第09单元 / Word List 9

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

special

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['speʃl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 156

different from the usual, important to someone, made for one purpose, or a special event or reduced offer

特别的;特殊的;特有的;专门的;格外的;特别活动;特价

联想

special 的核心不是简单的“好”,而是“和平常不一样或为某个目的单独安排”。它可形容人或事特别,也可指特别节目、特价菜/特价商品。

意思、用法与例句

adj.特别的;特殊的;重要的

说明某人、某物或某一天和平常不同,常带有重要、珍贵或值得注意的意思。

常见表达a special daybe special to sb.a special reasonspecial care

The old photo is special to my grandmother.

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这张旧照片对我奶奶来说很特别。

be special to sb. 表示对某人有特殊意义。

Children with a fever need special care and enough water.

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发烧的孩子需要特别照顾和足够的水。

special care 是特别照顾。

adj.特有的;专门的;为某目的准备的

表示只适合某类人、某种用途或某一场合。

常见表达a special toola special coursespecial trainingspecial equipment

The museum offers a special course for young visitors.

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博物馆为年轻参观者提供一门专门课程。

special course 强调为特定人群安排。

The rescue team used special equipment after the storm.

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救援队在暴风雨后使用了专门设备。

special equipment 指专门设备。

n. [C]特别活动;特别节目;特价商品

作名词时可指电视或学校活动中的特别节目,也可指商店或餐馆的特价项目。

常见表达a TV speciala holiday specialtoday's speciallunch special

The channel will show a music special on Friday night.

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这个频道周五晚上会播放一个音乐特别节目。

special 作名词,可指特别节目。

This weekend the restaurant has a lunch special for families.

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这个周末餐馆给家庭顾客推出午餐特价。

lunch special 是特价午餐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unusual
不寻常的
It was unusual to see snow in the town. unusual 强调不常见;special 还可强调重要或专门安排。
particular
特定的;某一个的
The rule applies to one particular group. particular 接近“特定的”;special 更常有特别安排或特殊意义。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 与 special 的“特别/不普通”相反。
general
一般的;总体的
The guide gives general advice for beginners. general 是总体的;special/specific 更偏特定。
specific
特定的;具体的
Please give a specific example. specific 强调明确具体;special 强调不普通或专门。
species
物种
Scientists are protecting an endangered species. species 与本组有词形/历史线索,但现代语义应按生物物种记。

词族线索 / 同组词

specially
专门地
The shoes were specially designed for long-distance running. specially 是副词,强调为某目的专门做。
especially
特别;尤其
Fresh water is especially valuable in dry areas. especially 强调程度高或在众多对象中尤其突出。
specialist
专家;专科医生
The hospital sent the patient to a heart specialist. specialist 是在某一领域有专长的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

special 是本组核心。specially/especially 是副词;specialist 是“专门领域的人”;specific 与 species 有同组词形线索,但现代用法要分别按“具体/特定”和“物种”学习。

specially
专门地;特地
My uncle came specially to watch my graduation ceremony.
especially
特别;尤其
Fresh water is especially valuable in dry areas.
specialist
专家;专科医生
The hospital sent the patient to a heart specialist.
specific
具体的;特定的
Please give a specific example.
species
物种
Scientists are protecting an endangered species.

非派生记忆线索

TV special
电视特别节目
The channel will show a music special on Friday night.
lunch special
午餐特价
The restaurant has a lunch special for families.

词族导图

special 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

specially

['speʃəli] · adv. · Page 156

for a particular purpose, by special arrangement, not by chance

特地;专门地;特别地

联想

specially 重点是“为了这个目的特地做”。源句 I came specially to see you 不是程度很高,而是来这里的目的就是看你。

意思、用法与例句

adv.特地;专门地

说明动作是为了某个目的、某个人或某个场合而安排。

常见表达come specially to do sth.made specially for sb.specially trainedspecially designed

I came specially to see you, not just to pass by.

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我是特地来看你的,不只是路过。

保留源句核心:specially 强调目的。

The shoes were specially designed for long-distance running.

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这双鞋是专门为长跑设计的。

specially designed for... 表示为某用途专门设计。

The guide was specially trained to help young visitors.

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这名导游受过专门训练来帮助年轻游客。

specially trained 表示专门训练过。

adv.特别地;尤其地

有时可表示特别程度,但和 especially 相比,specially 更常强调目的或特别安排。

常见表达not specially goodspecially carefulspecially prepared

The room was not specially large, but it was quiet.

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这个房间并不特别大,但很安静。

not specially 可表示程度不特别高。

The meal was specially prepared for the visiting team.

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这顿饭是专门为来访队伍准备的。

这里仍是“专门准备”的目的义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

especially
尤其;特别
I enjoy team sports, especially basketball. especially 强调程度或在多个对象中突出;specially 强调专门目的。
particularly
特别地
The story is particularly useful for beginners. particularly 可表示程度特别;specially 更常说明目的。
deliberately
故意地;有意地
She deliberately left space for notes. deliberately 强调有意;specially 强调为某目的特别安排。
accidentally
偶然地;意外地
He accidentally opened the wrong file. accidentally 与 specially 的“特地/专门”相反。
by chance
偶然地
We met by chance at the station. by chance 表示偶然,不是专门安排。

词族线索 / 同组词

special
特别的;专门的
The museum offers a special course for young visitors. special 是形容词/名词,specially 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

specially = special + -ly,是副词。和 especially 形近,但 specially 多强调为某一目的专门做。

special
特别的;专门的
The museum offers a special course for young visitors.
especially
尤其;特别
Fresh water is especially valuable in dry areas.

非派生记忆线索

come specially to do sth.
特地来做某事
I came specially to see you.
specially designed
专门设计的
The shoes were specially designed for long-distance running.

词族导图

special 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

especially

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[i'speʃəli] · adv. · Page 156

more than usual, or more than others in a group

特别;尤其;格外

联想

especially 重点是“程度更高”或“在一组里尤其突出”。记忆线索说它侧重达到异常程度,常放在形容词前,也可用于列举中特别点出一个对象。

意思、用法与例句

adv.格外;特别,程度更高

修饰形容词、副词或整个判断,表示程度超过平常。

常见表达especially coldespecially importantespecially usefulespecially difficult

The weather has been especially cold recently.

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最近天气特别冷。

源句中 especially cold 表示冷得超过平常。

Fresh water is especially valuable in dry areas.

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淡水在干旱地区格外宝贵。

especially valuable 表示特别宝贵。

adv.尤其,点出一组中突出的对象

用于列举或范围说明,强调其中某一项更突出。

常见表达especially + nounespecially when...especially for...like..., especially...

I enjoy team sports, especially basketball.

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我喜欢团队运动,尤其是篮球。

especially basketball 从一组运动中特别点出篮球。

Reading aloud helps, especially when the sentence is long.

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大声朗读有帮助,尤其是句子很长的时候。

especially when... 表示尤其在某种情况下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

particularly
尤其;特别
This rule is particularly important for beginners. particularly 与 especially 接近,都可强调突出程度。
notably
尤其;显著地
Several students improved, notably those who read daily. notably 更正式;especially 更常用。
specially
特地;专门地
The shoes were specially designed for long-distance running. specially 强调专门目的;especially 强调程度或突出对象。
generally
通常;一般地
Generally, the first question is easy. generally 说总体情况;especially 点出特别突出的情况。
barely
几乎不
He could barely hear the speaker. barely 是程度很低;especially 常表示程度高或突出。

词族线索 / 同组词

special
特别的;专门的
The old photo is special to my grandmother. special 是形容词/名词,especially 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

especially 与 special/specially 同组。especially 常用于程度或列举突出;不要用它表达“专门为了某目的”,那通常用 specially。

special
特别的;专门的
The old photo is special to my grandmother.
specially
特地;专门地
I came specially to see you.

非派生记忆线索

especially cold
格外冷
The weather has been especially cold recently.
especially when
尤其当……时
Reading aloud helps, especially when the sentence is long.

词族导图

special 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

specialist

['speʃəlist] · n. [C] · Page 156

a person who has expert knowledge or skill in one particular subject or medical field

专家;专科医生

联想

specialist = 在某个 special/specific 领域里特别懂的人。它可以是普通领域专家,也可以是医院里的专科医生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]专家;某方面的专业人士

指在某一学科、工作或技术领域知识很深的人,常接 in。

常见表达a specialist in...an education specialista computer specialistspecialist knowledge

A specialist in ancient history gave a talk at our school.

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一位古代史专家在我们学校做了讲座。

a specialist in... 是源层搭配。

The project needs a computer specialist to check the system.

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这个项目需要一名计算机专家检查系统。

computer specialist 表示计算机专业人士。

n. [C]专科医生

医疗语境中指治疗某一类疾病或身体部位的医生。

常见表达see a specialistheart specialistmedical specialistskin specialist

The hospital sent the patient to a heart specialist.

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医院把病人转给心脏专科医生。

heart specialist 是心脏专科医生。

If the pain continues, you should see a specialist.

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如果疼痛持续,你应该去看专科医生。

see a specialist 表示看专科医生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

expert
专家
An expert explained how the machine works. expert 范围广;specialist 强调专门领域。
professional
专业人士
A professional repaired the camera. professional 强调职业水准;specialist 强调专门知识。
doctor
医生
The doctor checked his heart carefully. doctor 泛指医生;specialist 是专科医生。
beginner
初学者
The beginner made a simple mistake. beginner 与 specialist 的专业程度相反。
amateur
业余者
An amateur may need more time to finish the job. amateur 可指业余者;specialist 是专业人士。
generalist
通才;全科型人员
A generalist knows a little about many areas. generalist 范围宽;specialist 深耕某一领域。

词族线索 / 同组词

special
特别的;专门的
The museum offers a special course for young visitors. specialist 来自“专门领域的人”这条线索。
specialize
专攻;专门研究
Some doctors specialize in children's health. specialize 是动词,表示专攻。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

specialist = special + -ist,-ist 常表示从事某领域的人。可联想到 specialize(专攻)和 specialty(专长/特色),但本单元核心先掌握 specialist。

special
特别的;专门的
The museum offers a special course for young visitors.
specialize
专攻;专门研究
Some doctors specialize in children's health.
specialty
专长;特色
Seafood is the restaurant's specialty.

