第08单元 / Word List 8

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

plain

[plein] · adj. / n. [C] / adv. · Page 138

simple, clear, direct, ordinary, or a flat open area of land

平凡的;坦诚的;朴素的;清楚的;平原;简直

联想

plain 的根义是“平、无遮掩”。它可形容衣物或食物朴素,语言清楚直白,事实明显;作名词是平原,作副词多见于口语强调“简直”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.朴素的;简单的;平凡的

形容东西不花哨、不复杂,或人和事普通平凡。

常见表达plain clothesplain fooda plain rooma plain life

He wore plain clothes so that no one would notice him in the crowd.

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plain clothes 表示朴素、不显眼的衣服。

The small hotel served plain food, but it was warm and fresh.

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plain food 表示简单朴素的食物。

adj.清楚的;明显的;坦诚直率的

形容语言容易懂、事实很明显,或说话直接不绕弯。

常见表达plain Englishmake sth. plainit is plain that...a plain answer

The notice was written in plain English, so every student understood the rule.

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plain English 表示清楚易懂的英语。

It was plain that the team needed more time to finish the model.

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It is plain that... 表示事实很明显。

Please give me a plain answer instead of a long excuse.

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plain answer 表示坦率明确的回答。

n. [C] / adv.平原;简直

作可数名词指大片平坦开阔土地;作副词 plain 多见于口语,表示完全、简直。

常见表达a wide plainacross the plainplain wrongplain silly

A cold wind blew across the wide plain after sunset.

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plain 作名词表示平原。

Leaving without a map in that area was plain wrong.

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plain 作副词可表示“简直、完全”,较口语。

正式写作中强调“完全”更常用 completely 或 simply。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plane
飞机;平面;刨子
The plane landed safely before the storm arrived. plain 和 plane 同音但词义不同;plane 常是飞机或平面。
plan
计划;平面图;设计
Our class made a clear plan for the volunteer day. plan 少一个 i,核心是事前安排或平面图。
simple
简单的;朴素的
The design was simple but useful. simple 接近 plain 的简单义,但 plain 还可表示直白、明显或平原。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

plain / plane / plan 共享“平、展开”的记忆线索;explain / explanation 是 explain 的真词族。不要把 plan、plane 硬讲成 plain 的直接派生。

plane
平面;飞机
In math class, three points lay on the same plane.
plan
计划;平面图
Our class made a clear plan for the volunteer day.

非派生记忆线索

plain English
清楚易懂的英语
The notice was written in plain English.
explain
解释;说明
The coach explained the new rule to the players.

词族导图

plain 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

plan

星标

[plæn] · n. [C] / v. / vt. · Page 138

an arrangement or drawing made before doing, building, or designing something

平面图;示意图;计划;打算;设计

联想

plan 可指做事前的安排,也可指建筑或场地的平面图;作动词时常用 plan to do、plan for 或 plan a trip/building。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]计划;打算

指行动前的安排、方案或打算。

常见表达make a plancarry out a planfavor a planfulfill a plana plan for...

Our class made a clear plan for the volunteer day.

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make a plan 表示制定计划。

The school decided to carry out the safety plan next week.

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carry out a plan 表示执行计划。

v. / vt.计划;打算;设计

表示提前安排要做的事,或设计建筑、路线、活动。

常见表达plan to do sth.plan for...plan a tripplan a building

They plan to visit the science museum next Friday.

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plan to do sth. 表示计划做某事。

The city is planning a new bridge across the river.

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plan 作及物动词可表示设计或规划。

n. [C]平面图;示意图

指建筑、房间、路线或场地的图示安排。

常见表达a floor plana plan of the schooldraw a plan

The engineer showed us the plan of the new sports center.

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plan of... 可表示某建筑的平面图。

Draw a simple plan of your classroom before you move the desks.

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draw a plan 表示画示意图或平面图。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plain
朴素的;清楚的;平原
The notice was written in plain English. plain 多一个 i,强调朴素、清楚或平原。
plane
飞机;平面;刨子
We travelled by plane to save time. plane 与 plan 拼写接近,但常表示飞机或平面。
arrangement
安排
The seating arrangement helped the group work better. arrangement 接近 plan 的安排义,但 plan 更强调事前方案。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

plan 可从“平面图”扩展到“事前安排”。它与 plain/plane 形近,和 explain 不是同一现代派生词族。

planned
有计划的
The trip was carefully planned by the students.
planner
计划者;规划工具
A weekly planner helps her remember homework.

非派生记忆线索

floor plan
楼层平面图
The floor plan shows where each room is.
plain
朴素的;清楚的
The notice was written in plain English.

词族导图

plain 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

plane

[plein] · n. [C] · Page 138

an aircraft, a flat surface, or a tool for smoothing wood

平面;刨子;飞机

联想

plane 与 plain 同音,但最常见是“飞机”;数学中是“平面”,木工中是“刨子”。要靠 by plane、same plane、wood plane 等搭配判断。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]飞机

指航空交通工具,常见搭配 by plane。

常见表达by planetake a planecatch a planea plane ticket

My aunt prefers to travel by plane when the journey is long.

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by plane 表示乘飞机。

The plane landed safely before the storm arrived.

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plane 作名词最常见义是飞机。

n. [C]平面;刨子

数学里指平面;木工里指刨平木头的工具。

常见表达a flat planeon the same planea wood planeuse a plane

In math class, we drew three points on the same plane.

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on the same plane 表示在同一平面上。

The carpenter used a plane to make the table smooth.

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wood plane / use a plane 表示刨子。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plain
朴素的;清楚的;平原
The notice was written in plain English. plain 与 plane 同音,但 plain 多表示朴素、清楚或平原。
plan
计划;平面图
Our class made a clear plan for the volunteer day. plan 没有 e,表示计划或平面图。
aircraft
航空器
The aircraft was checked before takeoff. aircraft 更正式;plane 更日常。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

plane 保留“平面”线索,也发展出飞机义;与 plain 同音,与 plan 形近,学习时靠搭配辨析。

airplane
飞机
The airplane crossed the sea in three hours.
flat plane
平面
A flat plane has length and width.

非派生记忆线索

by plane
乘飞机
My aunt prefers to travel by plane.
plain
朴素的;清楚的
The notice was written in plain English.

词族导图

plain 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

explain

星标

[ik'splein] · v. / vt. · Page 138

to make something clear by giving reasons, details, or examples

解释;说明

联想

explain 的重点是“把不清楚的讲明白”。高考常考结构是 explain sth. to sb.,不能说 explain sb. sth.。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.解释;说明

给出原因、细节或例子,使别人明白某事。

常见表达explain sth. to sb.explain why/how...explain the reasonexplain clearly

The coach explained the new rule to the players before the match.

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explain sth. to sb. 是正确结构。

Can you explain why the experiment failed?

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explain why/how 后可接从句。

The diagram helped explain how the plane moves through the air.

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explain how... 表示说明过程或原理。

不要说 explain sb. sth.;应说 explain sth. to sb.。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clarify
澄清;讲清楚
The example helped clarify the difficult idea. clarify 更强调把模糊处讲清楚。
plain
清楚的;明白的
The notice was written in plain English. explain 可借 plain 的清楚线索记,但现代词义按 explain 结构掌握。

词族线索 / 同组词

explanation
解释;说明;解释性说法
The teacher gave a simple explanation for the strange result. explanation 是 explain 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

explain = ex- + plain,可理解为“把内容展开讲清楚”;explanation 是 explain 的名词形式。

explanation
解释;说明
The teacher gave a simple explanation for the strange result.
explained
解释了的;已说明
The rule was explained clearly before the game.

非派生记忆线索

plain English
清楚易懂的英语
The notice was written in plain English.
explain sth. to sb.
向某人解释某事
The coach explained the rule to the players.

词族导图

plain 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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005

explanation

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[,eksplə'neiʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 138

a reason or statement that makes something clear

解释;说明;解释性说法

联想

explanation 是 explain 的名词,既可指解释这一行为,也可指一条具体解释。常见搭配是 give/offer an explanation 和 an explanation for...

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]解释;说明

指解释说明这一行为,或能让人明白原因的说法。

常见表达give an explanationoffer an explanationan explanation for...a clear explanation

The teacher gave a simple explanation for the strange result.

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an explanation for... 表示对某事的解释。

No one accepted his explanation for being late.

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explanation for doing/sth. 表示对行为或事情的解释。

A clear explanation can help students remember the rule.

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clear explanation 表示清楚的解释。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reason
原因;理由
The reason for the delay was heavy traffic. reason 强调原因;explanation 是把原因讲清楚的说明。
excuse
借口;理由
A late bus is not always a good excuse. excuse 可能带有辩解或借口意味;explanation 更中性。

词族线索 / 同组词

explain
解释;说明
The coach explained the new rule to the players. explain 是动词;explanation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

explanation 是 explain + -ation 的名词形式,表示解释这一行为或一条解释性说法。

explain
解释;说明
The coach explained the new rule to the players.
explanatory
解释性的
The chart included an explanatory note.

非派生记忆线索

an explanation for...
对……的解释
No one accepted his explanation for being late.
give an explanation
作出解释
The teacher gave a simple explanation.

词族导图

plain 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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006

spirit

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['spirit] · n. [C/U] · Page 138

inner energy, courage, mood, essence, a soul, or a ghost in stories

精神;情绪;勇气;本质;灵魂;幽灵

联想

spirit 的核心不是一个抽象空词,而是“看不见但推动人或集体的东西”:可以是精神和勇气,也可以是心情、气氛、本质,文学语境中还可指灵魂。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]精神;勇气;意志

表示个人或集体面对困难时的精神力量,也可指团队或学校的共同气质。

常见表达team spiritschool spiritfighting spiritshow spirit

The players showed strong team spirit after they fell behind.

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team spirit 表示团队精神。

Her fighting spirit helped her finish the long race.

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fighting spirit 强调面对困难时的意志。

n. pl.情绪;心境

spirits 常用复数,表示情绪高低。

常见表达in good spiritsin high spiritsin low spiritsraise sb.'s spirits

Although the trip was tiring, the children remained in good spirits.

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in good spirits 表示情绪不错。

A short call from home raised his spirits before the exam.

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raise sb.'s spirits 表示使某人振作。

n. [sing.] / [C]本质;精髓;灵魂;幽灵

the spirit of... 可指某事物的本质精神;在故事、宗教或童话语境中 spirit 可指灵魂、幽灵或仙子。

常见表达the spirit of...the spirit of the lawa human spirita forest spirit

The speech caught the spirit of the age.

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the spirit of the age 表示时代精神。

The rule followed the spirit of fairness, not just the words on paper.

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the spirit of... 可指原则背后的本质。

In the old tale, a forest spirit protected the trees.

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forest spirit 是故事语境中的“精灵、仙子”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

courage
勇气
It took courage to speak the truth in front of everyone. courage 接近 spirit 的勇气义,但不表示情绪或本质。
mood
心情;情绪
The rainy weather changed the mood of the class. mood 接近 spirits 的情绪义,但 spirit 还可指精神、勇气和本质。
inspire
鼓舞;激励;赋予灵感
The scientist's story inspired many students to explore space. inspire 可借 spire/spirit 的“精神进入”线索记,但句法上是动词。

词族线索 / 同组词

spiritual
精神的;心灵的
The story compares material success with spiritual growth. spiritual 是 spirit 的形容词,常与 material 形成对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

spirit 可作本组核心记忆点:spiritual 是直接形容词;inspire / inspiration 可借 spire 的“精神、气息”线索记;desperate 来源提示可帮助记“失去希望的精神状态”,但不要把它当作 spirit 的常用派生词。

spiritual
精神的;心灵的
The story compares material success with spiritual growth.
spirits
情绪;心境
The team was in high spirits after the win.

非派生记忆线索

inspire
鼓舞;激励
The scientist's story inspired many students to explore space.
desperate
绝望的;拼命的
The lost hikers made a desperate call for help.

词族导图

spirit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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007

spiritual

['spiritʃuəl] · adj. · Page 138

connected with the mind, soul, inner life, or religion rather than material things

精神的;心灵的;宗教或灵魂方面的

联想

spiritual 是 spirit 的形容词,常把“物质的 material”和“精神/心灵的 spiritual”对照起来;在阅读中也可涉及宗教或灵魂方面。

意思、用法与例句

adj.精神的;心灵的

修饰 life、growth、needs、support 等,表示内心、价值或精神层面的东西。

常见表达spiritual lifespiritual needsspiritual supportspiritual growth

I care more about spiritual life than material comfort.

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spiritual life 与 material comfort 形成对比。

Many students find spiritual support in music, reading, or friendship.

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spiritual support 表示精神支持。

adj.宗教或灵魂方面的

用于描述与灵魂、信仰或宗教体验有关的内容,语气比 mental 更深。

常见表达spiritual experiencespiritual valuesa spiritual leader

The old song has a spiritual meaning for many people in the village.

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spiritual meaning 表示精神或信仰层面的意义。

The museum guide explained the spiritual values behind the painting.

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spiritual values 指精神价值或信仰价值。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mental
心理的;智力的
The game requires quick mental decisions. mental 偏心理或智力;spiritual 偏精神、心灵或信仰层面。
material
物质的
The story compares material success with spiritual growth. material 与 spiritual 常构成“物质/精神”对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

spirit
精神;情绪;勇气;本质
The players showed strong team spirit after they fell behind. spirit 是名词;spiritual 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

spiritual = spirit + -ual,表示“与精神、心灵或灵魂有关的”。同组里 inspire/inspiration 可作语义联想,但不是 spiritual 的同义词。

spirit
精神;情绪;勇气;本质
The players showed strong team spirit.
spiritually
在精神上;心灵上
The book helped him grow spiritually.

非派生记忆线索

material
物质的
The story contrasts material success with spiritual growth.
spiritual support
精神支持
Friends can offer spiritual support in hard times.

词族导图

spirit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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008

inspire

星标

[in'spaiə(r)] · vt. · Page 138-139

to encourage someone strongly or give someone a creative idea

鼓舞;激励;赋予灵感

联想

inspire 是把精神力量或灵感“放进”别人心里。最常考结构是 inspire sb. to do sth.;也可说 be inspired by... 表示创作或想法来自某物。

意思、用法与例句

vt.鼓舞;激励

使某人有勇气、信心或动力去行动。

常见表达inspire sb. to do sth.inspire confidenceinspire hope

The possibility of life on other planets inspired scientists to explore outer space.

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保留源例核心:inspire sb. to do sth.。

Her calm words inspired confidence in the whole class.

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inspire confidence 表示激发信心。

vt.赋予灵感;启发创作

用于艺术、写作、设计或想法产生的语境。

常见表达be inspired by...inspire a poeminspire an ideainspire a design

The quiet lake inspired him to write a short poem.

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inspire sb. to do 也可用于创作灵感。

The poster was inspired by a photo from her hometown.

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be inspired by... 表示灵感来源。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encourage
鼓励
The coach encouraged the runners before the race. encourage 更普通;inspire 更强调强烈激励或带来灵感。
discourage
使灰心
One failure should not discourage you from trying again. discourage 是让人失去动力,与 inspire 方向相反。
spirit
精神;勇气;情绪
Her fighting spirit helped her finish the long race. inspire 可借 spirit/spire 的精神线索记,但用法上是及物动词。

词族线索 / 同组词

inspiration
灵感;鼓舞人心的人或事
She took inspiration from old photos when designing the poster. inspire 是动词;inspiration 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inspire 可按 in- + spire 的记忆线索理解为“把精神或灵感注入心里”。真正要掌握的是 inspire sb. to do sth.、inspire confidence 和 be inspired by。

inspiration
灵感;鼓舞人心的人或事
The young athlete was an inspiration to children in his town.
inspiring
鼓舞人心的
It was an inspiring speech for the new students.
inspired
受到启发的
The poster was inspired by a photo from her hometown.

非派生记忆线索

spirit
精神;勇气
The players showed strong team spirit.
spiritual
精神的;心灵的
Music gave him spiritual support.

词族导图

spirit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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009

inspiration

[,inspə'reiʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 139

a person, thing, or idea that encourages action or creative thought

灵感;鼓舞人心的人或事物

联想

inspiration 是 inspire 的名词。可数时常指“给人鼓舞或灵感的人/事”;不可数时指“灵感”这种状态。常见搭配是 take inspiration from... 和 a source of inspiration。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]鼓舞人心的人或事;灵感来源

指让人受到鼓舞、想去行动或创作的人、经历或事物。

常见表达an inspiration to sb.a source of inspirationtake inspiration from...

The young athlete was an inspiration to children in his town.

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an inspiration to sb. 表示鼓舞某人的榜样或事物。

She took inspiration from old photos when designing the poster.

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take inspiration from... 表示从某处获得灵感。

n. [U]灵感;启发

指想法突然出现或创作思路被打开的状态。

常见表达creative inspirationlook for inspirationneed inspiration

Writers often look for inspiration in daily life.

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look for inspiration 表示寻找灵感。

The design team needed fresh inspiration for the school festival logo.

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fresh inspiration 表示新的灵感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encouragement
鼓励;鼓舞
His words gave me encouragement before the interview. encouragement 偏鼓励;inspiration 还可指创作灵感或榜样。
idea
想法
The team wrote down every new idea on the board. idea 是普通想法;inspiration 更强调启发来源或突然获得的灵感。

词族线索 / 同组词

inspire
鼓舞;激励;赋予灵感
Her calm words inspired confidence in the whole class. inspire 是动词;inspiration 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inspiration = inspire + -ation,是 inspire 的名词形式;注意 an inspiration to sb. 与 inspire sb. to do sth. 的结构不同。

inspire
鼓舞;激励;赋予灵感
Her calm words inspired confidence in the whole class.
inspiring
鼓舞人心的
The mountain rescue story was inspiring.
inspired
受到启发的
The design was inspired by an old bridge.

非派生记忆线索

source of inspiration
灵感来源
The river was a source of inspiration for the artist.
take inspiration from
从……获得灵感
She took inspiration from old photos.

词族导图

spirit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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010

desperate

星标

['despərət] · adj. · Page 139

hopeless, very serious, taking any risk, or needing something very badly

绝望的;拼命的;孤注一掷的;极渴望的

联想

desperate 描述“已经没什么选择”的状态:处境可以是绝望危急的,行为可以是拼命冒险的,人也可以极想得到某物。不要把 desperate 简化成 sad。

意思、用法与例句

adj.绝望的;危急的

形容处境严重、几乎没有选择,或人感到没有希望。

常见表达a desperate situationa desperate call for helpfeel desperate

The lost hikers made a desperate call for help before night fell.

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desperate call 表示危急中的求救。

It was a desperate situation because the river was rising quickly.

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a desperate situation 指情况危急。

adj.拼命的;孤注一掷的

形容为了摆脱困境而采取冒险或最后一搏的行动。

常见表达a desperate attempta desperate effortmake a desperate move

In a desperate attempt to save time, they ran all the way to the station.

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desperate attempt 表示拼命一试。

The team made a desperate effort to score in the final minute.

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desperate effort 表示最后阶段的全力一搏。

adj.极渴望的;极需要的

常用 be desperate for sth. 或 be desperate to do sth. 表示非常需要或非常想要。

常见表达be desperate for...be desperate to do sth.desperate need

After hours of walking, we were desperate for water.

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be desperate for... 表示极需要某物。

The small library is desperate to find more volunteers.

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be desperate to do sth. 表示迫切想做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hopeless
没有希望的
The situation looked hopeless after the bridge broke. hopeless 接近绝望义;desperate 还可表示拼命或极需要。
urgent
紧急的
The hospital made an urgent request for blood. urgent 强调紧急;desperate 更强调没选择或极度需要。
hopeful
有希望的
The new test results made the doctors hopeful. hopeful 与 desperate 的绝望义方向相反。
spirit
精神;勇气;情绪
A short call from home raised his spirits before the exam. 可用 de- + sper/spirit 作记忆线索,可帮助理解“精神失去希望”的感觉,但 desperate 不是日常英语里 spirit 的同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索给出 de- + sper(=spirit) + -ate 的记忆法,可帮助记住“失去希望、精神紧绷”的感觉。教学上重点仍是 desperate situation、desperate attempt、be desperate for/to do 三条用法。

desperately
绝望地;拼命地;极其
They waved desperately to get the boat's attention.
desperation
绝望;拼命
In desperation, he called every number on the list.

非派生记忆线索

spirit
精神;情绪
The bad news lowered everyone's spirits.
hopeful
有希望的
The new test results made the doctors hopeful.

词族导图

spirit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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011

computer

星标

[kəm'pju:tə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 139

an electronic machine that stores, processes, and shows information

计算机;电脑

联想

computer 来自 compute“计算”。现代用法重点不是“算计人”,而是能处理信息的电子设备,常见搭配是 use/work on a computer、computer program、computer network。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]计算机;电脑

指台式机、笔记本或更广义的信息处理设备,用来存储、计算、搜索、写作、联网等。

常见表达use a computerwork on a computercomputer programcomputer networkcomputer skills

The students used a computer to collect data for the science project.

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use a computer 表示使用电脑完成任务。

A strong password helps protect your computer from strangers.

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protect your computer 是网络安全语境中的自然搭配。

The school is teaching basic computer skills to all new students.

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computer skills 表示电脑技能。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

calculator
计算器
A calculator can solve simple math problems quickly. calculator 主要算数;computer 能处理文字、图片、网络和程序。
laptop
笔记本电脑
She opened her laptop and joined the online class. laptop 是 computer 的一种。
reputation
名声;名誉
The restaurant has a reputation for fresh food. 可用 put(e)“考虑、计算”做记忆线索;reputation 不是 computer 的同义词或常规派生词。

词族线索 / 同组词

compute
计算
The program can compute the total cost in seconds. compute 是动词,computer 是执行计算和信息处理的机器。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

computer 来自 compute“计算” + -er“做某事的人或物”。记忆线索把 computer 与 reputation 放在一起,是借 put(e)“考虑、计算”的记忆线索,不是现代英语里两词互为派生。

compute
计算
The program can compute the total cost in seconds.
computerize
使计算机化
The library computerized its records years ago.
computerized
计算机化的
The hospital uses a computerized system for appointments.

非派生记忆线索

reputation
名声;名誉
The school has a reputation for careful teaching.
computer program
电脑程序
The computer program checks each answer.

词族导图

computer / reputation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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012

reputation

星标

[,repju'teiʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 139

the opinion that people have about someone or something over time

名气;名声;名誉

联想

reputation 是别人长期形成的评价,可好可坏。高频结构是 have a reputation for...,也常说 build、earn、protect 或 damage a reputation。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]名声;名誉;公众评价

指一个人、学校、公司或地方在别人心中的长期评价,可数时可指某种具体名声。

常见表达have a reputation for...a good/bad reputationbuild a reputationearn a reputationdamage one's reputation

The restaurant has a reputation for fresh food and friendly service.

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have a reputation for... 是记忆线索重点搭配。

One dishonest act can damage a person's reputation.

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damage one's reputation 表示损害名誉。

The young doctor built a reputation for patience and careful work.

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build a reputation for... 表示逐渐建立某种名声。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fame
名气;声望
The singer gained fame after one popular song. fame 更强调出名;reputation 更强调别人长期形成的评价。
public image
公众形象
The company improved its public image by helping local schools. public image 偏外界形象;reputation 更可好可坏,积累时间更长。
honor
荣誉;名誉
She felt it was an honor to speak for her class. honor 偏尊敬和荣誉感;reputation 偏公众评价。
computer
计算机;电脑
The students used a computer to collect data. 可用 put(e) 记忆线索连接两词;reputation 不是 computer 的派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

reputation = re- + put(考虑、评价的记忆线索) + -ation,可理解为“别人反复考虑后形成的评价”。它与 computer 只共享记忆线索的 put(e) 记忆线索,不是真正同义或现代直接派生关系。

reputable
声誉好的;可靠的
The family chose a reputable hospital for the operation.
reputed
被普遍认为的;据称的
The town is the reputed birthplace of the writer.

非派生记忆线索

have a reputation for
以……著称
The restaurant has a reputation for fresh food.
damage one's reputation
损害某人的名誉
One dishonest act can damage a person's reputation.

词族导图

computer / reputation 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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013

way

星标

[wei] · n. [C] · Page 139-140

a method, road, direction, or aspect of something

方法;方式;途径;道路;方面

联想

way 的核心是“路”。它既可以是真实道路,也可以是做事的路径、方法、方面,还形成很多固定短语。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]方法;方式;途径

表示解决问题或完成事情的方法。

常见表达a way to do sth.a way of doing sth.ways and means

Reading aloud is a useful way to improve pronunciation.

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a way to do sth. 表示做某事的方法。

We need a better way of saving water at school.

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a way of doing sth. 表示做某事的方式。

n. [C]路;方向;途中

表示真实道路、行进方向或去某地的途中。

常见表达lose one's waymake one's way to...on one's way to...by way of...

We lost our way in the old part of the city.

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lose one's way 表示迷路。

She made her way to the front of the hall quietly.

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make one's way to... 表示前往或挤到某处。

n. [C]方面;固定短语

用于从某个方面评价,也出现在顺便提及、让路、正在进行等短语里。

常见表达in a wayin some waysby the waymake way for...under wayno way

In some ways, online learning is more flexible.

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in some ways 表示在某些方面。

The new bridge project is already under way.

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under way 表示正在进行中。

By the way, did you bring your notebook?

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by the way 用于顺便提起新话题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

method
方法
Practice is a useful method for learning new words. method 接近 way 的方法义,但 way 更口语、更宽。
route
路线
This route takes us past the museum. route 侧重具体路线;way 还可表示方法和方面。
via
经由;通过
Please send the file via email. via 可理解为 by way of,是介词,不是名词。

词族线索 / 同组词

anyway
尽管如此;反正;总之
It was raining, but we went to the library anyway. anyway 是 any + way 形成的副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

way 是本组的核心词。anyway/freeway/highway/railway/subway 是含 way 的复合词;convey/vehicle/voyage/obvious/previous/via 是记忆线索按 vey/voy/vi/via“way”整理的记忆线索,不要全部当成 way 的现代派生词。

anyway
尽管如此;反正;总之
It was raining, but we went anyway.
freeway
高速公路
Traffic moved slowly on the freeway.
highway
公路
The bus station lies beside the highway.
railway
铁路
The new railway will shorten the journey.
subway
地铁;地下通道
Millions take the subway each morning.

非派生记忆线索

convey
运输;传达
Her smile conveyed thanks.
vehicle
交通工具;手段
Music became a vehicle for ideas.
via
经由;通过
We flew to London via Dubai.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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014

anyway

['eniwei] · adv. · Page 140

despite that, in any case, or used to return to the main point

尽管如此;反正;而且;总之

联想

anyway 是 any + way 的副词。它可以表示“尽管如此仍然做”,也可以表示“反正、无论如何”,还可把话题拉回主线。

意思、用法与例句

adv.尽管如此;反正;总之

用于让步、补充或回到主话题。

常见表达do it anywayanyway, ...but anywayin any case

It was raining, but we went to the library anyway.

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anyway 表示尽管如此仍然做。

Anyway, let us return to the question about energy.

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Anyway 可用于把话题拉回主线。

The ticket is expensive, but I want to see the match anyway.

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do sth. anyway 表示反正还是要做。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nevertheless
尽管如此
The task was hard; nevertheless, she finished it. nevertheless 更正式;anyway 更口语。
therefore
因此
It was late; therefore, we went home. therefore 表示因果结果,不是 anyway 的让步或转话题。

词族线索 / 同组词

way
方法;道路;方面
We need a better way to solve the problem. anyway 由 any + way 构成,但作副词使用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

anyway = any + way,字面可理解为“无论哪种方式”,现代用作副词。

way
方法;道路;方面
We need a better way to solve the problem.

非派生记忆线索

in any case
无论如何
In any case, we should tell the truth.
nevertheless
尽管如此
Nevertheless, she finished it.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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015

freeway

['fri:wei] · n. [C] · Page 140

a wide road for fast traffic, especially in the United States

高速公路

联想

freeway 是 free + way,指车辆高速通行、没有普通路口干扰的公路,美式英语常用。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]高速公路

美式英语中常指高速公路。

常见表达drive on the freewaya busy freewayfreeway traffic

Traffic moved slowly on the freeway after the storm.

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freeway traffic 表示高速路车流。

The hotel is near the freeway, so visitors can find it easily.

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near the freeway 表示靠近高速公路。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

highway
公路;干线道路
New signs made the mountain highway safer. highway 范围更宽;freeway 更偏美式高速公路。
motorway
高速公路
The motorway was closed after heavy snow. motorway 多见于英式英语。

词族线索 / 同组词

way
道路;方法
The old way through the hills was slower. freeway 是含 way 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

freeway = free + way,是含 way 的复合词。

way
道路;方法
The old way through the hills was slower.
highway
公路
The bus station lies beside the highway.

非派生记忆线索

motorway
高速公路
The motorway was closed after heavy snow.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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016

highway

['haiwei] · n. [C] · Page 140

a main public road, usually between towns or cities

公路;干线道路

联想

highway 是 high + way,指连接城镇或地区的主要公路,范围比 freeway 更宽。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]公路;干线道路

指城镇之间或地区之间的主要道路。

常见表达a national highwaymain highwayalong the highway

The bus station lies beside the main highway.

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main highway 表示主干公路。

New signs made the mountain highway safer at night.

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mountain highway 表示山区公路。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

freeway
高速公路
Traffic moved slowly on the freeway. freeway 更偏美式高速公路;highway 可指普通干线公路。
road
道路
The road was wet after the rain. road 最普通;highway 通常更大、更主要。

词族线索 / 同组词

way
道路;方法
We found another way into the town. highway 是含 way 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

highway = high + way,是含 way 的复合词,核心是主要公路。

way
道路;方法
We found another way into the town.
freeway
高速公路
Traffic moved slowly on the freeway.

非派生记忆线索

main road
主路
The shop is on the main road.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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017

railway

['reilwei] · n. [C] · Page 140

a track system on which trains run

铁路;铁道

联想

railway 是 rail + way,英式英语中常指铁路或铁道,美式英语常说 railroad。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]铁路;铁道

指火车运行的轨道系统,也可指铁路行业或线路。

常见表达railway stationrailway lineby railway

The new railway will shorten the journey between the two cities.

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railway 指铁路线路。

My grandfather worked at a small railway station.

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railway station 表示火车站。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

railroad
铁路
The railroad connected the town with the port. railroad 多见于美式英语;railway 多见于英式英语。
subway
地铁;地下通道
Millions of people take the subway each morning. subway 是地下铁路或地下通道。

词族线索 / 同组词

way
道路;方法
The railway created a new way across the mountains. railway 是含 way 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

railway = rail + way,是含 way 的复合词;美式英语常说 railroad。

way
道路;方法
The railway created a new way across the mountains.
railroad
铁路
The railroad connected the town with the port.

