

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NBA 是 National Basketball Association 的缩写。

n. [C]联想;联系

指脑中把两个事物联系起来。

常见表达association withmake an associationstrong association

For many people, the smell of rain has an association with childhood.

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association with 表示与……的联想。

The picture created a strong association in her mind.

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association 可指心理联想。

n. [C, U]联合;关联;交往

表示人与人、组织或事实之间的联系。

常见表达association with sb./sth.in association withclose association

There is a strong association between exercise and better sleep.

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association between 表示两者有关联。

The school worked in association with local museums.

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in association with 表示与……合作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

society
社会;协会;社团
She joined the school's English society. society 和 association 都可指团体;association 更强调组织或联系。
connection
联系;关联
There is a connection between sleep and memory. connection 更普通;association 可表示组织或心理联想。

词族线索 / 同组词

associate
结交;联想;联系;同事
Many people associate spring with new life. associate 是动词/名词/形容词,association 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

association = associate + -ion,表示组织、联想或联系。soccer 的完整历史线索是 association football,但 soccer 不是 association 的普通派生教学项。

associate
结交;联系;伙伴
Many people associate spring with new life.
associated
有关联的
The two problems are closely associated.

非派生记忆线索

association football
英式足球的名称来源线索
Soccer developed from the phrase association football.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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091

social

['səuʃl] · adj. · Page 132

related to society, public life, or meeting and spending time with people

社会的;社交的

联想

social 是 society 的形容词线:social development 是社会发展,social life / social skills 是社交生活和社交能力。

意思、用法与例句

adj.社会的

修饰 development、problem、change、system 等,表示与社会整体有关。

常见表达social developmentsocial problemsocial changesocial system

Social development depends on education and health.

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social development 是社会发展。

The report discusses social problems in large cities.

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social problems 指社会问题。

adj.社交的

修饰 life、skills、activity、event 等,表示与人交往有关。

常见表达social lifesocial skillssocial activitysocial event

The club gives shy students more social practice.

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social practice 表示社交练习。

Good social skills help students work in teams.

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social skills 指社交能力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

private
私人的;非公开的
This is a private family matter. social 的社会/公共义与 private 对比。
antisocial
不合群的;反社会的
Loud noise late at night is antisocial behavior. antisocial 与 social 的社交/社会适应义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

society
社会;协会;社团
Technology is changing society in many ways. society 是名词,social 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

social = soci + -al,表示社会或社交方面的。

society
社会;协会;社团
Technology is changing society.
socially
在社交上;社会地
The event helped students socially.

非派生记忆线索

social development
社会发展
Social development depends on education.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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092

socialism

['səuʃəlizəm] · n. [U] · Page 132

a political and economic system that stresses public or shared ownership and social equality

社会主义

联想

socialism 是政治和经济制度名词,通常不可数。学习时只需掌握它与 socialist 的词性关系,以及 socialism and capitalism 这类对比语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]社会主义

表示一种强调公共或共同所有、社会平等的政治经济制度。

常见表达history of socialismsocialism and capitalismstudy socialismideas of socialism

The textbook introduces socialism in a chapter on modern history.

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socialism 作制度名词。

Students compared socialism with other economic systems.

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socialism and other systems 构成制度对比。

The lecture explained several ideas of socialism.

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ideas of socialism 表示社会主义思想。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

capitalism
资本主义
The class compared capitalism and socialism. capitalism 常与 socialism 作制度对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

socialist
a person who supports socialism; also an adjective for socialist ideas
The article discusses socialist ideas in the twentieth century. socialist 是形容词或可数名词。
social
社会的;社交的
Social development depends on education. social 是更宽的形容词,不等于 socialism。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

socialism = social + -ism,-ism 表示制度、主义或思想体系。

socialist
社会主义的;社会主义者
The article discusses socialist ideas.
social
社会的;社交的
Social problems need careful study.

非派生记忆线索

-ism
主义;制度
Socialism and capitalism are economic systems.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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093

socialist

['səuʃəlist] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 132

related to socialism, or a person who supports socialism

社会主义的;社会主义者

联想

socialist 可作形容词,也可作可数名词。形容词修饰 ideas、country、system;名词指支持社会主义的人。

意思、用法与例句

adj.社会主义的

修饰思想、国家、制度、政策等。

常见表达socialist ideasa socialist countrya socialist systemsocialist theory

The article discusses socialist ideas in the twentieth century.

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socialist ideas 指社会主义思想。

The lesson introduced several socialist systems in history.

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socialist systems 指社会主义制度。

n. [C]社会主义者

指支持社会主义的人。

常见表达a socialistsocialists believebecome a socialist

A socialist may support public control of important services.

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socialist 作可数名词。

Some socialists wrote about workers' rights.

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socialists 指社会主义者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

capitalist
资本主义的;资本家
A capitalist system allows private ownership of businesses. capitalist 常与 socialist 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

socialism
社会主义
The textbook introduces socialism in modern history. socialism 是制度/主义名词,socialist 是形容词或人。
social
社会的;社交的
Social life changed after the move. social 更宽,不等于 socialist。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

socialist = socialism / social + -ist,-ist 可表示支持某主义的人,也可作相关形容词。

socialism
社会主义
Students compared socialism with other systems.
social
社会的;社交的
Social development depends on education.

非派生记忆线索

-ist
……主义者;相关的
A socialist supports socialism.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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094

soccer

['sɒkə(r)] · n. [U] · Page 132

football, especially the word often used in the United States

足球

联想

soccer 是运动名词,不可数。它的记忆线索来自 association football,但现代学习中按 play soccer、soccer team、soccer match 掌握,不放进 society 的派生词族。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]足球

表示足球这项运动,通常不可数;说踢足球用 play soccer。

常见表达play soccersoccer teamsoccer matchsoccer field

The boys played soccer on the school field after class.

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play soccer 表示踢足球。

She joined a soccer team when she was eight.

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soccer team 指足球队。

The soccer match ended in a draw.

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soccer match 指足球比赛。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

football
足球
In Britain, football usually means soccer. soccer 与 football 多数语境指同一运动,地区用词不同。
association football
英式足球的正式名称线索
Soccer developed from the phrase association football. 这是词源记忆线索,不是 society/association 的普通派生。
basketball
篮球
Basketball is played with hands and hoops. basketball 是另一项运动,不是 soccer 的反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

soccer 来自 association football 的缩略演变;它与 society 组同图复习,但不是 society、social 或 association 的真派生。

非派生记忆线索

association football
足球名称来源线索
Soccer developed from the phrase association football.
play soccer
踢足球
The boys played soccer after class.

词族导图

society 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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095

fortune

星标

['fɔ:tʃu:n] · n. [C, U] · Page 132

a large amount of money, luck, or a person's fate

大笔的钱;巨款;机会;运气;命运

联想

fortune 有三条线:make a fortune 是发财,good fortune 是好运,one's fortune 可指命运或前途。tell one's fortune 是算命,不是“告诉钱”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大笔的钱;巨款

指大量财富,常用 make a fortune。

常见表达make a fortunespend a fortunecost a fortune

He made a fortune by selling useful farm machines.

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make a fortune 表示发财。

The old painting is worth a fortune.

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worth a fortune 表示价值很高。

n. [U]机会;运气

表示好运或坏运的抽象力量。

常见表达good fortuneby fortunefortune smiled on sb.

Good fortune helped us find the lost keys before dark.

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good fortune 表示好运。

By good fortune, the doctor arrived just in time.

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by good fortune 表示幸运的是。

n. [C]命运;前途

指一个人的命运、前途或人生走向。

常见表达seek one's fortunetell one's fortuneone's fortunes changed

He left his village to seek his fortune in the city.

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seek one's fortune 表示外出闯世界、寻找成功。

Some people still pay others to tell their fortune.

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tell one's fortune 表示算命。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wealth
财富
His wealth came from hard work. wealth 只强调财富;fortune 还可指运气和命运。
fate
命运
No one knows what fate will bring. fate 偏命运;fortune 还可表示财富或好运。

词族线索 / 同组词

fortunate
幸运的
We were fortunate to catch the last bus home. fortunate 是形容词。
misfortune
不幸;厄运
The family faced misfortune after the fire. misfortune 是 fortune 的反向名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fortune 是核心名词;fortunate/fortunately 是幸运形容词和副词;misfortune 是 mis- 反向名词;unfortunate/unfortunately 是 un- 反向形容词和副词。

fortunate
幸运的
We were fortunate to catch the last bus.
fortunately
幸运地
Fortunately, the rain stopped.
misfortune
不幸;厄运
The team overcame misfortune.
unfortunate
不幸的;令人遗憾的
It was an unfortunate mistake.

非派生记忆线索

fortune cookie
幸运曲奇;签饼
A fortune cookie held a short message.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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096

fortunate

星标

['fɔ:tʃənət] · adj. · Page 132

lucky or having good things happen by chance

幸运的;交好运的

联想

fortunate 是形容词,常说 be fortunate to do 或 be fortunate in doing。它强调处境幸运,而不是人有钱。

意思、用法与例句

adj.幸运的;交好运的

描述人、结果或情况因为好运而有好结果。

常见表达be fortunate to dobe fortunate in doinga fortunate resultfeel fortunate

I'm fortunate to have a good teacher.

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be fortunate to do 是重点结构。

We were fortunate to catch the last bus home.

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fortunate to do 表示幸运做成某事。

It was fortunate that no one was hurt in the accident.

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It was fortunate that... 表示幸运的是。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was unfortunate that the trip was cancelled. unfortunate 与 fortunate 相反。
lucky
幸运的
You are lucky to have such friends. lucky 更口语,fortunate 稍正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

fortune
运气;财富;命运
Good fortune helped us find the keys. fortune 是名词,fortunate 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fortunate = fortune + -ate,表示有好运的。

fortune
运气;财富;命运
Good fortune helped us.
fortunately
幸运地
Fortunately, nobody was hurt.
unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was an unfortunate mistake.

非派生记忆线索

be fortunate to do
很幸运做某事
I'm fortunate to have a good teacher.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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097

fortunately

['fɔ:tʃənətli] · adv. · Page 132

luckily, used to comment that something good happened

幸运地;幸亏

联想

fortunately 是句子副词,常放句首,也可放句中,表示“幸运的是”。它通常评价整个结果。

意思、用法与例句

adv.幸运地;幸亏

用来说明坏情况没有发生或好结果出现,常修饰整句。

常见表达Fortunately, ...fortunately for uswas fortunately able toquite fortunately

Fortunately, the rain stopped before the outdoor concert began.

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Fortunately 放句首评价整件事。

The child fell, but fortunately he was not badly hurt.

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fortunately 可放句中。

Fortunately for us, the last train was late.

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fortunately for us 表示对我们来说幸运。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unfortunately
不幸地;遗憾地
Unfortunately, the museum was closed. unfortunately 与 fortunately 相反。
luckily
幸运地
Luckily, we found a taxi. luckily 更口语,fortunately 较中性正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

fortunate
幸运的
We were fortunate to catch the last bus. fortunate 是形容词,fortunately 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fortunately = fortunate + -ly,形容词变副词。

fortunate
幸运的
We were fortunate to arrive early.
unfortunately
不幸地;遗憾地
Unfortunately, we missed the bus.

非派生记忆线索

sentence adverb
句子副词
Fortunately, the rain stopped.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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098

misfortune

[,mis'fɔ:tʃu:n] · n. [U, C] · Page 132

bad luck, or an unlucky event or situation

不幸;厄运;不幸的事故或情况

联想

misfortune = mis- + fortune。mis- 给 fortune 加上坏方向:不可数时是不幸/厄运,可数时是一件不幸的事。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]不幸;厄运

表示坏运气或不幸状态。

常见表达suffer misfortunegreat misfortuneovercome misfortune

The team showed courage in the face of misfortune.

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misfortune 作不可数名词,表示厄运。

Fortune is admirable, but the conquest of misfortune is more admirable.

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源句含义:战胜厄运比好运更令人敬佩。

n. [C]不幸的事故、情况或事件

指一件具体的不幸事情。

常见表达a personal misfortunea real misfortuneone misfortune after another

Losing the final by one point was a real misfortune for the team.

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a misfortune 指一件不幸的事。

After one misfortune after another, the family finally received help.

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one misfortune after another 表示接连的不幸。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bad luck
坏运气
Bad luck followed the team all season. bad luck 更口语;misfortune 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

fortune
运气;财富;命运
Good fortune helped us. misfortune 是 fortune 的反向名词。
unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was an unfortunate mistake. unfortunate 是形容词,misfortune 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

misfortune = mis- + fortune。注意:misfortune 是名词;unfortunate 是形容词。

fortune
运气;财富;命运
Good fortune helped us.
unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was unfortunate that the plan failed.