非派生记忆线索

a specialist in...
……方面的专家
A specialist in ancient history gave a talk at our school.
heart specialist
心脏专科医生
The patient went to a heart specialist.

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005

specific

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[spə'sifik] · adj. · Page 156

about one exact thing or group, or clear and detailed rather than general or vague

特定的;特有的;具体的;明确的

联想

specific 不是“特别好”,而是“说准是哪一个、哪一类或哪一点”。要注意它是 general 的反义词,也可和 vague 对比。

意思、用法与例句

adj.特定的;特有的

限定某一个对象、范围或群体,也可表示某特点只属于某事物。

常见表达a specific set of skillsa specific groupspecific to...for a specific purpose

Emotional intelligence can be described as a specific set of skills.

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情商可以被描述为一组特定的技能。

保留源例核心:specific set of skills 是特定的一组技能。

This rule is designed for a specific group of students.

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这条规则是为特定学生群体设计的。

a specific group 指特定群体。

The smell is specific to this kind of flower.

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这种气味是这种花特有的。

specific to... 表示为……所特有。

adj.具体的;明确的

说明信息、例子、计划或要求清楚、具体,不笼统。

常见表达a specific examplespecific detailsbe specific about...specific instructions

Please give a specific example instead of a general answer.

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请给出一个具体例子,而不是笼统回答。

specific 与 general 构成源层反义。

Be specific about the time and place of the meeting.

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请明确说明会议的时间和地点。

be specific about... 表示具体说明。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

particular
特定的
The rule applies to one particular case. particular 和 specific 都可指特定;specific 更强调明确具体。
exact
精确的
Tell me the exact time. exact 强调精确;specific 强调具体到某一项或某一点。
clear
清楚的
The instructions were clear. clear 强调容易明白;specific 强调不笼统。
general
一般的;笼统的
The report only gave general advice. general 是源层给出的反义词。
vague
模糊的
His answer was too vague to be useful. vague 是源层给出的对比词,表示不明确。
concrete
具体的
Use concrete examples in your speech. concrete 多与 abstract 对比;specific 多与 general/vague 对比。
abstract
抽象的
The word freedom can feel abstract. abstract 与 concrete 对比,不完全等同于 general。
special
特别的;专门的
The old photo is special to my grandmother. special 强调不普通或专门;specific 强调特定明确。

词族线索 / 同组词

specifically
具体地;明确地
The notice specifically asks students to bring water. specifically 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

specific 与 special 有词形联系,但重点不同:specific 是“具体/特定”,常与 general、vague 对比;specifically 是常见副词。

specifically
具体地;明确地
The notice specifically asks students to bring water.
special
特别的;专门的
The museum offers a special course for young visitors.

非派生记忆线索

a specific example
具体例子
Please give a specific example instead of a general answer.
specific to...
为……所特有
The smell is specific to this kind of flower.

词族导图

special 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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006

species

['spi:ʃi:z] · n. [C] (singular/plural same form) · Page 156

a group of plants or animals that are the same kind and can produce young of the same kind

物种;种

联想

species 是生物分类中的“物种”。它单复数同形:one species, many species。高考阅读常见 endangered species,要和单个 animal/plant 区分。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]物种;种

指一类能归为同一种的生物,不是单个动物或植物。单复数形式相同。

常见表达one speciesmany speciesa species of birddifferent species

This wetland is home to several rare species of birds.

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这片湿地是几种稀有鸟类的栖息地。

species 单复数同形,several species 表示几种物种。

A panda is not just an animal; it belongs to a protected species.

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熊猫不只是一个动物个体;它属于一个受保护物种。

species 指物种,不是单个个体。

n. [C]濒危物种等环保语境

常用于自然保护、生态、科学阅读。

常见表达endangered speciesprotect a speciesnative speciesinvasive species

Scientists are trying to protect an endangered species of turtle.

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科学家正在努力保护一种濒危龟类。

endangered species 是源层搭配。

Some invasive species can harm local plants and animals.

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一些入侵物种会伤害当地动植物。

invasive species 是阅读中常见环保表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kind
种类
This kind of tree grows near rivers. kind 可泛指种类;species 是生物学上的物种。
type
类型
This type of camera is easy to carry. type 范围更广;species 只用于生物类别。
organism
生物体
A tiny organism can affect the whole lake. organism 是单个或一类生物体;species 是物种类别。
animal
动物个体或动物总称
The animal was returned to the forest. animal 可指一个动物;species 指物种层级。
individual
个体
Each individual in the group was recorded. individual 是个体;species 是一类生物。
endangered
濒危的
Scientists are trying to protect an endangered species of turtle. endangered species 是源层搭配。
extinct
灭绝的
This species became extinct long ago. extinct species 是已经灭绝的物种。
special
特别的;专门的
The old photo is special to my grandmother. species 和 special 有词形线索,但现代意义应按生物物种学习。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

species 单复数同形,常见搭配是 endangered species、native species、invasive species。它与 special 有词形线索,但不要把 species 解释成“特别的东西”。

endangered species
濒危物种
Scientists are trying to protect an endangered species of turtle.
native species
本地物种
Native species are important to the forest.
invasive species
入侵物种
Some invasive species can harm local plants and animals.

非派生记忆线索

one species / many species
单复数同形
The island has one rare species and many common species.
a species of...
一种……
This is a species of bird found near lakes.

词族导图

special 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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007

camp

[kæmp] · n. [C/U] / vi. · Page 157

a place where people stay in tents or simple buildings, or to stay outdoors in that way

营地;活动营;扎营;宿营

联想

camp 的记忆线索线索是“原野”。现代常用义是营地、活动营,以及 go camping 去野营。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]营地;活动营

可指临时住在帐篷或简易建筑里的地方,也可指夏令营、训练营等活动。

常见表达summer campscience camptraining campat camp

Our class spent three days at a science camp in the mountains.

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我们班在山里的科学营待了三天。

science camp 是活动营。

The football team stayed at a training camp before the match.

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比赛前,足球队住在训练营。

training camp 是训练营。

vi.扎营;宿营;野营

表示在户外搭帐篷或临时住下,常与 go camping、camp by/near 连用。

常见表达go campingset up campcamp by the rivercamp near...

We went camping by the lake during the holiday.

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假期里我们在湖边野营。

go camping 是源层搭配。

The hikers set up camp before it became dark.

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天黑前,徒步者扎好了营。

set up camp 表示扎营。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

campsite
露营地
The campsite was close to clean water. campsite 更具体指露营地点;camp 还可指活动营。
tent
帐篷
They slept in a tent during the trip. tent 是露营用具,不等于 camp。
campaign
运动;战役
Students started a campaign to reduce plastic waste. campaign 有记忆线索“设营对阵”线索,但现代义是战役或运动。
home
We stayed home during the storm. home 是固定居所;camp 多为临时营地。
hotel
旅馆
They booked a hotel near the station. hotel 是商业住宿;camp 常更简易、户外或活动性质。

词族线索 / 同组词

campus
校园
Visitors must wear name cards while they are on campus. campus 可按记忆线索 camp 原野线索记,但现代义是校园。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

camp 源义为原野。本组 campus 与 camp 联系较直接;campaign/champion/champagne 主要按记忆线索词形和历史线索辅助记忆,不要当作现代派生词。

campus
校园
Visitors must wear name cards while they are on campus.
campaign
战役;运动
Students started a campaign to reduce plastic waste.
champion
冠军;捍卫者
She became the school chess champion.

非派生记忆线索

go camping
去野营
We went camping by the lake during the holiday.
set up camp
扎营
The hikers set up camp before it became dark.

词族导图

camp 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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008

campus

['kæmpəs] · n. [C] · Page 157

the land and buildings of a university, college, or school

大学校园;校园

联想

campus 可借记忆线索 camp“原野”线索记:校园是一片学校所在的土地和建筑。常见搭配是 on campus。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]大学校园;校园

指学校或大学的土地、建筑和学习生活区域。

常见表达on campusa university campuscampus lifecampus library

Visitors must wear name cards while they are on campus.

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访客在校园里必须佩戴姓名牌。

on campus 是源层搭配。

Campus life gives students many chances to join clubs.

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校园生活给学生许多参加社团的机会。

campus life 是校园生活。

The new campus library opens at seven every morning.

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新的校园图书馆每天早上七点开放。

campus 可作定语修饰 library。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

school grounds
校园场地
The school grounds were quiet after class. school grounds 可指中小学场地;campus 更常用于大学/学院。
university
大学
The university has students from many countries. university 是机构;campus 是校园地点。
on campus
在校园里
Visitors must wear name cards while they are on campus. on campus 是源层搭配。
off campus
在校外
Some students rent rooms off campus. off campus 与 on campus 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

camp
营地;野营
We went camping by the lake. camp 与 campus 有记忆线索词源线索,但现代义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

campus 可按 camp 原野 + -us 的记忆线索线索记,但现代义固定为校园。on campus/off campus 是最实用对比。

camp
营地;野营
We went camping by the lake during the holiday.

非派生记忆线索

on campus
在校园里
Visitors must wear name cards while they are on campus.
off campus
在校外
Some students rent rooms off campus.

词族导图

camp 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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009

champagne

[ʃæm'pein] · n. [C/U] · Page 157

a sparkling wine, originally from the Champagne region, often used for celebration

香槟酒

联想

champagne 来自法国 Champagne 香槟区,记忆线索说原义与广阔平原有关。现代高考阅读中按“庆祝时喝的起泡酒”识别即可。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]香槟酒

通常指庆祝场合中的起泡酒;不可数表示酒类,可数可指一杯或一种香槟。

常见表达a glass of champagneopen champagneserve champagnechampagne celebration

The hotel served champagne at the wedding dinner.