非派生记忆线索

railway station
火车站
My grandfather worked at a railway station.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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018

subway

['sʌbwei] · n. [C] · Page 140

an underground railway or an underground passage for pedestrians

地铁;地下人行道;地下通道

联想

subway = sub + way,sub- 有“下面”线索。它可指地铁,也可指地下人行通道,靠 take the subway / use the subway to cross 判断。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地铁;地下通道

可指地下铁路,也可指供行人过街的地下通道。

常见表达take the subwaysubway stationpedestrian subway

Millions of people take the subway to work each morning.

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take the subway 表示乘地铁。

The children used the subway to cross the busy road safely.

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这里 subway 指地下人行通道。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metro
地铁
The metro was crowded during rush hour. metro 常指地铁系统;subway 还可指地下通道。
underpass
地下通道
The underpass helped people cross the road safely. underpass 更明确是地下通道。

词族线索 / 同组词

way
道路;方法
Subway keeps the way underground. subway 是含 way 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

subway = sub- below + way,表示地下的路。

way
道路;方法
Subway keeps the way underground.
underpass
地下通道
The underpass helped people cross the road safely.

非派生记忆线索

metro
地铁
The metro was crowded during rush hour.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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019

convey

星标

[kən'vei] · vt. · Page 140

to carry, send, or express something to someone

运输;传送;传达;表达

联想

convey 有两条常考线:把物品或人从一处送到另一处;把信息、感情或想法传达给别人。

意思、用法与例句

vt.运输;传送;运送

把人、物或信息从一处送到另一处。

常见表达convey goods/passengersconvey sth. to...

The truck conveyed fresh vegetables to the mountain village.

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convey sth. to... 表示把某物运送到某处。

The belt conveys boxes from one end of the factory to the other.

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convey 可用于传送带等设备。

vt.传达;表达

把信息、感情、思想等表达出来。

常见表达convey a messageconvey feelingsconvey meaning

Her smile conveyed thanks more clearly than words.

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convey thanks/feelings 表示表达情感。

The short notice failed to convey the importance of the meeting.

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convey importance 表示传达重要性。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

transport
运输
The train transports coal to the city. transport 偏运输;convey 还可传达信息和情感。
express
表达
The letter expressed his thanks. express 偏表达;convey 可兼有传送和表达。
way
道路;方式
The goods were conveyed along the old way. 可用 vey=way 记忆 convey,但 convey 不是 way 的普通复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 con- + vey(=way) 记忆 convey,帮助理解“沿某条路送过去”。现代学习重点是 convey goods 和 convey a message。

conveyor
传送带;输送机
A conveyor moved the boxes across the room.
conveyance
运输;传达
The document allowed the conveyance of goods.

非派生记忆线索

way
道路;方式
The goods moved along the old way.
vehicle
交通工具
A vehicle can convey people or goods.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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020

vehicle

星标

['vi:əkl] · n. [C] · Page 140

a means of transport or a means of achieving or expressing something

交通工具;车辆;工具;手段

联想

vehicle 最常见是车辆、交通工具;抽象用法是“承载某种目的或想法的工具/手段”,常用 a vehicle for...。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]交通工具;车辆

指汽车、公交、卡车等载人或载物工具。

常见表达motor vehicleelectric vehiclea vehicle for transport

Electric vehicles are becoming more common in many cities.

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electric vehicle 表示电动车辆。

The bridge is closed to heavy vehicles at night.

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heavy vehicles 指重型车辆。

n. [C]工具;手段

比喻用于表达思想或实现目的的载体。

常见表达a vehicle for...music as a vehicle for ideas

The school newspaper became a vehicle for students' opinions.

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a vehicle for... 表示表达或实现某事的工具。

Drama can be a vehicle for teaching history.

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vehicle 可抽象表示教学或表达手段。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

car
汽车
The car stopped outside the school gate. car 是 vehicle 的一种。
means
手段;方式
Email is a useful means of communication. means 接近 vehicle 的抽象义。
convey
运输;传达
The truck conveyed fresh vegetables to the village. vehicle 是载体;convey 是运送或传达动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 veh(=way)+-icle 记忆 vehicle,可理解为“沿路移动的工具”。现代用法分交通工具和抽象手段。

vehicular
车辆的
The road was closed to vehicular traffic.
vehicle
交通工具;手段
Music became a vehicle for ideas.

非派生记忆线索

convey
运输;传达
The truck conveyed vegetables.
way
道路;方式
A vehicle moves along a way.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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021

voyage

星标

['vɔiidʒ] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 140

a long journey by sea or through space; to travel in that way

航行;航海;航天;航行

联想

voyage 多指较长的航海或太空航行,比普通 trip 更正式、更有距离感;也可作不及物动词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]航行;航海;航天

指长距离海上或太空旅行。

常见表达a sea voyagea long voyagea voyage into space

The novel begins with a dangerous voyage across the ocean.

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voyage across the ocean 表示跨海航行。

The story imagines a voyage into deep space.

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voyage into space 表示太空航行。

vi.航行

作动词时表示航行,常用于较正式或文学语境。

常见表达voyage across/to...voyage for months

Early explorers voyaged for months before reaching new land.

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voyage 作不及物动词。

The ship voyaged south after leaving the port.

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voyage 作动词比 travel 更正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

journey
旅行;旅程
The journey took three days by train. journey 范围更宽;voyage 偏海上或太空长途。
trip
短途旅行;出行
We took a short trip to the lake. trip 常较短较日常;voyage 更长更正式。
way
路;方式
The ship found its way through the fog. 可用 vey -> voy=way 记忆 voyage。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 vey -> voy(=way) 记忆 voyage,强调“沿路远行”。现代重点是 sea voyage / voyage into space。

voyager
航行者;旅行者
The old voyager wrote about the sea.
voyage
航行;航海
The voyage lasted six weeks.

非派生记忆线索

way
路;方式
The ship found its way through the fog.
via
经由
The route went via the island.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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022

obvious

星标

['ɒbviəs] · adj. · Page 140

easy to see or understand

显然的;明显的

联想

obvious 表示不用解释就容易看出或理解。常见结构是 it is obvious that...,副词 obviously 表示“显然地”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.显然的;明显的

形容事实、原因、差异等容易看出。

常见表达it is obvious that...an obvious reasonobvious difference

It was obvious that the streets were busier than usual.

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保留源例方向:obvious 表示明显可见。

The obvious answer was not always the correct one.

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obvious answer 表示显而易见的答案。

There is an obvious difference between the two pictures.

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obvious difference 表示明显差别。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clear
清楚的;明显的
The instructions were clear. clear 可指清楚易懂;obvious 更强调显而易见。
hidden
隐藏的
The hidden door was hard to find. hidden 与 obvious 的“明显”方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

obviously
明显地;显然
Obviously, we need more practice. obviously 是 obvious 的副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

可用 ob- + vi(=way) + -ous 记忆 obvious,可理解为“挡在路上,一眼就看见”。现代重点是 obvious / obviously 词性转换。

obviously
明显地;显然
Obviously, we need more practice.

非派生记忆线索

via
经由;通过
We reached the town via a mountain road.
previous
先前的
The previous plan used a longer route.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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023

obviously

['ɒbviəsli] · adv. · Page 140

in a way that is easy to see or understand

明显地;显然

联想

obviously 是 obvious 的副词,用来评价整句话或修饰形容词、动词,表示说话人认为某事显而易见。

意思、用法与例句

adv.明显地;显然

放在句首评价整句,或放在形容词/动词前表示明显程度。

常见表达Obviously, ...be obviously differentobviously wrong

Obviously, we need more practice before the final match.

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Obviously 放句首表示显然。

The two plans are obviously different in cost.

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obviously different 表示明显不同。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clearly
清楚地;明显地
The sign was clearly visible. clearly 可表示清楚地或明显地;obviously 更带说话人的判断。
secretly
秘密地
They met secretly after school. secretly 是秘密地,不是明显地。

词族线索 / 同组词

obvious
明显的;显然的
There is an obvious difference between the two pictures. obvious 是形容词;obviously 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

obviously = obvious + -ly,是 obvious 的副词形式。

obvious
明显的;显然的
There is an obvious difference.

非派生记忆线索

it is obvious that
显然……
It is obvious that we need more time.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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024

previous

星标

['pri:viəs] · adj. · Page 140-141

happening or existing before the present one

先前的;以往的

联想

previous 表示“现在这个之前的”,常修饰 day、year、owner、experience 等;previous to... 是较正式的“在……之前”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.先前的;以往的

表示时间、顺序或经历在现在这个之前。

常见表达the previous day/yearprevious experienceprevious to...

The previous owner kept the house in good condition.

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previous owner 表示前任主人。

Previous experience helped her answer the interview questions.

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previous experience 表示以往经验。

Previous to this, she had always been healthy.

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previous to... 是记忆线索搭配,较正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

former
以前的;前任的
The former coach visited the team. former 常指身份已经过去;previous 强调顺序上在前。
next
下一个的
The next chapter is shorter. next 与 previous 在顺序上相反。
via
经由;通过
We flew to London via Dubai. 可用 vi=way 线索记 previous,但 previous 与 via 不是同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

previous = pre- before + vi(=way) + -ous,可按“在前面的路上”记忆。现代重点是 previous + 名词 和 previous to...。

previously
以前;先前
The rule had previously been explained.
previous
先前的;以往的
Previous experience helped her.

非派生记忆线索

prior to
在……之前
Prior to the meeting, she read the report.
via
经由;通过
Via belongs to the same way-memory line.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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025

via

['vaiə] · prep. · Page 141

by way of a place, person, system, or method

经由;经过;通过

联想

via 是介词,意思接近 by way of,可接地点、交通中转点、通信方式或渠道。

意思、用法与例句

prep.经由;通过

表示经过某地、借助某种方式或通过某个渠道。

常见表达via Beijingvia emailtravel via...send via...

We flew to London via Dubai.

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via + 地点 表示经由某地。

Please send the document via email before Friday.

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via email 表示通过电子邮件。

The news spread quickly via social media.

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via + 渠道 表示通过某种渠道。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

through
通过;穿过
We walked through the gate. through 范围更宽;via 常指经由路线、渠道或方式。
directly
直接地
The train goes directly to Shanghai. directly 表示不经中转;via 常暗示经由某处或某渠道。
way
路;方式
Via means by way of. 记忆线索直接提示 via = by way of。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

via 可直接按 by way of 记忆,是介词,不作名词。

非派生记忆线索

by way of
经由;通过
We reached the village by way of a small road.
via email
通过电子邮件
Please send the document via email.

词族导图

way 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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026

far

星标

[fɑ:(r)] · adv. / adj. · Page 141

at, to, or by a great distance or degree

远地;远的;在很大程度上

联想

far 既讲空间距离,也讲程度差距;高频短语包括 far away、far from、how far、so far。

意思、用法与例句

adv. / adj.远;遥远的

表示距离远,可作副词或形容词。

常见表达far awayhow farfar from...a far country

How far is your home from the school?

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how far 询问距离。

The lights of a far village shone across the lake.

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far 作形容词表示遥远的。

adv.很大程度上;到目前为止

修饰比较级表示程度大,也出现在 so far 和 far from 中。

常见表达far betterfar moreso farfar from...

This method is far better than the old one.

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far + 比较级表示程度大得多。

So far, no one has solved the puzzle.

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so far 表示到目前为止。

The result is far from perfect, but it is improving.

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far from 表示远非、完全不。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

near
近的;近地
The station is near our school. near/close 与 far 的距离义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

faraway
遥远的;恍惚的
She dreams of visiting faraway islands. faraway 是形容词,不能直接替代 far 作副词。
further
进一步;更多的;促进
Please contact us if you need further information. further 常用于抽象程度、附加信息或促进。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

far 是本组核心词;farther/farthest 偏实际距离,further/furthest 可用于距离,也更常用于抽象程度。

faraway
遥远的;恍惚的
He lives in a faraway mountain village.
farther
更远的;更远地
We walked farther than expected.
farthest
最远的;最远地
Li Hua ran the farthest.
further
进一步;更多的;促进
The teacher asked for further study.
furthermore
此外;而且
Furthermore, the plan saves time.
furthest
最远的;最大程度的
This solution goes furthest toward solving the problem.

非派生记忆线索

far from
远非;完全不
The result is far from perfect.
so far
到目前为止
So far, no one has solved it.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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027

faraway

['fɑ:rəwei] · adj. · Page 141

distant in place or time, or looking lost in thought

遥远的;久远的;心不在焉的

联想

faraway 是形容词,常放在名词前;除“遥远的”外,还可形容眼神心不在焉。

意思、用法与例句

adj.遥远的;久远的

表示地点或时间很远。

常见表达a faraway villagefaraway placesfaraway memories

He lives in a faraway mountain village, far from the railways.

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保留源例核心,faraway 修饰 village。

The song reminded him of a faraway summer.

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faraway 可表示久远的。

adj.心不在焉的;恍惚的

常修饰 look,表示眼神出神。

常见表达a faraway look

He had a faraway look while listening to the old story.

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a faraway look 表示恍惚出神的神情。

Her faraway eyes showed that her mind was not in the room.

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faraway 可描述心思不在现场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

distant
遥远的;疏远的
A distant village stood beyond the hills. distant 更正式;faraway 更有画面感。
attentive
专心的
The attentive student wrote down every detail. attentive 与 faraway 的心不在焉义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

far
远;远的;程度大
How far is your home from the school? faraway 是形容词,far 可作副词或形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

faraway = far + away,作形容词,常放在名词前。

far
远;程度大
How far is your home from the school?
away
离开;在远处
The village is far away.

非派生记忆线索

far away
很远
The village is far away from the city.
a faraway look
恍惚的神情
He had a faraway look.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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028

farther

['fɑ:ðə(r)] · adv. / adj. · Page 141

at or to a greater physical distance; sometimes further in degree

更远地;更远的;进一步地

联想

farther 多用于实际距离的“更远”,与 further 相比更偏空间距离。

意思、用法与例句

adv. / adj.更远的;更远地

比较级,主要用于实际空间距离。

常见表达farther awayfarther from...walk farther

The second campsite was farther from the river.

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farther from... 表示距离更远。

We walked farther than we expected before lunch.

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walk farther 表示走得更远。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

further
进一步;更多的;更远
Please contact us if you need further information. farther 更偏实际距离;further 更常用于抽象程度或附加信息。
nearer
更近的;更近地
The bus stop is nearer than the train station. nearer 与 farther 在距离上相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

far
远;远的
How far is your home from the school? farther 是 far 的比较级形式之一。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

farther 是 far 的比较级,尤其用于实际距离。

far
远;远的
How far is your home from the school?
farthest
最远的;最远地
Li Hua ran the farthest.

非派生记忆线索

further
进一步;更多的
Further information will be sent later.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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029

farthest

['fɑ:ðist] · adv. / adj. · Page 141

at, to, or by the greatest physical distance

最远地;最远的;最久地

联想

farthest 是 far 的最高级,主要讲空间或时间距离最远。

意思、用法与例句

adv. / adj.最远的;最远地

最高级,强调实际距离最大。

常见表达the farthest pointtravel farthestrun the farthest

The farthest star in the picture is almost invisible.

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the farthest star 表示最远的星。

Among the runners, Li Hua ran the farthest.

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ran the farthest 表示跑得最远。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

furthest
最远的;最大程度的
The rescue team reached the furthest village. furthest 可用于距离,也更容易用于抽象程度。
nearest
最近的
The nearest shop is only five minutes away. nearest 与 farthest 在距离上相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

farther
更远的;更远地
We walked farther than expected. farther 是比较级,farthest 是最高级。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

farthest 是 far 的最高级形式之一,偏实际距离。

far
远;远的
How far is your home?
farther
更远的;更远地
We walked farther than expected.

非派生记忆线索

furthest
最远的;最大程度的
This solution goes furthest toward solving the problem.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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030

further

['fɜ:ðə(r)] · adv. / adj. / vt. · Page 141

more, additional, or to a greater degree; also to help something develop

进一步;而且;更远;更多的;附加的;促进

联想

further 比 farther 更常用于抽象“进一步、更多、附加”,也可作正式副词表示“此外”,还可作动词表示促进。

意思、用法与例句

adj.更多的;进一步的;附加的

放在名词前,表示更多、额外或进一步的。

常见表达further informationfurther studyfurther help

Please contact us if you need further information.

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further information 表示更多信息。

The school will offer further help to students who need it.

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further help 表示进一步帮助。

adv.进一步;此外;更远

修饰动作或整句,表示继续推进、添加一点,或距离更远。

常见表达take sth. furthergo furtherFurther, ...

The teacher encouraged him to take the idea further.

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take sth. further 表示进一步发展某事。

Further, the report suggests a second solution.

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Further 放句首可正式表示“此外”。

The road goes further into the hills.

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further 也可表示距离更远。

vt.促进;增进

作动词时表示帮助事业、教育或计划发展。

常见表达further one's educationfurther a careerfurther a plan

The program helps rural students further their education.

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further one's education 表示促进教育发展。

The new policy may further cooperation between the two schools.

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further cooperation 表示促进合作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

farther
更远的;更远地
We walked farther than expected. farther 更偏实际距离;further 更常表示抽象进一步、更多或促进。
additional
额外的;附加的
Additional help is available after class. additional 接近 further 的附加义。
hold back
阻碍
Fear can hold back progress. hold back 与 further 的促进义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

furthermore
此外;而且
Furthermore, the plan saves time. furthermore 是固定连接副词;further 还可作形容词和动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

further 是 far 的比较级形式之一,但现代用法更常走抽象线:进一步、更多、此外、促进。

furthermore
此外;而且
Furthermore, the plan saves time.
furthest
最远的;最大程度的
This solution goes furthest.
further
促进;增进
The program helps students further their education.

非派生记忆线索

farther
更远的;更远地
We walked farther than expected.
further information
更多信息
Please contact us for further information.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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031

furthermore

[,fɜ:ðə'mɔ:(r)] · adv. · Page 141

in addition; used to add another point

此外;而且;不仅如此

联想

furthermore 是连接副词,用来添加一个新的理由或信息,语气比 and 更正式,不表示距离。

意思、用法与例句

adv.此外;而且

用于追加信息或理由,常放句首并用逗号。

常见表达Furthermore, ...and furthermoremoreover

The plan saves money; furthermore, it reduces waste.

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furthermore 添加第二个优点。

The house is too small, and furthermore, it is too far from the office.

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保留源例方向:furthermore 表示而且。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

moreover
此外;而且
Moreover, the project created new jobs. moreover 与 furthermore 接近,都较正式。
however
然而
The plan is cheap; however, it is risky. however 是转折连接词;furthermore 是递进添加。

词族线索 / 同组词

further
进一步;更多的
Please contact us if you need further information. furthermore 来自 further + more,但已固定为连接副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

furthermore = further + more,现代用作连接副词,表示添加信息。

further
进一步;更多的
Please contact us if you need further information.

非派生记忆线索

moreover
此外;而且
Moreover, the project created new jobs.
however
然而
The plan is cheap; however, it is risky.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
032

furthest

['fɜ:ðist] · adv. / adj. · Page 141

at or to the greatest distance or degree

最远地;最远的;最大程度地

联想

furthest 可表示距离最远,也常表示抽象程度上推进得最多。与 farthest 相比,furthest 更容易用于程度义。

意思、用法与例句

adv. / adj.最远的;最大程度的

表示距离或程度达到最大。

常见表达the furthest cornergo furthest toward...furthest from...

The rescue team reached the furthest village before dark.

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furthest village 表示距离最远的村子。

This solution goes furthest toward solving the problem.

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go furthest toward... 表示在解决问题上推进最多。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

farthest
最远的;最远地
Li Hua ran the farthest. farthest 更偏实际距离;furthest 也常用于抽象程度。
least
最少;最低程度
This plan does the least to solve the problem. least 与 furthest 的程度义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

further
进一步;更多的;促进
The teacher asked for further study. further 是比较级/动词,furthest 是最高级。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

furthest 是 further 的最高级形式,可用于距离或抽象程度。

further
进一步;更多的;促进
Further information will be sent later.
farthest
最远的;最远地
Li Hua ran the farthest.

非派生记忆线索

go furthest toward
最能推动……
This solution goes furthest toward solving the problem.

词族导图

far 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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033

marry

星标

['mæri] · v. / vt. · Page 142

to become someone's husband or wife, or to join two people in marriage

结婚;娶;嫁;把某人嫁给

联想

marry 的核心是建立婚姻关系。直接说 marry sb.,不说 marry with sb.;强调状态常用 get/be married to sb.。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.结婚;娶;嫁

表示和某人结婚,marry 后可直接接人;也可用 get married to sb. 表示动作。

常见表达marry sb.get married to sb.be married to sb.

She married a doctor from her hometown.

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marry sb. 后直接接人,不加 with。

They got married after they finished university.

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get married 强调结婚这个动作。

He has been married to a teacher for ten years.

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be married to sb. 强调婚姻状态。

不要说 marry with sb.。

vt.把某人嫁给;为某人主持婚礼

marry sb. to... 可表示把某人嫁给某人;正式语境中 marry two people 也可指为两人证婚。

常见表达marry sb. to...marry two people

In the old story, the king wanted to marry his daughter to a prince.

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marry sb. to... 是记忆线索搭配。

The old judge married the couple in a small hall.

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marry two people 可表示为两人证婚。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wed
结婚;娶;嫁
The couple wed in a small church. wed 更正式,多见于新闻或文学;marry 更常用。
divorce
离婚
They decided to divorce after years of problems. divorce 与 marry 的建立婚姻关系方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

marriage
婚姻;婚姻生活;婚礼
Trust is important in a happy marriage. marriage 是名词,marry 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

marry 是动词;marriage 是名词。wedding/wed 是同主题婚礼线,bride/bridegroom 是婚礼当天的人。

marriage
婚姻;婚姻生活;婚礼
Trust is important in a happy marriage.
married
已婚的
She is married to a doctor.

非派生记忆线索

wedding
婚礼
We attended my cousin's wedding.
bride
新娘
The bride thanked every guest.
bridegroom
新郎
The bridegroom looked nervous.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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034

wed

[wed] · v. · Page 142

to marry, especially in formal, literary, or news language

结婚;娶;嫁

联想

wed 与 marry 意思接近,但更正式,常见于文学或新闻报道。过去式/过去分词可用 wedded 或 wed。

意思、用法与例句

v.结婚;娶;嫁

正式或新闻语体中表示结婚。

常见表达wed sb.be wed to sb.the couple wed

The couple wed in a small church near the sea.

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wed 可作不及物动词。

The newspaper reported that the actor would wed next month.

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wed 常见于新闻语体。

In the poem, the prince was wed to a brave young woman.

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be wed to sb. 较正式或文学。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

marry
结婚;娶;嫁
She married a doctor from her hometown. marry 更常用;wed 更正式。
divorce
离婚
The couple divorced two years later. divorce 与 wed 的建立婚姻关系相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

wedding
婚礼;结婚庆典
The wedding ceremony was simple but warm. wedding 是名词,来自 wed + -ing。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

wed 的过去式和过去分词可用 wedded 或 wed;wedding 是 wed + -ing。

wedding
婚礼;结婚庆典
The wedding ceremony was simple but warm.
newlyweds
新婚夫妇
The newlyweds thanked their friends.

非派生记忆线索

marry
结婚;娶;嫁
She married a doctor.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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035

marriage

['mæridʒ] · n. [C/U] · Page 142

the relationship or life of being husband and wife, or the act of getting married

结婚;婚姻;婚礼;婚姻生活

联想

marriage 比 wedding 更宽:marriage 是婚姻关系或婚姻生活,也可指结婚这件事;wedding 更具体是婚礼庆典。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]婚姻;婚姻生活;结婚

可数时可指一段婚姻或一场婚礼;不可数时指婚姻制度或婚姻生活。

常见表达a happy marriagemarried lifeenter into marriagemarriage between...

Trust is important in a happy marriage.

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a happy marriage 表示一段幸福婚姻。

Their marriage took place in a quiet village church.

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marriage 可指结婚仪式。

The article discusses changes in marriage and family life.

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marriage 可作不可数名词表示婚姻制度或婚姻生活。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wedding
婚礼;结婚庆典
We attended my cousin's wedding last weekend. wedding 是婚礼庆典;marriage 是婚姻关系或婚姻生活。
divorce
离婚
Divorce can be difficult for a family. divorce 是婚姻结束,与 marriage 的关系相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

marry
结婚;娶;嫁
They got married after university. marry 是动词;marriage 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

marriage 是 marry 的名词形式,注意 wedding 只是婚礼,不等于长期 marriage。

marry
结婚;娶;嫁
They got married after university.
married
已婚的
She is married to a teacher.

非派生记忆线索

wedding
婚礼
We attended my cousin's wedding.
divorce
离婚
Divorce ended the marriage.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
036

wedding

星标

['wediŋ] · n. [C] · Page 142

a ceremony or celebration in which two people get married

婚礼;结婚庆典

联想

wedding 是具体的婚礼或庆典,常和 ceremony、dress、party、attend 搭配;不要把它和长期的 marriage 混同。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]婚礼;结婚庆典

指两人结婚时的仪式或庆祝活动。

常见表达a wedding ceremonyattend a weddingwedding dresswedding party

We attended my cousin's wedding last weekend.

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attend a wedding 表示参加婚礼。

The wedding ceremony was simple but warm.

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wedding ceremony 表示婚礼仪式。

The bride wore a white wedding dress.

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wedding dress 表示婚纱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

marriage
婚姻;婚姻生活
Trust is important in a happy marriage. wedding 是婚礼当天的仪式;marriage 是婚姻关系。
funeral
葬礼
The village held a quiet funeral. funeral 是葬礼,与 wedding 的人生场合相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

wed
结婚;娶;嫁
The couple wed in a small church. wedding 来自 wed + -ing。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

wedding = wed + -ing,是婚礼这件事或庆典。

wed
结婚;娶;嫁
The couple wed in a small church.
newlyweds
新婚夫妇
The newlyweds thanked their friends.

非派生记忆线索

marriage
婚姻;婚姻生活
Trust is important in a happy marriage.
bride
新娘
The bride wore a white dress.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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037

bride

[braid] · n. [C] · Page 142

a woman on her wedding day or just before and after it

新娘

联想

bride 指婚礼当天或前后不久的新娘;对应的新郎是 bridegroom 或更常见的 groom。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]新娘

指婚礼当天或前后不久的女性。

常见表达the bride and groomthe bride's dressbride-to-be

The bride thanked every guest after the ceremony.

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bride 指新娘。

A little girl carried flowers for the bride.

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for the bride 表示为新娘。

The bride-to-be chose a simple dress.

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bride-to-be 表示准新娘。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bridegroom
新郎
The bridegroom looked nervous before the music began. bride 是新娘;bridegroom/groom 是新郎。
wife
妻子
His wife works at a local school. wife 是婚后身份;bride 强调婚礼前后。
wedding
婚礼
The wedding ceremony was simple but warm. bride 出现在 wedding 语境中。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bride 与 bridegroom 是婚礼当天的新娘/新郎配对;wife/husband 是婚后长期身份。

bridegroom
新郎
The bridegroom looked nervous.
bride-to-be
准新娘
The bride-to-be chose a simple dress.

非派生记忆线索

wedding
婚礼
The wedding ceremony was simple.
groom
新郎
The groom smiled at the guests.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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038

bridegroom

['braidgru:m] · n. [C] · Page 142

a man on his wedding day; the groom

新郎

联想

bridegroom 指新郎,日常英语更常说 groom;对应的新娘是 bride。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]新郎

指婚礼当天或前后不久的男性;groom 更常见。

常见表达the bridegroombride and bridegroomthe groom

The bridegroom looked nervous before the music began.

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bridegroom 指新郎。

Everyone smiled when the bride and bridegroom entered the hall.

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bride and bridegroom 成对出现。

The groom thanked the guests after the meal.

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groom 是更常见的简短说法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bride
新娘
The bride thanked every guest after the ceremony. bride 是新娘;bridegroom/groom 是新郎。
groom
新郎
The groom thanked the guests. groom 比 bridegroom 更常用。
husband
丈夫
Her husband is a teacher. husband 是婚后长期身份;bridegroom 强调婚礼前后。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bridegroom = bride + groom,但现代用法中 groom 更常见;bride 是对应的新娘。

bride
新娘
The bride thanked every guest.
groom
新郎
The groom thanked the guests.

非派生记忆线索

wedding
婚礼
The wedding ceremony was simple.
husband
丈夫
Her husband is a teacher.

词族导图

marry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
039

arrange

星标

[ə'reindʒ] · v. / vt. · Page 142

to plan, prepare, or put things in a particular order

安排;筹备;整理;排列;布置

联想

arrange 有两条线:安排活动或人做事;把物品按顺序整理布置。注意 arrange for sb. to do sth.。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.安排;筹备

计划或准备活动,也可安排某人做事。

常见表达arrange a meetingarrange for sb. to do sth.arrange to do sth.

The school arranged a visit to the science museum.

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arrange a visit 表示安排参观。

We arranged for a guide to meet us at the station.

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arrange for sb. to do sth. 是记忆线索重点搭配。

vt.整理;排列;布置

把物品按顺序、类别或美观方式放好。

常见表达arrange books/flowersarrange sth. in orderarrange sth. by...

She arranged the books by subject on the shelf.

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arrange by subject 表示按主题排列。

The children arranged the chairs in a circle.

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arrange chairs 表示布置椅子。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

organize
组织;安排
The teacher organized a class trip. organize 更强调组织管理;arrange 可强调具体安排或排列。
range
范围;一系列;变化
The club's members range from students to teachers. range/rank 与 arrange 有排列语义线,但不是 arrange 的普通派生词。

词族线索 / 同组词

arrangement
安排;筹备;排列;布置
We have made arrangements for the school concert. arrangement 是 arrange 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

arrange 与 arrangement 是真动词-名词关系;range/rank 共享排列、范围、等级的记忆线索,不要全当直接派生。

arrangement
安排;筹备;排列;布置
We have made arrangements for the concert.
arranged
安排好的;排列好的
The chairs were arranged in a circle.

非派生记忆线索

range
范围;一系列;变动
Prices range from ten to fifty yuan.
rank
等级;排名
She ranked second in the world.

词族导图

arrange 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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040

arrangement

[ə'reindʒmənt] · n. [C/U] · Page 142

a plan, preparation, or orderly placement of things

安排;筹备;整理;排列;布置

联想

arrangement 是 arrange 的名词。复数 arrangements 常指一系列准备工作;单数也可指物品的排列布置。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, usually pl.]安排;筹备

常用复数表示为某事做的准备。

常见表达make arrangements for...travel arrangementsfinal arrangements

We have made arrangements for the school concert.

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make arrangements for... 是记忆线索重点搭配。

The travel arrangements include a hotel near the station.