非派生记忆线索

mis- vs un-
mis- 常构成名词 misfortune;un- 构成反义形容词 unfortunate
Misfortune is a noun; unfortunate is an adjective.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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099

unfortunate

[ʌn'fɔ:tʃənət] · adj. · Page 132

unlucky, or regrettable and disappointing

不幸的;倒霉的;令人遗憾的;可惜的

联想

unfortunate 是 unfortunate person/situation/result 的形容词。它既能说人倒霉,也能说事情令人遗憾。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不幸的;倒霉的

描述人或经历遭遇坏运气。

常见表达unfortunate personunfortunate childunfortunate accident

The unfortunate child lost his way in the busy station.

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unfortunate child 表示不幸的孩子。

The hikers met with an unfortunate accident in the storm.

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unfortunate accident 表示不幸事故。

adj.令人遗憾的;可惜的

描述情况、结果或决定让人遗憾。

常见表达It is unfortunate that...unfortunate resultunfortunate mistake

It was unfortunate that the trip had to be cancelled.

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It was unfortunate that... 表示令人遗憾的是。

A small but unfortunate mistake cost the team the game.

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unfortunate mistake 表示令人遗憾的错误。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fortunate
幸运的
We were fortunate to catch the last bus. fortunate 与 unfortunate 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

unfortunately
不幸地;遗憾地
Unfortunately, the museum was closed. unfortunately 是副词。
misfortune
不幸;厄运
The team overcame misfortune. misfortune 是名词,unfortunate 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

unfortunate = un- + fortunate,表示不幸运的或令人遗憾的。

fortunately
幸运地
Fortunately, nobody was hurt.
unfortunately
不幸地;遗憾地
Unfortunately, the museum was closed.
misfortune
不幸;厄运
They overcame misfortune.

非派生记忆线索

It is unfortunate that...
令人遗憾的是……
It was unfortunate that the trip was cancelled.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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100

unfortunately

[ʌn'fɔ:tʃənətli] · adv. · Page 132

unluckily, used to say that something bad or disappointing happened

不幸地;遗憾地

联想

unfortunately 是句子副词,可放句首或句中,表示“遗憾的是/不幸的是”。它常用来引出坏结果。

意思、用法与例句

adv.不幸地;遗憾地

说明坏结果发生,常评价整个句子;可位于句首或句中。

常见表达Unfortunately, ...unfortunately for thembut unfortunatelymost unfortunately

Unfortunately, the museum was closed when we arrived.

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Unfortunately 放句首,引出坏结果。

He worked hard; unfortunately, he missed the final question.

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unfortunately 可放句中。

Unfortunately for them, the bus had already left.

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unfortunately for them 表示对他们来说遗憾。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fortunately
幸运地
Fortunately, the rain stopped. fortunately 与 unfortunately 相反。
sadly
遗憾地;伤心地
Sadly, the old tree had to be cut down. sadly 更带情感色彩;unfortunately 更强调坏结果。

词族线索 / 同组词

unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was unfortunate that the trip was cancelled. unfortunate 是形容词,unfortunately 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

unfortunately = unfortunate + -ly,形容词变副词。

unfortunate
不幸的;遗憾的
It was an unfortunate mistake.
fortunately
幸运地
Fortunately, nobody was hurt.

非派生记忆线索

sentence position
可在句首或句中
Unfortunately, the museum was closed. / He tried hard; unfortunately, he failed.

词族导图

fortune 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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101

ancient

星标

['einʃənt] · adj. · Page 133

very old, especially from a time long ago in history

古代的;古老的

联想

ancient 描述历史久远的人、文明、建筑、物品或制度。它强调“古代/古老”,不等于 old 的普通年龄大,也不等于 antique 的可收藏古董。

意思、用法与例句

adj.古代的;古老的

用于历史、文明、建筑、遗址、文字、传统等,表示来自很久以前。

常见表达ancient Chinaancient historyancient cityancient cultureancient ruins

Ancient Chinese poems are still read in schools today.

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ancient Chinese poems 指中国古代诗歌。

The museum shows tools from an ancient farming village.

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ancient farming village 表示古代农耕村落。

Many tourists visit the ancient city wall every year.

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ancient city wall 表示古城墙。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

old
旧的;年老的
The old desk still works well. old 范围更广;ancient 更强调历史久远。
modern
现代的
Modern cities use smart transport systems. modern 与 ancient 的时间方向相反。
antique
古董;古董的
She bought an antique clock at the market. antique 常指有收藏价值的旧物,也可作名词。
ancestor
祖先
Our ancestors lived in small villages. ancestor 与 ancient 共享“久远以前”的记忆线索,但 ancestor 指人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ancient 可用 anc-/anti- 的“先、前”作记忆线索;本组不是全部真派生,ancestor 指祖先,anticipate 指提前预料或行动,antique 指古董。

ancestor
祖先
Our ancestors lived in small villages.
anticipate
预期;提前行动
We anticipate heavy traffic tomorrow.
antique
古董;古董的
The shop sells antique furniture.

非派生记忆线索

ancient vs antique
ancient 描述历史久远;antique 常指可收藏旧物
The ancient temple contains several antiques.

词族导图

ancient 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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102

ancestor

['ænsestə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 133

a person in your family who lived a long time before you

祖宗;祖先

联想

ancestor 是家族线上的“祖先”,通常指很久以前的人;对应的后代是 descendant。不要把它和 parents 或 grandparents 这种仍较近的亲属混用。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]祖宗;祖先

指家族、民族或某一群体中过去很久以前的人。

常见表达our ancestorsfamily ancestorshonor ancestorstrace one's ancestorsancestors and descendants

Our ancestors used simple tools to grow food.

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our ancestors 指我们的祖先。

The festival is a time for families to honor their ancestors.

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honor ancestors 表示纪念或敬奉祖先。

He tried to trace his ancestors back to a small mountain village.

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trace one's ancestors 表示追溯祖先。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

descendant
后代;子孙
She is a descendant of a famous scientist. descendant 是后代,方向与 ancestor 相反。
forefather
祖先;先辈
Our forefathers built the first school here. forefather 更正式或带历史感。
parent
父母之一
A parent should listen to a child's ideas. parent 是近亲长辈;ancestor 通常更久远。
ancient
古代的;古老的
Ancient families kept records of their ancestors. ancestor 与 ancient 都带久远以前的线索,但词性和对象不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ancestor 可借 anc-/ante- 的“先、前”记忆为“先辈”。它是名词,常和 descendant 构成方向对比。

descendant
后代
She is a descendant of a famous scientist.
ancient
古代的;古老的
Ancient families kept records of their ancestors.

非派生记忆线索

ancestors and descendants
祖先与后代
Stories connect ancestors and descendants.

词族导图

ancient 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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103

anticipate

[æn'tisipeit] · vt. · Page 133

to expect something, or to act before it happens

预期;预料;先于……行动;提前使用

联想

anticipate 比 expect 更正式,常带“提前想到并准备”的味道。它还可表示先于某事行动或提前使用,不只是不动脑地等待结果。

意思、用法与例句

vt.预期;预料

提前想到某事可能发生,常接名词、that 从句或 wh- 从句。

常见表达anticipate a problemanticipate changesanticipate that...anticipate doing sth.anticipate what/how

We anticipate a larger crowd at this year's festival.

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anticipate a larger crowd 表示预料人数更多。

The coach anticipated that the final match would be difficult.

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anticipate that... 接从句。

We did not anticipate having to wait outside for two hours.

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anticipate doing sth. 表示预料会做某事或会遇到某情况。

Good planners anticipate problems before they grow serious.

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anticipate problems 表示提前预见问题。

vt.先于……行动;提前处理或使用

不仅预料到,还提前采取行动、满足需要或使用资源。

常见表达anticipate needsanticipate demandanticipate difficultiesanticipate a question

The team anticipated the problem and prepared extra chairs.

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这里表示提前想到并行动。

A good teacher anticipates students' questions and gives clear examples.

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anticipate questions 表示提前想到学生会问什么。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

expect
期待;预料
We expect the train to arrive at six. expect 更常用;anticipate 更正式,常含提前准备。
predict
预测
Scientists predict a warmer summer. predict 强调根据信息预测;anticipate 可带行动准备。
be surprised by
对……感到意外
We were surprised by the sudden rain. 被意外击中与 anticipate 的提前预料相反。
ancient
古代的;古老的
Ancient sailors had to anticipate changes in the weather. anticipate 与 ancient 只共享前置记忆线索,不是真派生关系。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

anticipate 可借 anti-/ante- 的“先、前”记忆:提前想到或提前行动。它不是 ancient 的现代派生词。

expect
预料;期待
We expect the train to arrive at six.
predict
预测
Scientists predict a warmer summer.

非派生记忆线索

anticipate and prepare
预料并准备
Good planners anticipate problems before they grow serious.

词族导图

ancient 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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104

antique

星标

[æn'ti:k] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 133

an old valuable object, or describing such an object

古董;古玩;古物;古董的

联想

antique 作名词是可收藏的古董,作形容词常放名词前,如 antique shop / antique furniture。它比 ancient 更像“旧物市场或收藏”语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]古董;古玩;古物

指年代久、有收藏或历史价值的物品。

常见表达an antiquecollect antiquesvaluable antiquessell antiques

The vase is a valuable antique from the old house.

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an antique 指一件古董。

My uncle collects antiques but only buys things he understands.

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collect antiques 表示收藏古董。

The small shop sells antiques from many parts of the country.

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sell antiques 表示出售古玩。

adj.古董的;古式的

作形容词时一般放在名词前,描述家具、钟表、商店等与古董相关。

常见表达antique shopantique furnitureantique clockantique table

She bought an antique table at a weekend market.

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antique table 表示古董桌。

We found an old map in an antique shop near the station.

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antique shop 是重点短语。

作形容词时通常作定语,放在名词前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ancient
古代的;古老的
The ancient city wall is still standing. ancient 是形容词,范围可到文明、城市、历史;antique 常指旧而有价值的物品。
modern
现代的
The room mixes antique chairs with modern lights. modern 与 antique 的风格和年代相反。
new
新的
This is a new clock, not an antique. new 与 antique 的旧物属性相反。
collectible
收藏品
The signed book became a collectible. collectible 强调值得收藏;antique 还强调年代久。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

antique 可借 anti-/ante- 的“先、前”记忆为“以前时代留下的旧物”。它可作名词,也可作前置形容词。

ancient
古代的;古老的
The ancient city wall is still standing.
collector
收藏者
A collector bought the old clock.

非派生记忆线索

antique shop
古玩店
We found an old map in an antique shop.

词族导图

ancient 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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105

face

[feis] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 133

the front of the head, an expression, or to look toward or deal with something

脸;脸色;面向;面对;面临

联想

face 先分名词和动词:名词是脸、表情或脸色;动词是面向某方向,或面对问题、困难和事实。常见短语要整体记:face to face、be faced with、in the face of、make a face。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]脸;面孔

指人的脸或物体正面,常与表情、颜色、动作搭配。

常见表达a smiling facea red facemake a facewash one's face

A smile appeared on her face when she saw the letter.

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on her face 表示在她脸上。

The little boy made a face to make his sister laugh.

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make a face 表示做鬼脸。

n. [C]脸色;表情

强调脸上表现出的情绪或状态。

常见表达a worried facea happy facea serious facewith a red face

His face turned red when everyone clapped for him.

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face turned red 表示脸变红。

She listened with a serious face, but she was not angry.

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with a serious face 表示带着严肃表情。

vt.面向;朝向

表示人、建筑、房间或物体朝着某方向。

常见表达face southface the riverface the frontface up/down

The classroom faces south, so it gets plenty of sunlight.

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face south 表示朝南。

Place the card face down on the desk.

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face down 表示面朝下。

vt.面对;面临

表示处理困难、危险、选择或事实;被动常用 be faced with。

常见表达face a problemface difficultiesbe faced within the face of

The team faced many difficulties but did not give up.

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face difficulties 表示面对困难。

We are faced with a hard choice before the final exam.

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be faced with 表示面临。

In the face of danger, the nurse stayed calm.

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in the face of 表示面对某种情况。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

surface
the outside or top layer, like the visible face of an object
The surface of the lake was smooth. surface 可理解为物体外露的 face,但不是 face 的同义词。
avoid
回避
Do not avoid the problem; face it calmly. avoid 与 face a problem 的面对方向相反。
expression
表情
Her expression showed surprise. expression 是脸上呈现的表情,不等于整张脸。

词族线索 / 同组词

facial
adjective for face parts or expressions; also a face treatment noun
Facial expressions can show feelings without words. facial 是形容词,也可作面部护理名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

face 是核心词;facial = face + -ial,表示面部的;surface 的 sur-/super- 线索指上面或外表,和 face 通过“外露面”记忆联系。

facial
面部的;面部护理
Facial expressions can show feelings without words.
surface
表面;浮现
New facts surfaced during the meeting.

非派生记忆线索

face to face
面对面地
The two students talked face to face.
be faced with
面临
We are faced with a hard choice.