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酒店在婚宴上供应香槟酒。

serve champagne 表示供应香槟。

The team opened champagne after winning the final game.

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球队赢得决赛后开了香槟庆祝。

open champagne 常用于庆祝语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sparkling wine
起泡酒
They served sparkling wine at the party. sparkling wine 范围更广;Champagne 严格说来自香槟区。
wine
葡萄酒
The restaurant does not sell wine. wine 是大类;champagne 是一种起泡酒。
celebration
庆祝
The town held a celebration after the victory. champagne 常出现在庆祝语境。
plain water
白水
Plain water is best after exercise. plain water 与 champagne 的酒类庆祝语境相反。
soft drink
软饮料
Children were served soft drinks at the party. soft drink 是非酒精饮料。
Champagne
法国香槟区
The drink is named after the Champagne region. 记忆线索说明 champagne 得名于 Champagne 地区。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

champagne 与 camp 组按记忆线索的历史/地名线索辅助记忆,不是 camp 的现代派生词。学习时以香槟酒、庆祝、Champagne 地区为核心。

Champagne
法国香槟区
The drink is named after the Champagne region.

非派生记忆线索

a glass of champagne
一杯香槟
They raised a glass of champagne at midnight.
open champagne
开香槟
The team opened champagne after winning the final game.

词族导图

camp 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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010

campaign

星标

[kæm'pein] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 157

an organized series of actions to win a war, election, or social goal; to take part in such actions

战役;运动;参加运动;开展活动

联想

campaign 记忆线索说原义是在原野设营对阵。现代最常见是“有组织的一系列行动”:环保运动、竞选活动、宣传活动,也可保留战役义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]运动;宣传活动;竞选活动

指为公共、政治、社会或学校目标而组织的一系列行动。

常见表达take part in a campaignstart a campaigna campaign against...election campaign

Call on family members and friends to take part in the campaign.

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号召家人和朋友参加这项运动。

保留源例核心:take part in the campaign。

Students started a campaign to reduce plastic waste at school.

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学生发起了一场减少校园塑料垃圾的活动。

start a campaign 表示发起运动。

The candidate visited many towns during the election campaign.

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这位候选人在竞选期间走访了许多城镇。

election campaign 是竞选活动。

n. [C]战役

军事语境中指一系列有计划的作战行动。

常见表达military campaigna long campaigncampaign against...

The history book describes a long military campaign in winter.

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历史书描述了一场漫长的冬季战役。

military campaign 是军事战役。

The campaign ended when the two sides agreed to stop fighting.

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双方同意停战后,这场战役结束了。

campaign 可指一场战役。

vi.参加运动;开展活动;竞选

作动词时常接 for/against,表示为某目标开展活动。

常见表达campaign for...campaign against...campaign to do sth.

The group campaigned for safer roads near the village.

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这个团体为村庄附近更安全的道路开展活动。

campaign for... 表示为……开展运动。

Parents campaigned against the closing of the small library.

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家长们发起运动反对关闭小图书馆。

campaign against... 表示反对……的运动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

movement
运动
The environmental movement attracted many young people. movement 更宽泛;campaign 更强调有组织、有目标的一系列行动。
drive
运动;努力
The city began a safety drive for children. drive 常指集中推动;campaign 可用于政治、社会、军事。
election
选举
The election will be held in June. election campaign 是竞选活动。
battle
战斗
The battle lasted two days. battle 是一次战斗;campaign 是一系列战役行动。
inaction
不行动
Inaction made the problem worse. campaign 是主动组织行动;inaction 是不行动。
camp
营地;设营
The soldiers set up camp near the river. 可用 camp 原野/设营线索帮助记 campaign。
champion
冠军;捍卫
The teacher champions equal chances for every student. champion 是 campaign 姊妹词线索,但现代义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

campaign 的记忆线索线索是 camp 原野上设营对阵。现代核心是“有组织的一系列行动”。campaigner/campaigning 是真实扩展。

campaigner
运动参与者;竞选者
A young campaigner spoke about clean water.
campaigning
参加运动;竞选活动
Campaigning continued until the day before the vote.

非派生记忆线索

take part in a campaign
参加运动
Call on family members and friends to take part in the campaign.
campaign for...
为……开展活动
The group campaigned for safer roads.

词族导图

camp 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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011

champion

星标

['tʃæmpiən] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 157

a winner of a competition, or someone who strongly supports and defends a cause

冠军;优胜者;第一名;捍卫;支持

联想

champion 有两条常用线:比赛里的冠军,以及为某种权利、想法或人群积极发声的捍卫者。记忆线索还给 championship,需一起记。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]冠军;优胜者;第一名

指比赛、竞赛或某项目中的获胜者。

常见表达world championschool championdefending championchampion of...

In 1992 and 1993, she was the world champion in triathlon.

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1992 年和 1993 年,她是铁人三项世界冠军。

改写源例核心:world champion 是世界冠军。

She became the school chess champion after months of practice.

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经过几个月练习,她成了学校象棋冠军。

school chess champion 是学校象棋冠军。

vt.捍卫;支持;为……发声

作动词时指积极支持某种想法、权利、事业或人群。

常见表达champion a causechampion equal rightschampion the needs of...

The teacher champions equal chances for every student.

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这位老师积极支持每个学生拥有平等机会。

champion 作动词表示捍卫、支持。

The writer used her speech to champion children's reading.

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这位作家用演讲支持儿童阅读。

champion children's reading 是为儿童阅读发声。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

winner
获胜者
The winner received a medal. winner 是普通获胜者;champion 常指冠军或长期头衔。
title holder
冠军头衔保持者
The title holder trained every morning. title holder 强调头衔;champion 更常用。
supporter
支持者
She is a strong supporter of school libraries. supporter 是支持者;champion 作动词/名词时语气更积极有力。
loser
失败者
No one wants to be called a loser. loser 与 champion 的获胜者义相反。
opponent
对手;反对者
His opponent was very strong. opponent 是对手;champion 是冠军或捍卫者。
championship
锦标赛;冠军称号
The city will host the swimming championship. championship 是源层相关词。
campaign
运动;战役
Students started a campaign to reduce plastic waste. 记忆线索说 champion 与 campaign 是姊妹词线索,现代义分开记。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

champion 可作名词也可作动词。championship 是源层相关词,指锦标赛或冠军称号;championing 是动词现在分词。

championship
锦标赛;冠军称号
The city will host the swimming championship.
championing
正在捍卫;积极支持
The group is championing cleaner air for children.

非派生记忆线索

world champion
世界冠军
She was the world champion in triathlon.
champion a cause
捍卫一项事业
The teacher champions equal chances for every student.

词族导图

camp 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
012

increase

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['inkri:s] n.; [in'kri:s] v. · n. [C/U] / v. · Page 157

to become or make something larger in number, amount, or degree; an act or amount of growth

增加;增长;增多

联想

increase 是“往上变多”。作名词重音在前,作动词重音在后;既可说 numbers increase,也可说 an increase in numbers。

意思、用法与例句

v.增加;增长;增多

表示数量、程度、价格、人数等变大或使其变大。by 表示增加了多少,to 表示增加到多少。

常见表达increase by...increase to...increase from...to...increase the number of...

The number of visitors increased after the new museum opened.

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新博物馆开放后,游客数量增加了。

visitors increased 是不及物动词。

The school increased the number of reading classes this term.

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这学期学校增加了阅读课的数量。

increase the number of... 是及物用法。

The price increased from 20 yuan to 25 yuan.

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价格从 20 元涨到了 25 元。

increase from...to... 表示从多少增加到多少。

n. [C/U]增加;增长;增多

作名词时常接 in,表示某方面的增加;on the increase 表示正在增加。

常见表达an increase in...a sharp increaseon the increasean increase of...

There has been an increase in students choosing science clubs.

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选择科学社团的学生有所增加。

an increase in... 是名词搭配。

Online reading is on the increase among teenagers.

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青少年中的在线阅读正在增加。

on the increase 是源层搭配。

注意记忆线索提示:increase 作名词重音在前,作动词重音在后。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rise
上升;增加
The water level rose after the rain. rise 多为不及物;increase 可不及物也可及物。
grow
增长;变大
The city grew quickly after the railway opened. grow 更自然地描述逐渐发展;increase 更适合数量、程度、比例。
go up
上升
Prices went up before the holiday. go up 更口语;increase 更正式。
decrease
减少;降低
Water use decreased after the school fixed the taps. decrease 是 increase 的核心反义词。
fall
下降
Temperatures fell at night. fall 与 increase/rise 方向相反。
drop
下降;减少
Sales dropped in May. drop 常指明显或较快下降。

词族线索 / 同组词

increasingly
越来越;日益
Online maps are increasingly useful when people travel. increasingly 是副词,修饰形容词或整个趋势。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

increase 与 decrease 是反义动词/名词;increasingly 是副词。记忆线索重点还包括 noun/verb 重音区别和 on the increase。

increasingly
日益;越来越
Online maps are increasingly useful when people travel.
decrease
减少;降低
Water use decreased after the school fixed the taps.

非派生记忆线索

on the increase
正在增加
Online reading is on the increase among teenagers.
an increase in...
……的增加
There has been an increase in students choosing science clubs.

词族导图

increase / increasingly / decrease 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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013

increasingly

[in'kri:siŋli] · adv. · Page 157

more and more as time passes

日益;越来越多地;越来越……

联想

increasingly 是 increase 的副词形式,描述趋势越来越强。它常放在形容词前:increasingly important/popular/serious。

意思、用法与例句

adv.日益;越来越……

修饰形容词或分词,表示某种状态随时间越来越明显。

常见表达increasingly importantincreasingly popularincreasingly seriousbecome increasingly...