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travel arrangements 表示旅行安排。

n. [C/U]整理;排列;布置

指物品或内容的布置方式。

常见表达a flower arrangementthe arrangement of desksin a neat arrangement

The flower arrangement made the room brighter.

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flower arrangement 表示插花布置。

The arrangement of desks helped students work in groups.

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the arrangement of... 表示……的排列方式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plan
计划;安排
The plan changed after the rain. plan 强调整体计划;arrangement 可指具体准备或布置。
disorder
混乱;无序
The room was in complete disorder. disorder 与 arrangement 的有序布置相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

arrange
安排;整理;布置
We arranged for a guide to meet us. arrange 是动词,arrangement 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

arrangement = arrange + -ment,表示安排、准备或排列方式。

arrange
安排;整理;布置
We arranged the chairs in a circle.
arranged
安排好的;排列好的
The arranged seats faced the stage.

非派生记忆线索

make arrangements for
为……做安排
We made arrangements for the concert.

词族导图

arrange 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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041

range

星标

[reindʒ] · v. / n. [C/U] · Page 142-143

to vary between limits; a set, area, distance, or mountain chain

排列;变动;包括;范围;山脉;射程;一系列

联想

range 的高频考点是 range from...to... 表示范围从……到……;名词可指范围、一系列、山脉或射程。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.在范围内变化;包括;排列

动词最常见是 range from...to...,表示从一个范围到另一个范围。

常见表达range from...to...range between...and...range over

The club's members range from first-year students to teachers.

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range from...to... 表示范围从……到……。

The books are ranged by subject along the wall.

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range 作及物动词可表示排列。

n. [C/U]范围;一系列;山脉;射程

名词可指变化范围、商品系列、山脉或射程。

常见表达a wide range of...within rangeout of rangea mountain range

The shop sells a wide range of school supplies.

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a wide range of... 表示种类广泛。

Snow covered the whole mountain range.

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mountain range 表示山脉。

The phone was out of range in the valley.

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out of range 表示超出范围或信号范围。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rank
等级;排名;军衔
She ranked second in the world. rank 强调等级或排序位置;range 强调范围或一系列。
scope
范围
The scope of the project is limited. scope 接近 range 的范围义,但 range 更常和 from...to... 连用。
arrange
安排;排列
She arranged the books by subject. arrange 是安排/排列动作;range 常表示范围变化。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

range/rank 与 arrange 可借“排列、顺序、范围”联系记忆;真正词族关系不要混同。

ranged
排列的;分布的
The books were ranged by subject.
ranging
范围从……到……的
The collection includes animals ranging from butterflies to elephants.

非派生记忆线索

rank
等级;排名
She ranked second in the world.
arrange
安排;排列
She arranged the books by subject.

词族导图

arrange 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

rank

[ræŋk] · n. [C/U] / v. / vt. · Page 143

a position in an order or level; to put or be put in such an order

排;行;列;等级;军衔;排名;分等级;排列

联想

rank 的核心是“排出来的位置”。名词可指行列、等级、军衔;动词表示排名或分等级。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]排;等级;军衔

表示队列、社会/职业等级或军警衔级。

常见表达high rankmilitary rankthe front rankrank and file

He rose to a high rank in the army.

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high rank 表示高军衔或高等级。

The rank and file supported the new rule.

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rank and file 表示普通成员。

v. / vt.排名;分等级;排列

表示处在某个名次,或把事物按标准排序。

常见表达rank first/secondrank among...rank with...rank sth. by...

She ranked second in the world.

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rank second 是常见例句核心。

The city ranks among the cleanest in the country.

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rank among... 表示位列……之中。

Her work ranks with the best in the field.

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rank with... 表示与……齐名。

The students ranked the activities by difficulty.

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rank sth. by... 表示按标准排序。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

range
范围;一系列;变动
Prices range from ten to fifty yuan. rank 强调等级/名次;range 强调范围。
level
级别;水平
The course is for students at an advanced level. level 接近 rank 的级别义,但 rank 更强调排序位置。
unranked
未排名的
The young player was still unranked. unranked 表示未列入排名。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rank 与 range 可借“排、列、等级”联系记忆;rank 的考试重点是 rank first/second、rank among/with 和 rank sth. by...。

ranking
排名;排序
The team improved its ranking this year.
ranked
排名的;分等级的
She is ranked second in the world.

非派生记忆线索

range
范围;一系列
The prices range from ten to fifty yuan.
rank and file
普通成员
The rank and file supported the rule.

词族导图

arrange 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

glory

['glɔ:ri] · n. [C/U] · Page 143

great honor, praise, achievement, or beautiful brightness

荣誉;光荣;辉煌成就;灿烂

联想

glory 既可指荣誉光荣,也可指辉煌成就或灿烂光辉。它与 glare/glance 只是 gl- 光和目光的记忆线索,不是真派生关系。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]荣誉;光荣

表示因成功、勇气或贡献而得到的荣誉。

常见表达win glorynational glorybring glory to...

The team returned home in glory after winning the final.

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in glory 表示带着荣誉。

The young scientist brought glory to her school.

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bring glory to... 表示为……带来荣誉。

n. [C/U]辉煌成就;灿烂

可指值得骄傲的成就,也可指景象的辉煌灿烂。

常见表达the glory of...past gloryin all its glory

The old palace still shows the glory of the past.

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the glory of the past 表示昔日辉煌。

At sunrise, the mountain appeared in all its glory.

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in all its glory 表示完整展现壮丽。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

honor
荣誉
It was an honor to speak for the class. honor 接近 glory 的荣誉义;glory 更强调辉煌和赞誉。
glare
刺眼发光;怒目而视
The afternoon sun glared through the window. glare 讲刺眼光或怒视,不是 glory 的派生。
glance
一瞥;匆匆看
She glanced at her watch. glance 讲短促目光,与 glory 只共享 gl- 记忆线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 gl- 与光有关:glare 是刺眼的光或怒视,glance 是目光一动,glory 是辉煌与荣誉。这里是记忆线索,不是真词族派生。

glorious
光荣的;辉煌的
It was a glorious moment for the team.

非派生记忆线索

glare
刺眼发光;怒视
The sun glared through the window.
glance
匆匆一看;一瞥
She glanced at her watch.

词族导图

glory / glare / glance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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044

glare

星标

[gleə(r)] · vi. / n. [C/U] · Page 143

to shine too brightly or look angrily at someone; a harsh light or angry look

发出刺眼的光;怒目而视;刺眼的光;怒视

联想

glare 有两条线:光太强而刺眼;人用生气的眼神瞪。高频搭配是 glare at sb.。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / n. [U]发出刺眼的光;刺眼的光

形容强光刺眼,也可作名词指刺眼的强光。

常见表达the sun glaresglare off glassscreen glare

The afternoon sun glared through the classroom window.

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glare 表示强光刺眼。

The screen glare made his eyes tired.

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screen glare 是刺眼屏幕光。

vi. / n. [C]怒目而视;怒视

表示生气地盯着某人看。

常见表达glare at sb.an angry glare

The boy glared at his brother after the toy broke.

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glare at sb. 是记忆线索重点搭配。

The teacher gave the noisy group a cold glare.

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a glare 可指怒视。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

glance
一瞥;匆匆看
She glanced at her watch and hurried away. glance 是短促地看;glare 是刺眼发光或怒视。
stare
盯着看
The child stared at the strange machine. stare 只是长时间盯看;glare 带怒气。
glory
荣誉;光荣;辉煌
The old palace shows the glory of the past. glory 与 glare 共享 gl- 光线索,但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

glare 与 glory/glance 共享 gl- 光和目光记忆线索;真用法要靠 glare at、screen glare 判断。

glaring
刺眼的;明显的
There was a glaring mistake in the report.

非派生记忆线索

glance
匆匆一看
She glanced at her watch.
glory
荣誉;辉煌
The team returned home in glory.

词族导图

glory / glare / glance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
045

glance

星标

[glɑ:ns, glæns] · vi. / n. [C] · Page 143

to look quickly; a quick look

匆匆一看;一瞥

联想

glance 是短暂快速地看,常用 glance at...;at a glance 表示看一眼就,at first glance 表示乍一看。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / n. [C]匆匆一看;一瞥

表示快速看一眼,动作短,不带怒气。

常见表达glance at...take a glanceat a glanceat first glance

She glanced at her watch and hurried to the classroom.

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glance at... 表示快速看一眼。

At first glance, the problem seemed easy.

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保留源例核心:at first glance 表示乍一看。

You can see the answer at a glance.

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at a glance 表示看一眼就能看出。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

glare
刺眼发光;怒目而视
The boy glared at his brother. glare 带强光或怒气;glance 是快速一瞥。
peek
偷看;瞥一眼
The child peeked into the box. peek 常有偷偷看的意味;glance 只是快速看。
stare
凝视;盯着看
He stared at the picture for a long time. stare 时间长;glance 时间短。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

glance 与 glare/glory 共享 gl- 光和目光记忆线索;核心搭配是 glance at、at a glance、at first glance。

非派生记忆线索

glare
怒视;刺眼发光
The boy glared at his brother.
glory
荣誉;辉煌
The old palace shows past glory.

词族导图

glory / glare / glance 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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046

same

星标

[seim] · adj. / pron. · Page 143

not different; exactly one, identical, or alike

同样的;相同的;同样的事物;同一个人

联想

same 是本组入口:same 是完全相同,similar 是相似但不完全一样,resemble 是动词“看起来像”。sym- 词只是“一起、共同”的记忆线索,不是 same 的直接派生。

意思、用法与例句

adj.同样的;相同的

表示两者没有差别,常用 the same as。

常见表达the same as...the same daysame kind of...

My answer is the same as yours.

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the same as... 表示与……相同。

We met again at the same place a year later.

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the same place 表示同一个地方。

pron.同样的事物;同一个人

the same 可作代词,指同样的事物或同一个人。

常见表达do the samethe same

If you help others, they may do the same for you.

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do the same 表示做同样的事。

The coat looks different, but the owner is the same.

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the same 可指同一个人或物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

similar
类似的;相像的
Your jacket is similar to mine. same 是完全相同;similar 是相似但不完全一样。
resemble
看起来像;类似于
She closely resembles her sister. resemble 是及物动词,后面直接接宾语。
different
不同的
The two plans are different in cost. different 与 same 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

source 用 same -> sem/sim(相同、相似), sym-(一起、共同) 作记忆地图。same/resemble/similar/seem 是相似或看起来线;symbol/symptom/sympathy/symphony 是 sym- 共同线索。不要把全部词讲成 same 的真派生。

sameness
相同;同一性
The sameness of the rooms made the hotel hard to remember.

非派生记忆线索

similar
类似的
Your jacket is similar to mine.
resemble
看起来像
She closely resembles her sister.
sympathy
同情;支持
They showed sympathy for the family.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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047

resemble

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[ri'zembl] · vt. · Page 143-144

to look like or be similar to someone or something

看起来像;类似于

联想

resemble 是及物动词,本身已经含有“与……相像”,所以直接接宾语,不加 with。

意思、用法与例句

vt.看起来像;类似于

表示外貌、声音、特点或情况相似。

常见表达resemble sb./sth.closely resembleresemble in...

She closely resembles her sister.

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保留源例核心:closely resemble 表示很像。

Tom resembles his father in both face and voice.

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resemble sb. in... 表示在某方面像。

The lake closely resembles a mirror on calm mornings.

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resemble 后直接接宾语,不加 with。

不要说 resemble with sb.。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

similar
类似的;相像的
The two stories are similar in theme. similar 是形容词,常用 be similar to;resemble 是及物动词。
look like
看起来像
The cloud looks like a bird. look like 更口语;resemble 更正式。
differ from
不同于
This design differs from the old one. differ from 与 resemble 的相似方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

resemble 可借 sem/sim 相似线索记,但现代重点是及物动词结构 resemble sb./sth.。

resemblance
相似;相像
There is a strong resemblance between the two brothers.

非派生记忆线索

similar
类似的
Your jacket is similar to mine.
same
相同的
My answer is the same as yours.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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048

similar

星标

['simələ(r)] · adj. · Page 144

almost the same but not exactly the same

类似的;相像的

联想

similar 表示相似但不完全相同,常用 be similar to...,也可说 similar in size/style/meaning。

意思、用法与例句

adj.类似的;相像的

形容两者有共同点但不是完全相同。

常见表达be similar to...similar in size/style/meaning

The two stories are similar in theme but different in ending.

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similar in... 表示在某方面相似。

Your jacket is similar to mine.

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be similar to... 是核心搭配。

These two words are similar in meaning, but not the same.

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similar 不等于 same。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

same
相同的
My answer is the same as yours. same 是完全相同;similar 是相似。
resemble
看起来像;类似于
She closely resembles her sister. resemble 是动词;similar 是形容词。
different
不同的
The two plans are different in cost. different 与 similar 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

similar 可借 sim=相似记忆,注意形容词结构 be similar to...。

similarity
相似点;相似性
There are many similarities between the two stories.
similarly
相似地;同样地
Similarly, the second plan saves time.

非派生记忆线索

same
相同的
My answer is the same as yours.
resemble
看起来像
She closely resembles her sister.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
049

symbol

星标

['simbl] · n. [C] · Page 144

a sign, mark, or object that represents an idea or information

象征;标志;符号;标记

联想

symbol 是一个代表意义的东西:dove 可象征 peace,地图上的星号可作为 capital 的符号。of 多接象征意义,for 多接符号代表对象。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]象征;标志

指某物代表一种抽象意义、身份或价值。

常见表达a symbol of...national symbol

The dove is often used as a symbol of peace.

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a symbol of... 表示……的象征。

The old tower became a symbol of the city.

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symbol of 可指城市标志。

n. [C]符号;标记

指地图、数学、文字系统中的符号。

常见表达a symbol for...mathematical symbolmap symbol

On the map, a star is the symbol for the capital.

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a symbol for... 表示代表某对象的符号。

Students learned the chemical symbol for oxygen.

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symbol 可指学科符号。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sign
标志;符号
A red light is a sign to stop. sign 更宽;symbol 更强调代表意义。
symptom
症状;征兆
A high fever can be a symptom of the disease. symbol 是代表意义的符号;symptom 是问题或疾病的迹象。
same
相同的
My answer is the same as yours. source 用 sym- 共同线索连接,symbol 不是 same 的派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

symbol 可用 sym-(一起)+bol(扔) 记忆;现代重点是 symbol of 和 symbol for 的区别。

symbolic
象征性的
The handshake was a symbolic act of friendship.
symbolize
象征;代表
The dove symbolizes peace.

非派生记忆线索

symptom
症状;征兆
A high fever can be a symptom of disease.
sympathy
同情;支持
They showed sympathy for the family.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
050

symptom

星标

['simptəm] · n. [C] · Page 144

a sign of an illness or a sign that a problem exists

症状;征兆

联想

symptom 最常见是疾病症状,也可比喻问题的征兆。核心搭配是 a symptom of...。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]症状;征兆

指疾病表现,或社会、经济、系统问题的迹象。

常见表达a symptom of...early symptomsshow symptoms

A high fever can be a symptom of the disease.

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a symptom of... 表示……的症状。

The empty shops were a symptom of the town's economic trouble.

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symptom 可比喻问题征兆。

People with early symptoms should rest and see a doctor.

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early symptoms 表示早期症状。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sign
迹象;标志
Dark clouds are a sign of rain. sign 更宽;symptom 常用于疾病或问题。
symbol
象征;符号
The dove is a symbol of peace. symbol 代表意义;symptom 表示问题的迹象。
cure
治愈;治疗方法
Rest is not always a cure for the problem. cure 是解决疾病,symptom 是疾病表现。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

symptom 可用 sym-(一起)+pt(降落)+-om 记忆;教学上重点放在 a symptom of...。

symptomatic
有症状的;表明问题的
The delay was symptomatic of poor planning.

非派生记忆线索

symbol
象征;符号
A dove is a symbol of peace.
sympathy
同情;支持
They showed sympathy for the family.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
051

sympathy

星标

['simpəθi] · n. [U/C] · Page 144

kind understanding of someone's suffering; sometimes support for an idea

同情;同情心;支持;赞同

联想

sympathy 的核心是“情感站在一起”:可指对痛苦的同情,也可指对计划、事业或立场的支持。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]同情;同情心

对别人的痛苦表示理解和关心。

常见表达show sympathyfeel sympathy for sb.win sympathyplay on one's sympathy

Neighbors showed sympathy for the family after the fire.

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show sympathy for... 表示对……表示同情。

The story made readers feel sympathy for the lonely child.

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feel sympathy for sb. 表示同情某人。

He tried to play on her sympathy to get more help.

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play on one's sympathy 是记忆线索搭配。

n. [U/C]支持;赞同

表示对观点、事业或计划的支持。

常见表达sympathy with/for a causeexpress sympathy with...

Some students expressed sympathy with the plan to protect the river.

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sympathy with... 可表示支持。

The teacher had sympathy for the idea of a reading club.

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sympathy for an idea 可表示赞同。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

compassion
同情;怜悯
Compassion led her to help the injured dog. compassion 更强调怜悯和行动;sympathy 可指同情或支持。
empathy
共情
Empathy helps us understand other people's feelings. empathy 更强调感同身受;sympathy 是理解和关心。
indifference
冷漠
Indifference can hurt people in trouble. indifference 与 sympathy 的同情义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sympathy = sym-(共同)+path(y)(情感),可理解为情感站在一起。

sympathetic
同情的;支持的
She gave him a sympathetic smile.
sympathize
同情;赞同
Many people sympathized with the workers.

非派生记忆线索

symphony
交响曲
The orchestra played a symphony.
symptom
症状;征兆
A fever is a symptom of disease.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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052

symphony

['simfəni] · n. [C] · Page 144

a long piece of classical music for an orchestra

交响乐;交响曲

联想

symphony 来自 sym- 共同 + phon 声音的记忆线索,指多种乐器共同演奏的交响曲。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]交响乐;交响曲

通常指为管弦乐队创作的较长古典乐作品。

常见表达play a symphonya Beethoven symphonysymphony orchestra

The orchestra played a famous symphony in the city hall.

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play a symphony 表示演奏交响曲。

She listened to a symphony while finishing her art project.

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symphony 指交响曲。

The symphony orchestra practiced for three hours.

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symphony orchestra 表示交响乐团。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

orchestra
管弦乐队
The orchestra played in the city hall. orchestra 是演奏者团体;symphony 是作品。
song
歌曲
The children sang a short song. song 通常较短并有歌词;symphony 是大型器乐作品。
sympathy
同情;支持
They showed sympathy for the family. 二者共享 sym- 共同线索,但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

symphony = sym-(共同、相互)+phon(y)(声音),可按“声音合在一起”记忆。

symphonic
交响乐的
The film used a symphonic score.
orchestra
管弦乐队
The orchestra played a famous symphony.

非派生记忆线索

sympathy
同情;支持
They showed sympathy for the family.
symbol
象征;符号
A dove is a symbol of peace.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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053

seem

星标

[si:m] · linking v. · Page 144

to appear to be true or to give a particular impression

好像;似乎;看来

联想

seem 是系动词,表示看起来、似乎。常用 seem + adj.、seem to do、It seems that...。

意思、用法与例句

linking v.好像;似乎;看来

表示说话人根据表面情况作判断,后接形容词、不定式或 that 从句。

常见表达seem + adj.seem to doIt seems that...

The road seemed longer in the dark.

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seem + adj. 表示看起来怎样。

It seems that everyone enjoyed the school play.

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It seems that... 表示似乎……。

She seems to know the answer.

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seem to do 表示似乎做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appear
似乎;显得
He appeared calm before the exam. appear 与 seem 接近,appear 稍正式。
look
看起来
The sky looks dark. look 更偏视觉印象;seem 可基于整体判断。
prove
证明是
The rumor proved false. prove 表示结果被证实;seem 只是表面判断。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

seem 可借 sem/sim 相似线索记为“看起来像某种情况”。它不是 same 的直接派生。

seemingly
看似;表面上
The question was seemingly simple.

非派生记忆线索

similar
类似的
The two stories are similar.
same
相同的
My answer is the same as yours.

词族导图

same 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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054

old

[əuld] · adj. · Page 144

having lived or existed for a long time; from the past

年老的;旧的;……岁的;从前的

联想

old 既可讲年龄大,也可讲东西旧、多少岁或从前的。比较级要分 older/oldest 与 elder/eldest:older 更通用,elder 多用于家庭长幼。

意思、用法与例句

adj.年老的;旧的

可形容人年龄大,也可形容物品或建筑存在时间久。

常见表达an old manold shoesold buildings

The old bridge is still strong enough for bicycles.

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old bridge 表示旧桥。

The old man told us stories about the village.

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old man 表示老人。

adj.……岁的;从前的

表示年龄,也可表示以前的、老朋友等。

常见表达six years oldold friendsold timesolder than

The child is only six years old.

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years old 表示多少岁。

Old friends met again at the school gate.

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old friends 表示老朋友。

My elder brother is two years older than I am.

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older than 是通用比较级;elder brother 是家庭长幼称呼。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

elder
长者;较年长的
My elder brother is two years older than I am. elder 常用于家庭成员长幼或长辈;older 更通用。
elderly
年长的;较老的
Volunteers helped elderly people cross the street. elderly 是较礼貌地说年长者。
young
年轻的
The young child asked many questions. young 与 old 的年龄义相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

old 是核心词;elder/elderly 与 old 有实际语义联系。abolish/adolescent/adolescence/adult 只按 grow/成熟/年龄阶段整理,不是 old 的直接派生。

older
更老的;更旧的
This building is older than the school.
oldest
最老的;最旧的
It is the oldest tree in the park.
elder
较年长的;长者
My elder brother is two years older than I am.
elderly
年长的
Volunteers helped elderly people.

非派生记忆线索

adolescent
青少年;青春期的
Adolescents need guidance.
adult
成年人;成年的
Tickets are cheaper for children than for adults.
abolish
废除;取消
The country abolished the old tax system.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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055

elder

['eldə(r)] · adj. / n. [pl.] · Page 144-145

older, especially within a family; an older respected person

较年长的;长者;长辈

联想

elder 多用于家庭长幼或受尊敬的长者,不像 older 那样适用于所有比较场景。

意思、用法与例句

adj.较年长的

常放在家庭成员前,表示哥哥、姐姐等较年长。

常见表达elder brotherelder sister

My elder brother is two years older than I am.

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保留源例核心:elder brother 是哥哥。

Her elder sister studies at a medical university.

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elder sister 表示姐姐。

n. [pl.]长者;长辈

常用复数 elders 指长辈或村社长者。

常见表达respect one's eldersvillage elders

Children are taught to respect their elders.

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respect one's elders 表示尊敬长辈。

The village elders discussed the problem together.

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village elders 表示村中长者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

older
更年长的;更旧的
This building is older than the school. older 更通用;elder 多用于家庭或长者身份。
elderly
年长的;较老的
The elderly woman still reads every morning. elderly 是形容年长者的礼貌说法;elder 可作名词长者。
younger
较年轻的
His younger brother is in primary school. younger 与 elder 的家庭长幼方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

elder 与 old/older/eldest 属于长幼比较线;不要把 elder 用来比较普通物品。

eldest
最年长的
He is the eldest son in the family.
older
更年长的;更旧的
This building is older than the school.

非派生记忆线索

elderly
年长的
The elderly man lives alone.
old
老的;旧的
The old bridge is strong.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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056

elderly

['eldəli] · adj. · Page 145

old, used politely about people

年长的;较老的

联想

elderly 是较礼貌地形容人年长,通常只用于人,不用于旧物。

意思、用法与例句

adj.年长的;较老的

礼貌地描述年纪较大的人。

常见表达elderly peoplean elderly man/woman

Volunteers helped elderly people cross the busy street.

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elderly people 表示老年人。

The elderly woman still reads the newspaper every morning.

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elderly woman 是礼貌说法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

old
老的;旧的
The old man told us stories. old 可用于人和物;elderly 主要用于人且较礼貌。
elder
长者;较年长的
Children should respect their elders. elder 可作长者名词;elderly 是形容词。
young
年轻的
Young people joined the volunteer team. young 与 elderly 的年龄方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

elderly = elder + -ly,现代作形容词,礼貌地说年长的人。

elder
长者;较年长的
Children should respect their elders.
old
老的;旧的
The old man told us stories.

非派生记忆线索

senior
年长的;高级的
Senior citizens can enter for free.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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057

abolish

星标

[ə'bɒliʃ] · vt. · Page 145

to officially end a law, system, practice, or custom

废除;取消

联想

abolish 常用于正式废除法律、制度、做法或风俗。可用“使停止生长”作记忆线索,但它不是 old 的同义词或派生词。

意思、用法与例句

vt.废除;取消

正式结束某种法律、制度、做法或风俗。

常见表达abolish a law/systemabolish slaveryabolish unfair rules

The country abolished the old tax system after long debate.

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abolish a system 表示废除制度。

Many people worked for years to abolish unfair rules.

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abolish unfair rules 表示取消不公平规则。

The new law abolished the old custom in the region.

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abolish 常用于制度、法律、风俗。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cancel
取消
The school canceled the outdoor activity because of rain. cancel 可取消活动;abolish 更正式,用于制度法律。
establish
建立;设立
The city established a new public library. establish 与 abolish 的建立/废除方向相反。
old
旧的;老的
The country abolished the old tax system. old 可修饰被废除的旧制度,但 abolish 不是 old 的派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索给出 ab- + ol(=grow) + -ish,原义记为“使停止生长”。教学上只把它作为记忆法;核心用法是 abolish a law/system/practice。

abolition
废除;取消
The abolition of the old rule took years.

非派生记忆线索

old system
旧制度
The country abolished the old tax system.
establish
建立;设立
The city established a new rule.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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058

adolescent

[,ædə'lesnt] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 145

a young person developing from a child into an adult; teenage

青少年;青春期的;青少年的

联想

adolescent 是“青少年”或“青春期的”,处在 child 和 adult 之间;adolescence 是这个时期。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]青少年

指从儿童成长为成年人的阶段中的年轻人。

常见表达an adolescentadolescents and adults

Adolescents often need both freedom and guidance.

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adolescents 指青少年。

The program helps adolescents learn about health.

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adolescent 作名词指青少年。

adj.青春期的;青少年的

修饰 health、development、problems 等。

常见表达adolescent healthadolescent developmentadolescent problems

Good sleep is important for adolescent development.

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adolescent development 表示青少年发展。

The school started a course on adolescent health.

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adolescent health 表示青少年健康。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

adult
成年人;成年的
Tickets are cheaper for children than for adults. adult 是成年人;adolescent 是青少年。
teenager
青少年
Teenagers often care about friendship. teenager 更口语;adolescent 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

adolescence
青春期
Friendship can change quickly in adolescence. adolescent 是人或形容词;adolescence 是时期。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

adolescent = ad- + ole(成熟) + -scent,可记为正在走向成熟的人。

adolescence
青春期
Friendship can change quickly in adolescence.

非派生记忆线索

adult
成年人;成年的
Tickets are cheaper for children than for adults.
child
儿童
A child grows into an adolescent.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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059

adolescence

[,ædə'lesns] · n. [U] · Page 145

the period of life between childhood and adulthood

青春期

联想

adolescence 是青春期这个阶段,不指具体的人;具体的人是 adolescent。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]青春期

指儿童到成年之间的成长阶段。

常见表达during adolescenceearly adolescencein adolescence

During adolescence, young people often become more independent.

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during adolescence 表示在青春期。

Friendship can change quickly in adolescence.

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in adolescence 表示在青春期。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

adulthood
成年期
Adulthood brings more responsibilities. adulthood 是成年期;adolescence 是青春期。
childhood
童年
Childhood is a time of fast learning. childhood 早于 adolescence。

词族线索 / 同组词

adolescent
青少年;青春期的
Adolescents often need guidance. adolescent 是人或形容词;adolescence 是时期。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

adolescence 是 adolescent 的名词阶段词,表示青春期。

adolescent
青少年;青春期的
Adolescents often need guidance.

非派生记忆线索

adulthood
成年期
Adulthood brings responsibilities.
childhood
童年
Childhood comes before adolescence.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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060

adult

['ædʌlt, ə'dʌlt] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 145

a fully grown person; grown-up or mature

成年人;成年的;成熟的

联想

adult 可作名词“成年人”,也可作形容词“成年的、成熟的”。它是 adolescent 之后的年龄阶段。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]成年人

指身体、法律或社会意义上的成年人。

常见表达an adultchildren and adultsyoung adults

Tickets are cheaper for children than for adults.

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adults 指成年人。

Every child should travel with an adult.

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an adult 表示一名成年人。

adj.成年的;成熟的

修饰 education、responsibilities、life 等,也可表示成熟的。

常见表达adult educationadult responsibilitiesadult life

Young people learn adult responsibilities step by step.

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adult responsibilities 表示成人责任。

The bird reaches its adult size in one year.

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adult size 表示成年大小。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

adolescent
青少年;青春期的
Adolescents often need both freedom and guidance. adolescent 是青少年;adult 是成年人。
child
儿童
A child needs care and protection. child 与 adult 在年龄阶段上相反。
mature
成熟的
A mature student admits mistakes and learns from them. mature 接近 adult 的成熟义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

adult 与 adolescent/adolescence 构成年龄阶段线:child -> adolescent/adolescence -> adult/adulthood。

adulthood
成年期
Adulthood brings more responsibilities.

非派生记忆线索

adolescent
青少年
Adolescents need guidance.
adolescence
青春期
Friendship can change in adolescence.

词族导图

old 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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061

never

星标

['nevə(r)] · adv. · Page 145

not at any time; not in any situation

从不;绝不

联想

never 是 ever 的否定线,表示“从来不”或强烈的“绝不”。它本身已经是否定副词,句中通常不再加 not。

意思、用法与例句

adv.从不;从未

放在动词前或助动词后,表示某事在任何时候都没有发生。

常见表达never do sth.have never done sth.almost never

I have never visited that museum before.

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have never done 表示从未做过。

She almost never eats fast food during the school week.

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almost never 表示几乎从不。

adv.绝不;千万不要

用于命令、承诺或强烈态度,语气比 do not 更坚决。

常见表达never againnever say neverNever cross...

Never cross the road when the light is red.

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Never 位于句首,表示强烈禁止。

After the accident, he promised never to drive so fast again.

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promise never to do 表示承诺绝不做。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ever
曾经;在任何时候
Have you ever seen snow in April? ever 常用于疑问、否定和条件语境;never 直接表示否定。
always
总是
He always checks his answers before handing in the paper. always 与 never 在频率上相反。
hardly ever
几乎从不
She hardly ever watches TV on school nights. hardly ever 是弱化版 never,表示频率极低。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

never 可理解为 not ever;forever 是 for ever。nevertheless 只是形近的固定转折副词,whatever/wherever 属于 wh- + ever 结构。

ever
曾经;在任何时候
Have you ever seen snow in April?
forever
永远
Some childhood memories stay with us forever.