词族导图

face / facial / surface 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

facial

星标

['feiʃl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 133

connected with the face, or a beauty treatment for the face

面部的;面部护理;美容

联想

facial 常作形容词,放在名词前,表示面部的;作名词时是面部护理。考试更常见 facial expressions、facial features、facial muscles。

意思、用法与例句

adj.面部的

修饰表情、特征、肌肉、皮肤等与脸有关的名词。

常见表达facial expressionsfacial featuresfacial musclesfacial skin

Facial expressions can show feelings without words.

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facial expressions 表示面部表情。

The artist paid close attention to the girl's facial features.

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facial features 表示五官或面部特征。

These exercises relax the facial muscles.

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facial muscles 表示面部肌肉。

n. [C]面部护理;美容

指给脸部做的美容护理。

常见表达have a facialbook a facialoffer facials

The hotel spa offers facials for tired travelers.

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facials 作可数名词,表示面部护理项目。

She booked a facial before the school photo day.

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book a facial 表示预约面部护理。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

expression
表情
His expression changed quickly. expression 是表情;facial expression 是面部表情。
surface
表面;外表
The surface of the table is smooth. surface 指物体或水面的外层,不是脸部。

词族线索 / 同组词

face
脸;面向;面对
A smile appeared on her face. face 是名词或动词;facial 多作形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

facial = face + -ial,-ial 构成形容词,表示“与……有关的”。作名词时是面部护理。

face
脸;面对
We are faced with a hard choice.
facial expression
面部表情
Facial expressions can show feelings.

非派生记忆线索

have a facial
做面部护理
She booked a facial before the photo day.

词族导图

face / facial / surface 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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107

surface

星标

['sɜ:fis] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] / vi. · Page 133

the outside or top layer, the appearance, or to appear after being hidden

表面;水面;地面;外表;外观;浮出水面;露面

联想

surface 先分名词和动词:名词是物体表面、水面/地面,或外表;动词是浮出水面、露面、显露。on the surface 表示表面上、从外表看。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]表面

指物体最外层或可触摸、可看见的一层。

常见表达a smooth surfacethe surface of the tableclean the surface

The surface of the table is smooth and easy to clean.

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the surface of the table 表示桌面。

Ice formed on the surface of the road after midnight.

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surface of the road 表示路面。

n. [C, usually sing.]水面;地面

指湖、海、地面等上方可见的一层。

常见表达the surface of the lakecome to the surfacebelow the surfacenear the surface

The surface of the lake was smooth in the morning.

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the surface of the lake 表示湖面。

The fish came to the surface for air.

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come to the surface 表示浮到水面。

n. [sing.]外表;外观

指表面现象,不一定是真实情况。

常见表达on the surfacebeneath the surfacebelow the surface

On the surface, the problem looked simple.

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on the surface 表示表面上。

Beneath the surface, the two stories are quite different.

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beneath the surface 表示在表象之下。

vi.浮出水面;露面;显露

表示从水下、隐藏处或未知状态中出现。

常见表达surface from the waternew facts surfacesurface during an investigation

The diver surfaced after two minutes under the water.

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surfaced 表示浮出水面。

New information surfaced during the investigation.

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information surfaced 表示信息显露出来。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

face
脸;外露面;面对
The front face of the box is painted red. face 可指正面;surface 指更广泛的外层。
depth
深处;深度
The real reason lies in the depth of the problem. depth 与 surface 的表层方向相反。
appear
出现
The missing file appeared on the desk. appear 更普通;surface 常含之前隐藏。

词族线索 / 同组词

superficial
表面的;肤浅的
A superficial answer cannot solve the problem. superficial 与 surface 相关,但常带肤浅、不深入的评价。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

surface 来自 sur-/super- 的“上面、外层”线索。near-surface 表示近地表的;superficial 表示表面的或肤浅的。

near-surface
近地表的
Near-surface water can be affected by heat.
superficial
表面的;肤浅的
A superficial answer cannot solve the problem.
face
正面;脸;面对
The front face of the box is painted red.

非派生记忆线索

on the surface
表面上;从外表看
On the surface, the problem looked simple.

词族导图

face / facial / surface 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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108

care

星标

[keə(r)] · vi. / v. / n. [U,C] · Page 133-134

to feel concern or interest, to look after someone, or careful attention

关心;在意;照料;小心;忧虑

联想

care 的核心是“把注意和责任放在某人/某事上”。care about 是关心或在乎,care for 是照顾或喜欢,take care 是当心/保重,take care of 是照顾或处理。

意思、用法与例句

vi.关心;关怀

表示对人、事或结果有情感上的关心。

常见表达care about sb./sth.care deeplycare for others

Many students care about the environment and save paper.

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care about 表示关心、在乎。

A good nurse cares for patients with patience.

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care for 可表示照顾。

v.关注;在意;担忧

常用于否定或疑问,说明是否在意某事。

常见表达not care what/if/whethercare too much aboutcare whether

He does not care what others think of his old bike.

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not care what... 表示不在意。

Parents care whether their children are safe on the way home.

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care whether... 表示关注是否。

n. [U]照料;护理

指看护、护理或照顾责任。

常见表达in sb.'s careunder medical carechild caretake care of

The child was in his aunt's care for the afternoon.

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in sb.'s care 表示由某人照顾。

Grandpa needs medical care after the operation.

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medical care 表示医疗护理。

n. [U]小心;谨慎

强调做事时注意避免危险或错误。

常见表达with caretake carehandle with care

Handle the glass with care because it breaks easily.

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with care 表示小心地。

Take care when you cross the busy road.

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take care 表示当心。

n. [C/U]忧虑;烦恼

常用复数 cares 表示担忧或牵挂。

常见表达daily caresfree from carecares and worries

Music helped her forget her daily cares for a while.

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daily cares 表示日常烦恼。

He looked free from care after the exam ended.

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free from care 表示没有忧虑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

careless
粗心的;漫不经心的
A careless mistake cost him two points. careless 与 careful 相反。
worry
担忧
Do not worry too much about the result. worry 更偏焦虑;care 可表示关心或照料。

词族线索 / 同组词

careful
小心的;仔细的
Be careful with the glass. careful 强调有 care 的小心态度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

care 是核心词;careful = full of care,careless = without enough care。charity/cure/curious/secure 在本组更多是记忆线索,不要当成 care 的现代派生。

careful
小心的
Be careful with the glass.
careless
粗心的
A careless mistake cost him points.
charity
慈善
They raised money for charity.

非派生记忆线索

take care of
照顾;处理
She takes care of her little brother after school.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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109

careful

['keəfl] · adj. · Page 134

paying attention to avoid mistakes, damage, or danger

小心的;仔细的;谨慎的

联想

careful 是形容词,强调做事前后都注意,避免错误或危险。常接 with/about,也可修饰 person、driver、reader、planning。

意思、用法与例句

adj.小心的;仔细的;谨慎的

形容人、动作或计划注意细节并避免错误。

常见表达be careful withbe careful aboutcareful planninga careful reader

Be careful with the glass because it is easy to break.

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be careful with 后接需要小心处理的东西。

A careful reader checks the title before answering questions.

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careful reader 表示仔细的读者。

Careful planning helped the class finish the project on time.

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careful planning 表示周密计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

careless
粗心的
A careless mistake cost him two points. careless 与 careful 相反。
cautious
谨慎的
A cautious driver slows down in the rain. cautious 更偏风险意识;careful 也可指细致。

词族线索 / 同组词

care
小心;关心
Handle the glass with care. care 是名词或动词,careful 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

careful = care + -ful,表示充满小心或注意。

care
小心;关心
Handle it with care.
careless
粗心的
Do not be careless with numbers.

非派生记忆线索

be careful with
小心处理
Be careful with the glass.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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110

careless

['keələs] · adj. · Page 134

not giving enough attention, so mistakes or danger may happen

粗心的;漫不经心的

联想

careless = care + -less,意思是缺少小心。它可说 careless mistake,也可说 careless about safety,强调态度不够认真。

意思、用法与例句

adj.粗心的;漫不经心的

形容人、错误或行为缺少必要的注意。

常见表达careless mistakecareless about safetycareless drivercareless with money

A careless mistake cost him two points in the test.

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careless mistake 表示粗心错误。

Do not be careless about safety in the lab.

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careless about 表示对某事不够认真。

The careless driver did not notice the red light.

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careless driver 表示粗心司机。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

careful
小心的;仔细的
A careful reader checks every detail. careful 与 careless 相反。
reckless
鲁莽的
Reckless driving can hurt people. reckless 比 careless 更强调不顾危险。

词族线索 / 同组词

care
小心;关心
Handle the glass with care. careless 表示缺少 care。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

careless = care + -less,-less 表示没有或缺少。

care
小心;关心
Take care on the road.
careful
小心的
Be careful with numbers.

非派生记忆线索

careless mistake
粗心错误
A careless mistake changed the answer.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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111

charity

['tʃærəti] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 134

help for people in need, or an organization that gives such help

慈善;仁爱;慈善团体;慈善事业

联想

charity 可作不可数“慈善、仁爱”,也可作可数“慈善机构”。The Red Cross is an international charity 这样的句子里,charity 指具体机构。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]慈善;仁爱

表示帮助有需要者的行为、精神或事业。

常见表达give to charitycharity workraise money for charity

Our class raised money for charity after the flood.

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for charity 表示为慈善目的。

Charity work teaches students to care about others.

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charity work 表示慈善工作。

n. [C]慈善团体;慈善事业

指一个具体的慈善机构或项目。

常见表达an international charitya local charitysupport a charity

The Red Cross is an international charity.

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an international charity 表示国际慈善机构。

A local charity sent warm clothes to the village.

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a local charity 表示当地慈善组织。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kindness
善意;仁慈
Her kindness made the new student feel welcome. kindness 更普通;charity 常与帮助弱者或机构有关。
selfishness
自私
Selfishness stops people from helping others. selfishness 与 charity 的仁爱方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

charitable
慈善的
A charitable group helped the old people. charitable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

charity 在本组用 care/关怀作语义记忆,不是 care 的直接派生。charitable 是常见形容词。

charitable
慈善的
A charitable group helped the old people.
care
关心;照料
Charity begins with care for others.

非派生记忆线索

The Red Cross
红十字会
The Red Cross is an international charity.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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112

cure

星标

[kjʊə(r)] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 134

to make an illness or problem go away, or a treatment or solution

治愈;解决;疗法;对策

联想

cure 可作动词也可作名词。cure sb. of a disease 是重点结构;a cure for... 可以是疾病疗法,也可以是问题对策。

意思、用法与例句

vt.治愈

使疾病、病人或不良状态恢复。

常见表达cure sb. of a diseasecure an illnessbe cured of

The new medicine cured him of a serious disease.

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cure sb. of a disease 是重点搭配。

Rest and clean water helped cure the child quickly.

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cure 可表示治好病人。

vt.解决

用于解决问题、坏习惯或社会弊病。

常见表达cure a problemcure bad habitscure traffic jams

One new rule cannot cure all traffic problems.

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cure a problem 表示解决问题。

Reading more can cure the habit of guessing every word.

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cure a habit 表示改掉习惯。

n. [C]疗法

指治疗疾病的方法。

常见表达a cure forfind a cureno cure for

Scientists are still looking for a cure for this illness.

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a cure for 表示针对某病的疗法。

There is no simple cure for a cold.

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no simple cure 表示没有简单疗法。

n. [C]对策

指解决问题的办法。

常见表达a cure for a problemnot a cure-allpossible cure

More homework is not a cure for every learning problem.

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a cure for a problem 表示问题的对策。

Technology is useful, but it is not a cure-all.

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cure-all 表示灵丹妙药式的万能办法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

heal
治愈;愈合
Time can help heal small wounds. heal 常指伤口或心理恢复;cure 更常指治好疾病或问题。
treat
治疗
The doctor treated the patient with care. treat 是治疗过程;cure 强调治好结果。
worsen
恶化
Without rest, the illness may worsen. worsen 与 cure 的好转方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cure 可用 take care of 的“处理、照料”作记忆,但现代用法重点是治愈或解决。

cure-all
灵丹妙药;万能对策
Technology is useful, but it is not a cure-all.
care
照料;护理
Good care helps patients recover.

非派生记忆线索

cure sb. of a disease
治愈某人的病
The medicine cured him of a serious disease.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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113

accurate

星标

['ækjərət] · adj. · Page 134

correct, exact, and free from mistakes

精确的;准确的;正确无误的

联想

accurate 强调信息、数字、答案或描述正确而精确。to be accurate 可用来修正或补充更准确的说法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.精确的;准确的;正确无误的

形容数据、答案、描述、测量或报告没有错误。

常见表达accurate answeraccurate informationaccurate measurementto be accurate

The map gives accurate information about the bus stops.

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accurate information 表示准确信息。

To be accurate, the meeting starts at 8:10, not 8:00.

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to be accurate 表示准确地说。

An accurate measurement is important in a science experiment.