English reading is increasingly important for high school students.

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英语阅读对高中生越来越重要。

increasingly important 是源层搭配。

The problem became increasingly serious after the heavy rain.

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暴雨后问题变得越来越严重。

become increasingly... 表示变得越来越……。

Online maps are increasingly useful when people travel.

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人们旅行时,在线地图越来越有用。

increasingly useful 表示越来越有用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

more and more
越来越
More and more students use the library after school. more and more 更口语;increasingly 更书面。
gradually more
逐渐更……
The village became gradually more open to visitors. gradually more 强调逐步;increasingly 强调趋势增强。
less and less
越来越少地
The old road is used less and less. less and less 与 increasingly 方向相反。
decreasingly
递减地
The word decreasingly is rare in everyday English. decreasingly 可作形式反义,但日常更常说 less and less。
decrease
减少;降低
Water use decreased after the school fixed the taps. decrease 表示变少。

词族线索 / 同组词

increase
增加;增长
The number of visitors increased after the new museum opened. increase 是动词/名词,increasingly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

increasingly = increasing + -ly,作副词。它不是修饰名词的形容词,常修饰 important/popular/serious 等形容词。

increase
增加;增长
The number of visitors increased after the new museum opened.
increasing
不断增加的
The increasing cost worried many families.
decrease
减少;降低
Water use decreased after the school fixed the taps.

非派生记忆线索

increasingly important
越来越重要
English reading is increasingly important for high school students.
become increasingly...
变得越来越……
The problem became increasingly serious after the heavy rain.

词族导图

increase / increasingly / decrease 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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014

decrease

星标

['di:kri:s] n.; [di'kri:s] v. · n. [C/U] / v. · Page 158

to become or make something smaller in number, amount, or degree; an act or amount of reduction

减少;降低

联想

decrease 是 increase 的反方向:数量、程度、价格、产量下降。记忆线索提示它和 increase 一样,作名词重音在前,作动词重音在后。

意思、用法与例句

v.减少;降低

表示数量、程度、价格、生产等变小或使其变小。by 表示减少了多少,to 表示减少到多少。

常见表达decrease by...decrease to...decrease from...to...production decreases

Water use decreased after the school fixed the taps.

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学校修好水龙头后,用水量减少了。

decrease 作动词表示减少。

Unemployment increases as production decreases.

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生产减少时,失业人数随之增加。

这是源层例句,展示 increase/decrease 对照。

The number of mistakes decreased from ten to three.

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错误数量从十个减少到三个。

decrease from...to... 表示从多少减少到多少。

n. [C/U]减少;降低

作名词常接 in,表示某方面的减少。

常见表达a decrease in...a decrease in importsa sharp decreasea decrease of...

A decrease in imports affected several shops.

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进口量减少影响了几家商店。

a decrease in imports 是源层搭配。

There was a sharp decrease in noise after the road was closed.

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道路关闭后,噪音明显减少。

a sharp decrease in... 表示明显减少。

注意记忆线索提示:decrease 作名词重音在前,作动词重音在后。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fall
下降
Temperatures fell at night. fall 多为不及物;decrease 可作名词也可作动词。
drop
下降;减少
Sales dropped in May. drop 常指明显下降;decrease 更正式。
reduce
减少;降低
The school reduced food waste. reduce 是及物动词;decrease 可及物、不及物,也可作名词。
increase
增加;增长
The number of visitors increased after the new museum opened. increase 是 decrease 的核心反义词。
rise
上升
The water level rose after the rain. rise 与 decrease/fall 方向相反。
grow
增长
The town grew quickly. grow 与 decrease 的变少方向相反。
increasingly
越来越
The work became increasingly difficult. increasingly 表示趋势增强,不是减少。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

de- 在这里帮助记“向下/减少”方向;decrease 与 increase 构成核心反义。记忆线索还强调名词/动词重音不同。

increase
增加;增长
The number of visitors increased after the new museum opened.
increasingly
日益;越来越
English reading is increasingly important for high school students.

非派生记忆线索

a decrease in...
……的减少
A decrease in imports affected several shops.
increase/decrease stress
名词重音在前,动词重音在后
Increase and decrease change stress when they change part of speech.

词族导图

increase / increasingly / decrease 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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015

admit

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[əd'mit] · vt. / vi. · Page 158

to let someone enter or to accept that something is true

准许进入;接纳;承认

联想

admit 的两条线要一起记:具体是“让人进入”,抽象是“把事实放进心里并承认”。看到 into/to 多是准入,看到 doing/that 多是承认。

意思、用法与例句

vt.准许进入;接纳;录取

表示允许某人进入某地、加入组织,或被学校/医院等接收。

常见表达admit sb. into...be admitted to...admit patientsadmit new members

The school admitted thirty new students this year.

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这所学校今年录取了三十名新生。

admit 可表示学校录取或组织接纳。

Only ticket holders were admitted into the hall.

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只有持票者获准进入大厅。

admit sb. into... 来自源层搭配。

He was admitted to hospital after the accident.

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事故后他被收治入院。

be admitted to hospital 是常见被动用法。

vt. / vi.承认;供认

表示承认事实、错误或做过某事。常接 that 从句、名词或 doing,也可用 admit to doing。

常见表达admit a mistakeadmit that...admit doingadmit to doing

She admitted her mistake before the teacher asked.

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老师询问前,她承认了自己的错误。

admit a mistake 是承认错误。

He admitted that he had copied the answer.

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他承认自己抄了答案。

admit that... 后接从句。

The boy admitted to breaking the window.

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那个男孩承认打破了窗户。

admit to doing 是源层搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

acknowledge
承认;认可事实
She acknowledged that the plan needed more time. acknowledge 更正式,常指承认事实或表示认可;admit 常带不情愿承认错误的语气。
confess
坦白;供认
He confessed that he had broken the rule. confess 语气更重,常与错误、罪行相关;admit 范围更宽。
allow in
允许进入
The guard allowed the visitors in after checking their tickets. allow in 只讲进入;admit 还可讲承认或录取。
deny
否认
He denied taking the phone. deny 是 admit doing/that 的核心反义。
refuse
拒绝准入或接受
The club refused to admit new members. refuse 强调不给许可;admit 强调准许进入或接纳。
exclude
排除;不包括
The rule excluded visitors under sixteen. exclude 与 admit into 的方向相反。
permit
允许;许可证
The rules permit students to borrow three books. permit 重点是许可某行为;admit 重点是准入或承认。
submit
提交;服从
Each group must submit its report by Friday. submit 与 admit 共享 mit 记忆线,但现代用法不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

admission
准入;入场费;承认
Admission to the museum is free on Sundays. admission 是 admit 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索把 admit、submit、permit 放在同一 mit 记忆图中。教学时只把它当作“进入/送交/许可”的记忆线,不把三者当同义词。

admission
准入;入场费;承认
Admission to the museum is free on Sundays.
permit
允许;许可证
The rules permit students to borrow three books.
submit
提交;服从
Each group must submit its report by Friday.

非派生记忆线索

admit sb. into...
准许某人进入……
Only ticket holders were admitted into the hall.
admit to doing
承认做过某事
The boy admitted to breaking the window.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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016

admission

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[əd'miʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 158

permission to enter, the price of entry, or a statement that something is true

准许进入;加入许可;入场费;承认

联想

admission 是 admit 的名词:可以是“进入/加入的资格”,也可以是“入场费”,还可以是“承认的一句话”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]准许进入;加入许可;录取

表示进入学校、组织、医院、活动等的资格或过程。

常见表达admission to...gain admission to...admission into...college admission

Admission to the museum is free on Sundays.

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星期天博物馆免费入场。

admission to 可表示进入某地的资格。

She worked hard to gain admission to a good university.

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她努力学习,希望被一所好大学录取。

gain admission to 常用于学校录取。

n. [U]入场费

表示进入活动、场馆需要支付的钱。常与 fee、free 搭配。

常见表达admission feefree admissionpay admission

The admission fee for the show is ten yuan.

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这场演出的入场费是十元。

admission fee 是源层义项的自然搭配。

Children under six get free admission to the park.

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六岁以下儿童可免费入园。

free admission 表示免费入场。

n. [C]承认;招供

表示承认事实、错误或责任的话语或行为。

常见表达an admission of...make an admissiona clear admission

His admission of the mistake surprised the whole team.

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他承认错误让全队都很惊讶。

an admission of... 表示承认某事。

The letter was an admission that the report was late.

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这封信承认报告迟交了。

admission 后可接 that 从句内容。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

entry
进入;入场
Entry to the garden is free before noon. entry 更普通地讲进入;admission 常带许可、录取或入场费含义。
entrance
进入;入口
The main entrance is beside the library. entrance 可指入口;admission 不指门口本身。
confession
坦白;供认
His confession helped the police. confession 比 admission 语气更重,常与错误或罪行相关。
denial
否认
Her denial did not answer the question. denial 是 admission of a mistake 的反义方向。
exclusion
排除;不准加入
The exclusion of new members made the club smaller. exclusion 与 admission to/into 的方向相反。
refusal
拒绝
The refusal of admission disappointed him. refusal 强调不给许可;admission 是获得准入或承认。

词族线索 / 同组词

admit
准许进入;承认
The school admitted thirty new students this year. admit 是动词,admission 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

admission = admit 的名词。-ssion/-sion 常把动词变成动作或结果名词,但 admission 的三条高频义要按语境判断。

admit
准许进入;承认
The school admitted thirty new students this year.