非派生记忆线索

nevertheless
然而;不过
The rain was heavy; nevertheless, the match continued.
whatever
无论什么;任何事物
Take whatever you need for the trip.
wherever
无论哪里;在任何地方
Wherever you sit, you can see the stage.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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062

nevertheless

[,nevəðə'les] · adv. · Page 145

despite that; however; even so

然而;不过;尽管如此

联想

nevertheless 是正式转折副词,连接“前面有困难/让步”和“后面仍然发生”的结果。它不是 never 的否定用法。

意思、用法与例句

adv.然而;尽管如此

用于句首、句中或分号后,表示前后意思转折或让步。

常见表达nevertheless, ......; nevertheless, ...but nevertheless

The rain was heavy; nevertheless, the match continued.

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分号后用 nevertheless 表示尽管如此。

He knew the plan was risky. Nevertheless, he decided to try.

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句首 Nevertheless 承接前句让步。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

however
然而
The road was long; however, no one complained. however 更常见;nevertheless 更正式,强调 despite that。
therefore
因此
The road was icy; therefore, the bus moved slowly. therefore 表示因果结果;nevertheless 表示让步转折。
never
从不;绝不
I have never visited that museum before. nevertheless 不能拆成 never 的否定副词用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nevertheless 是固定转折副词,可按 never + the + less 记形,但现代用法要整体掌握:despite that / however。

nonetheless
尽管如此;不过
The job was difficult; nonetheless, she finished it.

非派生记忆线索

however
然而
The road was long; however, no one complained.
therefore
因此
The road was icy; therefore, the bus moved slowly.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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063

ever

星标

['evə(r)] · adv. · Page 145

at any time; at all; always in fixed phrases

在任何时候;曾经;总是

联想

ever 的核心是“任何时候”。它常出现在疑问句、否定表达、最高级、比较和 ever since / as ever 等固定短语中。

意思、用法与例句

adv.曾经;在任何时候

常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句或最高级后,加强“任何时候”的范围。

常见表达Have you ever...?hardly everthe best ever

Have you ever seen snow in April?

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Have you ever...? 询问是否曾经。

This is the best result our team has ever achieved.

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ever 加强最高级范围。

She hardly ever eats fast food during the school week.

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hardly ever 表示几乎从不。

adv.总是;一直

在固定短语中表示持续或照常。

常见表达ever sinceas everfor ever

He has lived in the town ever since he was a child.

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ever since 表示从那以后一直。

As ever, the teacher arrived before the bell.

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as ever 表示同往常一样。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

never
从不;绝不
I have never visited that museum before. never = not ever,是 ever 的否定线。
always
总是
He always checks his answers carefully. always 更直接表示总是;ever 主要在固定短语或疑问/否定语境中出现。

词族线索 / 同组词

forever
永远
Some childhood memories stay with us forever. forever 来自 for ever,表示未来一直。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ever 表示 any time,是 never、forever 和 wh-ever 词的核心拼写线索;同图词不都是真派生。

never
从不;绝不
I have never visited that museum before.
forever
永远
Some childhood memories stay with us forever.
whatever
无论什么;任何事物
Take whatever you need for the trip.
wherever
无论哪里;在任何地方
Wherever you sit, you can see the stage.

非派生记忆线索

ever since
自从……以后一直
He has lived here ever since he was a child.
as ever
同往常一样
As ever, the teacher arrived early.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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064

forever

[fər'evə(r)] · adv. · Page 145

for all future time; for a very long time

永远;长久地

联想

forever 来自 for ever,表示永远,也可口语化地夸张“等了很久”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.永远;长久地

表示某事持续到未来,没有结束感。

常见表达last foreverremember foreverstay forever

Some childhood memories stay with us forever.

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stay forever 表示长久留存。

Good friendships do not always last forever, but they can shape us.

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last forever 表示永远持续。

adv.很久;老半天

口语夸张说等待或持续时间很长。

常见表达wait forevertake forever

We waited forever for the bus in the rain.

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waited forever 是夸张说等了很久。

The download seemed to take forever on the old computer.

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take forever 表示耗时很久。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

temporary
临时的
The tent is only a temporary home for the hikers. temporary 强调短期;forever 强调长期或永远。
always
总是;一直
He always keeps his promises. always 更常表示频率;forever 更强调时间延续。

词族线索 / 同组词

ever
在任何时候;曾经
Have you ever seen snow in April? forever = for ever,依赖 ever 的时间范围义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

forever = for + ever,核心是“for all future time”。

ever
在任何时候;曾经
Have you ever seen snow in April?
for ever
永远
The promise may stay in his heart for ever.

非派生记忆线索

never
从不;绝不
I have never visited that museum before.
ever since
自从……以后一直
He has lived here ever since he was a child.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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065

whatever

星标

[wɒt'evə(r)] · pron. / det. / conj. · Page 145-146

anything that; no matter what

任何……的事物;无论什么

联想

whatever 有两条高频线:作“anything that”引导名词性内容,或作“no matter what”引导让步。

意思、用法与例句

pron. / det.任何……的事物

引导名词性结构,表示任何东西、事情或选择。

常见表达whatever you wantwhatever book...do whatever is needed

Take whatever you need for the trip.

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whatever you need 表示你需要的任何东西。

You may choose whatever book interests you most.

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whatever book 作限定词,表示任何一本。

conj.无论什么;不管什么

引导让步从句,等于 no matter what。

常见表达whatever happenswhatever you dowhatever the reason

Whatever happens, keep calm and call for help.

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Whatever happens 表示不管发生什么。

Whatever you decide, tell your parents first.

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Whatever you decide 表示无论你决定什么。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wherever
无论哪里;在任何地方
Wherever you sit, you can see the stage. whatever 问/指事情或东西;wherever 问/指地点。
anything
任何东西;任何事
You can ask anything about the reading passage. anything 接近 whatever 的名词性用法,但不引导让步从句。
whichever
无论哪一个;任何一个
Choose whichever seat is free. whichever 强调从有限选择中任意一个;whatever 范围更宽。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

whatever = what + ever,和 wherever 一样属于 wh- + ever 结构。

wherever
无论哪里;在任何地方
Wherever you sit, you can see the stage.
whenever
无论何时;每当
Call me whenever you need help.
whoever
无论谁;任何人
Whoever finishes first can help the others.

非派生记忆线索

no matter what
无论什么
No matter what happens, keep calm.
anything that
任何……的事物
Take anything that you need.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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066

wherever

[weər'evə(r)] · conj. / adv. · Page 146

in, at, or to any place; no matter where

在任何地方;无论哪里;究竟在哪里

联想

wherever 把 where 加上 ever,核心是地点范围扩大:任何地方、无论哪里;在疑问句中也可加强“究竟在哪里”。

意思、用法与例句

conj.在任何地方;无论哪里

引导地点或让步从句,表示地点不受限制。

常见表达wherever you gowherever you sitwherever possible

Wherever you sit, you can see the stage.

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Wherever you sit 表示无论坐在哪里。

We should save water wherever possible.

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wherever possible 表示凡是可能的地方。

adv.究竟在哪里

用于疑问句,加强惊讶或疑问语气。

常见表达Wherever did...?Wherever can... be?

Wherever did you find this old photo?

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Wherever did...? 表示究竟在哪里。

Wherever can my notebook be? I just used it in class.

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Wherever can... be? 加强寻找时的疑问语气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

whatever
无论什么;任何事物
Take whatever you need for the trip. whatever 指事情或东西;wherever 指地点。
anywhere
在任何地方
You can sit anywhere in the back row. anywhere 接近 wherever 的地点义,但通常不引导让步从句。
nowhere
无处;哪里都不
There was nowhere to hide from the rain. nowhere 与 wherever 的地点范围方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

wherever = where + ever,是 wh- + ever 结构;同线词包括 whatever、whenever、whoever。

whatever
无论什么;任何事物
Take whatever you need for the trip.
whenever
无论何时;每当
Call me whenever you need help.
whoever
无论谁;任何人
Whoever finishes first can help the others.

非派生记忆线索

anywhere
任何地方
You can sit anywhere in the back row.
no matter where
无论哪里
No matter where you go, keep in touch.

词族导图

never 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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067

bar

[bɑ:(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 146

a long piece or counter; a barrier; to block or forbid

条;棒;闩;柜台;酒吧;障碍;阻挡;禁止

联想

bar 的核心画面是“横着的一条东西”。它可以是巧克力条、铁栅、柜台或酒吧,也可抽象成障碍;作动词时表示阻挡或禁止。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]条;棒;闩;铁栅

指长条形物体,或用来挡住通道的横木、铁栅。

常见表达a bar of chocolateiron barsbehind bars

He bought a bar of chocolate after school.

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a bar of chocolate 表示一条巧克力。

The windows were protected by iron bars.

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iron bars 表示铁栅栏。

n. [C]柜台;酒吧;障碍

可指售卖饮品或食物的柜台/酒吧,也可指阻碍某事的抽象障碍。

常见表达a coffee bara snack bara bar to success

We met at a small coffee bar near the station.

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coffee bar 表示咖啡吧或柜台。

Poor eyesight was a bar to his dream of becoming a pilot.

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a bar to... 表示……的障碍。

vt.阻挡;禁止

正式表达禁止某人做某事,常用 bar sb. from doing sth.。

常见表达bar sb. from doing sth.bar the way

The rule bars visitors from entering the lab without a teacher.

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bar sb. from doing 表示禁止某人做。

A fallen tree barred the way after the storm.

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bar the way 表示挡住道路。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

block
阻挡;堵住
A fallen tree blocked the road. block 更普通;bar 更常用于正式禁止或横杆阻隔。
allow
允许
The school allows visitors to enter with a pass. allow 与 bar from doing 在许可方向上相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

barrier
栅栏;障碍;屏障
A safety barrier kept people away from the broken bridge. barrier 更明确指阻挡物或抽象障碍;bar 词义更宽。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bar 可记为横着挡住的一条东西。barrier 是较直接的阻挡物线;barbecue 和 embarrass 只按记忆线索关联,不要当普通现代派生。

barrier
栅栏;障碍;屏障
A safety barrier kept people away from the broken bridge.

非派生记忆线索

barbecue
烧烤野餐;烤架
We had a barbecue by the river after the exam.
embarrass
使尴尬;使窘迫
His loud joke embarrassed everyone at the table.

词族导图

bar 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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068

barrier

['bæriə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 146

something that blocks movement, progress, or communication

栅栏;关卡;障碍;隔阂;屏障

联想

barrier 是挡在中间的东西:可以是真实栅栏,也可以是语言、贸易、心理或沟通障碍。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]栅栏;关卡;屏障

指物理上阻隔或保护的东西。

常见表达a safety barriera protective barrierbarrier between...

A safety barrier kept people away from the broken bridge.

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safety barrier 是安全栅栏。

Trees can form a natural barrier against strong winds.

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natural barrier 表示天然屏障。

n. [C]障碍;隔阂

指阻碍交流、贸易、理解或进步的抽象障碍。

常见表达language barriertrade barrierbreak down barriers

A language barrier made the first meeting difficult.

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language barrier 表示语言障碍。

Music can sometimes break down barriers between cultures.

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break down barriers 表示消除隔阂。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

obstacle
障碍
Lack of time was the biggest obstacle to the project. obstacle 更通用;barrier 常强调像墙一样隔开。
access
进入机会;通道
The new bridge gives villagers easier access to the town. access 表示可进入;barrier 表示阻隔。

词族线索 / 同组词

bar
条;障碍;阻挡
A fallen tree barred the way after the storm. bar 可作动词阻挡;barrier 是阻挡物或障碍本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

barrier 与 bar 的“横木/阻挡”线最紧密,学习重点是 physical barrier 与 abstract barrier。

bar
条;障碍;阻挡
A fallen tree barred the way.

非派生记忆线索

trade barrier
贸易壁垒
The two countries agreed to reduce trade barriers.
language barrier
语言障碍
A language barrier made the meeting difficult.

词族导图

bar 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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069

barbecue

星标

['bɑ:bikju:] · n. [C] · Page 146

an outdoor meal cooked over fire; the grill used for it

烧烤野餐;烤架

联想

barbecue 常缩写为 BBQ。可用烤肉横木的 bar 作记忆线索,但现代学习重点是烧烤活动和烤架。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]烧烤野餐;烧烤活动

指户外把食物放在火上烤的聚餐。

常见表达have a barbecuego to a barbecuea family barbecue

We had a barbecue by the river after the exam.

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have a barbecue 表示举行烧烤。

The family barbecue was moved indoors because of rain.

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family barbecue 表示家庭烧烤活动。

n. [C]烤架;烧烤炉

指用来烧烤的设备。

常见表达a barbecue grillcook on a barbecueclean the barbecue

Dad cleaned the barbecue before cooking the fish.

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barbecue 可指烤架。

The sausages were cooking slowly on the barbecue.

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on the barbecue 表示在烤架上。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

BBQ
烧烤;BBQ
The school club planned a BBQ for Saturday. BBQ 是 barbecue 的常见缩写。
grill
烤架;烧烤
The cook put vegetables on the grill. grill 可指烤架或烧烤动作;barbecue 更常指户外烧烤活动。
bar
横木;条
The meat was cooked over bars above the fire. 这里按记忆线索横木记忆,不把 barbecue 当作现代常用 bar 派生词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 barbecue 来自烤肉的横木 bar;学生层只作为记忆线索,核心搭配是 have a barbecue / BBQ / barbecue grill。

BBQ
barbecue 的缩写
The school club planned a BBQ for Saturday.

非派生记忆线索

bar
横木;条
The meat was cooked over bars above the fire.
grill
烤架;烧烤
The cook put vegetables on the grill.

词族导图

bar 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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070

embarrass

星标

[im'bærəs] · vt. · Page 146

to make someone feel ashamed, awkward, or uncomfortable

使窘迫;使尴尬

联想

embarrass 的宾语通常是人,表示让某人难为情。注意 embarrassed 是人的感受,embarrassing 是事情让人尴尬。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使窘迫;使尴尬

让某人在社交或公开场景中感到难为情。

常见表达embarrass sb.embarrass sb. by doing sth.

His loud joke embarrassed everyone at the table.

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embarrass sb. 表示使某人尴尬。

I did not want to embarrass her by asking about the mistake.

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by asking... 说明造成尴尬的方式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

financially embarrassed
经济拮据的
The fund helps financially embarrassed families pay school fees. 源层提示 embarrassed 还可表示经济拮据,较正式,不是日常尴尬义。
humiliate
使羞辱
The coach corrected the player without humiliating him. humiliate 比 embarrass 更重,带羞辱意味。

词族线索 / 同组词

embarrassed
感到尴尬的;拮据的
She felt embarrassed about her mistake. embarrassed 常描述人的尴尬感。
embarrassing
令人尴尬的
It was an embarrassing mistake, but we fixed it quickly. embarrassing 描述事情让人尴尬。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索给出 em- + bar(r)(障碍) + -ass,可记为把人放进心理障碍中。现代词族重点是 embarrass -> embarrassed / embarrassing / embarrassment;源层还提示 embarrassed 可在较正式语境表示经济拮据。

embarrassed
感到尴尬的;拮据的
She felt embarrassed about her mistake.
embarrassing
令人尴尬的
It was an embarrassing mistake.
embarrassment
尴尬;窘迫
He smiled to hide his embarrassment.

非派生记忆线索

financially embarrassed
经济拮据的
The fund helps financially embarrassed families pay school fees.
barrier
障碍
Fear can become a barrier to speaking English.
bar
阻挡;禁止
A fallen tree barred the way.

词族导图

bar 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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071

guard

星标

[gɑ:d] · n. [C,U] / vt. · Page 146-147

a person or thing that protects; to protect or watch carefully

卫兵;警戒;防护装置;后卫;保卫;守卫

联想

guard 的核心是“看守、保护”。它可以是警卫员、防护装置、警戒状态或球场后卫;作动词时表示守卫、保护。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]卫兵;警卫员;后卫

指负责保护的人,或篮球等运动中的后卫。

常见表达security guarda museum guarda basketball guard

A guard checked our tickets at the museum gate.

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guard 作名词表示警卫。

The young guard passed the ball quickly to the center.

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guard 可作球场后卫。

n. [U]警戒;保卫

常见固定短语表示警惕或放哨。

常见表达keep guardon one's guardoff one's guard

Two soldiers kept guard at the door all night.

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keep guard 表示守卫放哨。

Be on your guard when a stranger asks for money online.

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on one's guard 表示警惕。

n. [C]防护装置

指保护身体或机器部件的装置。

常见表达mouth guardfire guardsafety guard

Wear a mouth guard when playing this sport.

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mouth guard 是防护装置。

The machine has a safety guard to protect workers' hands.

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safety guard 表示安全防护装置。

vt.保卫;守卫;防范

保护地点、人或重要信息不受伤害。

常见表达guard a gateguard against...guard a secret

Two dogs guarded the farmhouse at night.

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guard 作动词表示守卫。

Parents should guard children against online risks.

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guard against 表示防范。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

regard
把……视为;尊敬;问候
Many people regard exercise as part of a healthy life. regard 可按 gard=看记忆,但现代义不是 guard 的保护义。
protect
保护
Trees protect the soil from strong winds. protect 更普通;guard 强调看守、防范。

词族线索 / 同组词

guardian
监护人;保护者
Her uncle became her legal guardian. guardian 是源层 related word,指保护或监护的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

guard 是本组保护/看守线核心词。regard、garage、guarantee 可按记忆线索 gard/gar/guar 记忆,但学习时要回到各自现代搭配。

guardian
监护人;保护者
Her uncle became her legal guardian.

非派生记忆线索

regard
把……视为;尊敬
Many people regard exercise as part of a healthy life.
garage
车库;修车厂
We keep our bikes in the garage.
guarantee
保证;保修单
The watch comes with a two-year guarantee.

词族导图

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072

regard

星标

[ri'gɑ:d] · vt. / n. [U, pl.] · Page 147

to consider in a particular way; respect, attention, or greetings

把……视为;看待;尊敬;关注;问候

联想

regard 的考试核心是 regard A as B。名词义要分 high regard 的尊敬、with regard to 的关于、best regards 的问候。

意思、用法与例句

vt.把……视为;看待

常用 regard A as B;被动 be regarded as 很常见。

常见表达regard A as Bbe regarded as

Many people regard exercise as part of a healthy life.

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regard A as B 表示把 A 视为 B。

Cycling is regarded as a good all-round form of exercise.

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源例核心结构:be regarded as。

n. [U]尊敬;关注

表示尊敬、重视或关注。

常见表达have high regard forshow regard forlittle regard for

She has high regard for teachers who listen to students.

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high regard 表示高度尊敬。

The plan showed little regard for local people's needs.

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little regard for 表示很少顾及。

n. [pl.]致意;问候

regards 常用复数,表示问候。

常见表达best regardskind regardsgive my regards to

Please give my best regards to your parents.

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best regards 表示问候。

He ended the email with kind regards.

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kind regards 是邮件结尾问候。

phr.关于;对于

with/in regard to 是固定短语,意思接近 about。

常见表达with regard toin regard to

With regard to your question, I need more information.

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with regard to 表示关于。

In regard to safety, every student must follow the rules.

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in regard to 也表示关于、对于。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

guard
保卫;守卫
Two dogs guarded the farmhouse at night. regard 可按 gard=看记忆,但不表示保护。

词族线索 / 同组词

regardless
不顾;不管
The match continued regardless of the heavy rain. regardless of 表示不考虑某因素。
regarding
关于
The school sent a notice regarding the trip. regarding 是源层 related word,作介词关于。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

regard = re- + gard(看、视),核心是 how you look at someone or something。

regardless
不顾;不管
The match continued regardless of the heavy rain.
regarding
关于
The school sent a notice regarding the trip.

非派生记忆线索

guard
守卫;保护
Two dogs guarded the farmhouse at night.

词族导图

guard 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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073

regardless

[ri'gɑ:dləs] · adv. · Page 147

without being affected by something; anyway

不顾;不管;不加理会

联想

regardless 最常用结构是 regardless of,表示不管某种差异、困难或条件。它不是 regard 的同义词。

意思、用法与例句

adv.不顾;不管

表示某事不受条件、困难或差异影响。

常见表达regardless of...continue regardlessregardless of age/background

The match continued regardless of the heavy rain.

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regardless of 表示不顾。

Students should be respected regardless of their grades.

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regardless of their grades 表示不论成绩。

We warned him about the risk, but he went ahead regardless.

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continue/go ahead regardless 表示仍然继续。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

despite
尽管
Despite the rain, the match continued. despite 是介词;regardless 常用 regardless of。
with regard to
关于
With regard to your question, I need more information. with regard to 表示关于;regardless of 表示不顾。

词族线索 / 同组词

regard
看待;尊敬;问候
Many people regard exercise as part of a healthy life. regard 是看待;regardless 是不顾。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

regardless = regard + -less,可记为不把某因素放在考虑中。

regard
看待;尊敬;问候
Many people regard exercise as part of a healthy life.
regarding
关于
The school sent a notice regarding the trip.

非派生记忆线索

despite
尽管
Despite the rain, the match continued.

词族导图

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074

garage

['gærɑ:dʒ, 'gæridʒ] · n. [C] · Page 147

a building for keeping or repairing cars

车库;汽车修理厂

联想

garage 可指家里停放车辆的车库,也可指修理汽车的修车厂。可用 gar=guard 记“保护车的地方”,但现代用法按 car/building/repair 学。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]车库;汽车修理厂

指停放车辆的建筑,或维修汽车的地方。

常见表达park in the garagetake the car to the garagegarage door

We keep our bikes in the garage during winter.

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garage 表示车库。

The car is at the garage for repair.

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garage 可表示修车厂。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

guard
保卫;守卫
The garage keeps the car safe from rain. 记忆线索借 guard 保护线记 garage,但 garage 不表示警卫。
parking lot
停车场
The buses waited in the parking lot. parking lot 是露天或公共停车区域;garage 是建筑或修车厂。
repair shop
修理店
The bike is at a repair shop. repair shop 范围更宽;garage 可专指汽车修理厂。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索给出 gar(=guard) + -age,可记为保护车辆的地方;现代核心义是车库/修车厂。

非派生记忆线索

guard
保卫;守卫
A garage protects a car from bad weather.
repair shop
修理店
The bike is at a repair shop.

词族导图

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075

guarantee

星标

[,gærən'ti:] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 147

a firm promise or warranty; to promise or make certain

担保;保证;保修单;保证;确保

联想

guarantee 可作名词“保证/保修单”,也可作动词“保证、确保”。注意 guarantee to do 和 guarantee sb. sth. 都常见。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]担保;保证;保修单

表示正式承诺或商品保修。

常见表达a guarantee of qualityunder guaranteemoney-back guarantee

The watch comes with a two-year guarantee.

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guarantee 作名词表示保修单或保证。

A label is not always a guarantee of quality.

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a guarantee of quality 表示质量保证。

vt.保证;担保;确保

承诺某事会发生,或使某事更有把握。

常见表达guarantee to do sth.guarantee sb. sth.guarantee safety/success

We cannot guarantee to finish the work by noon.

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guarantee to do 表示保证做。

The ticket does not guarantee you a seat on the crowded train.

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guarantee sb. sth. 表示保证某人得到某物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ensure
确保
Good planning helps ensure safety. ensure 强调使确定;guarantee 带承诺或担保语气。
warranty
保修单
The phone has a one-year warranty. warranty 主要是商品保修;guarantee 更宽。
guard
保护;守卫
The rules guard students' safety. guarantee 可按 guard/保护记忆,但现代搭配独立。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

guarantee 与 guard 有保护/担保的历史记忆线,但高考重点是 promise/warranty/ensure 的搭配。

非派生记忆线索

ensure
确保
Good planning helps ensure safety.
warranty
保修单
The phone has a one-year warranty.
guard
保护
The rules guard students' safety.

词族导图

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076

ward

[wɔ:d] · n. [C] · Page 147

a hospital room, local election area, or person under legal care

病房;选区;被监护人

联想

ward 的底层感觉是“被照看/管理的区域或人”:医院里是病房,城市里是选区,法律上是被监护人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]病房

医院中一组病人接受照护的房间或区域。

常见表达hospital wardchildren's wardsurgical ward

Nurses checked every bed in the children's ward.

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children's ward 表示儿童病房。

Visitors must be quiet in the hospital ward.

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hospital ward 表示医院病房。

n. [C]选区

城市或地区中用于选举和管理的区域。

常见表达city wardlocal ward

The new library serves people from every ward of the city.

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ward 可指城市选区。

She was elected to represent the north ward.

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north ward 表示北部选区。

n. [C]被监护人

法律上受他人或法院照管的人。

常见表达a ward of the courtlegal ward

The child became a ward of the court after the accident.

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ward of the court 表示受法院监护的人。

A guardian is responsible for the safety of a legal ward.

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legal ward 表示法律上的被监护人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

guard
看护;守卫
A nurse guarded the door of the ward. 记忆线索提示 ward=guard 看护,可作记忆线。
award
奖;授予
The film won an award for its music. award 多了 a-,意思是奖项/授予。
reward
奖励;回报
The police offered a reward for useful information. reward 强调因帮助或行为得到回报。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 gu- 与 w- 是同源异体,ward 可按 guard 的看护线记忆。award/reward 是形近和历史记忆线,不等于 ward 的病房义。

非派生记忆线索

award
奖;授予
The film won an award for its music.
reward
奖励;回报
The police offered a reward for useful information.
guard
看护;守卫
A guard watched the door.

词族导图

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077

award

星标

[ə'wɔ:d] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 147

a prize given for achievement; to give a prize officially

奖;奖品;奖金;授予;给予

联想

award 强调正式授予的奖项、奖金或荣誉。它比 reward 更偏正式评价和颁发。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]奖;奖品;奖金

正式奖项,常因成绩、作品或贡献获得。

常见表达win an awardan award for...receive an award

The film won an award for its music.

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win an award 表示获奖。

She received an award for helping new students.

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an award for... 表示因……获得奖项。

vt.授予;给予

正式把奖项、奖金、权利或合同授给某人。

常见表达award sb. sth.award sth. to sb.be awarded to...

The school awarded her a prize for science writing.

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award sb. sth. 表示授予某人某物。

The contract was awarded to a local company.

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be awarded to 可用于合同授予。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reward
奖励;回报;奖赏
The police offered a reward for useful information. award 偏正式奖项/授予;reward 偏因行为得到回报或酬谢。
prize
奖品;奖项
The first prize went to a student from our class. prize 是普通奖品/奖项;award 更正式。
ward
病房;选区;被监护人
Nurses checked every bed in the children's ward. ward 与 award 形近但意思完全不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索把 award 记为“仔细观察后决定给予”。现代核心是 formal prize / officially give。

非派生记忆线索

reward
奖励;回报
The police offered a reward for useful information.
prize
奖品;奖项
The first prize went to a student.
ward
病房;选区
The hospital ward was quiet.

词族导图

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078

reward

星标

[ri'wɔ:d] · n. [C,U] / vt. · Page 147-148

something given for help, effort, or good behavior; to give it

奖励;回报;报酬;奖赏;报答

联想

reward 强调“因为某种行为、帮助或努力而得到回报”。它可以是钱、奖赏,也可以是精神上的收获。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]奖励;回报;报酬

因帮助、努力或好行为得到的回报。

常见表达a reward for...as a rewardget a reward

The police offered a reward for useful information.

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a reward for... 表示因……给的奖励。

A quiet evening was her reward after a week of hard work.

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reward 可指非金钱回报。

Helping others brings its own reward.

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源例语境:reward 可指内在回报。

vt.奖赏;报答

因某事给某人奖励或报酬。

常见表达reward sb. for sth.reward sb. with sth.

The teacher rewarded the class with extra reading time.

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reward sb. with sth. 表示用某物奖励。

The company rewarded workers for their quick response.

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reward sb. for sth. 表示因某事奖赏某人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

award
奖;授予
The film won an award for its music. award 更偏正式奖项;reward 更偏回报或酬谢。
punishment
惩罚
The punishment taught him to follow the rules. punishment 与 reward 在奖惩方向上相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

rewarding
值得做的;有益的
Teaching younger children can be a rewarding experience. rewarding 是形容词,表示带来满足感。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

reward 和 rewarding 是真词族;award 是容易混的正式奖项词。

rewarding
值得做的;有益的
Teaching younger children can be a rewarding experience.

非派生记忆线索

award
奖项;授予
The film won an award for its music.
punishment
惩罚
The punishment taught him to follow the rules.

词族导图

guard 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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079

rewarding

[ri'wɔ:diŋ] · adj. · Page 148

giving satisfaction or worthwhile results

值得做的;有益的;有回报的

联想

rewarding 不是简单的“给钱的”,而是让人觉得有收获、值得付出的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.值得做的;有益的

形容工作、经历或活动带来满足感和有价值的结果。

常见表达a rewarding joba rewarding experiencetiring but rewarding

Gardening is a very rewarding pastime.

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保留源例核心:rewarding 表示有益、值得做。

Teaching younger children can be a rewarding experience.

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rewarding experience 表示有收获的经历。

The project was tiring but rewarding.

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tiring but rewarding 表示累但值得。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

worthwhile
值得的
The trip was long but worthwhile. worthwhile 与 rewarding 接近,但 rewarding 更强调收获感。
fruitless
无结果的
The search was fruitless after three days. fruitless 与 rewarding 的有收获方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

reward
奖励;回报;奖赏
The police offered a reward for useful information. reward 是名词/动词;rewarding 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rewarding = reward + -ing,形容活动或经历带来回报感。

reward
奖励;回报;奖赏
The police offered a reward for useful information.

非派生记忆线索

worthwhile
值得的
The trip was long but worthwhile.

词族导图

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080

over

星标

['əuvə(r)] · prep. / adv. / adj. · Page 148

above, across, more than, during, everywhere, finished, or fallen down

在……上方;越过;到处;多于;在……期间;翻倒;结束的

联想

over 的核心方向是“在上方/越过”。由此可扩展到数量超过、遍及、在某段时间里、事情结束、东西翻倒,以及源搭配 all over again / over and above / over and over again。

意思、用法与例句

prep.在……上方;越过

连接名词,表示位置在上方或从一边到另一边。

常见表达over the riverover the wallfly over

A bridge was built over the river.

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over the river 表示在河上方。

The ball went over the wall and into the street.

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went over 表示越过。

prep.多于;在……期间

表示数量超过,或某事发生在一段时间里。

常见表达over 100 peopleover the weekendover the years

Over 100 students joined the reading club.

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over 100 表示超过一百。

We finished the project over the weekend.