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accurate measurement 表示精确测量。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exact
精确的
Please tell me the exact time. exact 更强调完全无差;accurate 强调正确可靠。
inaccurate
不准确的
An inaccurate report may mislead readers. inaccurate 是 accurate 的反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

accuracy
准确性;精确程度
The accuracy of the data improved. accuracy 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accurate 与 accuracy 构成形容词/名词对。注意它不是 care 的真派生,只在本组通过 cur/care 线索辅助记忆。

accuracy
准确性
The accuracy of the data improved.
inaccurate
不准确的
An inaccurate report may mislead readers.

非派生记忆线索

to be accurate
准确地说
To be accurate, the meeting starts at 8:10.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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114

accuracy

['ækjərəsi] · n. [U] · Page 134

the quality of being correct, exact, and free from mistakes

准确性;精确程度

联想

accuracy 是 accurate 的名词,常说 the accuracy of data、improve accuracy、high accuracy。它强调正确程度,不是速度。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]准确性;精确程度

表示数据、答案、翻译、测量或报告的正确程度。

常见表达the accuracy of dataimprove accuracyhigh accuracycheck for accuracy

The teacher checked the accuracy of every number.

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the accuracy of... 表示……的准确性。

Practice can improve the accuracy of your pronunciation.

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improve accuracy 表示提高准确性。

The new machine measures distance with high accuracy.

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with high accuracy 表示高精度。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

precision
精确度
The work requires speed and precision. precision 更强调精细程度;accuracy 强调正确性。
error
错误;误差
Small errors can reduce accuracy. error 会降低 accuracy。

词族线索 / 同组词

accurate
准确的;精确的
The map gives accurate information. accurate 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accuracy = accurate 的名词形式,-cy 构成性质名词。

accurate
准确的
The answer is accurate.
inaccuracy
不准确;错误
One inaccuracy changed the result.

非派生记忆线索

check for accuracy
核对准确性
Please check the list for accuracy.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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115

curious

星标

['kjʊəriəs] · adj. · Page 134

wanting to know more, or strange and unusual

好奇的;奇特的;稀奇古怪的

联想

curious 有两条线:人 curious about/to know 是好奇;事物 a curious sound/smell/case 是奇特、怪异。不要只背“好奇的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.好奇的

形容人想知道、想了解。

常见表达be curious aboutcurious to knowcurious child

Little Johnny felt the bag, curious to know what it contained.

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curious to know 表示很想知道。

Students are curious about how the robot works.

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be curious about 表示对……好奇。

A curious child asks questions about everything.

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curious child 表示好奇的孩子。

adj.奇特的;稀奇古怪的

形容声音、气味、情况或事件不寻常。

常见表达a curious sounda curious smella curious casea curious result

A curious smell came from the old box.

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a curious smell 表示奇怪的气味。

It was curious that no one heard the bell.

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It was curious that... 表示奇怪的是。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

interested
感兴趣的
She is interested in space science. interested 更普通;curious 强调想知道原因或细节。
indifferent
漠不关心的
He was indifferent to the news. indifferent 与 curious 的想了解相反。
strange
奇怪的
A strange sound came from the room. strange 接近 curious 的奇特义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

curious 在本组可用 care 的“在意、想知道”作记忆,但现代用法要分人好奇和事物奇特。

curiosity
好奇心
Curiosity helps children learn.
care
在意;关心
People care about things they are curious about.

非派生记忆线索

curious to know
很想知道
He was curious to know what was inside.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

secure

星标

[si'kjʊə(r)] · adj. / vt. · Page 134-135

safe, firmly fixed, free from worry, or to get, protect, or guarantee something

安心的;安全的;可靠的;牢固的;取得;使安全;抵押

联想

secure 形容词先分“安心/安全可靠/牢固”,动词再分“取得、保卫、抵押担保”。secure a place in the finals 是典型的“取得席位”用法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.无顾虑的;安心的

形容人或心态觉得安全、稳定、不担心。

常见表达feel securea secure childhoodsecure in the knowledge that

Children feel secure when adults listen to them.

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feel secure 表示感到安心。

She felt secure in the knowledge that help was nearby.

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secure in the knowledge that 表示知道某事而安心。

adj.安全的;可靠的

形容地方、系统、工作、方法等安全可靠。

常见表达a secure placea secure jobsecure informationsecure from danger

Keep your password in a secure place.

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a secure place 表示安全的地方。

The village is secure from floods after the new wall was built.

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secure from danger 表示免受危险。

adj.牢固的;稳固的

形容门、结、结构等固定牢。

常见表达a secure doormake sure sth. is securea secure knot

Make sure the tent is secure before the wind rises.

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secure 表示稳固牢靠。

The box needs a secure lid during the trip.

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secure lid 表示盖子牢固。

vt.取得;获得

通过努力获得位置、支持、胜利或机会。

常见表达secure a placesecure supportsecure a victory

The team managed to secure a place in the finals.

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secure a place 表示取得席位。

The club secured support from several teachers.

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secure support 表示获得支持。

vt.使安全;保卫;抵押

使地点、物品或贷款有安全保障;金融语境可指用财产抵押。

常见表达secure the buildingsecure the doorsecure a loan against property

Workers secured the building before the storm arrived.

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secure the building 表示使建筑安全。

The family secured the loan against their house.

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secure a loan against property 表示用财产作抵押。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

safe
安全的
The path is safe for children. safe 更普通;secure 还可表示牢固或取得。
insecure
不安全的;不安心的
He felt insecure in the new school. insecure 与 secure 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

security
安全;保安;抵押品;证券
Security checked every bag at the gate. security 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

secure 与 security 构成形容词/动词和名词对。它和 care 不是直接派生关系,重点按安全、稳固、取得、抵押四条用法记。

security
安全;保安;抵押品;证券
Security checked every bag.
insecure
不安全的;不安心的
He felt insecure in the new school.

非派生记忆线索

secure a place
取得席位
The team secured a place in the finals.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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117

security

[si'kjʊərəti] · n. [U] / n. [C,U] / n. [-ies] · Page 135

protection, guards or a security department, something used to guarantee a loan, or financial securities

安全工作;保护措施;保安部门;抵押品;证券

联想

security 先掌握校园和生活高频义:安全、安保、保安部门;再认识金融义:抵押品和 securities 证券。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]安全工作;保护措施

指保护人、地方、信息或国家安全的工作和措施。

常见表达national securityairport securitysecurity checksecurity system

Airport security checked every bag before the flight.

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airport security 表示机场安检/安保。

The school improved security after the accident.

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improve security 表示加强安全措施。

n. [U]保安部门;保安人员

指负责安全的部门或人员,常作集合名词。

常见表达call securitysecurity guardsecurity office

Please call security if you see a stranger in the building.

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call security 表示叫保安部门。

A security guard stood at the gate.

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security guard 表示保安。

n. [C,U]抵押品;担保

金融语境中指贷款担保物。

常见表达as securityoffer sth. as securitysecurity for a loan

The house was offered as security for the loan.

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as security 表示作为抵押品。

The bank asked for security before lending the money.

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security 可表示贷款担保。

n. [-ies]证券

复数 securities 表示股票、债券等金融证券。

常见表达buy securitiesgovernment securitiessecurities market

Some adults buy government securities to save money safely.

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government securities 表示政府证券。

The news affected prices in the securities market.

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securities market 表示证券市场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

safety
安全
Road safety is important for children. safety 更普通;security 更强调保护措施或安保系统。
danger
危险
Security protects people from danger. danger 是 security 要防范的对象。

词族线索 / 同组词

secure
安全的;取得;使安全
Keep your password in a secure place. secure 是形容词或动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

security = secure + -ity,表示安全状态、保护系统或担保物。securities 是金融复数义。

secure
安全的;取得;使安全
The team secured a place in the finals.
stock
股票
A stock is one kind of security.

非派生记忆线索

security check
安全检查
Airport security checked every bag.

词族导图

care 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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118

happy

['hæpi] · adj. · Page 135

pleased, joyful, fortunate in life, or willing to do something

快乐的;高兴的;幸福的;乐意的

联想

happy 不只表示高兴,还可表示幸福、满意或乐意。happy 本义可借 lucky 记忆,但现代考试里按情绪、生活状态和 be happy to do 三条线掌握。

意思、用法与例句

adj.快乐的;高兴的

表示心情愉快,常因某事感到开心。

常见表达feel happybe happy abouthappy smile

She felt happy when her friends remembered her birthday.

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feel happy 表示感到高兴。

The children were happy about the school trip.

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happy about 表示因某事开心。

adj.幸福的;满意的

表示生活状态或对结果满意。

常见表达a happy lifea happy familybe happy with

They lived a happy life in the small town.

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happy life 表示幸福生活。

The teacher was happy with our progress.

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be happy with 表示对……满意。

adj.乐意的

常用 be happy to do,表示愿意做某事。

常见表达be happy to dohappy to helpmore than happy to

I am happy to help you carry the books.

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be happy to do 表示乐意做某事。

She was more than happy to answer our questions.

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more than happy to 表示非常乐意。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unhappy
不高兴的;伤心的
He felt unhappy after losing the game. unhappy 是 happy 的反义词。
glad
高兴的
I am glad to see you. glad 常用于短时高兴;happy 范围更广。

词族线索 / 同组词

happiness
幸福;愉快
Friendship can bring happiness. happiness 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

happy 的早期线索与 luck/chance 有关,可帮助记忆 happen/perhaps;但 happen 和 perhaps 不是 happy 的现代派生。

happiness
幸福;愉快
Friendship can bring happiness.
unhappy
不高兴的
He felt unhappy after losing the game.
happy-go-lucky
无忧无虑的;乐天的
He has a happy-go-lucky way of living.

非派生记忆线索

happen
碰巧;发生
We happened to meet at the library.
perhaps
也许;可能
Perhaps we can meet tomorrow.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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119

happiness

['hæpinəs] · n. [U] · Page 135

the feeling or state of being happy

幸福;愉快

联想

happiness 是不可数名词,表示幸福或愉快这种状态。它常和 bring、find、share、lasting 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]幸福;愉快

表示快乐、满足或幸福的状态。

常见表达bring happinessfind happinesslasting happinessshare happiness

Friendship can bring happiness to a lonely student.

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bring happiness 表示带来快乐。

Many people find happiness in helping others.

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find happiness in doing 表示从某事中找到幸福。

Money alone cannot promise lasting happiness.

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lasting happiness 表示持久幸福。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sadness
悲伤
Sadness filled the room after the bad news. sadness 与 happiness 相反。
joy
喜悦
The news brought great joy. joy 更强调强烈喜悦;happiness 可指长期幸福。

词族线索 / 同组词

happy
快乐的;幸福的
They lived a happy life. happy 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

happiness = happy + -ness,-ness 构成性质或状态名词。

happy
快乐的;幸福的
They lived a happy life.
unhappy
不高兴的
He looked unhappy.

非派生记忆线索

lasting happiness
持久幸福
Money alone cannot promise lasting happiness.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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120

unhappy

[ʌn'hæpi] · adj. · Page 135

sad, not pleased, or not satisfied

不高兴的;伤心的

联想

unhappy = un- + happy,表示不高兴、伤心或不满意。常说 unhappy about/with,也可直接 feel unhappy。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不高兴的;伤心的;不满意的

形容人心情低落或对情况不满意。

常见表达feel unhappyunhappy aboutunhappy withlook unhappy

He felt unhappy after losing the game.

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feel unhappy 表示感到不高兴。

Some parents were unhappy with the new rule.

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unhappy with 表示对……不满意。

She looked unhappy about leaving her old school.

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unhappy about 表示因某事难过或不满。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

happy
快乐的;幸福的
The children were happy about the trip. happy 与 unhappy 相反。
sad
伤心的
She was sad to say goodbye. sad 更直接表示悲伤;unhappy 还可表示不满意。
dissatisfied
不满意的
They were dissatisfied with the service. dissatisfied 偏不满意,unhappy 更宽。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

unhappy = un- + happy,un- 表示反向。unhappiness 是对应名词。

happy
快乐的;幸福的
They lived a happy life.
unhappiness
不快乐;不幸福
Loneliness can bring unhappiness.

非派生记忆线索

unhappy with
对……不满意
They were unhappy with the result.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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121

happen

星标

['hæpən] · vi. · Page 135

to occur, especially by chance, or to do something by chance

碰巧;恰巧;发生

联想

happen 有两条重点:happen to do sth. 是碰巧做某事;sth. happens 是某事发生。It so happens that... 表示碰巧……。

意思、用法与例句

vi.碰巧;恰巧

表示某事偶然发生或某人碰巧做了某事。

常见表达happen to do sth.It so happens that...happen by chance

We happened to meet at the library after school.

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happen to do sth. 表示碰巧做某事。

It so happened that my teacher was on the same bus.

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It so happened that... 表示碰巧……。

vi.发生

表示事件出现,常带偶然色彩。

常见表达what happenedsomething happenedhappen suddenlyhappen in a place

What happened outside the classroom just now?

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What happened? 表示发生了什么。

Accidents can happen when people are careless.