非派生记忆线索

admission to...
进入或加入……的资格
She worked hard to gain admission to a good university.
admission fee
入场费
The admission fee for the show is ten yuan.
an admission of...
承认……
His admission of the mistake surprised the whole team.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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017

permit

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[pə'mit] v.; ['pɜ:mit] n. · vt. / n. [C] · Page 158

to allow something, or an official document that allows it

允许;许可;许可证

联想

permit 作动词是“允许”,作名词是“许可证”。记忆线索标出了动词和名词重音不同;考试里重点看 permit sb. to do 和 a parking/work permit。

意思、用法与例句

vt.允许;许可

表示规则、条件或负责人允许某人做某事。比 let 更正式。

常见表达permit sb. to do sth.permit doingrules permit...if time/weather permits

The rules permit students to borrow three books at a time.

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规定允许学生一次借三本书。

permit sb. to do 是源层搭配。

The library does not permit eating in the reading room.

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图书馆不允许在阅览室吃东西。

permit doing 表示允许做某事。

If weather permits, we will have the match outside.

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如果天气允许,我们将在户外比赛。

if weather permits 是常见条件表达。

n. [C]许可证;执照

表示官方允许某行为的文件。

常见表达a work permita parking permita driving permitapply for a permit

You need a parking permit to leave your car here.

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你需要停车许可证才能把车停在这里。

permit 作名词表示许可证。

The farmer applied for a permit to build a small bridge.

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那位农民申请许可证建一座小桥。

apply for a permit 是正式场景常用表达。

记忆线索提示 permit 作动词和名词读音重音不同,学习时要结合词性判断。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

allow
允许
The teacher allowed us to use dictionaries. allow 更普通;permit 更正式,常与规则或许可相关。
let
让;允许
My parents let me join the trip. let 更口语,后接宾语和动词原形;permit 更正式,常用 permit sb. to do。
authorize
授权;批准
Only the head teacher can authorize the change. authorize 更正式,强调有权批准;permit 可指一般允许。
forbid
禁止
The sign forbids swimming in the river. forbid 是 permit 的核心反义。
ban
禁止;禁令
The city banned smoking in the station. ban 可作动词或名词,常指正式禁止。
prohibit
禁止
School rules prohibit students from leaving early. prohibit 比 forbid 更正式。
admit
准许进入;承认
Only ticket holders were admitted into the hall. admit 强调进入或承认;permit 强调许可某行为。

词族线索 / 同组词

permission
允许;许可;批准
You must ask permission before using the computer room. permission 是 permit 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

permit 和 permission 是清晰的动词/名词关系。permit 作名词时是具体许可证,不等于抽象的 permission。

permission
允许;许可;批准
You must ask permission before using the computer room.

非派生记忆线索

permit sb. to do
允许某人做某事
The rules permit students to borrow three books at a time.
a parking permit
停车许可证
You need a parking permit to leave your car here.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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018

permission

[pə'miʃn] · n. [U] · Page 158

the right or approval to do something

允许;许可;批准

联想

permission 是抽象的“许可”。它通常不可数,重点搭配是 ask/apply for permission、have permission to do、with/without permission。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]允许;许可;批准

表示某人被允许做某事,或某行为得到批准。一般不加 a/an。

常见表达ask permissionapply for permissionget permissionhave permission to dowith/without permission

You must ask permission before using the computer room.

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使用电脑室前必须请求许可。

ask permission 来自源层搭配。

The students had permission to leave early for the match.

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学生们获准提前离开去参加比赛。

have permission to do 是源层搭配。

Do not copy photos from the website without permission.

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未经许可不要复制网站上的照片。

without permission 是高频搭配。

permission 通常是不可数名词;具体证件用 permit。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

approval
批准;认可
The plan cannot start without the head teacher's approval. approval 常指批准或认可;permission 更直接指准许做某事。
consent
同意;许可
The doctor needs the patient's consent. consent 更正式,常指本人同意;permission 可来自老师、父母、规则等。
authorization
授权;批准
You need authorization to enter this room. authorization 更正式,强调有权批准。
refusal
拒绝
His refusal ended the discussion. refusal 表示不允许或不答应。
ban
禁令;禁止
There is a ban on parking near the gate. ban 是正式禁止,与 permission 方向相反。
prohibition
禁止;禁令
The prohibition of smoking protects students. prohibition 是正式名词,表示禁止。

词族线索 / 同组词

permit
允许;许可证
The rules permit students to borrow three books. permit 是动词或具体许可证;permission 是抽象许可。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

permission 是 permit 的抽象名词,通常不可数;permit 作名词时才是一个具体的许可证。

permit
允许;许可证
The rules permit students to borrow three books.

非派生记忆线索

ask permission
请求许可
You must ask permission before using the computer room.
have permission to do
获准做某事
The students had permission to leave early for the match.
without permission
未经许可
Do not copy photos from the website without permission.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
019

submit

星标

[səb'mit] · vt. / vi. · Page 158

to give work or an idea for review, or to accept another person's authority

提交;呈递;主张;服从

联想

submit 的基本画面是“往上/往下送交给别人处理”。现代高频是 submit a report/application to...;抽象义是 submit to rules/authority,表示服从。

意思、用法与例句

vt.提交;呈递

把报告、申请、作业等正式交给某人或机构审阅。

常见表达submit a reportsubmit an applicationsubmit homeworksubmit sth. to sb./sth.

Each group must submit its report by Friday.

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每个小组必须在周五前提交报告。

submit a report 对应源层例句。

Please submit your application to the office before June 1.

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请在 6 月 1 日前把申请交到办公室。

submit sth. to... 是源层义项。

Students can submit their homework online.

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学生可以在线提交作业。

submit homework 是学生场景中自然搭配。

vt.主张;建议;提出观点

较正式地提出意见、观点或建议,常接 that 从句或 submission 名词义“意见”。

常见表达submit that...submit a proposalsubmit an opinion

I submit that the plan needs more time.

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我认为这个计划需要更多时间。

submit that... 是较正式的“主张/认为”。

The committee submitted a proposal for a new reading room.

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委员会提交了一份新阅览室方案。

proposal 既可看作提交物,也带建议内容。

vi.服从;听从

表示接受规则、权威、压力等,不再抵抗。

常见表达submit to rulessubmit to authoritysubmit to pressure

All players must submit to the rules of the game.

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所有选手都必须服从比赛规则。

submit to 是源层搭配。

The captain refused to submit to unfair orders.

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队长拒绝服从不公平的命令。

refuse to submit to... 显示反义语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hand in
上交
Please hand in your homework before class. hand in 更口语、校园化;submit 更正式。
present
提交;提出
The students presented their plan to the class. present 可强调展示;submit 强调正式交给审查。
yield
屈服;让步
The team did not yield under pressure. yield 与 submit to 接近,但 submit 更常接 authority/rules/pressure。
withdraw
撤回
He withdrew his application after the interview. withdraw 是提交后撤回,方向相反。
resist
抵抗;抗拒
She resisted the pressure to change her answer. resist 与 submit to pressure 方向相反。
refuse
拒绝
He refused to follow the unfair rule. refuse 强调不接受;submit 强调接受或服从。
admit
准许进入;承认
He admitted that he had copied the answer. admit 和 submit 形近但义项不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

submission
提交;提交物;意见;服从
The final date for project submission is June 10. submission 是 submit 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层记忆 sub- + mit 表示“送下去/送交”。学习时重点不是词根术语,而是 submit sth. to... 和 submit to... 两种结构。

submission
提交;提交物;意见;服从
The final date for project submission is June 10.

非派生记忆线索

submit sth. to...
把某物提交给……
Please submit your application to the office before June 1.
submit to...
服从;听从
All players must submit to the rules of the game.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
020

submission

[səb'miʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 158

the act of sending work for review, the work sent, an opinion, or acceptance of authority

提交;提交物;意见;听从

联想

submission 是 submit 的名词。它可指“提交这个动作”,也可指“交上去的东西”;在正式语境里还可指“意见/陈述”,或“服从”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]提交;提交物

表示提交的动作、过程,或提交上去的文章、申请、报告等。

常见表达submission of...a submission deadlinea late submissiononline submission

The final date for project submission is June 10.

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项目提交的最后日期是 6 月 10 日。

submission 可表示提交这一动作。

The teacher returned three late submissions.

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老师退回了三份迟交的作业。

submission 可数时可指提交物。

Online submission makes the application process faster.

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在线提交让申请流程更快。

online submission 是现代自然搭配。

n. [C]意见;陈述

正式场合中表示提交给委员会、法院、比赛等的意见、说明或材料。

常见表达a written submissionmake a submissionsubmission to a committee

The students made a written submission to the committee.

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学生们向委员会提交了一份书面意见。

对应源层 n. [C] 意见。

Her submission explained why the library should stay open longer.

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她提交的意见说明了图书馆应延长开放时间的原因。

submission 可指含观点的书面材料。

n. [U]听从;服从

表示接受权威、规则或压力的状态,较正式。

常见表达submission to authorityin submission to...force sb. into submission

The story is about courage, not submission to fear.

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这个故事讲的是勇气,而不是向恐惧屈服。

submission to... 表示服从或屈服于……。

The leader tried to force the village into submission.

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那个头领试图迫使村庄屈服。

force sb. into submission 是较正式搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hand-in
提交物;上交
The online hand-in closed at midnight. hand-in 更口语、校园化;submission 更正式。
application
申请材料
Her application included a short essay. application 是一种常见提交材料;它是 submission 的场景词,不是无条件近义词。
surrender
投降;屈服
The soldiers refused surrender. surrender 比 submission 更强,常指投降。
withdrawal
撤回;退出
The withdrawal of the form delayed the decision. withdrawal 与提交方向相反。
resistance
抵抗
Their resistance lasted for weeks. resistance 与 submission to authority 相反。
refusal
拒绝
His refusal to obey caused trouble. refusal 表示拒绝接受或服从。

词族线索 / 同组词

submit
提交;服从
All players must submit to the rules of the game. submit 是动词,submission 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

submission = submit 的名词。它不是 entry 的普通同义词;只有在比赛、申请、作业等语境中,submission 才可指“提交物”。

submit
提交;服从
All players must submit to the rules of the game.