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over the weekend 表示在周末期间。

adv.到处;反复;翻倒

作副词可表示遍及、反复或倒下。

常见表达all overall over againover and over againfall over

Posters were put up all over the school.

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all over 表示遍及。

After the file was lost, we had to start all over again.

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all over again 表示从头再来。

She read the paragraph over and over again.

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over and over again 表示反复地。

The cup fell over and water ran across the desk.

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fall over 表示翻倒。

adj.结束的;完了的

作形容词常在 be over 中表示事情结束。

常见表达be overwhen the exam is over

The exam is over, so everyone can relax.

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be over 表示结束。

Call me when the meeting is over.

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when ... is over 表示当……结束时。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

under
在……下面
The cat slept under the table. under 与 over 的上下方向相反。
above
在……上方
The picture hangs above the desk. above 主要表示位置较高;over 还可表示越过、超过和结束。

词族线索 / 同组词

overdo
做得过火
Do not overdo the salt when you cook soup. overdo 里的 over- 表示过度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

over 可作独立介词/副词/形容词,也可作前缀或复合词成分,表示在上方、越过、超过、过度或外层。

overcoat
穿在外面的长大衣
He put on a heavy overcoat.
overall
总体的;总体上
Overall, the trip was enjoyable.
overseas
在国外;海外的
Her brother plans to study overseas.
overdo
做得过火
Do not overdo the salt.
overtake
追上并超过
The runner overtook two others.
overweight
超重的
Passengers paid extra for overweight baggage.

非派生记忆线索

all over
到处;遍及
Posters were put up all over the school.
all over again
从头再来
We had to start all over again.
over and above
除……之外还
Over and above his salary, he receives free meals.
over and over again
反复地
She read the paragraph over and over again.

词族导图

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081

overcoat

['əuvəkəut] · n. [C] · Page 148

a long warm coat worn over other clothes

(长)大衣

联想

overcoat = over + coat,穿在其他衣服外面的厚长外套。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C](长)大衣

指寒冷天气穿在最外层的长外套。

常见表达wear an overcoatput on an overcoata wool overcoat

He put on a heavy overcoat before walking into the snow.

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overcoat 是外面穿的厚大衣。

Her black overcoat was hanging by the door.

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black overcoat 表示黑色长大衣。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

overall
总体的;总体上;工作服
The overall result of the survey was positive. overall 拼写相近但核心是总体或工作服,不是大衣。
underwear
内衣
Thermal underwear keeps people warm in winter. underwear 穿在里面;overcoat 穿在外面。

词族线索 / 同组词

coat
外套
She wore a light coat in spring. overcoat 是更厚、更长、穿在外面的 coat。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overcoat = over(在外面) + coat(外套),是真复合词。

coat
外套
She wore a light coat in spring.
overcoat
长大衣
He put on a heavy overcoat.

非派生记忆线索

over
在……上方;在外层
Wear the overcoat over your sweater.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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082

overall

['əuvərɔ:l] a./ad.; ['əuvərɔ:l] n. · adj. / adv. / n. [C, pl.] · Page 148

including everything; in general; a protective work garment

总体的;总体上;外套;工作服

联想

overall 最常考的是 adj./adv. “总体的/总体上”。名词 overall/overalls 在英式英语中可指外套或工作服。

意思、用法与例句

adj.总体的;全部的

放在名词前,表示从整体看。

常见表达overall resultoverall costoverall plan

The overall result of the survey was positive.

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overall result 表示总体结果。

The overall cost was lower than we expected.

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overall cost 表示总费用。

adv.总体上;总共

常放句首或句中,对整体情况作评价。

常见表达Overall, ...overall speaking

Overall, the trip was safe and enjoyable.

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Overall 放句首表示总体上。

The team played well overall, though the start was slow.

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overall 可放句末。

n. [C, pl.]外套;工作服

英式英语中 overall 或 overalls 可指保护衣服的工作服。

常见表达wear overallsa pair of overalls

The painter wore old overalls to protect his clothes.

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overalls 表示工作服。

The mechanic's overalls were covered with oil.

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mechanic's overalls 表示机修工工作服。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

general
总体的;一般的
The general idea is easy to understand. general 可表示一般的;overall 更强调综合全部部分。
overcoat
长大衣
He put on a heavy overcoat. overcoat 是衣物;overall 多为总体义或工作服。

词族线索 / 同组词

overalls
工作服
The painter wore old overalls. overalls 是名词复数形式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overall = over + all,核心是把全部放在一起看。名词 overalls 是工作服。

overalls
工作服
The painter wore old overalls.

非派生记忆线索

over
超过;覆盖
Look over all the facts before deciding.
all
全部
All students joined the activity.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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083

overseas

[,əuvə'si:z] · adv. / adj. · Page 148

in, to, or from a foreign country

在国外;向国外;海外的

联想

overseas 字面是“海的那边”,现代英语中泛指国外或海外的。

意思、用法与例句

adv.在国外;向国外

修饰动词,表示去国外或在国外。

常见表达study overseasgo overseaslive overseas

Her brother plans to study overseas next year.

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study overseas 表示出国学习。

Many young people hope to work overseas for a few years.

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work overseas 表示在国外工作。

adj.海外的;国外的

放在名词前,修饰学生、市场、经验等。

常见表达overseas studentsoverseas marketsoverseas experience

The company sells its products to overseas markets.

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overseas markets 表示海外市场。

Overseas students joined the school culture festival.

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overseas students 表示海外学生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

abroad
在国外;到国外
She hopes to study abroad. abroad 通常作副词;overseas 可作副词和形容词。
domestic
国内的
Domestic flights are often cheaper than international flights. domestic 与 overseas 的国内/国外方向相反。
international
国际的
The school has many international students. international 更强调国家之间;overseas 强调在国外或来自国外。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overseas = over + seas,可记为跨过海到国外。

over
越过;在……之上
The plane flew over the sea.
sea
The island lies across the sea.

非派生记忆线索

abroad
在国外;到国外
She hopes to study abroad.
domestic
国内的
Domestic flights are common.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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084

overdo

[,əuvə'du:] · vt. · Page 148

to do too much or make something excessive

把……做得过火;做得过度

联想

overdo = over + do,over- 表示“过度”。注意过去式 overdid,过去分词 overdone。

意思、用法与例句

vt.把……做得过火

可指运动、装饰、烹饪、表达等做得太多。

常见表达overdo exerciseoverdo the decorationdo not overdo it

Do not overdo the salt when you cook soup.

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overdo the salt 表示盐放过头。

I think they overdid the red in this room.

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保留源例核心:颜色用得太过。

He overdid the training and hurt his knee.

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overdid 是过去式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

underdo
做得不够;烹调不足
The vegetables were underdone. underdo 与 overdo 在程度方向上相反。
exaggerate
夸大;过度表现
Do not exaggerate the problem. exaggerate 多指夸大事实;overdo 可指各种过度。

词族线索 / 同组词

overdone
做得过火的;煮过头的
The meat was overdone and dry. overdone 是过去分词/形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overdo = over(过度) + do;不规则变化为 overdid, overdone。

overdid
overdo 的过去式
He overdid the training.
overdone
过度的;煮过头的
The meat was overdone and dry.

非派生记忆线索

overwork
工作过度
Do not overwork before the exam.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

overtake

[,əuvə'teik] · vt. / vi. · Page 148

to catch up with and pass someone or something moving ahead

追上;超过

联想

overtake = over + take,表示从后面追上并超过。注意过去式 overtook,过去分词 overtaken。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.追上;超过

常用于交通、比赛或数量变化。

常见表达overtake a carovertake sb. in a raceovertake on a bend

The runner overtook two others near the finish line.

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overtook 是过去式,表示追上并超过。

A truck should not overtake on a sharp bend.

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交通中 overtake 表示超车。

Online sales may overtake store sales in some areas.

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overtake 也可表示数量或地位超过。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pass
超过;通过
The cyclist passed the bus at the corner. pass 更普通;overtake 强调从后面追上再超过。
fall behind
落后
The team fell behind in the second half. fall behind 与 overtake 的追过方向相反。
take over
接管
She will take over the project next month. take over 是接管,不等于 overtake。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overtake = over(越过) + take;不规则变化为 overtook, overtaken。

overtook
overtake 的过去式
The runner overtook two others.
overtaken
overtake 的过去分词
The car was overtaken on the hill.

非派生记忆线索

take over
接管
She will take over the project.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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086

overweight

星标

[,əuvə'weit] · adj. · Page 148

heavier than is healthy or allowed

超重的;太胖的

联想

overweight = over + weight,表示超过健康或规定重量。可说人超重,也可说行李超重。

意思、用法与例句

adj.超重的;太胖的

可形容人或行李超过健康/规定重量。

常见表达be overweightslightly overweightoverweight baggage

The doctor advised him to exercise because he was overweight.

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be overweight 表示体重超标。

Please check in your overweight and oversized baggage.

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保留源例核心:overweight baggage 表示超重行李。

Passengers must pay extra for overweight bags.

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overweight bags 表示超重行李。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

underweight
体重不足的
The doctor said the baby was underweight. underweight 是源层 related word,与 overweight 方向相反。
obese
肥胖的
Obese children need medical advice and support. obese 语气更医学化、更严重;overweight 较宽。
within the limit
在限制内
This suitcase is within the weight limit. within the limit 与超出限制相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

overweight = over(超过) + weight(重量)。源层给出 underweight 作反向词。

underweight
体重不足的
The doctor said the baby was underweight.
weight
重量;体重
The weight of the bag is 20 kilos.

非派生记忆线索

overdo
做得过火
He overdid the training.
overload
使超载
Do not overload the boat.

词族导图

over 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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087

science

星标

['saiəns] · n. [U, sing.] · Page 149

knowledge about the natural world based on observation and experiments

科学;自然科学;理科;学科

联想

science 是科学知识和科学学科。可用 sci=know 记忆;scientific、scientist 是真科学词族,conscience/conscious 只是同图记忆线,意义要分开。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]科学;自然科学;理科

指通过观察和实验理解自然世界的知识,也可指学校理科。

常见表达study sciencescience classmodern science

Science helps us understand why plants need light.

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science 指科学知识。

She wants to study science in senior high school.

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study science 可指学理科。

n. [sing.]学科;系统知识

较正式地指一门系统学科。

常见表达a sciencethe science of...

Ecology is a science that studies living things and their environment.

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a science 表示一门学科。

The science of weather helps farmers plan their work.

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the science of... 表示关于……的学问。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

science fiction
科幻小说
She enjoys science fiction about space travel. 源层 related word,表示科幻小说。

词族线索 / 同组词

scientific
科学的;有系统的
The students followed a scientific method in the experiment. scientific 是 science 的形容词。
scientist
科学家
The scientist tested the water from three rivers. scientist 是从事科学研究的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

science 来自 sci=know,可记为系统知识。真词族是 science / scientific / scientist;conscience/conscious 只作知道/意识记忆线。

scientific
科学的;有系统的
The students followed a scientific method.
scientist
科学家
The scientist tested the water.
science fiction
科幻小说
She enjoys science fiction about space travel.

非派生记忆线索

conscience
良心;内疚
His conscience would not let him keep the wallet.
conscious
清醒的;意识到的
The injured runner was conscious.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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088

scientific

星标

[,saiən'tifik] · adj. · Page 149

connected with science or done in a careful, ordered way

科学的;有系统的;有条理的

联想

scientific 既可指科学领域,也可指方法有证据、有系统。

意思、用法与例句

adj.科学的

修饰研究、证据、发现等科学领域内容。

常见表达scientific researchscientific evidencescientific discovery

Scientific evidence supports the new health advice.

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scientific evidence 表示科学证据。

The report was based on scientific research.

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scientific research 表示科学研究。

adj.有系统的;有条理的

强调方法有步骤、有证据,而不是随意猜测。

常见表达scientific methodscientific wayscientific attitude

The students followed a scientific method in the experiment.

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scientific method 表示科学方法。

A scientific attitude means checking facts before drawing a conclusion.

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scientific attitude 表示有证据意识的态度。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unscientific
不科学的
It is unscientific to decide without evidence. unscientific 与 scientific 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

science
科学;理科
Science helps us understand nature. science 是名词;scientific 是形容词。
scientist
科学家
The scientist tested the water. scientist 是人;scientific 修饰事物或方法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

scientific = science + -ific,形容与科学或系统方法有关。

science
科学;理科
Science helps us understand nature.
scientist
科学家
The scientist tested the water.
unscientific
不科学的
It is unscientific to decide without evidence.

非派生记忆线索

method
方法
A clear method makes the test fair.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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089

scientist

['saiəntist] · n. [C] · Page 149

a person who studies or works in science

科学家

联想

scientist = science + -ist,-ist 常表示从事某领域的人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]科学家

指从事科学研究或科学工作的人。

常见表达a famous scientistyoung scientistsscientists discover

The scientist tested the water from three different rivers.

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scientist 是科学家。

Many scientists are working on cleaner forms of energy.

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scientists 作复数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

researcher
研究人员
Researchers collected data from local schools. researcher 范围更宽;scientist 偏科学领域。

词族线索 / 同组词

science
科学;理科
Science helps us understand nature. science 是领域;scientist 是从事该领域的人。
scientific
科学的;有系统的
Scientific evidence supports the advice. scientific 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

scientist = science + -ist,-ist 表示人。

science
科学;理科
Science helps us understand nature.
scientific
科学的;有系统的
Scientific evidence supports the advice.

非派生记忆线索

researcher
研究人员
Researchers collected data.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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090

conscience

星标

['kɒnʃəns] · n. [C,U] · Page 149

the inner sense of right and wrong; guilt about doing wrong

良心;良知;内疚;愧疚

联想

conscience 是心里判断对错的良知,也可指做错事后的内疚。它和 conscious 形近音近,但 conscious 是清醒/意识到。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]良心;良知

指内在道德判断。

常见表达a clear consciencefollow one's conscience

He returned the wallet because his conscience would not let him keep it.

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conscience 表示良心。

A clear conscience helps her sleep well at night.

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a clear conscience 表示问心无愧。

n. [C,U]内疚;愧疚

常用 on one's conscience / guilty conscience 表示良心不安。

常见表达on one's consciencehave a guilty conscience

I've had it on my conscience for weeks.

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保留源例核心:on one's conscience 表示内疚。

The broken promise stayed on her conscience for weeks.

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stay on one's conscience 表示一直让人愧疚。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conscious
清醒的;意识到的;有意的
The injured runner was conscious when help arrived. conscience 是良心;conscious 是意识状态。
guilt
内疚
He felt guilt after lying to his friend. guilt 是内疚感;conscience 是判断对错的内在声音。
science
科学;理科
Science helps us understand nature. 同有 sci/know 记忆线,但 science 与 conscience 意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

conscience 可按 con- + sci(know) 记为一起知道对错的内在声音。不要把它当 science 的普通派生。

guilty conscience
内疚的良心
He had a guilty conscience after lying.
clear conscience
问心无愧
She acted with a clear conscience.

非派生记忆线索

conscious
清醒的;意识到的
The injured runner was conscious.
science
科学
Science helps us understand nature.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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091

conscious

['kɒnʃəs] · adj. · Page 149

awake and aware; noticing something; deliberate

神志清醒的;意识到的;有意的;刻意的

联想

conscious 有三条线:人是清醒的,be conscious of 表示意识到,a conscious effort 表示有意的努力。

意思、用法与例句

adj.神志清醒的

指人醒着、有知觉。

常见表达be consciousremain conscious

The injured runner was conscious when help arrived.

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conscious 表示神志清醒。

The doctor checked whether the patient remained conscious.

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remain conscious 表示保持清醒。

adj.意识到的;注意到的

常用 be conscious of 表示意识到。

常见表达be conscious ofbe fully conscious of

She became conscious of a strange noise outside.

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be conscious of 表示意识到。

We should be conscious of the effect of our words.

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conscious of 后接名词。

adj.有意的;刻意的

表示清楚地有目的去做。

常见表达a conscious efforta conscious choice

He made a conscious effort to speak more slowly.

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a conscious effort 表示有意努力。

Choosing simple words was a conscious choice.

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conscious choice 表示有意识的选择。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unconscious
失去知觉的;未意识到的
The player was unconscious for a few minutes after the fall. unconscious 是 conscious 的直接反向词。
aware
意识到的
Are you aware of the new rule? aware 接近 conscious of 的意识到义。
conscience
良心;内疚
His conscience would not let him keep the wallet. conscience 是名词良心;conscious 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

conscious 与 unconscious 是直接反向词;conscience 是形近记忆词,不是同义词。

unconscious
失去知觉的;未意识到的
The player was unconscious for a few minutes.
consciousness
意识;知觉
He lost consciousness after the fall.

非派生记忆线索

conscience
良心;内疚
His conscience would not let him keep the wallet.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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092

unconscious

[ʌn'kɒnʃəs] · adj. · Page 149

not awake or not aware of something

失去知觉的;未发觉的;无意识的

联想

unconscious = un- + conscious。它可指人昏迷,也可指没有意识到某事或无意识的行为。

意思、用法与例句

adj.失去知觉的

指人昏迷、不清醒。

常见表达fall unconsciousremain unconsciousknock sb. unconscious

The player was unconscious for a few minutes after the fall.

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unconscious 表示失去知觉。

The smoke made him fall unconscious.

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fall unconscious 表示昏迷。

adj.未发觉的;无意识的

表示没有意识到某事,或不是有意做出。

常见表达be unconscious ofunconscious habitunconscious mistake

Many people are unconscious of how much water they waste.

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be unconscious of 是源搭配,表示未意识到。

Touching his glasses was an unconscious habit.

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unconscious habit 表示无意识习惯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conscious
清醒的;意识到的
The injured runner was conscious when help arrived. conscious 与 unconscious 直接相反。
unaware
未意识到的
She was unaware of the change. unaware 接近 be unconscious of 的未意识到义。

词族线索 / 同组词

unconsciously
无意识地
He tapped the desk unconsciously during the test. unconsciously 是副词,表示无意识地做某事。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

unconscious = un- + conscious,un- 表示否定。

conscious
清醒的;意识到的
The injured runner was conscious.
unconsciously
无意识地
He tapped the desk unconsciously.

非派生记忆线索

unaware
未意识到的
She was unaware of the change.

词族导图

science 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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093

angle

星标

['æŋgl] · n. [C] · Page 149

the space between two lines or a way of looking at something

角;角度;立场;观点

联想

angle 一条线是几何角度,一条线是看问题的角度。triangle 是 tri- + angle 的真构词;ankle/anchor 只是形近或记忆线。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]角;角度

几何中两条线之间的空间,也可指物体倾斜角度。

常见表达at an angleright anglechange the angle

The ladder stood at an angle against the wall.

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at an angle 是源搭配,表示倾斜。

A square has four right angles.

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right angle 表示直角。

n. [C]立场;观点;角度

比喻看待问题的角度或切入点。

常见表达from another anglelook at sth. from an anglea new angle

Try to look at the problem from another angle.

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from another angle 表示换个角度。

The reporter found a new angle on the story.

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a new angle 表示新的切入点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

viewpoint
观点;立场
From my viewpoint, the plan is fair. viewpoint 接近 angle 的观点义。
ankle
脚踝
She twisted her ankle while running down the stairs. ankle 是记忆线索 angle 形状记忆线,不是 angle 派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

triangle
三角形
The child drew a red triangle on the paper. triangle = tri- + angle,是真构词关系。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

angle 是核心词;triangle = tri- + angle 是真构词。ankle 与 anchor 只作形近/图像记忆。

triangle
三角形
A warning sign is often shaped like a triangle.

非派生记忆线索

ankle
脚踝
She twisted her ankle while running.
anchor
锚;固定物;主持人
The ship was at anchor.

词族导图

angle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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094

triangle

['traiæŋgl] · n. [C] · Page 149

a shape with three straight sides and three angles

三角形

联想

triangle = tri-(三)+ angle(角),是真构词:三个角、三条边。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]三角形

三条直边和三个角组成的几何图形。

常见表达draw a triangleright triangletriangle shape

The child drew a red triangle on the paper.

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triangle 表示三角形。

A warning sign is often shaped like a triangle.

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triangle shape 表示三角形形状。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

circle
圆形
The children stood in a circle. circle 没有角;triangle 有三个角。

词族线索 / 同组词

angle
角;角度
A square has four right angles. triangle 包含 angle,且 tri- 表示三。
triangular
三角形的
The roof has a triangular shape. triangular 是 triangle 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

triangle = tri-(three) + angle。

angle
角;角度
A square has four right angles.
triangular
三角形的
The roof has a triangular shape.

非派生记忆线索

tri-
A tricycle has three wheels.

词族导图

angle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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095

ankle

星标

['æŋkl] · n. [C] · Page 149-150

the joint between the foot and the leg

脚踝;踝关节

联想

ankle 是脚和腿连接处的踝关节。可用“脚和腿形成一个 angle”来记忆,但 ankle 不是 angle 的派生词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]脚踝;踝关节

连接脚和腿的关节,常和受伤、扭伤搭配。

常见表达hurt one's ankletwist one's ankleankle injury

By mile 17, my injured ankle hurt badly.

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保留源例核心:injured ankle 表示受伤的脚踝。

She twisted her ankle while running down the stairs.

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twist one's ankle 表示扭伤脚踝。

The doctor put a bandage around his ankle.

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around his ankle 表示在脚踝周围。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wrist
手腕
She wore a watch on her wrist. wrist 是源层 related word,手腕对应 ankle 脚踝。
angle
角;角度
The foot and leg meet at an angle. angle 只作形状记忆线。
knee
膝盖
He hurt his knee during the match. knee 在腿中部;ankle 在脚和腿之间。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ankle 按记忆线索图像记忆:脚和腿形成一个 angle。现代学习重点是身体部位和 injury 搭配。

非派生记忆线索

wrist
手腕
She wore a watch on her wrist.
angle
角度
The foot and leg meet at an angle.

词族导图

angle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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096

anchor

星标

['æŋkə(r)] · n. [C,U] / v. / vt. · Page 150

a heavy object that holds a ship; a support; a presenter; to fix firmly

锚;支柱;主持人;抛锚;使固定

联想

anchor 的基本画面是锚把船固定住;由此引申为支柱、依靠,也可指电视/广播主持人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]锚;支柱;主持人

可指船锚、给人安全感的人/物,或节目主持人。

常见表达at anchordrop anchorthe anchor of the familyserve as an anchor for...news anchor

The ship was at anchor near the island.

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保留源例核心:at anchor 表示抛锚停泊。

Her grandmother was the anchor of the family.

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the anchor of the family 表示家庭支柱。

The news anchor interviewed a young scientist.

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news anchor 表示新闻主播。

v. / vt.抛锚;使固定

表示船停泊或把东西固定牢。

常见表达anchor a boatbe anchored toanchor firmly

The tent was anchored firmly to the ground.

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anchor 作动词表示固定。

The boat anchored in a quiet bay for the night.

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boat anchored 表示船停泊。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fix
固定
Please fix the shelf firmly to the wall. fix 更普通;anchor 强调像锚一样固定。
presenter
主持人
The presenter opened the program with a question. presenter 更通用;anchor 常指新闻主播。
angle
角;角度
A bridge was built at a special angle. anchor 与 angle/ankle 形近,但意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

anchor 不是 angle 的派生;本组内主要是形近记忆。核心是固定、支撑和主持。

非派生记忆线索

at anchor
抛锚停泊
The ship was at anchor.
news anchor
新闻主播
The news anchor asked a question.
fix
固定
Fix the shelf to the wall.

词族导图

angle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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097

incident

星标

['insidənt] · n. [C] · Page 150

an event, especially an unusual, serious, or troublesome one

发生的事;严重事件;摩擦,冲突

联想

incident 是“一件发生的事”,常带突发、麻烦、冲突或需要报告的色彩;不等于 accident,也不是 incidence 的复数。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]事件;严重事件;冲突

指一件发生的事,常见于学校、新闻、安全或边境冲突语境;语气通常比 event 更具体、更有麻烦感。

常见表达a serious/minor incidentreport an incidenta border incidentwithout incident

The school reported the incident to the parents that afternoon.

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学校当天下午把这件事报告给了家长。

report the incident 表示把发生的问题正式告知有关人员。

The border incident increased tension between the two countries.

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这起边境事件加剧了两国之间的紧张关系。

border incident 是源搭配,表示边境摩擦或冲突。

The trip ended without incident, although the weather was bad.

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尽管天气不好,这次旅行还是平安结束了。

without incident 表示没有出事、顺利结束。

incident 常可翻成“事件”,但考试中要结合 serious、border、report、without 等搭配判断语气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

event
事件;活动
The event attracted many students. event 更中性,可指活动;incident 往往指突发或麻烦的一件事。
accident
事故;意外
Three people were hurt in the accident. accident 强调意外造成损害;incident 范围更宽,也可指冲突或小插曲。
incidence
发生率
Doctors compared the incidence of flu in two schools. incidence 是发生率,不是 incident 的复数。
coincidence
巧合;巧合的事
By coincidence, both witnesses gave the same answer. coincidence 强调偶然同时发生;incident 只是一件发生的事。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

本组共享 -cid-/incid- 的“落下、发生”记忆线;学习重点不是硬背词源,而是把 incident(一件事)、incidence(发生率)、coincidence(偶然同时发生)分开。

incidence
发生率
The incidence of flu usually rises in winter.
coincidence
巧合;巧合的事
It was no coincidence that both stories mentioned the same detail.

非派生记忆线索

accident
事故;意外
The accident blocked the road for an hour.
event
事件;活动
The school event was held in the gym.

词族导图

incident / incidence / coincidence 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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098

incidence

['insidəns] · n. [C, usually sing.] / n. [U] · Page 150

the rate or frequency at which something happens, especially a disease or problem

发生率;发病率

联想

incidence 说的是“发生的比例或频率”,常出现在 disease、crime、accidents 等统计语境中;它不是 incident 的复数。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, usually sing.] / n. [U]发生率;发病率

用于说明疾病、事故、犯罪或某种问题出现得有多频繁,通常接 of。

常见表达the incidence of diseasea high/low incidence of...reduce the incidence of...

Why did the incidence of this disease continue to climb?

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为什么这种疾病的发病率持续上升?

保留源例核心:the incidence of this disease 表示这种疾病的发病率。

Better safety training reduced the incidence of accidents in the factory.

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更好的安全培训降低了工厂里事故的发生率。

reduce the incidence of accidents 表示降低事故发生率。

The report shows a high incidence of stress among senior students.

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报告显示高年级学生中压力问题发生率很高。

a high incidence of... 表示某现象出现比例高。

incidence 常见于统计、医学和社会问题,不用来指单个事件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rate
比率;速度
The birth rate fell last year. rate 是普通“比率”;incidence 更具体地说某事发生的频率。
frequency
频率
The frequency of online meetings increased. frequency 可泛指频率;incidence 常用于疾病、事故、问题等出现率。
incident
事件;严重事件
The school reported the incident to the parents. incident 是一件事;incidence 是发生率。
coincidence
巧合
It was pure coincidence that we arrived together. coincidence 是偶然同时发生,不是统计发生率。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

incidence 和 incident 形近且同组,但词性和考点不同:incident 可数,指一件事;incidence 多指统计意义上的发生率。

incident
事件;严重事件
The incident was discussed at the meeting.
coincidence
巧合
By coincidence, the two friends chose the same topic.

非派生记忆线索

rate
比率
The unemployment rate fell slowly.
frequency
频率
The frequency of storms has changed.

词族导图

incident / incidence / coincidence 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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099

coincidence

星标

[kəu'insidəns] · n. [C,U] · Page 150

a surprising situation in which things happen together or match by chance

巧合;巧合的事

联想

coincidence = co-(一起)+ incidence 的记忆线:两件事“碰巧一起发生”。学生要抓住 by chance,而不是把它当 incident 同义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]巧合;巧合的事

表示两件事同时出现或相互吻合,但并非提前安排;可作可数名词,也可作不可数概念。

常见表达by coincidencepure/sheer coincidenceWhat a coincidence!It is no coincidence that...

By coincidence, we chose the same seat on the train.

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巧的是,我们在火车上选了同一个座位。

by coincidence 是源搭配,强调碰巧。

It was pure coincidence that both teams used the same color.

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两支队伍用了同一种颜色,这纯属巧合。

pure coincidence 表示纯属巧合。

It is no coincidence that the best readers also write often.

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最会阅读的人也常常写作,这并非巧合。

It is no coincidence that... 表示“并非巧合”,说明背后有原因。

coincidence 的反面不是普通“事故”,而是 plan、intention 或 on purpose 这类有意安排。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chance
偶然;机会
We met by chance at the station. chance 可作“偶然”;coincidence 更强调两件事碰巧相合。
accident
偶然;意外;事故
Their meeting was an accident, not a plan. accident 有时可表示偶然,但更容易被学生误记成“事故”;coincidence 更突出巧合。
on purpose
故意地
She left the note there on purpose. on purpose 表示有意安排,和 by coincidence 的偶然相反。
incident
事件;严重事件
The border incident appeared in the news. incident 是发生的一件事;coincidence 是两个情况偶然吻合。
incidence
发生率
The incidence of flu was higher this winter. incidence 是发生率;coincidence 是巧合。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

coincidence 可借 co- = together 记:事情“共同落在一起”。现代用法重点是 by chance、pure coincidence、What a coincidence!。

co-
一起;共同
Cooperation means working together.
incident
事件;发生的事
The incident happened after lunch.
incidence
发生率
The incidence of the disease was low.

非派生记忆线索

chance
偶然
They met by chance.
plan
计划;安排
The meeting was part of a careful plan.

词族导图

incident / incidence / coincidence 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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100

office

['ɒfis] · n. [C] · Page 150

a room, building, or service place where work or official business is done

办公室;办公楼;办事处;问询处

联想

office 是“办事的地方”:可指办公室、办公楼,也可指邮局、售票处、问询处这类服务窗口。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]办公室;办公楼

工作、管理或接待的房间或建筑。

常见表达school officehead officeoffice building

Please leave the form at the school office.

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请把表格留在学校办公室。

school office 是学校处理事务的办公室。

The company moved to a larger office last month.

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这家公司上个月搬进了更大的办公室。

office 可指办公地点或办公楼。

n. [C]办事处;问询处;售票处

提供某项服务或办理事务的地点。

常见表达post officeticket officeinformation officebox office

We bought the tickets at the box office before the concert.

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音乐会开始前,我们在售票处买了票。

box office 是源层相关词,可指售票处或票房。

The tourist information office is next to the station.

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旅游问询处就在车站旁边。

information office 表示问询处。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

officer
军官;警官;官员
A police officer asked for my address. officer 是有正式职务的人,不是 office 地点。
official
官方的;正式的;官员
The official report was short and clear. official 讲官方身份或正式认可,既可作形容词也可作名词。
box office
售票处;票房
The film did well at the box office. box office 是源层相关词,常见于电影票房。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

office/officer/official 是“公职、办事、官方”线;本组其他 fic/fit/feat 词按记忆线索做事、产生效果记忆,不是 office 的现代派生词。

officer
有正式职务的人
A police officer helped the child.
official
官方的;官员
The official website gives the latest rules.