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accidents happen 表示事故发生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

occur
发生
A small error occurred during the test. occur 较正式;happen 更常用。
take place
举行;发生
The sports meeting will take place on Friday. take place 常指有安排的事件;happen 更可指偶然发生。

词族线索 / 同组词

happening
发生的事
The strange happening became a local story. happening 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

happen 与 hap/chance 的“机会、偶然”线索相关;happy 可借 lucky 记忆,但 happen 现代义是碰巧或发生。

happening
发生的事
The strange happening became a local story.
perhaps
也许;可能
Perhaps we can meet tomorrow.

非派生记忆线索

happen to do
碰巧做某事
We happened to meet at the library.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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122

happening

['hæpəniŋ] · n. [C] · Page 135

an event, especially something that happens

发生的事

联想

happening 是可数名词,表示发生的事或事件。它比 event 更口语或更强调“发生了这么一件事”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]发生的事;事件

指已经发生或正在发生的一件事。

常见表达a strange happeninglocal happeningsimportant happeningsrecent happenings

The strange happening became a local story.

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a strange happening 表示一件奇怪的事。

The newspaper reports local happenings every week.

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local happenings 表示当地发生的事。

Students discussed the important happenings of the year.

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important happenings 表示重要事件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

event
事件;活动
The school event attracted many families. event 更通用,也可指有组织的活动。
nothing
没有事情
Nothing happened during the night. nothing happened 表示没有事发生。

词族线索 / 同组词

happen
发生;碰巧
Accidents can happen when people are careless. happen 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

happening = happen + -ing,动词转名词,表示发生的事。

happen
发生;碰巧
Something happened outside.
event
事件;活动
The school event was successful.

非派生记忆线索

local happenings
当地发生的事
The paper reports local happenings.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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123

perhaps

星标

[pə'hæps] · adv. · Page 135

maybe or possibly

也许;可能;大概

联想

perhaps 是副词,表示不确定的可能性,语气比 certainly 弱。它可放句首,也可用于 perhaps so / perhaps not。-s 可按副词后缀记忆。

意思、用法与例句

adv.也许;可能;大概

表示说话者不完全确定,只提出可能性。

常见表达Perhaps, ...perhaps soperhaps notperhaps because

Perhaps we can meet tomorrow after class.

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Perhaps 放句首表示也许。

The answer is perhaps hidden in the last paragraph.

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perhaps 可放在句中。

Perhaps not everyone will agree with this idea.

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perhaps not 表示也许不。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

maybe
也许;可能
Maybe we should ask the teacher. maybe 更口语;perhaps 稍正式。
certainly
当然;肯定
She will certainly come if she has time. certainly 表示确定,perhaps 表示不确定。
possibly
可能地
The plan could possibly work. possibly 和 perhaps 都表示可能。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

perhaps 可借 hap/chance 的偶然线索记忆,-s 可作副词后缀线索,如 sometimes。它不是 happy 的现代派生词。

maybe
也许;可能
Maybe we should ask the teacher.
happen
碰巧;发生
It so happened that we met.

非派生记忆线索

perhaps not
也许不
Perhaps not everyone will agree.

词族导图

happy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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124

fill

星标

[fil] · v. / vt. · Page 136

to make full, spread through a place, complete a form or space, meet a need, or take a role

充满;装满;弥漫;填补;满足;担任

联想

fill 的核心是“把空处变满”。具体考点要按宾语判断:fill a bottle 是装满,fill the room 是弥漫,fill in/out a form 是填写,fill a need 是满足需要,fill a position 是担任职位。

意思、用法与例句

v.(使)充满;装满

把容器、空间或地方装满。

常见表达fill...with...be filled withfill the bottle

She filled the bottle with clean water.

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fill...with... 表示用……装满。

The hall was filled with students before the show.

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be filled with 表示充满。

vt.使遍及;弥漫

声音、气味、光线等充满某个空间。

常见表达fill the roomfill the airbe filled with laughter

The smell of bread filled the kitchen.

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smell filled the kitchen 表示气味弥漫。

Laughter filled the room after his funny story.

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laughter filled the room 表示笑声充满房间。

vt.填补;填写

填空、填表或补足空缺。

常见表达fill in a formfill out a formfill a blankfill a gap

Please fill in the form before the meeting.

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fill in a form 表示填写表格。

The new bridge will fill a gap in the road system.

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fill a gap 表示填补空缺。

vt.满足;担任;充任

满足需要或担任某个职位、角色。

常见表达fill a needfill a positionfill a role

The library fills a real need in the village.

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fill a need 表示满足需要。

She will fill the position until a new manager arrives.

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fill a position 表示担任职位。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

empty
空的;倒空
Please empty the bottle before recycling it. empty 与 fill 的方向相反。
complete
完成;填妥
Complete the form in black ink. complete a form 与 fill in/out a form 接近。

词族线索 / 同组词

full
满的;完整的
The box is full of books. full 是状态,fill 是动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fill 是动作,full 是结果状态,empty 是相反状态或相反动作。

full
满的;完整的
The box is full of books.
empty
空的;倒空
Please empty the bottle.

非派生记忆线索

fill in/out a form
填写表格
Please fill in the form.

词族导图

fill / full / empty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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125

full

星标

[fʊl] · adj. · Page 136

containing as much as possible, complete or detailed, or having eaten enough

满的;充满的;完全的;详尽的;吃饱了的

联想

full 是状态词,常见 be full of。它还可表示 complete/detailed 的“完整、详尽”,以及人吃饱了。

意思、用法与例句

adj.满的;充满的

表示容器、地方或人群已经装满或充满。

常见表达be full ofa full bottlefull of people

The box is full of books.

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be full of 表示装满。

The bus was full of people during the holiday.

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full of people 表示挤满人。

adj.完全的;详尽的

表示信息、解释、报告或名单完整详细。

常见表达a full reportfull detailsa full explanation

The teacher asked for a full report on the experiment.

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full report 表示完整报告。

Please give me full details before I decide.

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full details 表示详细信息。

adj.吃饱了的

表示吃到不想再吃。

常见表达feel fullbe full after dinner

I feel full after eating two bowls of noodles.

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feel full 表示吃饱。

The child was too full to eat dessert.

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too full to eat 表示太饱而吃不下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

empty
空的
The classroom was empty after school. empty 与 full 相反。
complete
完整的
We need a complete list of names. complete 与 full 的完整义接近。

词族线索 / 同组词

fill
装满;填补
She filled the bottle with water. fill 是动作,full 是结果状态。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

full 是 fill 后的状态,empty 是相反状态。

fill
装满;填写
Please fill in the form.
empty
空的;倒空
The room was empty.

非派生记忆线索

be full of
充满
The box is full of books.

词族导图

fill / full / empty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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126

empty

星标

['empti] · adj. / vt. / vi. · Page 136

with nothing inside, meaningless or lonely, or to make or become empty

空的;空洞的;空虚的;倒空;变空

联想

empty 与 full/fill 方向相反。作形容词是空的,也可表示话语空洞或内心空虚;作动词是倒空或变空。

意思、用法与例句

adj.空的

表示容器、房间或地方里面没有东西或人。

常见表达an empty bottlean empty classroomempty seats

The classroom was empty after school.

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empty classroom 表示空教室。

Please put the empty bottles in the recycling box.

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empty bottles 表示空瓶。

adj.空洞的;空虚的

表示话语没有实际内容,或人感到内心空虚。

常见表达empty wordsempty promisesfeel empty

Empty words will not solve the problem.

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empty words 表示空话。

He felt empty after his best friend moved away.

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feel empty 表示感到空虚。

vt.倒空

把容器里的东西倒出。

常见表达empty the binempty a bottleempty one's pockets

Please empty the bin before you leave.

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empty the bin 表示倒空垃圾桶。

The boy emptied his pockets on the table.

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empty one's pockets 表示掏空口袋。

vi.变空;流入

表示地方变空,或河流等流入某处。

常见表达the room emptiedempty into the seaempty quickly

The hall emptied quickly after the concert.

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hall emptied 表示大厅很快变空。

The river empties into the sea near the town.

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empty into 表示流入。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

full
满的;完整的
The box is full of books. full 与 empty 相反。
fill
装满;填补
She filled the bottle with water. fill 是把空处变满,empty 是把满处变空。
blank
空白的
Write your name in the blank space. blank 指空白未写,empty 指里面没有东西。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

empty 是 full 的相反状态,也是 fill 的相反动作。

full
满的
The box is full of books.
fill
装满;填写
Please fill in the form.

非派生记忆线索

empty into
流入
The river empties into the sea.

词族导图

fill / full / empty 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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127

boy

[bɔi] · n. [C] · Page 136

a male child or young male person

男孩

联想

boy 是可数名词,核心是“男孩”。学习时注意年龄边界:boy 常指儿童或年轻男性,成年男性正式说 man;boyfriend 是相关词,表示男朋友。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]男孩;年轻男性

可数名词,通常指男孩或年轻男性。正式写作中,成年男性一般用 man,不用 boy。

常见表达a little boya teenage boya boy of tenboys and girlsa schoolboy

A little boy was reading quietly in the corner of the library.

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a little boy 表示小男孩。

The teenage boy helped his sister carry the heavy box.

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teenage boy 表示十几岁的男孩。

Boys and girls can join the science club after class.

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boys and girls 表示男孩和女孩。

schoolboy 通常写作一个词;adult male/man 更适合正式指成年男性。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

girl
女孩
A group of girls practiced singing after school. girl 与 boy 在性别上相对,二者都常指儿童或年轻人。
man
成年男子;男人
The man waited outside while his son entered the classroom. man 通常指成年男性,boy 更偏儿童或年轻男性。
male
男性的;雄性的;男性
A male student answered the question first. male 是更正式的性别类别词,可指人、动物或植物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

boy 不是派生大词族,按年龄和性别边界记:boy 对 girl,boy 对 man;boyfriend 是相关合成词。

boyfriend
男朋友
Her boyfriend is a kind and careful person.
schoolboy
男学生;学龄男孩
The schoolboy put his books into a blue bag.

非派生记忆线索

boys and girls
男孩和女孩
Boys and girls can join the science club after class.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

128

girl

[gɜ:l] · n. [C] · Page 136

a female child or young female person

女孩

联想

girl 是可数名词,核心是“女孩”。学习时注意年龄边界:girl 常指儿童或年轻女性,成年女性正式说 woman;girlfriend 是相关词,表示女朋友。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]女孩;年轻女性

可数名词,通常指女孩或年轻女性。正式写作中,成年女性一般用 woman,不用 girl。

常见表达a little girla teenage girla girl of twelvegirls and boysa schoolgirl

A little girl was drawing flowers beside the classroom window.

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a little girl 表示小女孩。

The teenage girl won first prize in the English speech contest.

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teenage girl 表示十几岁的女孩。

Girls and boys worked together to clean the school garden.

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girls and boys 表示女孩和男孩。

schoolgirl 通常写作一个词;adult woman 更适合正式指成年女性。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

boy
男孩
A little boy was reading quietly in the corner of the library. boy 与 girl 在性别上相对,二者都常指儿童或年轻人。
woman
成年女子;女人
The woman explained the rule to the young players. woman 通常指成年女性,girl 更偏儿童或年轻女性。
female
女性的;雌性的;女性
The female athlete broke the school record. female 是更正式的性别类别词,可指人、动物或植物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

girl 不是派生大词族,按年龄和性别边界记:girl 对 boy,girl 对 woman;girlfriend 是相关合成词。

girlfriend
女朋友
His girlfriend studies at another school.
schoolgirl
女学生;学龄女孩
The schoolgirl put her notebook into a red bag.

非派生记忆线索

girls and boys
女孩和男孩
Girls and boys worked together to clean the school garden.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

129

male

[meil] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 136

of the sex that can be a man, boy, or male animal or plant; a male person, animal, or plant

男(性)的;雄性的;男性;雄性动(植)物

联想

male 可作形容词,也可作可数名词。用于人时是男性/男(性)的;用于动物或植物时是雄性的。它和 female 是一组清晰反义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.男(性)的;雄性的

放在名词前,说明人、动物或植物的性别类别。

常见表达a male studentmale workersa male birdmale flowers

A male student answered the question first.

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male student 表示男学生。

A male bird often has brighter feathers.

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male bird 表示雄鸟。

n. [C]男性;雄性动(植)物

指一个男性、雄性动物或雄性植物。

常见表达adult malesa young malemales and females

The survey asked each male and female the same questions.

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male 作名词,和 female 对照。

In this species, the male is smaller than the female.

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the male 指雄性个体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

female
the opposite sex category for women, girls, or female animals and plants
The study compared males and females. female 是 male 的相反性别类别。
masculine
男性化的;阳性的
The word has a masculine form in some languages. masculine 更偏特征、语法或风格,不等于所有 male 用法。
man
成年男性
A man helped carry the box. man 只指人;male 可指人、动物或植物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

male 与 female 是性别对照词,既可作形容词,也可作可数名词。

female
女性的;雌性的;女性;雌性动(植)物
The study compared males and females.
masculine
男性化的;阳性的
The word has a masculine form.