非派生记忆线索

submission deadline
提交截止日期
The final date for project submission is June 10.
written submission
书面意见或材料
The students made a written submission to the committee.
submission to authority
服从权威
The story is about courage, not submission to fear.

词族导图

admit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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021

dismiss

星标

[dis'mis] · vt. · Page 159

to send people away, remove someone from a job, or refuse to consider something

解散;解雇;不予考虑

联想

dismiss 的根义是“打发走”。课堂里可打发学生离开,工作中可把人解雇,讨论中可把想法或传言打发掉、不予考虑。

意思、用法与例句

vt.解散;让离开

表示老师、负责人等让一群人离开。

常见表达dismiss a classdismiss the meetingbe dismissed early

The teacher dismissed the class five minutes early.

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老师提前五分钟下课。

dismiss a class 是“解散班级/下课”。

After the speech, the chair dismissed the meeting.

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发言结束后,主持人宣布会议结束。

dismiss a meeting 表示宣布散会。

vt.解雇;免职

表示把某人从工作、职位中移走,常用被动 be dismissed from。

常见表达dismiss sb. from a postbe dismissed fromdismiss a workerunfairly dismissed

He was unfairly dismissed from his post.

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他被无理免职了。

这是源层例句,from his post 表示从职位上被免职。

The company dismissed two workers after the accident.

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事故后公司解雇了两名工人。

dismiss a worker 表示解雇员工。

vt.不予考虑;驳回

表示认为想法、建议、传言等不重要或不正确而不接受。

常见表达dismiss an ideadismiss a rumor as...dismiss a suggestiondismiss sth. as unimportant

The manager dismissed the rumor as untrue.

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经理认为这个传言不真实,不予理会。

dismiss sth. as... 表示把某事看作……而不予考虑。

Do not dismiss his suggestion too quickly.

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不要太快否定他的建议。

dismiss a suggestion 是学习中常见抽象义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

send away
打发走;让离开
The guard sent the visitors away after closing time. send away 只讲让离开;dismiss 还可讲解雇或驳回想法。
fire
解雇
The shop fired the worker for stealing. fire 更口语直接;dismiss 更正式。
reject
拒绝;驳回
The committee rejected the weak plan. reject 侧重不接受;dismiss 常带“认为不值得考虑”的语气。
hire
雇用
The store hired three new assistants. hire 与 dismiss a worker 方向相反。
keep
保留;留下
The school kept the coach for another year. keep 与 dismiss from a post 的方向相反。
consider
考虑
Please consider the idea before you refuse it. consider 与 dismiss an idea 的态度相反。
missile
导弹;飞弹
The news report said the missile was tested over the sea. 同属记忆线索 miss/send 记忆组,但不是 dismiss 的现代派生词。
mission
使命;使团
The rescue team began its mission before sunrise. mission 与 dismiss 共享记忆线,现代用法要分开。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 dis- away + miss/send,帮助记 dismiss 是“打发走”。missile 和 mission 也按 miss/send 记忆,但三词现代义不同。

missile
导弹;飞弹
The news report said the missile was tested over the sea.
mission
使命;使团
The rescue team began its mission before sunrise.

非派生记忆线索

be dismissed from a post
被免职
He was unfairly dismissed from his post.
dismiss sth. as...
把某事当作……而不予考虑
The manager dismissed the rumor as untrue.

词族导图

dismiss / missile / mission 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
022

missile

['misail] · n. [C] · Page 159

a weapon that is sent through the air toward a target

导弹;飞弹

联想

missile 的记忆线索记忆是 miss/send 投射出去。学生只需把它记成“被发射出去、飞向目标的武器”,不要和 mission 使命混。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]导弹;飞弹

表示被发射出去、飞向目标的武器。常与 launch、guided、attack、defense 搭配。

常见表达launch a missileguided missilemissile attackmissile defensea missile test

The news report said the missile was tested over the sea.

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新闻报道说这枚导弹在海上进行了测试。

missile test 是新闻语境常见搭配。

A museum model showed how a guided missile changes direction.

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博物馆模型展示了制导导弹如何改变方向。

guided missile 表示制导导弹。

The city improved its missile defense system.

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这座城市改进了导弹防御系统。

missile defense 是相关对比语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

projectile
抛射物;发射物
A stone can become a dangerous projectile. projectile 范围更宽,可指任何被投射物;missile 通常指军事武器。
rocket
火箭;火箭弹
The rocket rose quickly into the sky. rocket 可指运载火箭或火箭弹;missile 强调武器和目标。
guided weapon
制导武器
A guided weapon can change course. guided weapon 是说明性近义 cue,不是日常替换词。
launch
发射
The army launched a missile during the test. launch 是 missile 的核心动作搭配。
target
目标
The missile moved toward its target. target 是 missile 飞向的对象。
defense system
防御系统
The defense system was built to stop attacks. defense system 是 missile 的对抗场景词,不是词形反义词。
mission
使命;使团
Their mission was to help the injured. mission 拼写接近但不是武器。
dismiss
解散;解雇;不予考虑
The teacher dismissed the class five minutes early. 同属记忆线索 miss/send 记忆组,现代用法不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

missile 可借 miss/send“投射出去”记忆,但不要把它和 mission 互换。它是具体武器名词。

dismiss
解散;解雇;不予考虑
The teacher dismissed the class five minutes early.
mission
使命;使团
The rescue team began its mission before sunrise.

非派生记忆线索

launch a missile
发射导弹
The army launched a missile during the test.
missile defense
导弹防御
The city improved its missile defense system.

词族导图

dismiss / missile / mission 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
023

mission

['miʃn] · n. [C] · Page 159

an important task, purpose, or a group sent to do official work

使命;任务;代表团;使团

联想

mission 一头是“被派去完成的任务/使命”,另一头是“被派出去的代表团/使团”。记忆线索 mission accomplished 要按固定表达记:任务完成,大功告成。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]使命;任务;目的

表示重要任务、责任或人生目标。

常见表达on a missiona rescue missionmission accomplishedone's mission is to...

The rescue team began its mission before sunrise.

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救援队在日出前开始执行任务。

rescue mission 表示救援任务。

Her mission is to bring clean water to small villages.

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她的使命是把清洁用水带到小村庄。

one's mission is to... 表示使命或目标。

When the bridge was repaired, the workers said, "Mission accomplished."

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桥修好后,工人们说:“大功告成。”

mission accomplished 是源层搭配。

n. [C]代表团;使团

表示被派去办理外交、贸易、和平等事务的一群人。

常见表达a peace missiona trade missionsend a mission to...lead a mission

A peace mission arrived in the city to talk with local leaders.

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一个和平使团到达这座城市,与当地领导人会谈。

peace mission 对应“使团/代表团”。

The country sent a trade mission to discuss new business.

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该国派出贸易代表团商讨新的商业合作。

trade mission 是常见代表团语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

task
任务
The task took two hours. task 更普通;mission 往往更重要、更有目标感。
duty
职责;责任
It is our duty to protect the forest. duty 强调责任;mission 强调被派去完成的任务或使命。
assignment
任务;作业
The reporter received a difficult assignment. assignment 可指工作任务或作业;mission 更庄重。
delegation
代表团
A student delegation visited the museum. delegation 接近 mission 的使团义,但不表示使命。
purpose
目的;目标
A clear purpose helped the team work together. purpose 接近 mission 的使命/目标义,但不表示使团。
official group
官方派出的团队
The official group met local leaders in the morning. official group 是 mission 使团义的解释性 cue,不表示使命。
missile
导弹;飞弹
A missile was tested over the sea. missile 是武器,mission 是任务或使团。
dismiss
解散;解雇;不予考虑
The manager dismissed the rumor as untrue. 同属记忆线索 miss/send 记忆组,现代用法不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

mission 可借 miss/send“派送”记忆为“被派去完成的任务或使团”。核心搭配 mission accomplished 直接记为“大功告成”。

dismiss
解散;解雇;不予考虑
The teacher dismissed the class five minutes early.
missile
导弹;飞弹
The news report said the missile was tested over the sea.

非派生记忆线索

mission accomplished
任务完成;大功告成
When the bridge was repaired, the workers said, "Mission accomplished."
a peace mission
和平使团
A peace mission arrived in the city to talk with local leaders.

词族导图

dismiss / missile / mission 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
024

solve

[sɒlv] · vt. · Page 159

to find an answer to a problem or to make a solid become part of a liquid

解决;解答;溶解

联想

solve 常见两条线:问题被“解开”,谜题被“解答”;化学里固体被“溶解”。高考语境最常见的是 solve a problem / puzzle。

意思、用法与例句

vt.解决;处理

找到办法处理问题、困难或冲突。

常见表达solve a problemsolve a difficultysolve an issue

We worked together to solve the traffic problem near school.

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我们一起解决学校附近的交通问题。

solve a problem 是最核心搭配。

Talking openly helped them solve the disagreement.

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坦诚交谈帮助他们解决了分歧。

solve 可接 disagreement/issue。

vt.解答;破解

找到题目、谜题、方程或谜案的答案。

常见表达solve a puzzlesolve an equationsolve a mystery

The detective solved the mystery by reading the letters carefully.

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侦探通过仔细读信破解了谜案。

solve a mystery 表示破解谜案。

Can you solve this equation without a calculator?

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不用计算器你能解这个方程吗?

solve an equation 是数学语境。

vt.溶解

在科学语境中表示使固体进入液体形成溶液。现代英语更常用 dissolve,但重点列出 solve 的溶解义,需要识别。

常见表达solve in waterbe solved in liquiddissolve in water

In older science texts, salt may be described as solved in water.

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在较早的科学文本中,盐可被描述为溶于水。

此义较少见,常见现代词是 dissolve。

The science lesson showed how sugar dissolves in warm water.