非派生记忆线索

box office
售票处;票房
The movie was a box-office success.

词族导图

office 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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101

officer

['ɒfisə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 150

a person with an official position in the police, army, or an organization

军官;高级官员;警察,警官

联想

officer 是“有正式职位的人”,常见三类:police officer、army officer、senior officer。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]警官;军官;高级官员

指在警察、军队或机构中拥有职责和权力的人。

常见表达police officerarmy officersenior officercustoms officer

A police officer helped the lost child find her parents.

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一名警官帮助走失的孩子找到了父母。

police officer 表示警官。

The army officer gave clear orders to the team.

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那名军官向队伍下达了明确命令。

army officer 表示军官。

A senior officer explained the new safety rules.

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一位高级官员解释了新的安全规定。

senior officer 可指机构中的高级官员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

office
办公室;办事处
The form is in the school office. office 是地点;officer 是人。
official
官方的;正式的;官员
A local official answered the questions. official 可作官员,也可作形容词;officer 更常指军警或组织职位。
policeman
男警察
The policeman stopped the car. police officer 更中性,男女都可用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

officer 可借 office 记“在正式职位上办事的人”;注意 officer 不等于 official 的形容词义。

office
办公室;办事处
The office opens at nine.
official
官员;官方的
The official report came out yesterday.

非派生记忆线索

police officer
警官
A police officer helped us cross the road.

词族导图

office 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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102

official

星标

[ə'fiʃl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 150

approved by authority; connected with public duty; a person in authority

正式的;官方的;公务的;官员

联想

official 最常考形容词:official website/report/language 表示官方或正式;作名词时是官员。

意思、用法与例句

adj.正式的;官方的;公务的

由权威机构发布、认可或与公务相关。

常见表达official websiteofficial reportofficial languageofficial duty

Check the official website before buying tickets.

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买票前请查看官方网站。

official website 表示官方网站。

The official report will be published tomorrow.

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官方报告将于明天发布。

official report 是正式/官方报告。

n. [C]官员;要员;高级职员

指在政府或组织中担任正式职务的人。

常见表达government officiallocal officialschool official

A local official answered questions from the villagers.

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一位地方官员回答了村民的问题。

official 作名词表示官员。

School officials discussed the new rule with parents.

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学校有关负责人和家长讨论了新规定。

school officials 指学校管理人员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

officer
警官;军官;官员
A police officer checked the road. officer 多用于军警或职位;official 可作形容词“官方的”。
formal
正式的
Please wear formal clothes to the meeting. formal 强调场合正式;official 强调权威机构认可。
unofficial
非官方的;非正式的
The news came from an unofficial source. unofficial 是 official 的直接反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

official 与 office/officer 同在“公职/官方”线;officially 是常见副词,表示正式地、官方地。

office
办公室;公职机构
The office was closed.
officer
军官;警官
A police officer arrived.
officially
正式地;官方地
The school officially opened the new library on Monday.

词族导图

office 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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103

benefit

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['benifit] · n. [C,U] / vt. / vi. · Page 151

an advantage or helpful result; to help or gain from something

益处;好处;优势;救济金;使受益;得益于

联想

benefit 的核心是“带来好处”:作名词是益处,也可指救济金;作动词可说 benefit sb. 或 benefit from/by sth.。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]益处;好处;优势

指对人有帮助的结果或有利条件。

常见表达the benefits of...health benefitsfor the benefit of sb.

There are many benefits of working out, especially in the morning.

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锻炼有很多好处,尤其是在早晨锻炼。

保留源例核心:benefits of working out 表示锻炼的好处。

The money was used for the benefit of poor children.

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这笔钱被用于帮助贫困儿童。

for the benefit of sb. 是源搭配,表示为了某人的利益。

n. [C,U]救济金;补助金

在社会保障语境中指政府或机构给的补助。

常见表达social benefitsunemployment benefitsreceive benefits

The family received benefits while the father was looking for work.

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父亲找工作期间,这家人领取了救济金。

benefits 可指社会保障中的补助或救济金。

vt. / vi.使受益;从……中得益

及物时直接接受益对象;不及物常接 from/by。

常见表达benefit sb.benefit from/by...

The new library will benefit students in nearby villages.

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新图书馆将使附近村庄的学生受益。

benefit sb. 表示使某人受益。

Many children benefit from reading aloud every day.

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许多孩子从每天朗读中受益。

benefit from... 表示从……中得益。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

advantage
优势;有利条件
Living near school has several advantages. advantage 更偏有利条件;benefit 更偏实际好处。
profit
利润;收益;获益
The shop made a profit last month. profit 可指商业利润;benefit 范围更宽,指各种好处。
harm
伤害;损害
Too much screen time may harm your eyes. harm 是 benefit 的常见反向概念。

词族线索 / 同组词

beneficial
有益的;有利的
A balanced diet is beneficial to your health. beneficial 是 benefit 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

benefit 记忆线索给出 bene-(good) + fit(do) 的记忆线,理解为“做出好处”。beneficial 是常用形容词,beneficiary 是受益人。

beneficial
有益的
Fresh air is beneficial to health.
beneficiary
受益人
Students are the main beneficiaries of the program.

非派生记忆线索

profit
利润;获益
The shop made a profit.

词族导图

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104

beneficial

星标

[,beni'fiʃl] · adj. · Page 151

helpful and likely to produce good results

有益的;有利的

联想

beneficial 是 benefit 的形容词,常接 to 或 for,表示对某人某事有益。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有益的;有利的

说明某事会带来好结果或帮助。

常见表达be beneficial to...be beneficial for...a beneficial effect

A balanced diet is beneficial to your health.

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均衡饮食对健康有益。

be beneficial to... 是核心搭配。

Group discussion can be beneficial for language learning.

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小组讨论可能对语言学习有益。

be beneficial for... 也很常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

helpful
有帮助的
Her advice was very helpful. helpful 更日常;beneficial 更正式。
harmful
有害的
Smoking is harmful to health. harmful 是 beneficial 的常见反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

benefit
益处;使受益
Many students benefit from daily reading. beneficial 是 benefit 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

beneficial = benefit + -ial,形容词化后常修饰 diet、exercise、effect、change 等。

benefit
好处;受益
Exercise has many benefits.
beneficiary
受益人
The students were beneficiaries of the project.

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105

efficient

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[i'fiʃnt] · adj. · Page 151

working well without wasting time, energy, or money

效率高的;有能力的

联想

efficient 不是只表示“有效”,而是强调用更少时间、精力或钱把事情做好。

意思、用法与例句

adj.效率高的;有能力的

强调不浪费时间、精力或资源。

常见表达an efficient wayefficient workerenergy-efficientefficient system

Taking notes with symbols can be an efficient way to review.

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用符号记笔记可能是一种高效复习方式。

an efficient way 强调省时有效。

The new bus system is faster and more efficient.

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新的公交系统更快也更高效。

efficient 可修饰 system。

This energy-efficient lamp uses less electricity.

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这种节能灯耗电更少。

energy-efficient 表示节能高效。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

effective
有效的
The medicine is effective against the disease. effective 强调有效果;efficient 强调少浪费、高效率。
inefficient
效率低的
The old method was slow and inefficient. inefficient 是 efficient 的直接反义词。
sufficient
足够的
There was sufficient food for everyone. sufficient 讲足够;efficient 讲高效。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

efficient 记忆线索按 ef-/ex- + fic(do) + -ient 记忆为“做出效果”。学习时重点比较 effective 与 efficient。

inefficient
效率低的
The old machine was inefficient.
efficiency
效率
The plan improved work efficiency.

非派生记忆线索

effective
有效的
The method was effective.

词族导图

office 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

profit

星标

['prɒfit] · n. [C,U] / v. · Page 151

money gained from business, or an advantage; to gain benefit

利润;收益;益处;有利于;获益

联想

profit 有两条线:商业上的利润,以及从经验、反馈、活动中获益。和 benefit 相近,但 profit 更常带收益或商业色彩。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]利润;收益;益处

指收入超过成本后的钱,也可泛指益处。

常见表达make a profitprofit from salesfor profitlittle profit in...

The small shop made a profit during the festival.

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这家小店在节日期间盈利了。

make a profit 表示获得利润。

There is little profit in arguing about the past.

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争论过去的事没有什么益处。

profit 可作不可数名词表示益处。

v.有利于;从……获益

作动词时常接 from/by,表示从经验或活动中得到好处。

常见表达profit from/by...sth. profits sb.

Students can profit from honest feedback.

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学生能从真诚的反馈中获益。

profit from... 表示从……中获益。

The lesson profited everyone in the team.

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这节课让队里的每个人都受益。

sth. profits sb. 较正式,表示有益于某人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

benefit
益处;受益
Many children benefit from reading. benefit 范围更宽;profit 常有收益或商业利润色彩。
loss
亏损;损失
The company made a loss last year. loss 是商业 profit 的直接反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

profitable
有利可图的;有益的
The trip was both interesting and profitable. profitable 是 profit 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

profit 记忆线索按 pro-(forward) + fit(do) 记忆为“向前产生收益”。profitable 是常见形容词,non-profit 表示非营利。

profitable
有利可图的;有益的
The small business became profitable.
non-profit
非营利的
She works for a non-profit group.

非派生记忆线索

benefit
好处;受益
The plan benefits students.

词族导图

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107

sufficient

[sə'fiʃnt] · adj. · Page 151

enough for a particular purpose

足够的;充分的

联想

sufficient 比 enough 更正式,常修饰 time、money、evidence、reason、resources,强调“够用、够支持结论”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.足够的;充分的

表示数量、条件或证据足以满足某个目的。

常见表达sufficient timesufficient evidencesufficient reasonbe sufficient for...be sufficient to do

We do not have sufficient time to finish two experiments today.

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我们今天没有足够的时间完成两个实验。

sufficient time 表示时间足够。

There was sufficient evidence to support the answer.

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有足够的证据支持这个答案。

sufficient evidence 是高频搭配。

The food was sufficient for all the guests.

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食物足够所有客人吃。

be sufficient for... 表示对某目的足够。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

enough
足够的
We have enough chairs for everyone. enough 更日常;sufficient 更正式。
insufficient
不足的;不充分的
The evidence was insufficient. insufficient 是 sufficient 的直接反义词。
efficient
高效的
The machine is efficient. efficient 讲高效;sufficient 讲足够。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sufficient 记忆线索按 suf-/sub- + fic(do) + -ient 记忆;学习重点是 sufficient for/to do 与 insufficient。

insufficient
不足的
The money was insufficient.
sufficiency
充足;充分
The report questioned the sufficiency of the evidence.

非派生记忆线索

enough
足够的
There is enough water.

词族导图

office 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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108

feature

['fi:tʃə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 151

an important quality or part; a special article or film; to include as a main part

特征;五官;专题;故事片;以……为特色

联想

feature 的核心是“突出的部分”:可指特征、五官、专题报道、故事片;作动词是把某人某物作为特色。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]特征;面貌的一部分

指显著特点或脸部五官。

常见表达main featurekey featurefacial features

A large garden is the main feature of the house.

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一个大花园是这所房子的主要特色。

main feature 表示主要特征。

Her eyes are her most striking facial feature.

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她的眼睛是她最醒目的面部特征。

facial feature 指五官或面部特征。

n. [C]专题;专题节目;故事片

媒体语境中可指专题文章、专题节目或故事片。

常见表达a feature on...special featurefeature articlefeature film

The magazine has a feature on traditional music.

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这本杂志有一篇关于传统音乐的专题文章。

a feature on... 表示关于……的专题。

The cinema will show a feature film about space travel.

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电影院将放映一部关于太空旅行的故事片。

feature film 表示故事片。

vt.以……为特色;由……主演

表示把某人某物作为重点或特色呈现。

常见表达feature local foodfeature an actorfeature music from...

The festival features music from different countries.

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这个节日以来自不同国家的音乐为特色。

feature 作动词表示以……为特色。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

characteristic
特征;特点
Patience is an important characteristic of a good teacher. characteristic 更抽象;feature 常指显著特点或媒体专题。
highlight
亮点;突出部分
The speech was the highlight of the meeting. highlight 强调最精彩部分;feature 强调主要特征或专题。
facial
面部的
Facial expressions show feelings. facial features 是面部特征。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

feature 在记忆线索中配有面部特征图;学习重点是“突出的部分”在特征、五官、专题、动词特色中的迁移。

facial feature
面部特征
Eyes and nose are facial features.
feature article
专题文章
The feature article was about old bridges.

非派生记忆线索

characteristic
特征
Kindness is his main characteristic.

词族导图

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109

work

星标

[wɜ:k] · n. [U,C] / vi. · Page 151

activity or a job; a piece of art or study; to operate or have an effect

工作;职业;差事;作品;研究;运转;奏效

联想

work 是核心多义词:不可数“工作/研究”,可数“作品”,动词可表示工作、机器运转或办法奏效;work out 还要单独记。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]工作;职业;差事;研究

不可数,指工作活动、职业、任务或研究。

常见表达at workout of workwork hard at...research work

My mother is still at work, so I will cook dinner.

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我妈妈还在上班,所以我来做晚饭。

at work 可表示在工作,也可表示某种力量在起作用。

He has been out of work for three months.

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他已经失业三个月了。

out of work 是源搭配,表示失业。

She did important research work on clean water.

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她做了关于清洁用水的重要研究工作。

work 可指研究工作。

n. [C]著作;艺术作品

可数,指书、画、音乐等作品。

常见表达a work of artliterary worksthe works of...

The old bridge is a work of art.

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这座老桥是一件艺术品。

a work of art 是固定表达。

We read several works by the same writer.

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我们读了同一位作家的几部作品。

works 可指著作、作品。

vi.工作;运转;奏效

动词 work 可指人工作、机器器官运转,或计划、方法奏效。

常见表达the machine worksthe plan workswork well

The clock does not work after the rain.

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这只钟淋雨后不走了。

work 可表示机器运转。

I hope this plan will work.

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我希望这个计划会奏效。

work 可表示办法奏效。

phr.work out:算出;解决;锻炼;制订;发展出结果

记忆线索把 work out 列为重点短语,意思随宾语和语境变化。

常见表达work out the answerwork out a problemwork out at the gymwork out a planthings work out

Can you work out the answer without a calculator?

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你能不用计算器算出答案吗?

work out 可表示算出或解决。

We worked out a plan before the trip.

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出发前我们制订了一个计划。

work out a plan 表示制订出计划。

She works out at the gym twice a week.

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她每周在健身房锻炼两次。

work out 可表示锻炼。

Don't worry; things will work out in the end.

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别担心,事情最终会有结果的。

things work out 表示事情发展出结果。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

job
工作;职位
She found a part-time job. job 是可数职位;work 多作不可数工作活动。
homework
家庭作业
I finished my homework before dinner. homework 是 home + work,不可数。
framework
框架;体系
The plan needs a clear framework. framework 不等于工作,核心是 frame + work 的结构框架。

词族线索 / 同组词

worker
工人;工作者
Factory workers start early. worker 是 work + -er,指做某类工作的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

work 是核心词;worker、hard-working、homework、housework、teamwork 是清楚的 work 复合/派生线。framework 和 network 含 work,但现代重点分别是框架和网络,不要机械翻成工作。

worker
工人;工作者
The factory workers were careful.
hard-working
勤勉的
She is a hard-working student.
homework
家庭作业
Do your homework first.
teamwork
团队合作
Teamwork helped us finish on time.

非派生记忆线索

framework
框架;体系
Use a framework to organize ideas.
network
网络;关系网
The Internet is a computer network.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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110

worker

['wɜ:kə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 151-152

a person who works, especially in a particular job or industry

工人;工作者

联想

worker = work + -er,指从事某类工作的人;可说 factory worker、social worker、office worker。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]工人;工作者

指在工厂、办公室、社会服务等领域工作的人。

常见表达factory workersocial workeroffice workerhealth worker

Factory workers checked each machine before leaving.

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工人们离开前检查了每台机器。

factory worker 指工厂工人。

A social worker visited the old man every week.

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一名社工每周看望这位老人。

social worker 指社会工作者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

employee
雇员
Every employee must wear an ID card. employee 强调受雇身份;worker 强调工作者或劳动者。
employer
雇主
The employer offered training. employer 是雇主,不是 worker 的普通反义,但在雇佣关系中相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

work
工作;运转;奏效
This plan may work. worker 是 work 的人称派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

worker = work + -er。-er 常表示做某事的人,如 teacher、driver。

work
工作
She works hard.
office worker
办公室职员
Office workers use computers every day.

非派生记忆线索

employee
雇员
The company has 200 employees.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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111

hard-working

[,hɑ:d 'wɜ:kiŋ] · adj. · Page 152

working with a lot of effort and care

辛勤工作的;勤勉的;用功的

联想

hard-working 是形容词,评价人努力、勤奋;注意连字符,不等于 working hard 的句子结构。

意思、用法与例句

adj.勤奋的;辛勤工作的

通常修饰 student、worker、farmer、team 等人或群体。

常见表达a hard-working studenthard-working farmershard-working team

She is a hard-working student who reviews every evening.

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她是个勤奋的学生,每晚都复习。

hard-working 放在名词前作形容词。

Genius only means hard-working all one's life.

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天才只意味着终身不懈地努力。

保留源例核心,强调长期勤奋。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

diligent
勤勉的
Diligent students ask good questions. diligent 更正式;hard-working 更日常。
lazy
懒惰的
A lazy habit can waste a whole morning. lazy 是 hard-working 的常见反义词。
work hard
努力工作/学习
He works hard at English. work hard 是动词短语;hard-working 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

hard-working = hard + working,是复合形容词。作定语时常保留连字符。

work hard
努力学习/工作
She works hard at science.
worker
工作者
He is a careful worker.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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112

homework

['həumwɜ:k] · n. [U] · Page 152

schoolwork that students do at home

家庭作业

联想

homework 是不可数名词:do/finish/hand in one's homework,不能说 many homeworks。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]家庭作业

学生课后完成的学习任务,不可数。

常见表达do one's homeworkfinish homeworkhand in homeworkhomework assignment

I finished my homework before dinner.

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我晚饭前完成了家庭作业。

finish homework 表示完成作业。

Please hand in your homework on Friday.

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请在星期五交作业。

hand in homework 表示交作业。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

classwork
课堂作业
We finished the classwork in ten minutes. classwork 在课堂完成;homework 在家完成。
housework
家务
Everyone should share housework. housework 是家务劳动,不是家庭作业。
assignment
作业;任务
The writing assignment is due tomorrow. assignment 更泛,可指各种任务。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

homework = home + work,不可数。housework 同样不可数,但意思是家务。

work
工作;任务
Work begins at eight.
housework
家务
She does housework after school.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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113

housework

['hauswɜ:k] · n. [U] · Page 152

work done to keep a home clean and organized

家务劳动

联想

housework 是不可数家务劳动,如 cleaning、cooking、washing;和 homework 不同。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]家务劳动

打扫、做饭、洗衣等家庭事务,不可数。

常见表达do houseworkshare houseworkhelp with housework

My brother and I share the housework on weekends.

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周末我和弟弟一起分担家务。

share housework 表示分担家务。

Doing housework taught him to care for his family.

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做家务让他学会关心家人。

do housework 表示做家务。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

homework
家庭作业
Finish your homework before watching TV. homework 是作业;housework 是家务。
chores
日常杂务
Children can help with small chores. chores 常指具体的一项项家务。
household
家庭的
Household tasks take time. household tasks 与 housework 语义接近。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

housework = house + work,不可数。常和 do/share/help with 搭配。

homework
家庭作业
He finished his homework.
chores
家务杂事
She does small chores.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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114

teamwork

['ti:mwɜ:k] · n. [U] · Page 152

the ability of a group to work together well

配合;协同工作;团队合作

联想

teamwork 是 team + work,不可数,重点不是一个人的努力,而是团队配合。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]团队合作;协同工作

强调成员之间配合完成任务。

常见表达good teamworkrequire teamworkteamwork skillsthrough teamwork

Only teamwork will enable us to get the job done on time.

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只有团队合作才能让我们按时完成这项工作。

保留源例核心:teamwork 强调配合。

The rescue showed excellent teamwork under pressure.

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这次救援展现了压力下出色的团队合作。

excellent teamwork 表示出色配合。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cooperation
合作
Cooperation made the project easier. cooperation 更泛;teamwork 强调团队内部协作。
individual effort
个人努力
Individual effort matters, but teamwork wins the game. individual effort 和 teamwork 形成语境对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

team
团队
The team trained together. teamwork = team + work。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

teamwork = team + work,不可数。常用于学校活动、运动、项目和救援语境。

team
团队
The team solved the problem.
work together
一起工作
We work together well.

词族导图

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115

framework

['freimwɜ:k] · n. [C] · Page 152

a basic structure, system, or set of ideas that supports something

框架;构架;体系;体制;参照标准

联想

framework 不是“工作”,而是 frame + work 的框架:可指物理框架、制度体系,也可指思考标准。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]框架;构架

支撑建筑、计划或文章的基本结构。

常见表达basic frameworkbuild a frameworkframework for...

The teacher gave us a framework for writing the essay.

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老师给了我们写作文的框架。

framework for... 表示用于某事的框架。

The roof rests on a wooden framework.

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屋顶支撑在木质框架上。

framework 可指实物构架。

n. [C]体系;体制;参照标准

组织规则、法律、思想或评价的基本体系。

常见表达legal frameworkwithin the framework of...framework of ideas

High achievement often happens within a framework of high expectations.

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高成就往往出现在高期待的框架中。

保留源例核心:within a framework of... 表示在某种框架内。

The new law provides a framework for protecting children.

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新法律提供了保护儿童的制度框架。

legal framework 表示法律框架。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

structure
结构
The structure of the story is clear. structure 更泛;framework 强调支撑整体的基本框架。
outline
提纲;轮廓
Write an outline before the report. outline 偏提纲;framework 偏支撑体系。
network
网络;关系网
The campus network is slow today. network 强调连接成网;framework 强调支撑结构。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

framework = frame + work。这里 work 已经弱化为构成词的一部分,现代意义是框架/体系,不是工作。

frame
框架;边框
The picture has a wooden frame.
framework
框架;体系
The plan needs a framework.

非派生记忆线索

structure
结构
The structure is simple.

词族导图

work 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

network

['netwɜ:k] · n. [C] / vt. / vi. · Page 152

a connected system of people, computers, or broadcasts; to build work contacts

网络;人际网;计算机网络;广播网;联播;建立工作关系

联想

network = net + work,核心是“连接成网”:计算机网络、人际关系网、广播电视网;动词可表示联播或建立工作关系。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]网络;计算机网络;广播/电视网

由多个点连接成系统,可指电脑、校园、电视广播等网络。

常见表达computer networkcampus networkTV networkworldwide network

The Internet is a worldwide computer network.

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因特网是一个全球计算机网络。

保留源例核心:computer network 表示计算机网络。

Students can use the campus network in the library.

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学生可以在图书馆使用校园网。

campus network 是源搭配。

n. [C] / vi.人际网;建立工作关系

指人与人之间的关系网;作动词时表示建立职业联系。

常见表达social networknetwork of friendsnetwork with people

Volunteers built a network of help for old people.

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志愿者建立了一个帮助老人的网络。

network of help 表示互相连接的帮助系统。

Young teachers network with others at the training meeting.

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年轻教师在培训会上与他人建立工作联系。

network with people 作动词。

vt.联播;联网播出

较低频,常用于广播电视或媒体技术语境。

常见表达network a programnetwork stations

Several stations networked the program across the country.

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几个电视台在全国联播了这个节目。

network 作及物动词可表示联播。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

web
网;网络
The spider's web was wet with rain. web 可指网或互联网;network 强调连接系统。
framework
框架;体系
The idea needs a clear framework. framework 是支撑结构;network 是连接系统。
contact
联系人;联系
She kept contact with old classmates. network 可指职业或社交联系网。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

network = net + work。net 给出网状连接,work 在这里构成复合词,不等于普通工作。

net
A fishing net caught the ball.
network
网络;关系网
The network connects many schools.

非派生记忆线索

social network
社交关系网
A social network can spread news quickly.

词族导图

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117

abandon

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[ə'bændən] · vt. / n. [U] · Page 153

to leave or give up someone, something, or a plan; free and uncontrolled behavior

抛弃;放弃;放任;纵情

联想

abandon 的语气比 give up 更强:可以是把人或物丢下不管,也可以是放弃计划、希望;名词 abandon 常见 with abandon,表示放任、纵情。

意思、用法与例句

vt.抛弃;丢下不管

强调离开某人某物并不再照管,语气较强。

常见表达abandon a childabandon a carabandon a pet

The family had to abandon their car in the snow.

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这家人不得不把车弃在雪地里。

abandon a car 表示迫不得已把车丢下不管。

The story is about a child abandoned by his parents.

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这个故事讲的是一个被父母遗弃的孩子。

abandon a child 语气很重,表示遗弃。

vt.放弃;停止继续

指放弃计划、搜索、希望或原来的做法。

常见表达abandon a planabandon hopeabandon the searchabandon an idea

The team refused to abandon the search for the missing dog.

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队伍拒绝放弃寻找那只失踪的狗。

abandon the search 表示放弃搜寻。

They abandoned the plan because it was too expensive.

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他们放弃了这个计划,因为成本太高。

abandon a plan 是高频搭配。

phr. / n. [U]abandon oneself to;with abandon

abandon oneself to 表示沉湎于某种情感;with abandon 表示毫无顾忌、尽情地。

常见表达abandon oneself to sadnesswith abandon

After the failure, he almost abandoned himself to despair.

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失败之后,他几乎陷入了绝望。

abandon oneself to 是源搭配,后接情感或状态。

The children danced with abandon when the music began.

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音乐响起时,孩子们尽情地跳起舞来。

with abandon 是名词用法,表示纵情、无拘束。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

give up
放弃
Do not give up your dream. give up 更日常;abandon 语气更强、更正式。
desert
遗弃;擅离
The soldier was punished for deserting his post. desert 常用于遗弃人或擅离职守;abandon 范围更宽。
keep
保留;继续拥有
Keep the old photos in a safe place. keep 可与 abandon 的“丢弃/放弃”形成基本反向。
continue
继续
They continued the search until dark. continue 与 abandon a plan/search 的“放弃继续”相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

abandon 本单元按独立高频词处理。重点不是派生词,而是对象和搭配:abandon sb./sth.、abandon a plan/search/hope、abandon oneself to...、with abandon。

非派生记忆线索

abandoned
被遗弃的;废弃的
They found an abandoned house near the river.
give up
放弃
She refused to give up.
with abandon
尽情地;放任地
They laughed with abandon.

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118

clumsy

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['klʌmzi] · adj. · Page 153

awkward in movement, handling, or expression

笨拙的;不灵巧的;不得体的;措辞生硬的

联想

clumsy 的核心是“不顺手、不自然”。可以说手脚笨拙,也可以说道歉、解释、方法很生硬、不得体。

意思、用法与例句

adj.笨拙的;不灵巧的

形容动作、手脚或操作不灵活,容易掉东西或弄错。

常见表达clumsy handsa clumsy movementa clumsy childclumsy with tools

The clumsy waiter dropped two plates on the floor.

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那个笨手笨脚的服务员把两个盘子掉在了地上。

clumsy 可形容人的动作不灵巧。

I was clumsy with the camera and almost dropped it.

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我摆弄相机时很笨拙,差点把它摔了。

be clumsy with sth. 表示操作某物不熟练。

adj.不得体的;措辞生硬的

形容道歉、解释、尝试、表达等不自然、不圆滑。

常见表达a clumsy attempta clumsy apologya clumsy excuseclumsy wording

She made a clumsy attempt to apologize.

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她本想道歉,但措辞生硬。

保留源例核心:clumsy attempt 指做法或表达不自然。

His clumsy excuse only made his teacher more upset.

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他那个不得体的借口只让老师更生气。

clumsy excuse 表示借口说得很生硬、不高明。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

awkward
笨拙的;尴尬的
His answer made the room feel awkward. awkward 可指动作笨拙或处境尴尬;clumsy 更强调动作/表达不自然。
unskillful
不熟练的
An unskillful repair may make the problem worse. unskillful 强调缺少技能;clumsy 强调表现出来的笨拙。
inelegant
不优雅的;不够得体的
The solution was quick but inelegant. inelegant 更正式,常指方法或表达不优雅;clumsy 更日常。
graceful
优雅的
The dancer's graceful steps impressed everyone. graceful 与动作笨拙的 clumsy 相反。
skillful
熟练的;灵巧的
A skillful driver can park in a small space. skillful 强调有技能、灵巧;clumsy 强调不灵巧。
smooth
顺畅的;圆滑的
Her smooth apology calmed the angry customer. smooth 可指表达自然得体;clumsy 表达则生硬。

词族线索 / 同组词

clumsily
笨拙地;不得体地
He clumsily knocked over a glass of water. clumsily 是副词,修饰动作方式。
clumsiness
笨拙;不得体
Her clumsiness with words made the apology sound cold. clumsiness 是名词,指笨拙或表达不得体。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

clumsy 可扩展为 clumsily(笨拙地)和 clumsiness(笨拙;不得体)。记忆时抓住“不顺手、不自然”。

clumsily
笨拙地;不得体地
He clumsily knocked over a glass of water.
clumsiness
笨拙;不得体
Her clumsiness with words made the apology sound cold.

非派生记忆线索

awkward
笨拙的;尴尬的
The silence after his words felt awkward.
graceful
优雅的
The bird made a graceful turn in the air.

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119

drill

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[dril] · v. / vt. / n. [C/U] · Page 153

to make a hole with a tool; to train by repeated practice; a tool or repeated practice

钻孔;训练;操练;钻;钻头;练习;军事训练

联想

drill 的两条线都强调“反复深入”:钻头一遍遍往里钻;训练一遍遍重复,直到动作或知识被掌握。

意思、用法与例句

v. / n. [C]钻孔;钻;钻头

作动词指用钻头打孔;作名词指钻、钻头或电钻。

常见表达drill a holedrill through...electric drillhand drill

Workers drilled a hole through the wall for the pipe.

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工人们为管道在墙上钻了一个孔。

drill a hole 表示钻孔。

An electric drill lay on the workbench.

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一把电钻放在工作台上。

electric drill 是名词,表示电钻。

vt. / n. [C/U]训练;操练;练习

通过重复练习形成技能、反应或习惯,可指课堂训练、消防演练或军事操练。

常见表达drill sb. in sth.grammar drillfire drillmilitary drill

The teacher drilled the class in useful sentence patterns.