非派生记忆线索

males and females
男性与女性;雄性与雌性
The survey included both males and females.

词族导图

male / female 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
130

female

['fi:meil] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 136

of the sex that can be a woman, girl, or female animal or plant; a female person, animal, or plant

女性的;雌性的;女性;雌性动(植)物

联想

female 可作形容词,也可作可数名词。用于人时是女性/女性的;用于动物或植物时是雌性的。它和 male 是一组清晰反义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.女性的;雌性的

放在名词前,说明人、动物或植物的性别类别。

常见表达a female athletefemale studentsa female birdfemale flowers

The female athlete broke the school record.

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female athlete 表示女运动员。

The female bird stayed near the nest.

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female bird 表示雌鸟。

n. [C]女性;雌性动(植)物

指一个女性、雌性动物或雌性植物。

常见表达adult femalesa young femalemales and females

The study compared the habits of males and females.

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female 作名词,和 male 对照。

In many animals, the female cares for the young.

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the female 指雌性个体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

male
the opposite sex category for men, boys, or male animals and plants
The study compared males and females. male 是 female 的相反性别类别。
feminine
女性化的;阴性的
The dress has a feminine style. feminine 更偏特征、语法或风格,不等于所有 female 用法。
woman
成年女性
A woman led the team. woman 只指人;female 可指人、动物或植物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

female 与 male 是性别对照词,既可作形容词,也可作可数名词。

male
男性的;雄性的;男性;雄性动(植)物
The study compared males and females.
feminine
女性化的;阴性的
The dress has a feminine style.

非派生记忆线索

males and females
男性与女性;雄性与雌性
The study compared males and females.

词族导图

male / female 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
131

lady

['leidi] · n. [C] · Page 136

a polite word for a woman, a wife or titled woman, or a woman with good manners

女士;夫人;淑女

联想

lady 是可数名词,可礼貌地称呼女性,也可指夫人或举止得体的淑女。固定表达 ladies and gentlemen 要整体识别。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]女士

礼貌地指一位女性,但正式描述中 woman 更中性。

常见表达a young ladyan elderly ladythe lady at the desk

An elderly lady offered me a seat on the bus.

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elderly lady 是礼貌说法。

The lady at the front desk answered our questions politely.

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the lady at the front desk 指前台那位女士。

n. [C]夫人;淑女

可指有身份的夫人,或举止礼貌得体的女性。

常见表达ladies and gentlemena real ladyFirst Lady

Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our school concert.

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ladies and gentlemen 是正式开场称呼。

Her grandmother taught her how to behave like a real lady.

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a real lady 表示举止得体的淑女。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

madam
夫人;女士(直接称呼)
May I help you, madam? madam 常用于直接称呼或正式信件;lady 多作普通名词。
gentleman
绅士;先生
Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats. gentleman 是 lady 在礼貌称呼中的男性对应词。
woman
女人;女性
A woman led the team. woman 更中性,lady 更礼貌或带礼仪色彩。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lady 与 madam 都是礼貌称呼女性的词,但 madam 更常用于直接称呼。

madam
夫人;女士
May I help you, madam?
gentleman
绅士;先生
Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats.

非派生记忆线索

ladies and gentlemen
女士们先生们
Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our concert.

词族导图

lady / madam 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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132

madam

['mædəm] · n. [sing.] · Page 136

a polite way to address a woman, especially in service, formal speech, or letters

夫人;女士

联想

madam 通常是单数称呼语,直接对女性说话或写正式信件时使用,如 Yes, madam / Dear Madam / Madam President。

意思、用法与例句

n. [sing.]夫人;女士(直接称呼)

用于礼貌地直接称呼女性,或用于正式信件和职位称呼。

常见表达Yes, madamMay I help you, madam?Dear MadamMadam President

May I help you, madam?

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madam 用于服务场景中的礼貌称呼。

The letter began with Dear Madam because the writer did not know her name.

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Dear Madam 用于正式信件。

Madam President, may I ask a question?

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Madam President 用于正式职位称呼。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lady
女士;夫人;淑女
The lady at the front desk was very kind. lady 多作普通名词;madam 多用于直接称呼。
sir
先生
Yes, sir, I will open the door. sir 是对男性的礼貌直接称呼。
woman
女性
The woman in the blue coat is my teacher. woman 是中性描述,madam 是称呼语。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

madam 是礼貌称呼语,常在服务、正式信件和职位称呼中出现。

lady
女士;夫人;淑女
The lady at the desk was kind.
sir
先生
Yes, sir, I will open the door.

非派生记忆线索

Dear Madam
尊敬的女士
The letter began with Dear Madam.

词族导图

lady / madam 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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133

damp

星标

[dæmp] · adj. / n. [U] · Page 136

slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way, or the state of slight wetness

潮湿的;潮湿

联想

damp 比 wet 程度轻,常带不舒服、不干爽的感觉。它可作形容词,也可作不可数名词,如 damp in the wall。

意思、用法与例句

adj.潮湿的

表示稍微湿,常让人不舒服或容易损坏东西。

常见表达damp clothesa damp roomdamp airdamp ground

The clothes were still damp after a night on the line.

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damp clothes 表示还没完全干。

The damp room smelled unpleasant after the rain.

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damp room 表示潮湿房间。

n. [U]潮湿

表示墙、空气或房屋里的潮气。

常见表达damp in the walla smell of dampprotect sth. from damp

Damp damaged the wall of the old classroom.

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damp 作不可数名词。

Keep the books away from damp in winter.

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protect/keep sth. from damp 表示防潮。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wet
湿的;多雨的;弄湿
My shoes got wet in the rain. wet 程度更强、更普通;damp 常是轻微潮湿且不舒服。
dry
干的;干燥的
The towel is dry enough to use. dry 与 damp/wet 相反。
moist
微湿的;湿润的
The soil should stay moist. moist 常可中性或正面,damp 常偏负面。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

damp, wet, dry 是湿度程度和方向对照:damp 轻微潮湿,wet 明显湿,dry 不湿。

wet
湿的;弄湿
My shoes got wet in the rain.
dry
干的;弄干
Dry your hands before touching the paper.

非派生记忆线索

a smell of damp
潮湿气味
The room had a smell of damp.

词族导图

damp / wet / dry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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134

wet

[wet] · adj. / vt. · Page 136

covered with water, rainy, not yet dry, or to make something wet

湿的;潮湿的;多雨的;未干的;把……弄湿

联想

wet 是最普通的“湿”。它可说 wet shoes,也可说 a wet day 多雨,wet paint 未干;作动词时表示把……弄湿。

意思、用法与例句

adj.湿的;潮湿的

表示表面有水或被水弄湿。

常见表达wet shoeswet clothesget wet

My shoes got wet when I stepped in the puddle.

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get wet 表示弄湿。

Do not sit on the wet grass.

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wet grass 表示湿草地。

adj.多雨的;下雨的;未干的

描述天气多雨,或油漆、墨水等还没干。

常见表达a wet daywet weatherwet paint

It was a wet day, so we played games indoors.

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a wet day 表示下雨天。

Do not touch the door; the paint is still wet.

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wet paint 表示油漆未干。

vt.把……弄湿

使某物或某人变湿。

常见表达wet the paperwet one's hairwet a towel

The rain wet his hair before he found an umbrella.

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wet his hair 表示把头发弄湿。

Wet the cloth before you clean the window.

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wet the cloth 表示把布弄湿。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

damp
潮湿的;潮湿
The clothes were still damp. damp 比 wet 轻,常是微湿。
dry
干的;干燥的;弄干
Dry your hands before you touch the papers. dry 与 wet 相反。
rainy
多雨的;下雨的
It was a rainy afternoon. rainy 只指天气;wet 还可指物体湿或油漆未干。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

wet 与 dry 是直接反义;damp 是程度较轻的湿。

damp
潮湿的
The room was damp.
dry
干的;弄干
Dry your hands.

非派生记忆线索

wet paint
未干的油漆
Do not touch the wet paint.

词族导图

damp / wet / dry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
135

dry

星标

[drai] · adj. / v. · Page 136

not wet, not interesting, or to become or make something not wet

干的;干燥的;乏味的;变干;弄干

联想

dry 是 wet/damp 的反方向。作形容词是干的,也可指内容乏味;作动词是变干或弄干。重点短语:dry off、dry out、dry up、go/run dry。

意思、用法与例句

adj.干的;干燥的

表示没有水分或雨水少。

常见表达dry clothesdry weatherdry ground

The towel is dry enough to use now.

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dry towel 表示干毛巾。

Plants need more water during dry weather.

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dry weather 表示干燥天气。

adj.乏味的;无趣的

形容讲座、文章或语气缺少趣味。

常见表达a dry lecturedry factsdry humor

The dry lecture made several students sleepy.

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dry lecture 表示乏味讲座。

The report was full of dry facts but few stories.

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dry facts 表示枯燥事实。

v.(使)变干;弄干

表示东西自己变干或把东西弄干。

常见表达dry your handsdry offdry out

Dry your hands before you touch the papers.

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dry your hands 表示擦干手。

The wet shoes dried out in the sun.

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dry out 表示干透。

We dried off with towels after swimming.

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dry off 表示擦干。

v.耗尽;枯竭;干涸

常见 dry up、go/run dry,表示水源、供应或资源耗尽。

常见表达dry upgo dryrun dry

The small river ran dry in the hot summer.

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run dry 表示干涸。

Their food supplies dried up after a week.

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supplies dried up 表示供应耗尽。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wet
湿的;弄湿
My shoes got wet in the rain. wet 与 dry 相反。
damp
潮湿的
The room was damp after the rain. damp 是轻微湿,dry 是不湿。
boring
乏味的
The film was boring. boring 是普通“无聊”;dry 常指内容或表达枯燥。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dry 是 wet 的反义词,dried food 是干粮。dry up/go dry/run dry 可从“水分消失”扩展到供应耗尽。

dried food
干粮
Dried food is useful on long trips.
wet
湿的;弄湿
My shoes got wet.

非派生记忆线索

dry up
耗尽;枯竭;干涸
The stream dried up in summer.

词族导图

damp / wet / dry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
136

morning

['mɔ:niŋ] · n. [C, U] · Page 137

the early part of the day, before noon

早晨;上午

联想

morning 指从清晨到中午前的时间。作不可数时表示一天中的上午时段;作可数时可指某一个具体上午。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]早晨;上午

表示一天中从清晨到中午前的时间段。

常见表达in the morningearly morningmorning classmorning light

We usually read English in the morning.

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in the morning 表示在上午。

The streets were quiet in the early morning.

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early morning 表示清晨。

n. [C]某一个上午

指具体某天的上午,常和 this、next、Monday 等连用。

常见表达this morningnext morningon Monday morningone morning

We have a history test on Monday morning.

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具体星期几上午用 on Monday morning。

One morning, the class found a note on the door.

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one morning 表示某一天早晨。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

evening
傍晚;晚上;晚会
We often take a walk in the evening. evening 是一天较晚时段,和 morning 构成时间对照。
dawn
黎明;拂晓
The fishermen left the harbor at dawn. dawn 更早,指天刚亮的时候;morning 范围更宽。
noon
中午
The meeting ended at noon. noon 是上午结束后的中午时刻。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

morning、evening、dawn、dusk 是一天时间段的语义组,不是真派生词族。

evening
傍晚;晚上;晚会
We often take a walk in the evening.
dawn
黎明;拂晓
The fishermen left at dawn.
dusk
黄昏;傍晚
Bats came out at dusk.

非派生记忆线索

from morning to evening
从早到晚
The volunteers worked from morning to evening.

词族导图

morning 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
137

evening

['i:vniŋ] · n. [C, U] · Page 137

the later part of the day, or an event held then

傍晚;晚上;晚会

联想

evening 可表示傍晚到夜间较早时段,也可表示在晚上举行的晚会或活动。in the evening 是时间段,a music evening 是活动。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]傍晚;晚上

表示一天较晚但通常不是深夜的时间;具体某天晚上可作可数。

常见表达in the eveningon Friday eveningevery eveningevening light

We often take a walk in the evening.

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in the evening 表示在晚上。

The concert will be held on Friday evening.

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具体某天晚上用 on Friday evening。

n. [C]晚会;晚上举行的活动

指在晚上举办的社交、音乐、学校等活动。

常见表达a music eveningan English eveninga pleasant evening

The school held a music evening for parents.

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music evening 表示音乐晚会。

Our class planned an English evening with songs and short plays.

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English evening 表示英语晚会。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

morning
早晨;上午
We usually read English in the morning. morning 是一天较早时段。
dusk
黄昏;傍晚
We reached the village at dusk. dusk 更强调天色变暗的黄昏时刻;evening 范围更宽。
night
夜晚
The stars were bright at night. night 比 evening 更晚,常指夜间。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

evening 是时间词,也可转为活动名词;不要把 evening 和 event 误当同一词。

morning
早晨;上午
We read English in the morning.
dusk
黄昏;傍晚
The birds became quiet at dusk.