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科学课展示了糖如何溶解在温水中。

用 dissolve 帮助理解 solve 的溶解义。

考试阅读里 solve 多为解决/解答;化学“溶解”义要能认出但不宜滥用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

work out
算出;解决
She worked out the answer after two tries. work out 更口语,可表示算出答案;solve 更正式。
settle
解决;处理妥当
The two sides settled the argument. settle 常用于争端、安排;solve 常用于问题、谜题。
answer
解答
Please answer the last question. answer 更普通;solve 强调通过思考找到答案。
leave unsolved
没有解决
The team left the question unsolved until the next meeting. leave unsolved 是 solve a problem 的直接反向表达。
complicate
使复杂化
The late change complicated the plan. complicate 是让问题更难,而不是解决问题。
resolve
解决;决心
The two sides met again to resolve the disagreement. resolve 更正式,还可表示下决心。

词族线索 / 同组词

solution
解决方法;答案;溶液
The village found a solution to the water shortage. solution 是 solve 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

solve / solut 在记忆线索中连接“解开、释放、溶解”三条线:solve/solution 是解决或溶解;absolve 是解除责任;absolute/absolutely 是没有限制到完全;resolve/resolution 是重新解决、下决心或形成决议。这里是记忆组,不把所有词都当现代同义词。

solution
解决方法;答案;溶液
The village found a solution to the water shortage.
absolve
宣布无罪;免除责任
The new evidence absolved the driver of blame.
absolute
绝对的;完全的;不受限制的
There was absolute silence in the hall.
absolutely
完全地;当然
"Can I join the team?" "Absolutely!"
resolve
解决;决定;决心
She resolved to read English every day.
resolution
决议;决心;解决;清晰度
He made a resolution to spend less time on games.

非派生记忆线索

solve a problem
解决问题
We worked together to solve the traffic problem near school.
solve a puzzle
解谜
The detective solved the mystery by reading the letters carefully.
dissolve in water
溶解在水中
The science lesson showed how sugar dissolves in warm water.

词族导图

solve 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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025

solution

[sə'lu:ʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 159

a way to solve a problem, an answer, or a liquid mixture

解决方法;答案;谜底;溶液

联想

solution 是 solve 的名词。语文/数学里是答案,生活问题里是解决方法,化学里是溶液。注意 a solution to a problem 介词用 to。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]解决方法

处理问题的办法,常接 to。

常见表达a solution to...find a solutionoffer/provide a solution

The village found a solution to the water shortage.

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村庄找到了缺水问题的解决办法。

solution to 是核心搭配。

The teacher asked us to offer a practical solution.

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老师让我们提出一个实际的解决办法。

practical solution 表示可行办法。

n. [C]答案;谜底

题目、谜题或难题的答案。

常见表达the solution to a puzzlecheck the solutiona correct solution

The solution to the puzzle was hidden in the first line.

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谜底藏在第一行。

solution to a puzzle 是源义项。

There is more than one solution to this math problem.

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这道数学题不止一种解法。

solution 可指数学题答案或解法。

n. [C/U]溶液

科学语境中表示由一种物质溶在液体里形成的混合物。

常见表达salt solutionsugar solutionin solution

The science teacher prepared a salt solution for the experiment.

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科学老师为实验准备了一份盐溶液。

salt solution 对应源层溶液义。

The medicine should be kept in solution before use.

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这种药使用前应保持在溶液中。

in solution 是科学语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

answer
答案
The answer to the last question was simple. answer 更普通;solution 可指问题的办法、题目答案或溶液。
way out
出路;解决办法
The team looked for a way out of the difficulty. way out 更口语;solution 更正式。
mixture
混合物
Air is a mixture of gases. mixture 范围更宽;solution 是一种均匀混合物。
problem
问题
The problem became worse after the rain. problem 是要解决的对象;solution 是解决办法。
question
问题;疑问
The question was difficult. question 可对应 answer/solution。

词族线索 / 同组词

solve
解决;解答;溶解
Can you solve this equation without a calculator? solve 是动词,solution 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

solution = solve 的名词。记忆线索提示 solve/solution 同时覆盖“解决”和“溶解”两条线,不能只记一个中文。

solve
解决;解答;溶解
Can you solve this equation without a calculator?

非派生记忆线索

a solution to...
……的解决办法/答案
There is more than one solution to this math problem.
salt solution
盐溶液
The science teacher prepared a salt solution for the experiment.

词族导图

solve 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
026

absolve

[əb'zɒlv] · vt. · Page 159

to free someone from blame, guilt, or responsibility

宣布无罪;免除责任

联想

absolve 不是 solve 的普通同义词。记忆线索 ab- off/from + solve/release 表示“把责任从某人身上解除”。常见结构是 absolve sb. from/of responsibility/blame。

意思、用法与例句

vt.宣布无罪;免除责任

正式地表示某人不再被认为有罪、有责,或不必承担某项责任。

常见表达absolve sb. from...absolve sb. of blameabsolve sb. of responsibilitybe absolved of duty

The new evidence absolved the driver of blame.

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新证据证明司机无责。

absolve sb. of blame 是常见结构。

A manager cannot absolve himself from responsibility for safety.

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经理不能免除自己对安全的责任。

absolve sb. from responsibility 对应源层搭配。

The court absolved him of the charge.

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法院宣告他该项指控不成立。

absolve 可用于法律或正式语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

clear
证明无罪;洗清
The report cleared her of blame. clear sb. of blame 较常见;absolve 更正式。
release from blame
免除责备
The letter released him from blame. 这是解释性近义 cue。
excuse
免除;原谅
The teacher excused him from the activity. excuse 更普通;absolve 更正式且常与责任/罪责相关。
blame
责备;归咎
Do not blame her for the mistake. blame 与 absolve of blame 方向相反。
accuse
指控
They accused him of breaking the rule. accuse 是提出指控;absolve 是解除指控或责任。
hold responsible
认定负责
The school held the driver responsible. hold responsible 与 absolve from responsibility 相反。
solve
解决;解答;溶解
We worked together to solve the problem. absolve 借记忆线索 solve/release 记忆,但现代义不是解决问题。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absolve = ab- off/from + solve/release,记作“把罪责或责任从某人身上解除”。它是正式词,不能直接替代 solve。

solve
解决;解答;溶解
We worked together to solve the problem.

非派生记忆线索

absolve sb. from...
免除某人的……
A manager cannot absolve himself from responsibility for safety.
absolve sb. of blame
免除某人的责备/责任
The new evidence absolved the driver of blame.

词族导图

solve 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
027

absolute

星标

['æbsəlu:t] · adj. · Page 159

complete, total, or not limited by anything

不受限制的;十足的;绝对的;完全的

联想

absolute 的记忆线索记忆是“没有约束”。它可讲 absolute power 绝对权力,也可作强调:absolute silence / an absolute beginner / absolute nonsense。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不受限制的;绝对的

表示权力、控制、规则等不受限制或约束。

常见表达absolute powerabsolute controlabsolute freedomabsolute rule

No one should have absolute power over others.

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任何人都不应对他人拥有不受限制的权力。

absolute power 对应不受约束义。

The rule is not absolute; teachers can make changes.

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这条规则不是绝对的;老师可以作调整。

absolute 可与 rule/certainty 搭配。

adj.完全的;十足的;地道的

用于强调程度完全、纯粹或十足。

常见表达absolute silenceabsolute certaintyan absolute successan absolute beginner

There was absolute silence in the hall before the speech.

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演讲前大厅里一片寂静。

absolute silence 表示完全安静。

The trip was an absolute success.

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这次旅行取得了完全成功。

absolute 作强调词修饰 success。

I am an absolute beginner at skating.

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我在滑冰方面完全是初学者。

absolute beginner 表示彻头彻尾的初学者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

complete
完全的
The work is complete. complete 可讲完成或完整;absolute 更强调程度或无条件。
total
完全的;总的
The town was in total darkness. total 与 absolute 都可强调完全。
unlimited
无限制的
The card gives unlimited travel for one day. unlimited 只讲没有限制;absolute 范围更宽。
partial
部分的
The report gave only a partial answer. partial 与 complete/absolute 相反。
limited
有限的;受限制的
The club has limited space. limited 与 absolute power/freedom 的不受限制义相反。
relative
相对的
Success is relative to your goal. relative 与 absolute 的绝对义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

absolutely
完全地;当然
You are absolutely right about the main point. absolutely 是 absolute 的副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absolute 可借记忆线索“解除约束、没有限制”记忆。它的副词 absolutely 有两个高频用法:完全地;口语中表示强烈同意。

absolutely
完全地;绝对地;当然
You are absolutely right about the main point.

非派生记忆线索

absolute power
绝对权力
No one should have absolute power over others.
absolute silence
完全安静
There was absolute silence in the hall before the speech.

词族导图

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028

absolutely

['æbsəlu:tli, ,æbsə'lu:tli] · adv. · Page 159

completely, definitely, or used to say yes strongly

完全地;绝对地;当然;对极了

联想

absolutely 是 absolute 的副词。放在形容词前表示“完全/绝对”,单独回答时相当于强烈的 yes:Absolutely!

意思、用法与例句

adv.完全地;绝对地

修饰形容词、副词或否定结构,强调程度完全。

常见表达absolutely rightabsolutely impossibleabsolutely necessaryabsolutely no...

You are absolutely right about the main point.

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你对要点的看法完全正确。

absolutely right 是常用搭配。

It is absolutely impossible to finish the job in one minute.

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一分钟完成这项工作绝对不可能。

absolutely impossible 强调完全不可能。

There was absolutely no sound in the room.

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房间里一点声音也没有。

absolutely no... 强调完全没有。

adv.当然;对极了

口语中单独使用,表示强烈同意。

常见表达Absolutely!Yes, absolutely.Absolutely not.

"Can I join the team?" "Absolutely!"