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老师反复训练全班练习实用句型。

drill sb. in sth. 表示训练某人掌握某事。

Our school holds a fire drill every term.

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我们学校每学期都会举行一次消防演练。

fire drill 是消防演练。

The soldiers spent the morning doing military drill.

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士兵们上午进行了军事操练。

military drill 表示军事训练或操练。

phr.drill...into... 反复灌输

把规则、事实或习惯反复讲给某人,让其牢牢记住。

常见表达drill sth. into sb.drill the rules into studentsbe drilled into memory

The coach drilled the safety rules into the young players.

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教练把安全规则反复灌输给年轻队员。

drill sth. into sb. 是源层搭配,表示反复灌输。

The spelling rule was drilled into our memory through practice.

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这条拼写规则通过练习被我们牢牢记住了。

be drilled into memory 表示被反复训练到记住。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bore
钻孔
They bored a small hole in the wood. bore 更正式,指钻孔;drill 更常见,也可指训练。
practice
练习
Regular practice improves speaking. practice 是练习总称;drill 强调反复、有组织的操练。
train
训练
The club trains new members every week. train 范围更广;drill 强调重复训练某项技能。
exercise
练习;训练
The book includes short grammar exercises. exercise 可指练习题;drill 更强调机械或反复操练。
fill
填满;填补
Please fill the hole with soil. fill a hole 与 drill a hole 方向相反。
improvise
即兴做
The actors had to improvise when the lights went out. improvise 是临场发挥;drill 是事先反复操练。
neglect
忽视;疏于练习
Do not neglect daily reading. neglect practice 与 drill/practice 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

drilled
经过训练的;被钻孔的
The drilled team reacted quickly to the alarm. drilled 是过去分词形容词,可表示训练有素。
drilling
钻孔;训练
The drilling stopped when the class began. drilling 可指钻孔活动,也可指反复训练。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drill 可扩展到 drilled(训练有素的;被钻孔的)和 drilling(钻孔;训练)。源层 drill...into... 是固定搭配,不是派生词。

drilled
训练有素的;被钻孔的
The drilled team reacted quickly to the alarm.
drilling
钻孔;训练
The drilling stopped when the class began.

非派生记忆线索

fire drill
消防演练
The fire drill taught students how to leave safely.
grammar drill
语法练习
The grammar drill helped us remember the pattern.
drill sth. into sb.
向某人反复灌输某事
The coach drilled teamwork into the players.

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120

address

星标

[ə'dres] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 153

a mailing or email location; to write an address, speak to people, or deal with a problem or topic

地址;通讯处;写姓名地址;向……讲话;处理,设法解决

联想

address 不只表示“地址”。看宾语判断:address on a form 是地址;address an envelope 是写地址;address an audience 是讲话;address a problem/question/how... 是处理或论述问题。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地址;通讯处

写信、登记、联系时使用的地点或电子地址。

常见表达home addressemail addressmailing addresschange one's address

Please write your address clearly on the form.

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请在表格上清楚地写下你的地址。

address 作名词,表示联系地址。

Send the file to my email address before Friday.

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请在星期五前把文件发到我的电子邮箱地址。

email address 表示电子邮箱地址。

vt.在……上写姓名和地址

宾语常是 envelope、package、letter;被动 be addressed to... 表示写给/寄给某人。

常见表达address an envelopeaddress a packageaddress a letter to sb.be addressed to...

She addressed the envelope and put a stamp on it.

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她在信封上写好姓名地址并贴上邮票。

address an envelope 表示在信封上写姓名地址。

The package was addressed to the wrong person.

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这个包裹写成了寄给错误的人。

be addressed to sb. 表示收件人写给某人。

vt.向……讲话;处理,设法解决;论述

宾语可以是人群,也可以是 problem、issue、question、how/why 从句。

常见表达address an audienceaddress a meetingaddress a problemaddress how/why...

The president addressed the students about climate action.

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校长就气候行动向学生们讲话。

address an audience/group 表示向人群讲话。

The new policy aims to address traffic problems near schools.

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新政策旨在解决学校附近的交通问题。

address a problem 表示处理、设法解决问题。

All participants must address how technology has improved people's lives.

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所有参与者都必须论述科技如何改善了人们的生活。

源例核心是 address how...,表示围绕某问题展开论述或处理。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

location
地点;位置
The map shows the location of the museum. location 是位置;address 是用于联系或投递的具体地址。
speak to
向……讲话
The coach spoke to the team after the game. speak to 更普通;address an audience 更正式。
deal with
处理;应对
We must deal with the problem now. deal with 更口语;address a problem 更正式,常见于政策、文章和演讲。
ignore
忽视
Do not ignore small safety problems. ignore 与 address a problem 的“处理问题”相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

address 本单元按独立多义词处理。学习关键是看宾语:address/form/email 是名词地址,envelope/package 是写地址,audience/meeting 是讲话,problem/issue/question/how... 是处理或论述。

email address
电子邮箱地址
Use your school email address.
mailing address
通讯地址
Write your mailing address here.
be addressed to
寄给;写给
The letter was addressed to my father.

非派生记忆线索

deal with
处理
The report deals with water pollution.
ignore
忽视
They ignored the warning.

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121

aim

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[eim] · n. [C] / v. / vt. · Page 153

a goal or purpose; to try to achieve something or point something at a target

目标;目的;力求达到;瞄准;针对

联想

aim 的核心是“对准目标”:名词是目标/目的;aim to do 是力求做成;aim at 可表示瞄准或以……为目标;be aimed at 常表示面向某群体或针对某问题。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]目标;目的

指想达到的结果或做某事的目的。

常见表达the aim of...with the aim of...main aim

The aim of the project is to reduce plastic waste.

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这个项目的目标是减少塑料垃圾。

the aim of... 表示……的目标。

She joined the club with the aim of improving her spoken English.

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她加入这个社团,目的是提高英语口语。

with the aim of doing 表示带着……目的。

v.力求达到;旨在

主语常是人、课程、计划、政策等,后接 to do。

常见表达aim to do sth.aim for sth.aim high

The course aims to improve students' speaking skills.

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这门课程旨在提高学生的口语能力。

aim to do sth. 表示力求达到某结果。

If you aim high, you need a clear plan and steady practice.

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如果你目标远大,就需要清晰的计划和持续练习。

aim high 表示志向高、目标远大。

v. / vt.瞄准;针对;面向

可指把武器、相机等对准目标,也可指活动、规则、建议面向某群体或问题。

常见表达aim at a targetaim sth. at...be aimed at...

The player aimed at the center of the target.

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这名选手瞄准了靶心。

aim at a target 是具体瞄准。

The new rules are aimed at protecting children online.

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新规定旨在保护儿童上网安全。

be aimed at... 可表示针对某目标或目的。

The program is aimed at students who want to study science.

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这个项目面向想学习科学的学生。

be aimed at sb. 可表示面向某群体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

goal
目标
Her goal is to read one English article every day. goal 偏最终目标;aim 可作名词,也可作动词。
purpose
目的
The purpose of the meeting is clear. purpose 强调做事原因;aim 强调想达到的目标。
target
目标;靶子
The arrow hit the target. target 更像具体靶子或指标;aim 可表示瞄准动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

aimless
无目的的
He walked aimlessly around the station. aimless 是源层 related word,表示没有目标或方向。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

aim 本单元按独立高频词处理。记忆线是“对准目标”:goal/purpose 是目标义,target 是瞄准对象,aimless/aimlessly 是无目标、漫无目的。

aimless
无目的的
An aimless walk can still relax the mind.
aimlessly
漫无目的地
He walked aimlessly around the station.

非派生记忆线索

goal
目标
Her goal is to read every day.
target
靶子;目标
The arrow missed the target.

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122

organic

[ɔ:'gænik] · adj. · Page 153

grown without artificial chemicals, connected with living things or organic matter, or connected with a body organ

有机的;有机物的;有机体的;器官的

联想

organic 的核心线索是“生命体/器官相关”。日常说 organic vegetables,强调不用人工化学物质种植;科学语境说 organic matter,指来自或属于生物的有机物;医学语境可指身体器官相关。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有机的;不用人工化学物质种植的

常修饰 food、vegetables、farm、farming,强调种植或生产过程尽量不用人工化肥、农药等。

常见表达organic vegetablesorganic foodorganic farmorganic farming

Many families buy organic vegetables when they can afford them.

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不少家庭在负担得起时会购买有机蔬菜。

organic vegetables 是源层搭配,指有机蔬菜。

The school garden uses organic farming methods.

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学校花园采用有机种植方法。

organic farming 强调不用或少用人工化学物质的种植方式。

Organic food is often more expensive in small shops.

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小商店里的有机食品常常更贵。

organic food 是日常高频搭配。

adj.有机物的;有机体的

科学或环保语境中指来自生物、与生物体或有机物有关。organic matter/waste 常见于土壤、环保、科学阅读。

常见表达organic matterorganic wasteorganic chemistryorganic material

Dead leaves become organic matter in the soil.

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枯叶会变成土壤中的有机物。

organic matter 指有机物质。

The town turns organic waste into useful compost.

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这个小镇把有机废弃物变成有用的堆肥。

organic waste 是来自生物或可分解的有机废弃物。

Students first meet organic chemistry in a simple carbon lesson.

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学生们最早会在简单的碳元素课程中接触有机化学。

organic chemistry 是科学语境,难度控制在识别搭配即可。

adj.器官的;身体器官相关的

医学或科学语境中指与身体器官有关,记忆线索给出“器官的”。高中阅读中只需能看出它不是“有机食品”的意思。

常见表达organic diseaseorganic changeorganic damage

The doctor found no organic disease after several tests.

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几项检查后,医生没有发现器官性疾病。

organic disease 表示器官性疾病,不是有机蔬菜。

The report focused on organic damage to the heart.

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报告关注心脏的器官性损伤。

organic damage 指身体器官层面的损伤。

这一义项较偏医学;识别 source meaning 即可,不需要扩展成专业医学知识。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

natural
自然的;天然的
The farm uses natural ways to control insects. natural 可指天然;organic 更强调按有机标准种植或与生物/有机物有关。
chemical-free
不含人工化学物质的
The label says the soap is chemical-free. chemical-free 接近日常 organic food 语境,但 organic 还有科学和器官义。
biological
生物的;生物学的
Biological research often begins with living cells. biological 强调生物学;organic 可指有机物、有机食品或器官相关。
inorganic
无机的
Salt is an inorganic substance. inorganic 是科学语境中 organic 的反义线索。
artificial
人工的;人造的
The plant grew under artificial light. artificial 与 organic food 的自然/非人工化学线索相反。
synthetic
合成的
The jacket is made from synthetic material. synthetic 强调人工合成;organic 常指自然种植或生物来源。
organ
器官
The heart is an important organ. organ 是器官;organic 在记忆线索中可表示“器官的”。
organism
有机体;生物体
A tiny organism can still affect a whole lake. organism 是有机体;organic 可表示有机体的或有机物的。
organic matter
有机物质
Dead leaves become organic matter in the soil. organic matter 是源义“有机物的”的关键搭配。
organic vegetables
有机蔬菜
Many families buy organic vegetables when they can afford them. organic vegetables 是源层搭配。

词族线索 / 同组词

organically
自然地;有机地
The discussion developed organically from one question. organically 是副词,可指自然发展,也可指按有机方式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

organic 与 organ/organism 共享生命体、器官、有机物这条语义线索;organically 是真实副词。organization/organize 虽形近,但在本词教学中不要硬讲成 organic 的派生。

organ
器官
The heart is an important organ.
organism
有机体;生物体
A tiny organism can still affect a whole lake.
organically
自然地;有机地
The discussion developed organically from one question.

非派生记忆线索

organic vegetables
有机蔬菜
Many families buy organic vegetables when they can afford them.
organic matter
有机物质
Dead leaves become organic matter in the soil.
organic waste
有机废弃物
The town turns organic waste into useful compost.
organic disease
器官性疾病
The doctor found no organic disease after several tests.

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123

album

['ælbəm] · n. [C] · Page 154

a book or digital collection of photos or stamps, or a set of songs released together

相册;集邮册;音乐专辑

联想

album 的核心是“一组内容被收在一起”:照片放进 photo album,邮票放进 stamp album,歌曲作为一张 album 发行。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]相册;集邮册

指把照片、邮票等按页收集起来的册子,也可指电子相册。

常见表达photo albumfamily albumstamp albumdigital album

My mother put our old travel photos into a family album.

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妈妈把我们的旧旅行照片放进了一本家庭相册。

family album 表示家庭相册。

He keeps rare stamps in a small stamp album.

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他把珍贵邮票保存在一本小集邮册里。

stamp album 是源义中的“邮票册”。

n. [C]音乐专辑

指歌手或乐队一起发行的一组歌曲。

常见表达release an albumrecord an albumdebut albumalbum cover

The singer released a new album after two years of work.

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这位歌手经过两年准备后发行了一张新专辑。

release an album 是源层搭配,表示发行专辑。

The band's first album became popular among teenagers.

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这个乐队的首张专辑在青少年中流行起来。

first album/debut album 可表示首张专辑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

collection
收藏;一组物品
The museum has a large collection of old photos. collection 是更宽的词;album 是把照片、邮票或歌曲成册/成套整理后的具体形式。
photo book
相册;照片书
They made a photo book for their graduation trip. photo book 接近 photo album,但更强调印刷成书。
record
唱片;录音作品
My father still listens to old records. record 可指唱片或录音作品;album 更常指一整张专辑。
single
单曲
The single was released before the full album. single 是一首单曲;album 是多首歌组成的一张专辑。
loose photo
散放的照片
A loose photo fell out of the drawer. loose photo 是单张散放照片;photo album 是整理成册。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

album 在本单元按独立名词处理,不强行拆词根。记忆线是“把同类内容收成一套”:照片/邮票成册,歌曲成专辑。

非派生记忆线索

photo album
相册
We looked through the old photo album together.
stamp album
集邮册
The stamp album contains stamps from many countries.
album cover
专辑封面
The album cover shows a quiet street at night.
debut album
首张专辑
Her debut album sold well.

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124

shift

[ʃift] · v. / vi. / vt. / n. [C/U] · Page 154

to move or change position, direction, gear, focus, or plan; a change, work period, or keyboard/gear key

(使)移动;(使)转移;换挡;改变;转换;当班时间;Shift 键

联想

shift 的核心是“从一个位置/状态切到另一个位置/状态”:风向转了、注意力转了、车换挡了、工作换班了,键盘上的 Shift 键也帮助切换输入状态。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.移动;转移;改变重点或方向

表示位置、方向、注意力、责任、政策等从一处或一种状态转到另一处。

常见表达shift from...to...shift attentionshift responsibilityshift the focus

The wind shifted from north to west in the evening.

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傍晚时风向从北转到了西。

shift from...to... 表示从一种方向/状态转到另一种。

The teacher shifted the focus from speed to accuracy.

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老师把重点从速度转向准确性。

shift the focus 表示转移重点。

Please shift the chairs closer to the wall.

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请把椅子挪得离墙近一些。

shift 可表示移动物体。

vi. / vt.换挡;切换操作状态

驾驶或机械语境中表示换挡;也可比喻为改变方法或节奏。

常见表达shift gearsshift into second gearshift to a new plangear shift

The driver shifted into second gear on the hill.

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司机在坡上换到了二挡。

shift into second gear 是换挡。

After lunch, the group shifted gears and discussed the budget.

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午饭后,小组切换思路,讨论了预算。

shift gears 可比喻改变工作方式或话题。

gear shift 是名词或复合表达;shift gears 是动词短语。

n. [C]转换;变化;转变

作可数名词,指态度、政策、天气、话题等出现明显变化。

常见表达a shift in attitudea shift in policya sudden shifta shift from...to...

There was a clear shift in public opinion after the debate.

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辩论后公众观点出现了明显转变。

a shift in... 表示某方面的转变。

The report shows a shift from paper books to digital reading.

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报告显示纸质书阅读向数字阅读转变。

a shift from...to... 可作名词结构。

n. [C/U]当班时间;Shift 键;换挡键

作可数名词可指一段工作班次;作不可数或专名使用时可指键盘 Shift 键或换挡键。

常见表达a night shiftwork a shiftthe Shift keygear shift

My father works the night shift at the hospital.

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我父亲在医院上夜班。

night shift 指夜班这一当班时间。

Hold down the Shift key to type a capital letter.

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按住 Shift 键输入大写字母。

the Shift key 是键盘上的转换键。

班次义和键盘/换挡键义都来自“切换状态”的核心图像。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

move
移动
Please move the table near the window. move 是一般移动;shift 强调位置、重点或状态发生转移。
switch
切换
We switched from buses to bikes. switch 强调从一个选项换到另一个;shift 更可用于方向、重点、班次等渐进变化。
change
改变
The school changed its plan after the rain. change 范围最广;shift 常带有“转向/转移”的感觉。
transfer
转移;调动
The company transferred him to another office. transfer 更正式,常指人、钱、数据或职责转移;shift 更日常。
night shift
夜班
My father works the night shift at the hospital. night shift 展示 source 的当班时间义。
Shift key
Shift 键
Hold down the Shift key to type a capital letter. Shift key 展示 source 的转换键义。
gear shift
换挡;换挡杆
The old car has a heavy gear shift. gear shift 与 source 的换挡键/换挡义相关。
stay
停留;不动
The children stayed in the classroom during the storm. stay 与 shift position 的移动相反。
remain
保持不变
The plan remained the same. remain 与 a shift/change 的转变相反。
keep
保持
Keep your attention on the road. keep attention 与 shift attention 的转移相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

shifted
已移动的;已转变的
The shifted schedule gave us more reading time. shifted 是过去分词,可修饰已调整的安排。
shifting
变化中的;移动中的
Shifting winds made the fire harder to control. shifting 是现在分词,常表示不断变化。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

shift 的扩展重点是真实词形 shifted、shifting,以及源义相关的 night shift、Shift key、gear shift。不要把 shape、ship 等形近词误连成词族。

shifted
已移动的;已转变的
The shifted schedule gave us more reading time.
shifting
变化中的;移动中的
Shifting winds made the fire harder to control.

非派生记忆线索

night shift
夜班
My father works the night shift at the hospital.
Shift key
Shift 键
Hold down the Shift key to type a capital letter.
gear shift
换挡;换挡杆
The old car has a heavy gear shift.
shift gears
换挡;改变做法
After lunch, the group shifted gears and discussed the budget.

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125

atom

['ætəm] · n. [C] · Page 154

the smallest unit of a chemical element that can take part in chemical change

原子

联想

atom 是“物质里的小单位”:一个 atom 是原子;几个 atoms 可以组成 molecule;atom 里有 electron 等更小粒子。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]原子;化学元素的基本单位

指化学元素的基本微粒,常和具体元素名连用。

常见表达a carbon atoman oxygen atomhydrogen atomsatoms form molecules

A water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

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一个水分子含有两个氢原子和一个氧原子。

用 atoms 和 molecule 对比:原子组成分子。

A carbon atom can join with other atoms in many different ways.

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碳原子能以许多不同方式和其他原子结合。

carbon atom 表示碳原子。

n. [C]原子结构中的单位

在科学阅读中可谈 atom 的结构、电子和能量。

常见表达inside an atomthe structure of an atomsplit an atomatomic energy

Electrons move around the center of an atom.

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电子围绕原子中心运动。

electron 是源层相关词,指原子中的电子。

Students learned the basic structure of an atom in science class.

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学生们在科学课上学习了原子的基本结构。

the structure of an atom 是常见科学语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

particle
粒子;微粒
Dust is made of many tiny particles. particle 是更宽的“粒子/微粒”;atom 是一种具体的原子。
molecule
分子
A water molecule is made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. molecule 由两个或更多原子组成,不是 atom 的严格反义词,而是层级对比。
ion
离子
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with an electric charge. ion 与 atom 相关,但多了电荷概念。
electron
电子
An electron moves around the center of an atom. electron 是原子内部的电子;atom 指整个原子。
compound
化合物
Water is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen. compound 是由不同元素组成的物质;atom 是元素的基本单位。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

atom 可以扩展到 atomic(原子的;原子能的)。源层相关词 molecule、ion、particle、electron 帮助把 atom 放进高中科学阅读语境。

atomic
原子的;原子能的
Atomic energy must be used carefully.

非派生记忆线索

molecule
分子
A molecule is made of atoms.
ion
离子
An ion has an electric charge.
particle
粒子;微粒
An atom is a very small particle.
electron
电子
Electrons are part of an atom.

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126

sink

[siŋk] · v. / vi. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 154

to go down below a surface or to a lower level, become worse or weaker, sit down heavily, or a basin for washing

(使)下沉;(使)船沉没;下降;降低;颓然坐下;恶化;洗涤槽

联想

sink 的核心是“往下”:石头下沉、船沉没,价格或情绪下降,人疲惫地坐下;名词 sink 是水往下流走的洗涤槽。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.下沉;使沉没

表示物体进入水面以下,或船只沉没;也可及物表示使船沉没。过去式 sank,过去分词 sunk。

常见表达sink to the bottomsink below the surfacea ship sinkssink a boat

The stone sank quickly to the bottom of the river.

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石头很快沉到了河底。

sank 是 sink 的过去式。

The small boat began to sink after it hit a rock.

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小船撞上岩石后开始下沉。

a boat begins to sink 表示船开始沉没。

The old ship was sunk during the storm.

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那艘旧船在暴风雨中沉没了。

sunk 是过去分词,可用于被动语态。

vi.下降;降低;恶化

用于价格、温度、水平、成绩、心情或情况变低、变差。

常见表达prices sinksink below...one's heart sinkssink into trouble

Market prices sank after the bad news.

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坏消息传出后,市场价格下跌。

prices sank 表示价格下降。

His heart sank when he saw the empty classroom.

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看到空荡荡的教室时,他心里一沉。

one's heart sinks 表示心情突然低落。

Without quick help, the village could sink into deeper trouble.

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如果没有及时帮助,村子可能陷入更深的困境。

sink into trouble 表示情况恶化。

vi.倒下;颓然坐下

表示因疲惫、失望或无力而慢慢坐下或倒下,常接 into/to。

常见表达sink into a chairsink to the groundsink back

After the long walk, she sank into a chair by the window.

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长途步行后,她瘫坐到窗边的椅子里。

sink into a chair 表示疲惫地坐下。

The runner sank to the ground after crossing the finish line.

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跑者冲过终点线后瘫倒在地。

sink to the ground 表示倒下或坐倒在地。

n. [C]洗涤槽;水槽

厨房或浴室中用来洗东西、让水流走的槽。

常见表达kitchen sinkbathroom sinkwash sth. in the sink

Please wash the cups in the kitchen sink.

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请在厨房水槽里洗杯子。

kitchen sink 是厨房水槽。

There was a towel beside the bathroom sink.

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浴室水槽旁边有一条毛巾。

bathroom sink 是浴室洗手池或水槽。

名词 sink 和动词 sink 同形,语境中看它是否带冠词或修饰词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

go down
下降;下去
The sun went down behind the hills. go down 范围更宽;sink 强调向下沉、降到更低或变差。
fall
下降;落下
Temperatures fell sharply at night. fall 可指下降或落下;sink 常有沉到水下或状态变低的感觉。
basin
水盆;洗涤槽
She filled the basin with warm water. basin 可指盆或洗涤槽;sink 更常指固定在厨房/浴室里的水槽。
kitchen sink
厨房水槽
Please wash the cups in the kitchen sink. kitchen sink 展示名词义。
sank
过去式
The stone sank quickly to the bottom. sank 是 sink 的过去式。
sunk
过去分词
The ship was sunk during the storm. sunk 是 sink 的过去分词。
drop
下降;掉下
Sales dropped in May. drop 常用于数量下降或掉落;sink 更强调逐渐下沉或恶化。
rise
上升
Water levels rose after the rain. rise 与 sink/fall/drop 的下降相反。
float
漂浮
A leaf floated on the water. float 与 sink below the surface 相反。
improve
改善
Her scores improved after daily practice. improve 与 a situation sinks/worsens 的恶化相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

sunken
下陷的;沉没的
They studied a sunken ship near the coast. sunken 是形容词,常表示沉没的或下陷的。
sinking
正在下沉的;下降的
The sinking boat sent out a signal for help. sinking 是现在分词,可作形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sink 的重点是同形多义和不规则变化:sink-sank-sunk。sinking、sunken 是真实形式;kitchen sink 是名词搭配,不是派生词。

sank
sink 的过去式
The stone sank quickly to the bottom.
sunk
sink 的过去分词
The ship was sunk during the storm.
sinking
正在下沉的;下降的
The sinking boat sent out a signal for help.
sunken
下陷的;沉没的
They studied a sunken ship near the coast.

非派生记忆线索

kitchen sink
厨房水槽
Please wash the cups in the kitchen sink.
sink into a chair
颓然坐进椅子
After the long walk, she sank into a chair.
one's heart sinks
心里一沉
His heart sank when he saw the empty classroom.

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127

avoid

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[ə'vɔid] · vt. · Page 154

to keep away from something or prevent doing something unwanted

避免;躲开;逃避

联想

avoid 是及物动词,核心动作是“绕开风险”。后面直接接名词或 doing:avoid the problem / avoid making mistakes,不能说 avoid to do。

意思、用法与例句

vt.避免做某事

后接动名词 doing,表示有意识地不让某事发生。

常见表达avoid doing sth.avoid making mistakesavoid using...avoid saying...

Drivers should avoid using phones on the road.

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司机在路上应避免使用手机。

avoid doing sth. 是源层核心搭配。

Read the question carefully to avoid making the same mistake again.

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仔细读题,避免再次犯同样的错误。

avoid making mistakes 表示避免犯错。

avoid 后接 doing,不接 to do。

vt.避开某物/某人/风险

后接名词,表示绕开危险、麻烦、交通、话题或某个人。

常见表达avoid sth.avoid dangeravoid heavy trafficavoid the topic

We left early to avoid the heavy traffic.

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我们很早出发以避开拥堵的交通。

avoid sth. 可直接接名词作宾语。

She avoided the topic because it was too personal.

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她避开了这个话题,因为它太私人化了。

avoid the topic 表示回避话题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

prevent
阻止;预防
Good sleep helps prevent careless mistakes. prevent 强调阻止某事发生;avoid 强调自己绕开或不做某事。
escape
逃脱;避开
The child escaped from the burning house. escape 常指从危险中逃脱;avoid 可在危险发生前主动避开。
keep away from
远离
Keep away from deep water if you cannot swim. keep away from 更口语;avoid 更常用于考试和正式表达。
face
面对
We must face the problem instead of ignoring it. face 是面对问题;avoid 是回避或避免。
confront
正视;直面
The team confronted the difficulty together. confront 比 face 更正式、更直接;与 avoid 方向相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

avoid 可扩展到 avoidable(可避免的)和 avoidance(避免;回避)。核心仍是“绕开风险或不让坏事发生”。

avoidable
可避免的
Many avoidable mistakes happen because students rush.
avoidance
避免;回避
His avoidance of responsibility disappointed the whole team.

非派生记忆线索

avoid doing sth.
避免做某事
Avoid making noise in the reading room.
avoid sth.
避开某事/某物
Avoid the road during rush hour.

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128

block

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[blɒk] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 154

a solid piece, a building or street section, an obstacle; to stop movement, light, or progress

方块;一块;楼栋;街区;障碍;阻塞;阻挡

联想

block 的根义是“块”。从看得见的木块/石块,扩展到一栋楼、一个街区、一个障碍;作动词时就是“像一块东西挡住路、视线或进展”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]方块;一块木/石/冰等

指一块有固定形状或厚度的材料。

常见表达a block of wooda block of stonea block of icebuilding blocks

The child built a small tower with wooden blocks.

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这个孩子用木块搭了一座小塔。

blocks 可指积木或木块。

They cut a large block of ice from the frozen lake.

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他们从结冰的湖面切下一大块冰。

a block of ice 表示一大块冰。

n. [C]楼栋;街区

在城市语境中,可指一栋楼或两条街之间的一段街区。

常见表达a block of flatsan office blockthree blocks awaywalk two blocks

Go straight ahead and walk about three blocks.

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一直往前走,大约走三个街区。

保留源例核心,three blocks 表示三个街区。

The new office block stands near the bus station.

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新的办公楼就在公交站附近。

office block 表示办公楼/办公楼栋。

n. [C]障碍;阻碍

指挡住道路、思路或进展的东西。

常见表达a block in the roada mental blocka block to progress

A fallen tree became a block in the road after the storm.

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暴风雨后,一棵倒下的树成了路上的障碍。

a block in the road 是具体障碍。

When I felt nervous, I had a mental block and forgot the answer.

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我紧张时脑子一片空白,忘了答案。

mental block 表示思维受阻或脑子卡住。

vt.阻塞;阻挡

作动词时直接接宾语,表示挡住道路、光线、视线、信号或进展。

常见表达block the roadblock the viewblock the lightblock sb. from doing sth.

Heavy snow blocked the mountain road for hours.

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大雪把山路堵了好几个小时。

block the road 表示阻塞道路。

Tall trees blocked the view from our classroom window.

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高大的树挡住了我们教室窗外的视野。

block the view 表示挡住视线。

A lack of money blocked them from finishing the project.

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资金不足阻碍了他们完成这个项目。

block sb. from doing sth. 表示阻止某人做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

piece
一块;一片
She took a piece of bread from the plate. piece 更宽泛;block 常指较厚、较结实的一块。
obstacle
障碍
Fear can become an obstacle to learning. obstacle 是通用的障碍;block 可指具体堵住路的物,也可指抽象阻碍。
barrier
屏障;障碍
Language can be a barrier between people. barrier 强调隔开或阻隔;block 强调挡住通道、视线或进展。
clear
清除;畅通
Workers cleared the road after the accident. clear the road 与 block the road 方向相反。
open
打开;开放
The new bridge opened the way to the village. open 强调让通道可用;block 强调挡住通道。
stop
阻止
The guard stopped cars at the gate. stop 更普通;block 更强调物理或抽象通道被堵住。

词族线索 / 同组词

blocked
被堵住的;受阻的
The blocked road delayed the school bus. blocked 是 block 的过去分词/形容词,表示被堵住或受阻。
blockage
堵塞;堵塞物
Doctors found a blockage in the blood vessel. blockage 是名词,强调堵塞现象或堵塞物。
unblock
疏通;解除阻塞
The worker used a tool to unblock the drain. unblock 是反向动作,表示把堵住的地方疏通。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

block 可扩展到 blocked(被堵住的)、blockage(堵塞)和 unblock(疏通;解除阻塞)。这些是真实构词,不要把普通搭配误当派生词。

blocked
被堵住的;受阻的
The blocked road delayed the school bus.
blockage
堵塞;堵塞物
Doctors found a blockage in the blood vessel.
unblock
疏通;解除阻塞
The worker used a tool to unblock the drain.