非派生记忆线索

a music evening
音乐晚会
The school held a music evening.

词族导图

morning 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
138

dawn

[dɔ:n] · n. [C, U] · Page 137

the time when daylight first appears

黎明;拂晓

联想

dawn 是天刚亮的时刻,比 morning 更早、更具体。at dawn 是重点搭配;from dawn to dusk 表示从早到晚。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]黎明;拂晓

指太阳出来前后、天刚开始亮的时候。

常见表达at dawnbefore dawnfrom dawn to duskthe first light of dawn

The fishermen left the harbor at dawn.

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at dawn 表示在黎明时刻。

We woke before dawn to climb the hill.

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before dawn 表示黎明前。

Farmers worked from dawn to dusk during the busy season.

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from dawn to dusk 表示从早到晚。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dusk
黄昏;傍晚
Bats came out at dusk near the river. dusk 是天色变暗时,和 dawn 的天亮方向相反。
morning
早晨;上午
The streets were quiet in the early morning. morning 范围更宽;dawn 是清晨天刚亮的时刻。
daybreak
黎明
They reached the village at daybreak. daybreak 和 dawn 接近。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dawn 与 dusk 是一天光线变化的对照词:dawn 变亮,dusk 变暗。

dusk
黄昏;傍晚
Bats came out at dusk.
daybreak
黎明
They reached the village at daybreak.

非派生记忆线索

from dawn to dusk
从早到晚
Farmers worked from dawn to dusk.

词族导图

morning 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
139

dusk

[dʌsk] · n. [U] · Page 137

the time in the evening when the light is fading

黄昏;傍晚

联想

dusk 是天色变暗的黄昏时刻,和 dawn 天刚亮相反。at dusk 是重点搭配;by dusk 表示到黄昏时。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]黄昏;傍晚

指太阳落下前后、光线逐渐变暗的时候。

常见表达at duskby duskafter duskfrom dawn to dusk

Bats came out at dusk near the river.

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at dusk 表示在黄昏时。

We reached the campsite just before dusk.

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before dusk 表示黄昏前。

The children had to return home by dusk.

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by dusk 表示到黄昏时为止。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dawn
黎明;拂晓
The fishermen left the harbor at dawn. dawn 是天亮时,dusk 是天暗时。
evening
傍晚;晚上
We often take a walk in the evening. evening 范围更宽;dusk 更具体指天色变暗时。
twilight
暮色;微明
The hills looked blue in the twilight. twilight 可指黎明或黄昏的微光,日常更常接近 dusk。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dusk 与 dawn 是光线方向相反的一组:dawn 变亮,dusk 变暗。

dawn
黎明;拂晓
We woke before dawn.
twilight
暮色;微明
The hills looked blue in the twilight.

非派生记忆线索

at dusk
在黄昏时
Bats came out at dusk.

词族导图

morning 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
140

drag

[dræg] · vt. · Page 137

to pull something or someone with effort, often along the ground

拉;拖;拽

联想

drag 比 pull 更费力,常表示拖着重物、把人或物从一个地方拖走,也可用于 drag one's feet 表示拖拖拉拉。

意思、用法与例句

vt.拉;拖;拽

用力拉动较重或不容易移动的人或物,常带沿地面移动的画面。

常见表达drag a boxdrag sth. acrossdrag sth. alongdrag sth. away

The workers dragged the fallen branch off the road.

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dragged the branch 表示费力拖走树枝。

She dragged the heavy suitcase across the station floor.

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drag a suitcase 强调又重又费力。

The dog dragged the blanket into the yard.

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dragged the blanket 表示拖拽毯子。

vt.拖延;拖着不愿行动

用于比喻时可表示行动慢、不情愿或拖拉。

常见表达drag one's feetdrag the process out

Do not drag your feet when the team needs a quick decision.

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drag one's feet 表示拖拖拉拉。

The long meeting dragged on until noon.

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drag on 表示拖延、持续得令人厌烦。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pull
拉;拖;拉力
Pull the rope toward you. pull 是普通拉动;drag 更强调费力拖拽。
push
推;按;敦促
Push the door open. push 是向外或向前用力,方向与 pull/drag 不同。
haul
拖;拉运
They hauled the boat onto the shore. haul 更强调用力拖运重物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drag / pull / push 是动作方向组,不是真派生词族:drag 是费力拖,pull 是向自己方向拉,push 是向外或向前推。

pull
拉;拉力
Pull the rope toward you.
push
推;按;敦促
Push the button to start the machine.

非派生记忆线索

drag one's feet
拖拖拉拉
Do not drag your feet when a decision is needed.

词族导图

drag / pull / push 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
141

pull

星标

[pʊl] · v. / n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 137

to move something toward you by force, or a pulling action or force

拉;拖;拉;拽;拉力;引力

联想

pull 的方向是把东西往自己这边拉,是 push 的反方向。它可作动词,也可作名词,表示一次拉拽或一种拉力、引力。

意思、用法与例句

v.拉;拖

用力把某物向自己或某方向拉动。

常见表达pull the doorpull a ropepull sth. outpull sb. back

Pull the door gently; it is old.

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pull the door 表示拉门。

The child pulled the toy car out from under the bed.

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pull sth. out 表示把东西拉出来。

She pulled her friend back from the busy road.

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pull sb. back 表示把人拉回来。

n. [C]拉;拽

一次拉的动作。

常见表达give a pullwith one pulla strong pull

The child gave the rope a strong pull.

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give a pull 表示拉一下。

With one pull, he opened the heavy drawer.

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with one pull 表示一拉。

n. [sing.]拉力;引力

指把物体拉向某处的力量,常见 gravity 语境。

常见表达the pull of gravitya strong pullmagnetic pull

The pull of gravity keeps us on the ground.

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the pull of gravity 表示重力的引力。

The magnet has a strong pull on small pieces of metal.

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magnetic pull 表示磁力吸引。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

push
推;按;敦促
Push the button to start the machine. push 是把东西推离自己或向前,pull 是拉向自己。
drag
拉;拖;拽
She dragged the heavy suitcase across the floor. drag 比 pull 更强调费力拖拽。
draw
拉;抽出;吸引
Draw the curtain across the window. draw 较正式或多义,pull 更普通。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pull 与 push 是方向反义;drag 是费力拉拖。

push
推;按;敦促
Push the door open.
drag
拖;拽
They dragged the branch away.

非派生记忆线索

the pull of gravity
重力的引力
The pull of gravity keeps us on the ground.

词族导图

drag / pull / push 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
142

push

星标

[pʊʃ] · v. / n. [C] / vt. / n. [sing.] · Page 137

to move something away by force, press something, or urge someone to act

推动;按;鼓励;敦促

联想

push 的方向通常是向外、向前推,是 pull 的反方向。它还可表示按按钮,或鼓励、敦促某人做事。

意思、用法与例句

v. / n. [C]推动;推

用力把人或物向前或向远处移动;名词表示一次推。

常见表达push the doorpush a cartgive sth. a pushpush forward

Push the door open, and you will see the library.

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push the door 表示推门。

The children helped push the cart up the hill.

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push a cart 表示推车。

He gave the box a push with his foot.

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give a push 表示推一下。

v. / n. [C]

按按钮、开关等。

常见表达push the buttonpush a keyone push

Push the button to start the machine.

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push the button 表示按按钮。

The door opens with one push of the switch.

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one push 表示按一下。

vt. / n. [sing.]鼓励;敦促;推动

推动某人努力或推动计划、改变继续前进。

常见表达push sb. to do sth.push children too hardpush for changea push for reform

The teacher pushed us to read more challenging books.

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push sb. to do sth. 表示敦促某人做某事。

Parents should not push children too hard.

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push children too hard 表示逼得太紧。

Students started a push for cleaner classrooms.

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a push for... 表示推动某事的努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pull
拉;拉力
Pull the rope toward you. pull 是向自己方向拉,push 是向外或向前推。
press
按;压
Press the green button to save the file. press 更强调按压按钮或表面;push 更广。
urge
敦促
The coach urged the team to keep running. urge 接近 push 的敦促义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

push 与 pull 是方向反义;push 还从物理推动扩展到推动人或事情。

pull
拉;拉力
Pull the door gently.
press
按;压
Press the green button.

非派生记忆线索

push for change
推动改变
Students pushed for cleaner classrooms.

词族导图

drag / pull / push 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
143

fat

[fæt] · adj. / n. [U] · Page 137

having too much body weight, thick, or the oily substance in bodies and food

肥胖的;厚的;脂肪;肥肉

联想

fat 说人时容易不礼貌,通常只在健康或动物描述中谨慎使用。它还可表示物体厚,作名词时是脂肪、肥肉。

意思、用法与例句

adj.肥胖的

形容人或动物体重过重;说人时要注意语气。

常见表达a fat catget fattoo fat

The cat became fat because it ate too much and moved too little.

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fat 描述动物肥胖。

Doctors may warn patients not to get too fat.

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说人时多在健康语境中谨慎使用。

adj.厚的

形容书、文件、层等比较厚。

常见表达a fat booka fat filea fat layer

He carried a fat book full of maps.

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fat book 表示厚书。

A fat layer of snow covered the road.

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fat layer 表示厚厚一层。

n. [U]脂肪;肥肉

指身体或食物中的脂肪、肥肉。

常见表达body fattoo much fatcut off the fat

This soup has too much fat for my taste.

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too much fat 表示脂肪太多。

Athletes need some body fat, but not too much.

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body fat 表示体脂。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

thin
瘦的;薄的;稀的
Cut the bread into thin slices. thin 可与 fat 的肥胖义或 thick 的厚义相反。
slim
苗条的;少的;减肥
She stayed slim by exercising. slim 描述体型时通常比 thin 更正面。
stout
肥胖的;粗壮结实的
The stout wooden posts held the roof. stout 可表示胖而结实,也可形容物体粗壮。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fat / thin / slim 是体型和厚薄对照;stout 偏粗壮结实;tough 偏强韧、坚强或困难,不是 fat 的真派生。

thin
瘦的;薄的;稀的
Cut the bread into thin slices.
slim
苗条的;少的;减肥
She stayed slim by exercising.
stout
粗壮结实的
The bridge has stout posts.

非派生记忆线索

body fat
体脂
Athletes need some body fat.

词族导图

fat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
144

stout

星标

[staut] · adj. · Page 137

rather fat and strong, or thick and strong

肥胖的;粗壮的;结实的

联想

stout 可形容人胖而结实,也可形容木棍、鞋子、柱子等粗壮牢固。它不是普通 fat 的完全同义词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.肥胖的;粗壮的

形容人体型较胖但结实。

常见表达a stout mana stout womanshort and stout

The stout old man walked slowly but steadily.

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stout man 表示胖而结实的人。

He was short and stout, but he moved quickly.

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short and stout 是常见体型描述。

adj.粗壮的;结实的

形容物体粗、结实、可靠。

常见表达stout shoesa stout stickstout wooden posts

The bridge is supported by stout wooden posts.

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stout wooden posts 表示粗壮木柱。

Wear stout shoes if you walk across the stones.

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stout shoes 表示结实的鞋。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fat
肥胖的;厚的;脂肪
The cat became fat. fat 更直接;stout 常带结实感。
thin
瘦的;薄的
The thin boy ran fast. thin 与 stout 的肥胖/粗壮义相反。
sturdy
结实的;牢固的
A sturdy table stood in the room. sturdy 更常形容物体坚固。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

stout 在本组用体型和结实度与 fat/thin/slim 对照。

fat
肥胖的;厚的
The cat became fat.
sturdy
结实的
A sturdy table stood in the room.

非派生记忆线索

stout shoes
结实的鞋
Wear stout shoes on the stones.

词族导图

fat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
145

tough

星标

[tʌf] · adj. · Page 137

strong and not easily damaged, mentally strong, strict, or difficult

结实的;健壮的;坚强的;强硬的;严厉的;艰难的;棘手的

联想

tough 是多义形容词:材料结实,人坚强,态度强硬,问题艰难。它和 fat 不是同义词,只在“结实、有力”语义场里同组记忆。

意思、用法与例句

adj.结实的;健壮的

形容材料、身体或人强韧不易损坏。

常见表达tough materialtough shoesa tough body

The tough leather bag lasted for many years.

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tough leather 表示结实皮革。

Years of farm work made him tough and strong.

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tough and strong 表示身体强韧。

adj.坚强的

形容人心理强大,能承受困难。

常见表达a tough personstay toughtough enough

She stayed tough after the failure and tried again.

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stay tough 表示保持坚强。

You must be tough enough to accept useful criticism.

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tough enough 表示足够坚强。

adj.强硬的;严厉的

形容规则、态度或人处理问题不退让。

常见表达tough rulesbe tough ona tough attitude

The coach is tough on players who arrive late.

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be tough on 表示对……严格。

The school made tough rules about safety.

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tough rules 表示严格规定。

adj.艰难的;棘手的

形容问题、决定、比赛或时期很难应对。

常见表达a tough questiona tough decisiona tough time

The final question was tough, but she solved it.