非派生记忆线索

city block
街区
The cafe is one city block from the library.
building block
积木;基础组成部分
Good habits are building blocks of success.

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129

pour

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[pɔ:(r)] · vt. / vi. / phr. · Page 154

to make liquid flow from a container, to flow heavily, or to move or speak in a large uncontrolled stream

灌;注;倒;倾泻;大量涌出;涌进;倾盆而下;倾诉

联想

pour 的画面是“大量连续流动”:把水倒进杯子,雨倾盆而下,人群涌入体育场,情绪或话语也可以 pour out 倾诉出来。

意思、用法与例句

vt.灌;注;倒

把液体从容器中倒出、倒进或倒在某处,宾语通常是 water、tea、milk、sauce 等液体。

常见表达pour water into...pour sth. out of...pour tea for sb.pour sauce over...

She poured hot water into the teapot.

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她把热水倒进茶壶里。

pour water into... 表示把水倒入某处。

Please pour the milk slowly over the cereal.

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请把牛奶慢慢倒在麦片上。

pour sth. over... 表示把液体倒在……上。

Grandpa poured tea for every guest at the table.

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爷爷给桌边每位客人倒了茶。

pour tea for sb. 表示给某人倒茶。

vi.倾泻;大量流出;雨倾盆而下

液体、雨水或光线等大量连续流动,常用 pour down/out;It is pouring 表示雨下得很大。

常见表达pour downpour out of...It is pouring.rain pours down

Rain poured down all afternoon, so the match was canceled.

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雨整个下午倾盆而下,所以比赛取消了。

pour down 是源层短语,常指大雨倾盆。

Water poured out of the broken pipe.

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水从破裂的管道中大量涌出。

pour out of... 表示从某处大量流出。

It was pouring when we left the classroom.

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我们离开教室时正下着倾盆大雨。

It is/was pouring 是口语中“雨很大”。

vi. / phr.涌进;涌出;倾诉

可指人、消息、钱等像水流一样大量进入或涌出;pour out one's feelings/heart 表示倾诉。

常见表达crowds pour into...messages pour inpour out one's worriespour money into...

Fans poured into the stadium before the match.

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比赛前,球迷们涌入体育场。

pour into 表示大量涌入,是源层短语。

Messages poured in after the team won the final.

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球队赢得决赛后,消息大量涌来。

messages poured in 表示消息不断涌入。

She poured out her worries to a close friend.

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她向一位密友倾诉了自己的担忧。

pour out 在源层还表示倾诉、倾吐。

人群、消息、情绪的 pour 是比喻用法,核心仍是“大量连续流动”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flow
流动
The river flows through the town. flow 是一般流动;pour 强调大量、连续或从容器中倒出。
stream
流;涌
Tears streamed down his face. stream 可表示连续流下;pour 更强调量大或动作“倒”。
flood
大量涌入;淹没
Questions flooded into the website after the news. flood 强调数量过多、像洪水一样;pour into 语气较日常。
pour down
雨倾盆而下
Rain poured down all afternoon. pour down 是源层短语,常与 rain 连用。
pour into
涌入;倒入
Fans poured into the stadium before the match. pour into 可指液体倒入,也可指人群涌入。
pour out
倾倒;涌出;倾诉
She poured out her worries to a close friend. pour out 既可指液体流出,也可指倾诉。
spill
洒出;溢出
He spilled coffee on his shirt. spill 多指意外洒出;pour 常指有意倒液体。
drip
滴下
Water dripped from the roof after the rain. drip 是一滴滴少量落下;pour 是大量流下。
trickle
细流;缓慢流动
A little water trickled down the wall. trickle 是少量慢慢流;pour 是大量快速流。
hold back
抑制;阻挡
She tried to hold back her tears. hold back feelings 与 pour out feelings 方向相反。
downpour
倾盆大雨
The downpour flooded the road in minutes. downpour 是名词,表示倾盆大雨。

词族线索 / 同组词

poured
倒了;倾泻了
She poured hot water into the teapot. poured 是过去式/过去分词。
pouring
倾盆而下的;正在倒的
It was pouring when we left the classroom. pouring 常表示大雨倾盆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pour 的真实扩展主要是 poured、pouring 和天气名词 downpour。pour down/into/out 是短语动词,必须按语境判断,不要当作派生词。

poured
倒了;倾泻了
She poured hot water into the teapot.
pouring
倾盆而下的;正在倒的
It was pouring when we left the classroom.
downpour
倾盆大雨
The downpour flooded the road in minutes.

非派生记忆线索

pour down
雨倾盆而下
Rain poured down all afternoon.
pour into
倒入;涌入
Fans poured into the stadium before the match.
pour out
倾倒;涌出;倾诉
She poured out her worries to a close friend.

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130

boil

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[bɔil] · vi. / vt. · Page 154

to bubble because of heat; to heat liquid until it bubbles; to cook food in boiling water

沸腾;烧开;煮

联想

boil 的核心画面是“水热到冒泡”。水自己冒泡是 vi.;你把水烧开或把鸡蛋放进开水里煮,就是 vt.。

意思、用法与例句

vi.沸腾

液体受热达到沸点并冒泡,主语通常是 water、soup 等液体。

常见表达water boilsthe soup is boilingboil at 100°Cboiling point

Water boils at 100°C at sea level.

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在海平面,水在 100 摄氏度沸腾。

water boils 是不及物用法,水自己沸腾。

The soup was boiling, so I turned down the heat.

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汤正在沸腾,所以我把火调小了。

be boiling 表示正在沸腾。

vt.烧开

人为加热液体,让它达到沸腾状态。

常见表达boil the waterboil a kettleboil water before drinking

Please boil the water before making tea.

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泡茶前请先把水烧开。

boil the water 是及物用法,表示把水烧开。

In the village, people boil water before drinking it.

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在村里,人们喝水前会把水烧开。

boil water before drinking 是生活场景中的常见表达。

vt.

把食物放在沸水中煮熟。

常见表达boil eggsboil potatoesboiled vegetables

Boil the eggs for eight minutes.

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把鸡蛋煮八分钟。

boil eggs 表示用水煮鸡蛋。

She boiled potatoes and served them with a little salt.

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她煮了土豆,并配了一点盐。

boil potatoes 表示煮土豆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bubble
冒泡
The water began to bubble in the pot. bubble 描写冒泡现象;boil 表示液体因受热达到沸腾。
heat
加热
Heat the milk slowly, but do not let it boil. heat 是加热动作;boil 是加热到沸腾或用沸水煮。
cook
烹饪
My father cooks dinner on weekends. cook 是烹饪总称;boil 是用沸水煮这一种方式。
simmer
小火慢炖
Let the soup simmer for ten minutes. simmer 比 boil 温和,是小火慢炖;boil 是明显沸腾。
freeze
结冰;冷冻
Water freezes when the temperature is low enough. freeze 与 boil 温度方向相反。
cool
冷却
Let the tea cool before you drink it. cool 是变凉;boil 是加热到沸腾。

词族线索 / 同组词

boiler
锅炉
The school checked the boiler before winter arrived. boiler 是源层 related word,指产生热水或蒸汽的设备。
boiling
沸腾的;极热的
Be careful when you pour boiling water into the cup. boiling 是 boil 的分词形容词。
boiled
煮熟的;烧开的
She ate a boiled egg for breakfast. boiled 常修饰已经煮熟或烧开的东西。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

boil 的真实构词包括 boiler、boiling、boiled。记忆时抓住“热到冒泡”:boiling water 是开水,boiled egg 是煮熟的鸡蛋,boiler 是锅炉。

boiler
锅炉
The school checked the boiler before winter arrived.
boiling
沸腾的;极热的
Boiling water can burn your hand.
boiled
煮熟的;烧开的
A boiled egg is easy to carry for lunch.

非派生记忆线索

boiling point
沸点
The boiling point of water is lower on high mountains.
boil over
煮沸溢出;情绪爆发
The milk may boil over if the pot is too full.

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131

dot

[dɒt] · n. [C] / vt. / phr. · Page 154

a small round mark; to mark or cover with dots; exactly on time

点;小圆点;加点;遍布;点缀;准时

联想

dot 的核心是“小点”。名词是地图、文字、图案上的小点;动词是加点、点缀或布满;on the dot 是固定短语,表示准时。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]点;小圆点

指地图、页面、屏幕或字母上的小圆点。

常见表达a red dota black dota dot on the mapa dot over the i

A red dot on the map marks the museum.

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地图上的一个红点标出了博物馆的位置。

a dot on the map 表示地图上的小点。

Put a dot over the letter i in this word.

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在这个单词的字母 i 上加一个点。

a dot over the i 是字母上的点。

vt.在……上加点;遍布;点缀

可指给字母加点,也可用 be dotted with 表示某地布满零散事物。

常见表达dot the idot the pagebe dotted with...hills dotted with houses

She dotted the letter i carefully.

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她仔细地给字母 i 加上点。

dot the letter i 是具体加点。

The night sky was dotted with stars.

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夜空布满星星。

be dotted with... 是源层搭配,表示布满、点缀着。

Small villages dot the green hills.

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绿色山丘上点缀着许多小村庄。

villages dot the hills 表示村庄散布、点缀在山丘上。

phr.on the dot 准时

固定短语,表示某个时间点正好、不早不晚。

常见表达on the dotat eight on the dotarrive on the dot

The meeting started at eight on the dot.

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会议八点整准时开始。

on the dot 表示准时、正点。

Please arrive at the station at six on the dot.

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请六点整准时到车站。

at six on the dot 表示六点整。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

point
Mark this point on the line. point 可指数学或位置上的点;dot 更像看得见的小圆点。
spot
斑点;点
There was a dark spot on the wall. spot 常指斑点、污点或地点;dot 强调小圆点。
mark
记号;痕迹
The pencil left a mark on the paper. mark 是记号总称;dot 是点状记号。
line
线
Draw a line from left to right. line 是线;dot 是点。
blank space
空白处
Leave a blank space between the two words. blank space 没有标记;dot 是一个小标记。
dotted line
虚线;点线
Sign your name on the dotted line. dotted line 是由点组成的线,常见固定表达。

词族线索 / 同组词

dotted
有点的;点状的
Follow the dotted line and cut the paper. dotted 是分词形容词,表示由点组成或带点的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dot 可扩展为 dotted(有点的;点状的)和 dotted line(虚线)。on the dot 是固定短语,不是构词。

dotted
有点的;点状的
Follow the dotted line and cut the paper.

非派生记忆线索

dotted line
虚线;点线
Sign your name on the dotted line.
on the dot
准时
The bus left at seven on the dot.
be dotted with
布满;点缀着
The field was dotted with small yellow flowers.

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132

budget

['bʌdʒit] · n. [C] / v. / adj. · Page 155

a plan for spending money; to plan spending; cheap or low-cost

预算;编制预算;安排开支;经济的;特价的

联想

budget 的核心是“把钱先算好”。作名词是预算;作动词是为某事安排开支;作形容词时表示经济型、低价的。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]预算

指一段时间、一个活动或一个组织的收支计划。

常见表达make a budgetset a budgetwithin budgetover budget

The club made a budget for the school fair.

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社团为学校集市做了一份预算。

make a budget 表示制定预算。

The project stayed within budget because the team checked every cost.

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这个项目保持在预算内,因为团队核对了每项费用。

within budget 表示在预算内。

v.编制预算;安排开支

表示计划怎样花钱,常接 for。

常见表达budget for...budget carefullybudget time and money

We must budget carefully for the trip.

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我们必须仔细为这次旅行安排预算。

budget for... 表示为……做预算。

Students should budget their time before the final exam.

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学生应在期末考试前安排好自己的时间。

budget 可扩展到合理安排时间。

adj.经济的;特价的

修饰 hotel、flight、phone、meal 等,表示价格较低或经济型。

常见表达budget hotelbudget flightbudget phonebudget-friendly

They stayed in a budget hotel near the station.

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他们住在车站附近一家经济型酒店。

budget hotel 表示经济型酒店。

The family chose a budget flight to save money.

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这家人选择了特价航班来省钱。

budget flight 表示价格较低的航班。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spending plan
开支计划
A clear spending plan helped them save money. spending plan 是 budget 的解释性近义表达。
estimate
估算;估计
The estimate for the repair was lower than expected. estimate 偏估算金额;budget 是正式的收支计划或限额。
cost
费用;成本
The cost of the trip was higher than we expected. cost 是实际费用;budget 是事先计划或可用金额。
expense
费用;开支
Travel expenses can be high in summer. expense 是花出去的钱;budget 是控制这些开支的计划。
cheap
便宜的
This shop sells cheap but useful notebooks. cheap 可表示便宜,有时带质量低的暗示;budget 更中性,强调经济型。
expensive
昂贵的
The hotel was too expensive for us. expensive 与 budget 作形容词时方向相反。
luxury
奢华的
They did not choose a luxury hotel. luxury 强调高档昂贵;budget 强调经济低价。
overspend
超支
If you do not plan carefully, you may overspend. overspend 表示花超预算;stay within budget 是不超支。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

budget 在高中范围内可记 budgeted、budgetary 和 budget-friendly。它们都围绕“按预算安排钱”。

budgeted
已列入预算的
The budgeted cost of the trip was 500 yuan.
budgetary
预算的;财政预算上的
The school made budgetary plans for the new library.
budget-friendly
经济实惠的
The app helps students find budget-friendly meals.

非派生记忆线索

within budget
在预算内
The event finished within budget.
over budget
超出预算
The building work went over budget.

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133

cancel

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['kænsl] · vt. / phr. · Page 155

to decide that a planned event will not happen; to make something no longer valid; to balance something out

取消;终止;抵消

联想

cancel 的核心是“划掉原来的安排”。会议、航班、订单可以 cancel;订阅、票据也可以 cancel;cancel out 则表示两个影响互相抵消。

意思、用法与例句

vt.取消计划、活动或安排

让原本计划发生的会议、活动、航班等不再发生。

常见表达cancel a meetingcancel a classcancel a flightcancel the trip

His boss directed him to cancel the meeting.

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他的老板让他取消这次会议。

保留源例核心:cancel the meeting 表示取消会议。

The school canceled the picnic because of heavy rain.

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学校因为大雨取消了野餐。

cancel an event 表示取消活动。

vt.取消订单、票、服务或资格

使订单、票据、预订、订阅等不再有效。

常见表达cancel an ordercancel a bookingcancel a ticketcancel a subscription

You must cancel the order before it is shipped.

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你必须在发货前取消订单。

cancel an order 表示取消订单。

She canceled her ticket and took a later train.

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她取消了车票,改乘晚一点的火车。

cancel a ticket 表示取消票据或订票。

phr.cancel out 抵消;对消

两个影响、数字或错误相互抵消。

常见表达cancel outcancel each other out

The two mistakes canceled each other out in the final result.

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这两个错误在最终结果中相互抵消了。

cancel each other out 表示互相抵消。

The benefits of the plan may cancel out its extra cost.

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这个计划的好处可能会抵消它额外的成本。

cancel out 可用于利弊、影响之间的抵消。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

call off
取消
They called off the match because of the storm. call off 多用于取消活动、比赛、会议;cancel 更通用,也可用于订单、票据。
stop
停止;终止
The teacher stopped the game after the bell rang. stop 强调停止动作;cancel 强调原计划不再有效或不再发生。
postpone
推迟
The meeting was postponed until Friday. postpone 是推迟以后再做;cancel 是取消,不一定再举行。
confirm
确认
Please confirm your booking before Friday. confirm 是确认安排有效;cancel 是取消安排。
continue
继续
The class continued after a short break. continue 是继续进行;cancel 是停止原计划。
uncanceled
未取消的
The uncanceled booking was still valid. uncanceled 较少见,但能帮助理解 un- 表示未被取消。

词族线索 / 同组词

cancellation
取消;取消通知
The cancellation of the flight upset many passengers. cancellation 是 cancel 的名词形式。
canceled
已取消的
The canceled flight was removed from the screen. canceled/cancelled 是过去分词形容词,表示已取消。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cancel 的常见构词是 cancellation(取消)、canceled/cancelled(已取消的)。拼写上美式多用 canceled,英式也常见 cancelled。

cancellation
取消;取消通知
The cancellation of the flight upset many passengers.
canceled
已取消的
The canceled flight was removed from the screen.
cancelled
已取消的(英式拼写也常见)
The cancelled show will be held next month instead.

非派生记忆线索

cancel out
抵消;对消
The two effects cancel each other out.
call off
取消活动
They called off the match because of the storm.

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134

drop

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[drɒp] · v. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 155

to fall or let something fall, become lower, leave someone or something somewhere, stop doing something, or a small amount of liquid

(使)掉下;降低;减少;投递;放弃;中途卸客/货;一滴

联想

drop 的核心画面是“往下落/放下”。从真实掉落可延伸到数字下降、顺路把人或物放下、停止做某事;名词 a drop 是一小滴液体。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.掉下;使落下;降低;减少

表示物体往下落,或数量、温度、价格等变低。及物时是“使某物掉下/放下”。

常见表达drop a cupprices dropdrop by 10 percenttemperature drops

She dropped her keys near the school gate.

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她把钥匙掉在了学校门口附近。

drop her keys 是“把钥匙弄掉”。

The temperature dropped below zero during the night.

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夜里气温降到了零度以下。

temperature dropped 表示温度下降。

Online sales dropped by ten percent in May.

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五月份线上销量下降了百分之十。

drop by + 数字 表示下降了多少。

drop 可表示真实下落,也可表示抽象数字下降;rise/increase 是常见反向线索。

vt. / phr.投递;顺路放下;中途卸客/货

表示把信件、物品、人或货物带到某处后放下。drop off 常用于“让某人下车/送到某处”。

常见表达drop a letterdrop a package at...drop sb. offdrop in at + placedrop in on + person

Could you drop this letter at the post office?

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你能把这封信投到邮局吗?

drop this letter 表示顺路投递。

My father dropped me off at the library before work.

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爸爸上班前顺路把我送到图书馆下车。

drop sb. off 表示中途让某人下车或送到某处。

We may drop in on Grandma after dinner.

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晚饭后我们可能顺便去看望奶奶。

drop in on + 人 表示顺便拜访某人。

drop in at 后接地点,drop in on 后接人;drop off 还可表示下降或打瞌睡,要靠语境判断。

vt. / phr.放弃;退出;退学

表示停止做某事、放弃计划/课程,或从活动、学校中退出。

常见表达drop a subjectdrop the plandrop outdrop out of school

He dropped the course because it did not fit his timetable.

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他放弃了这门课,因为它和他的时间表冲突。

drop the course 表示放弃课程。

The team refused to drop the plan after one failure.

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一次失败后,团队拒绝放弃这个计划。

drop the plan 表示放弃计划。

Students should ask for help before they drop out of school.

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学生退学前应该先寻求帮助。

drop out of school 表示退学、辍学。

quit/give up 接近“放弃”;continue/stick with 是反向线索。

n. [C]一滴;少量液体

可数名词,常用于 a drop of + 液体,强调很少的一小滴。

常见表达a drop of watera drop of raina few drops of oil

A drop of rain fell onto the page.

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一滴雨落在书页上。

a drop of rain 是一滴雨。

Add a few drops of oil before you heat the pan.

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热锅前加几滴油。

a few drops of oil 表示几滴油。

drop 作名词时是可数名词;不要和动词“下降”混在同一结构里。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fall
落下
Leaves fall from the trees in autumn. fall 是不及物的“落下”;drop 可不及物,也可及物表示“使掉下”。
decrease
减少;降低
The number of visitors decreased after the storm. decrease 更正式;drop 更口语,也常用于价格、温度、数量快速下降。
deliver
投递;送达
The worker delivered the package before noon. deliver 强调正式送达;drop 可表示顺路把东西放下或投递。
quit
退出;停止
She quit the club before the final match. quit 强调停止参加;drop 常接 course/subject/plan,语气可更日常。
drop off
让某人下车;放下某物;下降;打瞌睡
My father dropped me off at the library before work. drop off 是源层短语,含义随宾语和语境变化。
drop out
退出;退学
Students should ask for help before they drop out of school. drop out 是源层短语,常接 of school/a race/a program。
drop in
顺便拜访
We may drop in on Grandma after dinner. drop in at 后接地点,drop in on 后接人。
rise
上升
Water levels rose after the heavy rain. rise 与 prices/temperatures drop 构成反向。
increase
增加
The school increased the number of reading classes. increase 与 drop/decrease 构成反向。
pick up
捡起;接人
Please pick up the paper from the floor. pick up 是拿起或接人;drop 是放下、掉下或让人下车。
continue
继续
They continued the project after the exam. continue 与 drop a plan/course 的“放弃”相反。
drop-off
下降;下车/卸货处
There was a sharp drop-off in attendance. drop-off 是名词,常指下降,也可指下车/卸货地点;不要和动词短语 drop off 混淆。
dropout
退学者;退出者
The program helps school dropouts return to study. dropout 是名词,表示退出者或退学者,语气比 drop out 更固定。

词族线索 / 同组词

dropped
掉下的;被放弃的;下降了的
The dropped bottle broke on the floor. dropped 是过去式/过去分词,可修饰被掉落或被放弃的事物。
dropping
正在下降;掉落
Dropping temperatures made the road icy. dropping 可作现在分词,表示正在下降或掉落。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

drop 的词形扩展主要来自动词变化和常见复合:dropped、dropping 是真实变形;drop-off/dropout 是常见复合词。drop in/off/out 是短语动词,不要当作派生词。

dropped
掉下的;被放弃的;下降了的
The dropped bottle broke on the floor.
dropping
正在下降;掉落
Dropping temperatures made the road icy.
drop-off
下降;下车/卸货处
There was a sharp drop-off in attendance.
dropout
退学者;退出者
The program helps school dropouts return to study.

非派生记忆线索

drop in at + place
顺便拜访某地
We dropped in at the bookstore after class.
drop in on + person
顺便拜访某人
We dropped in on Grandma after dinner.
drop off
打瞌睡;下降;让某人下车/放下某物
My father dropped me off at the library.
drop out
退出;退学
Students should ask for help before they drop out of school.

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135

absorb

星标

[əb'sɔ:b] · vt. · Page 155

to take in liquid, heat, sound, information, people, or shock; to hold attention completely

吸收;使全神贯注;吸纳,同化;缓冲

联想

absorb 的核心画面是“吸进去”:材料吸水/热/声音,人吸收知识,组织吸纳新人,垫子吸收冲击;be/get absorbed in 表示全神贯注。

意思、用法与例句

vt.吸收液体、热、声音、知识

把水、热量、声音、信息或知识吸收进去。

常见表达absorb waterabsorb heatabsorb soundabsorb information

Plants absorb water through their roots.

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植物通过根部吸收水分。

absorb water 是最直观的物理吸收。

The thick carpet absorbed much of the sound.

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厚地毯吸收了大部分声音。

absorb sound 表示吸收声音。

Students need time to absorb new information.

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学生需要时间吸收新信息。

absorb information 表示理解并吸收信息。

vt.吸纳;同化;缓冲

可指团体吸收成员,也可指材料或结构吸收冲击。

常见表达absorb new membersabsorb immigrantsabsorb shockabsorb the impact

The club absorbed several new members this year.

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这个俱乐部今年吸纳了几名新成员。

absorb new members 表示吸纳成员。

The soft material absorbs the shock when a runner lands.

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跑步者落地时,柔软材料会吸收冲击。

absorb shock 是源义“缓冲”。

vt. / phr.使全神贯注;be/get absorbed in

常用被动形式,表示注意力完全投入某事。

常见表达be absorbed in...get absorbed in...be deeply absorbed in...

I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.

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我不想全身心投入模特行业。

保留源例核心:get absorbed in 表示全神贯注或深陷其中。

She was so absorbed in the novel that she missed the bus stop.

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她太专注于小说,以至于错过了公交站。

be absorbed in... 是高频搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

take in
吸收;接纳;理解
The sponge takes in water quickly. take in 更口语更宽;absorb 更正式,常用于材料、知识或注意力。
soak up
吸收;浸透
The towel soaked up the water. soak up 偏口语和液体;absorb 可用于信息、热量、冲击等。
release
释放
The plant releases oxygen during the day. release 与 absorb water/heat/gas 的方向相反。
distract
使分心
Noise can distract students from reading. distract 使分心;be absorbed in 表示全神贯注。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absorb 本单元按独立高频词处理。重点看对象变化:water/heat/sound/information 是吸收,people 是吸纳,shock/impact 是缓冲,attention 是全神贯注。

absorbed
全神贯注的;被吸收的
She was absorbed in the story.
absorption
吸收;专注
The absorption of water takes time.
absorbent
能吸收的
Absorbent paper soaks up water quickly.

非派生记忆线索

take in
吸收;理解
It is hard to take in so much information at once.
release
释放
Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

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136

costume

['kɒstju:m] · n. [C/U] · Page 155

clothes worn for a play, party, role, or a particular historical place or period

某地或某历史时期的服装;戏装;化装服

联想

costume 不是普通衣服,而是“带角色/时代/场合的服装”:历史时期的服装、地方传统服装、舞台戏装或化装服。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]某地或某历史时期的服装

指某个地区、民族或历史时期的典型服饰。

常见表达traditional costumenational costumehistorical costumeperiod costume

The dancers wore traditional costumes during the festival.

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舞者们在节日期间穿着传统服装。

traditional costume 表示传统服装。

The museum showed costumes from the Tang Dynasty.

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博物馆展出了唐代服装。

costumes from... 可表示某历史时期的服装。

n. [C]戏装;舞台服装;化装服

指演员、表演者或参加化装活动的人为了扮演角色而穿的衣服。

常见表达wear a costumestage costumecostume changeHalloween costume

She has four costume changes during the play.

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她在这出戏里换了四次服装。

保留源例核心:costume change 指演出中的换装。

Children wore animal costumes for the school play.

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孩子们在学校戏剧中穿着动物戏装。

animal costume 是扮演角色时穿的化装服。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outfit
一套衣服;装束
She wore a simple outfit to the interview. outfit 是一套穿着,更日常;costume 强调角色、时代或表演场景。
clothing
衣服;服装总称
Warm clothing is important in winter. clothing 是普通衣服总称;costume 是有特殊身份或场景的服装。
uniform
制服
Students wear a uniform at the school. uniform 强调统一规定;costume 强调角色、表演或传统。
plain clothes
便服;普通衣服
The actor arrived at the theater in plain clothes. plain clothes 是普通衣服;costume 是演出或特定场合服装。
disguise
伪装;乔装
The spy used a disguise to enter the city. disguise 强调隐藏真实身份;costume 不一定是为了隐藏。
costume designer
服装设计师
The costume designer created bright clothes for the play. costume designer 是为戏剧、电影等设计服装的人。
costume change
换装
The quick costume change surprised the audience. costume change 来自源例语境,指演出中换服装。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

costume 本身按独立名词处理,不强行拆词根。可记 costume designer、costume design、costume change 这些真实舞台/影视相关表达。

costume designer
服装设计师
The costume designer created bright clothes for the play.
costume design
服装设计
Costume design helped the audience understand the time period.
costume change
换装
The quick costume change surprised the audience.

非派生记忆线索

traditional costume
传统服装
The dancers wore traditional costumes.
stage costume
舞台服装;戏装
The stage costume made the character easy to recognize.

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137

site

[sait] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 155

a place where something is built, located, or happened; a website; or to place a building or project in a chosen place

位置;场所;地点;网站;使坐落于;为……选址

联想

site 的核心是“某件事落在的点”:建筑工地、事故现场、历史遗址、网站页面所在的位置;作动词时是把建筑或项目安排在某个地点。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]位置;场所;地点;现场

指建筑、活动、事故、研究或历史事件所在的具体地点。

常见表达building siteconstruction sitehistoric sitethe site of an accidenton site

Workers must wear helmets on the construction site.

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工人在建筑工地必须戴安全帽。

construction site 是建筑工地。

The old factory site will become a public park.

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旧工厂所在地将变成一座公共公园。

factory site 指工厂所在地。

Students visited a historic site during the school trip.

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学生们在校外旅行中参观了一处历史遗址。

historic site 是历史遗址。

n. [C]网站;网页地点

site 可作 website 的简略说法,指网上提供信息或服务的位置。

常见表达a useful sitean official sitevisit a siteschool website

The students gathered information from three different websites.

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学生们从三个不同的网站收集信息。

website 是 site 的网络语境。

This site gives clear examples for English learners.

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这个网站为英语学习者提供清晰例句。

site 可直接指网站。

网站义是现代高频扩展;和 source 的“地点”核心一致,只是地点转到网络空间。

vt.使坐落于;为……选址

较正式,常用被动 be sited,表示建筑、学校、医院、项目被安排在某处。

常见表达be sited near...be sited in...site a buildingsite a project

The new hospital will be sited near the railway station.

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新医院将坐落在火车站附近。

be sited near... 表示被安排坐落在某处。

The city plans to site the new library beside the park.

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市政府计划把新图书馆选址在公园旁。

site a building/project 是正式动词用法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

place
地点;地方
This is a quiet place to read. place 最普通;site 常指建筑、活动、事故、遗址或网站的具体地点。
location
位置;地点
The location of the new library is close to the bus stop. location 泛指位置;site 更强调某用途或事件发生的场地。
spot
地点;小地方
We found a good spot for lunch. spot 更口语,常指小地点;site 更正式或更有用途。
on-site
现场的;在现场
The engineer gave on-site help during the repair. on-site 是源层相关词,表示在现场。
off-site
不在现场的;场外的
Some workers joined the training off-site. off-site 与 on-site 方向相反。
website
网站
The school website posts notices every Friday. website 是网络语境中的 site。
sight
视力;景象
The lake was a beautiful sight. sight 与 site 同音但意思不同,不是 site 的派生词。
venue
活动场地
The venue for the concert is near the river. venue 专指活动举办地点;site 范围更广。
construction site
建筑工地
Workers must wear helmets on the construction site. construction site 是实体地点高频搭配。
historic site
历史遗址
Students visited a historic site during the school trip. historic site 是历史/文化语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

sited
位于;被安置在
The school is sited on a quiet hill. sited 是过去分词,常用于 be sited。
siting
选址;安排位置
The siting of the bridge needs careful study. siting 是名词/动名词,指选址。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

site 的扩展围绕“地点”:on-site/off-site 是现场/场外,website 是网络地点,sited/siting 是动词 site 的真实形式。sight 与 site 同音但不同义,不要混成词族。

sited
位于;被安置在
The school is sited on a quiet hill.
siting
选址;安排位置
The siting of the bridge needs careful study.

非派生记忆线索

on-site
现场的;在现场
The engineer gave on-site help during the repair.
off-site
不在现场的;场外的
Some workers joined the training off-site.
website
网站
The school website posts notices every Friday.
construction site
建筑工地
Workers must wear helmets on the construction site.
historic site
历史遗址
Students visited a historic site during the school trip.

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