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tough question 表示难题。

Moving to a new city was a tough decision for the family.

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tough decision 表示艰难决定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strong
强壮的;强的
The strong rope held the boat. strong 更普通;tough 强调经得住压力或困难。
easy
容易的
The first question was easy. easy 与 tough 的艰难义相反。
strict
严格的
A strict teacher checks every detail. strict 接近 tough on 的严厉义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tough 与 stout 都可有结实感,但 tough 更常扩展到心理坚强、规则严厉和事情困难。

strong
强壮的;强的
The strong rope held the boat.
strict
严格的
A strict teacher checks every detail.

非派生记忆线索

a tough decision
艰难决定
It was a tough decision for the family.

词族导图

fat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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146

thin

[θin] · adj. · Page 137

not fat, not thick, or not dense

瘦的;薄的;稀的

联想

thin 有三条线:人或动物瘦,物体薄,液体/空气/人群等稀。它和 fat 对体型,和 thick 对厚薄或浓稠。

意思、用法与例句

adj.瘦的

形容人或动物体型不胖。

常见表达a thin personlook thintoo thin

The thin boy ran faster than most of his classmates.

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thin boy 表示瘦男孩。

The dog looked thin after weeks without enough food.

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look thin 表示看起来瘦。

adj.薄的

形容纸、书、切片、层等厚度小。

常见表达thin paperthin slicesa thin booka thin layer

Cut the bread into thin slices for sandwiches.

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thin slices 表示薄片。

A thin layer of ice covered the lake.

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thin layer 表示薄薄一层。

adj.稀的;稀薄的

形容液体不浓、空气稀薄或人群稀少。

常见表达thin soupthin airthin crowd

The soup was thin, so we added more vegetables.

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thin soup 表示汤很稀。

It is hard to breathe in the thin air high in the mountains.

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thin air 表示稀薄空气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fat
肥胖的;厚的;脂肪
The cat became fat. thin 与 fat 的体型义相反。
thick
厚的;浓的
This book is thick. thick 与 thin 的薄/稀义相反。
slim
苗条的;少的
She stayed slim by exercising. slim 描述体型时通常更正面。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

thin 与 slim 都可描述体型,但 thin 也表示薄、稀;slim 还表示机会少或减肥。

slim
苗条的;少的;减肥
She stayed slim by exercising.
thick
厚的;浓的
The wall is thick.

非派生记忆线索

thin slices
薄片
Cut the bread into thin slices.

词族导图

fat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
147

slim

星标

[slim] · adj. / vi. · Page 137

thin in an attractive way, small in amount or chance, or to become thinner

苗条的;纤细的;少的;减肥

联想

slim 描述体型时通常比 thin 更正面,表示苗条。它还可表示机会、数量很小,如 a slim chance;作动词时 slim down 表示减肥变苗条。

意思、用法与例句

adj.苗条的;纤细的

多用于正面描述体型或形状。

常见表达stay slima slim figureslim legsslim design

She stayed slim by exercising and eating sensibly.

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stay slim 表示保持苗条。

The new phone has a slim design.

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slim design 表示纤薄设计。

adj.少的;小的

表示机会、数量、可能性很小。

常见表达a slim chancea slim majorityslim hope

There is only a slim chance that it will snow tomorrow.

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a slim chance 表示机会很小。

The team won by a slim majority of votes.

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slim majority 表示微弱多数。

vi.减肥;变苗条

常用 slim down,表示靠饮食、运动等变瘦。

常见表达slim downtry to slimslim by exercising

He is trying to slim down before the summer holiday.

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slim down 表示减肥。

She slimmed by exercising rather than skipping meals.

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slim 作动词表示变苗条。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

thin
瘦的;薄的;稀的
The thin boy ran fast. thin 可中性或负面;slim 描述体型时更正面。
fat
肥胖的;厚的;脂肪
The cat became fat. fat 与 slim 的体型义相反。
small
小的;少的
There is a small chance of rain. small 接近 slim chance 的少量义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

slim 与 thin 体型义接近,但 slim 更正面,还可表示机会少或作动词 slim down。

thin
瘦的;薄的;稀的
Cut the bread into thin slices.
slim down
减肥;变苗条
He is trying to slim down.

非派生记忆线索

a slim chance
机会很小
There is only a slim chance of snow.

词族导图

fat 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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148

rough

星标

[rʌf] · adj. · Page 137

not smooth, or not exact and only approximate

粗糙的;粗略的

联想

rough 一条线是触感或路面不平、不光滑;另一条线是计划、数字、想法等不精确、只是大概。

意思、用法与例句

adj.粗糙的;不平的

形容皮肤、表面、路面等不光滑。

常见表达rough surfacerough handsrough roadrough skin

The skin on her hands was hard and rough.

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rough skin 表示皮肤粗糙。

The rough road shook the bus all the way to the village.

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rough road 表示不平的路。

adj.粗略的;大概的

形容计划、数字、估计、草图等不精确。

常见表达rough idearough planrough estimaterough copy

This is only a rough plan, so we can still change it.

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rough plan 表示粗略计划。

Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?

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rough estimate 表示粗略估计。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

smooth
平整的;光滑的;顺利的;使平滑
The stone felt smooth after years in the river. smooth 与 rough 的表面义相反,也可表示顺利。
approximate
大约的;近似的
The number is only approximate. approximate 接近 rough 的粗略义。
exact
准确的;精确的
Please tell me the exact time. exact 与 rough 的不精确相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rough 与 smooth 是表面质感反义;rough 还可扩展到粗略不精确。

smooth
光滑的;顺利的;使平滑
The stone felt smooth.
approximate
大约的;近似的
The number is only approximate.

非派生记忆线索

rough estimate
粗略估计
Give me a rough estimate of the cost.

词族导图

rough / smooth 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
149

smooth

[smu:ð] · adj. / vt. · Page 137

even and not rough, easy and without problems, flowing well, or to make even

平整的;光滑的;顺利的;平稳的;流畅的;使平滑;轻轻地涂擦

联想

smooth 是 rough 的反向:表面光滑、过程顺利、动作平稳流畅。作动词时是使平整或轻轻抚平;smooth out 表示消除问题或克服困难。

意思、用法与例句

adj.平整的;光滑的

形容表面没有粗糙或凸凹。

常见表达a smooth stonesmooth skina smooth roadsmooth surface

The stone felt smooth after years in the river.

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smooth stone 表示光滑石头。

The workers made the road smooth before the race.

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smooth road 表示平整道路。

adj.顺利的;平稳的;流畅的

形容过程、旅程、讲话、动作等没有明显问题或停顿。

常见表达a smooth meetinga smooth journeysmooth speechsmooth movement

Thanks to good planning, the meeting was smooth.

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smooth meeting 表示会议顺利。

Her speech was smooth and easy to follow.

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smooth speech 表示讲话流畅。

vt.使平滑;使平整;轻轻涂擦

把表面弄平,或用手轻轻抚平、涂擦。

常见表达smooth the papersmooth the surfacesmooth cream onsmooth out

She smoothed the paper before putting it into the folder.

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smooth the paper 表示把纸抚平。

The teacher helped smooth out problems between the two groups.

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smooth out problems 表示消除问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rough
粗糙的;粗略的
The rough road shook the bus. rough 与 smooth 的表面义相反。
easy
顺利的;容易的
The trip was easy after we found the road. easy 接近 smooth 的顺利义,但 smooth 更强调过程无阻碍。
polish
磨光;润色
He polished the table until it shone. polish 强调磨光或润色;smooth 强调变平滑。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

smooth 是 rough 的反义词,也能从表面光滑扩展到过程顺利。smooth out 是重要短语。

rough
粗糙的;粗略的
The road was rough.
smooth out
消除;克服
They smoothed out the problem.

非派生记忆线索

smooth out problems
消除问题
They smoothed out the problem before the event.

词族导图

rough / smooth 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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150

quick

星标

[kwik] · adj. / adv. · Page 137

fast, taking little time, able to respond fast, or sudden

快的;快地;敏捷的;急剧的

联想

quick 常用于短时间、反应快或动作快。它还可表示急剧、迅速发生。作副词时多见于口语或固定表达,正式写作常用 quickly。

意思、用法与例句

adj.快的;迅速的

表示花费时间短或动作快。

常见表达a quick answera quick meala quick checkbe quick to do

She gave the room a quick check before the guests arrived.

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quick check 表示快速检查。

Be quick, or we will miss the bus.

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Be quick 表示快点。

adj. / adv.敏捷的;敏捷地

形容反应、理解或动作敏捷。

常见表达quick learnerquick to understandmove quick

A quick learner can still make mistakes without practice.

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quick learner 表示学得快的人。

The goalkeeper was quick to jump toward the ball.

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quick to do 表示反应快。

adj. / adv.急剧的;迅速发生的

表示变化、增长、下降等突然或迅速。

常见表达a quick changea quick risechange quick

There was a quick change in the weather after lunch.

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quick change 表示迅速变化。

Prices can rise quick when supplies are short.

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quick 作副词较口语,正式可用 quickly。

正式写作中修饰动词更常用 quickly。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rapid
快的;迅速的
The city has seen rapid growth. rapid 更正式,常描述增长、变化或运动速度。
slow
慢的;迟钝的;慢下来
Please slow down near the school gate. slow 与 quick/rapid 的速度方向相反。
fast
快的;快地
The train is fast. fast 更普通,quick 更强调时间短或反应快。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

quick / rapid / slow 是速度和反应组,不是真派生词族。quick 偏短时间和反应,rapid 偏正式快速变化,slow 是反义。

rapid
迅速的
The city has seen rapid growth.
slow
慢的;慢下来
Please slow down.

非派生记忆线索

be quick to do
迅速做某事
She was quick to answer.

词族导图

quick / rapid / slow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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151

rapid

['ræpid] · adj. · Page 137

very fast, especially in change, growth, or movement

快的;迅速的

联想

rapid 比 quick 更正式,常描述增长、变化、发展、移动或心跳等速度快。它通常作形容词,不作普通副词用。

意思、用法与例句

adj.快的;迅速的

正式语境中形容变化、增长、发展或运动速度很快。

常见表达rapid growthrapid changerapid increaserapid developmentrapid movement

The city has seen rapid growth in the last ten years.

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rapid growth 表示快速增长。

A rapid heartbeat can be a sign of fear or exercise.

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rapid heartbeat 表示心跳很快。

Rapid changes in technology affect how students learn.

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rapid changes 表示快速变化。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

quick
快的;敏捷的
She gave the room a quick check. quick 更日常,常指短时间或反应快。
slow
慢的;慢下来
The bus was slow in heavy traffic. slow 与 rapid 相反。
gradual
逐渐的
There was a gradual improvement. gradual 与 rapid 的快速变化相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rapid 是正式速度形容词;rapidly 是副词形式。

rapidly
迅速地
The population grew rapidly.
quick
快的;敏捷的
During the debate, Li Ming replied quickly and gave a clear reason.

非派生记忆线索

rapid growth
快速增长
The city has seen rapid growth.

词族导图

quick / rapid / slow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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152

slow

星标

[sləu] · adj. / adv. / v. · Page 137

not fast, not quick to understand, or to make something slower

慢的;慢地;缓慢的;迟钝的;使慢下来

联想

slow 是 quick/rapid 的反向:速度慢、进展慢,也可表示反应或理解迟钝;作动词时 slow down 表示慢下来或放松。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / adv.慢的;慢地;缓慢的

表示速度、进展或动作不快。

常见表达a slow busslow progressgo slowslow traffic

The bus was slow because the roads were crowded.

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slow bus 表示车速慢。

Progress was slow, but the team did not give up.

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slow progress 表示进展缓慢。

adj. / adv.不聪明的;迟钝的

表示理解、反应或回答不快。

常见表达be slow to understandbe slow to answera slow learner

He is not slow; he just needs more time to think.

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slow 可表示反应慢,但要谨慎使用。

The child was slow to answer because the question was new.

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slow to answer 表示回答慢。

v.(使)慢下来;放松

使速度降低,或自己慢下来。

常见表达slow downslow trafficslow the process

Please slow down when you ride past the school gate.

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slow down 表示慢下来。

The heavy rain slowed traffic on the road.

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slow traffic 表示使交通变慢。

Take a deep breath and slow down for a minute.

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slow down 也可表示放松节奏。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

quick
快的;敏捷的
Be quick, or we will miss the bus. quick 与 slow 相反。
rapid
迅速的
The city has seen rapid growth. rapid 是正式快速,slow 是慢。
gradual
逐渐的
There was a gradual rise in temperature. gradual 强调逐步变化,slow 强调速度不快。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

slow 可作形容词、副词和动词;slow down 是核心短语。

quick
快的;敏捷的
During the debate, Li Ming replied quickly and gave a clear reason.
rapid
迅速的
Rapid changes can be hard to follow.

非派生记忆线索

slow down
慢下来;放松
Please slow down near the school gate.

词族导图

quick / rapid / slow 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图