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“我能加入这个队吗?”“当然可以!”

Absolutely! 是源层口语义。

"Was the trip worth it?" "Yes, absolutely."

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“这趟旅行值得吗?”“是的,非常值得。”

Yes, absolutely 表示强烈肯定。

记忆线索提示它的位置会影响重音;使用时按语境识别强调或回答。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

completely
完全地
The bottle was completely empty. completely 最普通;absolutely 语气更强。
totally
完全地
I totally agree with you. totally 更口语;absolutely 也可口语强烈同意。
definitely
肯定地;当然
I will definitely come tomorrow. definitely 强调确定;absolutely 可强调完全或强烈同意。
partly
部分地
The answer is only partly correct. partly 与 completely/absolutely 相反。
slightly
稍微地
The plan changed slightly. slightly 表示程度很小。
not really
不完全;并非如此
"Do you agree?" "Not really." not really 与 Absolutely! 的强烈肯定相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

absolute
完全的;绝对的
There was absolute silence in the hall. absolute 是形容词,absolutely 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

absolutely = absolute + -ly。它修饰形容词或整句回答,不修饰名词。

absolute
完全的;绝对的;不受限制的
There was absolute silence in the hall.

非派生记忆线索

Absolutely!
当然;对极了
"Can I join the team?" "Absolutely!"
absolutely no...
完全没有……
There was absolutely no sound in the room.

词族导图

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029

resolve

[ri'zɒlv] · vt. / vi. / n. [U] · Page 159

to solve something, decide firmly, separate into parts, or strong determination

解决;决定;决意;分解;决心

联想

resolve 比 solve 更正式。它可表示 resolve a conflict 解决,也可表示 resolve to do 下决心;作名词 resolve 表示决心。分解义多见于科技或正式文本。

意思、用法与例句

vt.解决

正式地解决问题、争端、冲突或困难。

常见表达resolve a problemresolve a conflictresolve a disagreementresolve an issue

The two sides met again to resolve the disagreement.

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双方再次会面以解决分歧。

resolve a disagreement 比 solve 更正式。

The new rule helped resolve the problem quickly.

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新规定帮助迅速解决了这个问题。

resolve a problem 是核心搭配。

vi. / vt.决定;决意

表示下定决心做某事,常用 resolve to do。

常见表达resolve to doresolve that...be resolved to do

She resolved to read English for twenty minutes every day.

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她决心每天读二十分钟英语。

resolve to do 表示下决心做某事。

They resolved that the work should start at once.

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他们决定工作应立即开始。

resolve that... 是正式决定。

vt.分解;分辨

较正式或科技语境中表示把整体分解成部分,或把细节分辨出来。

常见表达resolve into...resolve detailsresolve into parts

Under the microscope, the shape resolved into several smaller parts.

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在显微镜下,这个形状分解成几个更小的部分。

resolve into parts 对应源层分解义。

The camera can resolve very small details.

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这台相机能分辨非常小的细节。

resolve 与 resolution 的清晰度义相关。

n. [U]决心;决意

作名词表示坚定意志,不可数。

常见表达strong resolveshow resolvewith great resolve

Her strong resolve helped her finish the long race.

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她坚强的决心帮助她完成了长跑。

strong resolve 表示坚定决心。

The team showed resolve after losing the first game.

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首场失利后,球队表现出决心。

show resolve 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

settle
解决;处理妥当
They settled the argument before dinner. settle 常用于争端;resolve 更正式。
solve
解决;解答
We solved the problem together. solve 更普通;resolve 更正式且可表示下决心。
determine
决定;下决心
He determined to try again. determine 可指决定或确定;resolve 强调坚定决定。
remain unresolved
仍未解决
The disagreement remained unresolved for weeks. remain unresolved 是 resolve a disagreement 的直接反向表达。
hesitate
犹豫
She hesitated before answering. hesitate 与 resolve to do 的果断相反。
avoid
回避
He avoided the difficult question. avoid 是不处理;resolve 是正面解决。

词族线索 / 同组词

resolution
决议;决心;解决;清晰度
He made a resolution to spend less time on games. resolution 是 resolve 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

resolve 可看成 re- + solve:重新解开问题,也可引申为“下定决心”。resolution 把这些义项名词化,还发展出图像清晰度义。

resolution
决议;决心;解决;清晰度
He made a resolution to spend less time on games.
solve
解决;解答;溶解
We solved the problem together.

非派生记忆线索

resolve to do
决心做某事
She resolved to read English for twenty minutes every day.
strong resolve
坚定决心
Her strong resolve helped her finish the long race.

词族导图

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030

resolution

[,rezə'lu:ʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 160

a formal decision, firm intention, solution, or the clarity of an image

决议;坚决;解决;清晰度;决心

联想

resolution 是 resolve 的名词地图:会议里是决议,新年里是决心,问题里是解决,图像里是清晰度。记忆线索给了 New Year's resolutions 和 make a resolution to do。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]决议

会议、组织正式通过的决定。

常见表达pass a resolutionadopt a resolutiona formal resolution

The committee passed a resolution to protect the old trees.

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委员会通过了一项保护古树的决议。

pass a resolution 表示通过决议。

The student union adopted a resolution on school meals.

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学生会通过了一项关于学校餐食的决议。

adopt a resolution 是正式搭配。

n. [C]决心;决定

个人决定要做某事,常见 New Year's resolution。

常见表达make a resolution to doNew Year's resolutionskeep a resolution

Have you made any New Year's resolutions?

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你制订什么新年计划了吗?

这是源层例句。

She made a resolution to visit her relatives more often.

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她决定要多走走亲戚。

这是源层例句,make a resolution to do。

He made a resolution to spend less time on games.

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他下决心少花时间玩游戏。

resolution 可数时可指个人决心。

n. [U, sing.]解决

正式地指问题、冲突等得到解决。

常见表达the resolution of...a peaceful resolutionreach a resolution

The two families hoped for a peaceful resolution of the dispute.

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两家人希望和平解决争端。

the resolution of... 表示……的解决。

After hours of discussion, they reached a resolution.

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经过数小时讨论,他们达成了解决方案。

reach a resolution 是正式表达。

n. [U, sing.]清晰度;分辨率

图像、屏幕或相机显示细节的清楚程度。

常见表达high resolutionlow resolutionscreen resolutionimage resolution

The photo has high resolution, so small details are clear.

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这张照片分辨率高,所以小细节很清楚。

high resolution 对应源层清晰度义。

Low resolution makes the letters hard to read.

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低分辨率让字母难以阅读。

low resolution 是反向搭配。

n. [U]坚决;坚定

正式地表示坚定不移的品质。

常见表达show resolutionwith great resolutionlack resolution

She faced the problem with great resolution.

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她非常坚定地面对这个问题。

with great resolution 表示坚决。

The team showed resolution after the early mistake.

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球队在早早犯错后表现出坚定。

show resolution 与 resolve 名词义相近。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decision
决定;决议
The final decision came after a long meeting. decision 更普通;resolution 可指正式决议或个人决心。
determination
决心;坚定
Her determination helped her continue. determination 接近坚决义;resolution 更书面。
solution
解决;解决方案
They found a solution to the problem. solution 更常指办法;resolution 更正式,可指解决过程或结果。
clarity
清晰度
The screen has excellent clarity. clarity 是一般清楚程度;resolution 常指图像/屏幕分辨率。
indecision
犹豫不决
Indecision delayed the plan. indecision 与决心/决议相反。
hesitation
犹豫
His hesitation made others nervous. hesitation 与 make a resolution 的坚定相反。
low resolution
低分辨率
The low-resolution picture looked unclear. low resolution 是清晰度义的反向搭配。

词族线索 / 同组词

resolve
解决;决定;决心
She resolved to read English every day. resolve 是动词或名词,resolution 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

resolution 来自 resolve。它不是单一意思:会议决议、个人决心、问题解决、图像清晰度都要靠搭配判断。

resolve
解决;决定;决心
She resolved to read English every day.

非派生记忆线索

make a resolution to do
下决心做某事
She made a resolution to visit her relatives more often.
high resolution
高清晰度/高分辨率
The photo has high resolution, so small details are clear.

词族导图

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031

suit①

星标

[sju:t, su:t] · vt. · Page 160

to be right for a person, purpose, need, or style

适合;满足需要;相配;合身

联想

suit① 是动词,核心是“正合适”。它可以适合人、满足需要,也可以讲衣服颜色款式相配。不要和 suit②“西装”混。

意思、用法与例句

vt.适合;合乎需要

表示某物、安排、时间或方法对某人/目的/情况合适。

常见表达suit someonesuit your needssuit the situationsuit A to B

The quiet room suits students who need to concentrate.

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安静的房间适合需要专心的学生。

suit someone 表示适合某人。

We can suit the plan to the needs of younger children.

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我们可以调整计划,使其适合低龄儿童的需要。

suit A to B 来自源层搭配。

The new timetable suits my family better.

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新的时间表更适合我家。

suit 可接 timetable/plan 等安排。

vt.相配;合身;适合穿着

表示衣服、颜色、风格等适合某人。

常见表达suit yousuit your stylesuit your facesuit the dress

This jacket suits you better than the black one.

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这件夹克比黑色那件更适合你。

衣服适合某人用 suit。

Bright colors do not suit everyone.

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亮色并不适合每个人。

颜色/风格适合也可用 suit。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fit
适合;合身
These shoes fit me well. fit 更常讲尺寸合身;suit 更常讲风格、需要或情况合适。
match
相配
The blue tie matches his shirt. match 强调两物搭配;suit 强调对人或用途合适。
be right for
适合
This course is right for beginners. be right for 是解释性近义 cue。
be unsuitable for
不适合
The film is unsuitable for young children. unsuitable 是 suitable 的反向,也可解释 suit 的反向。
clash with
不协调;冲突
The red bag clashes with the green coat. clash with 与相配义相反。
suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview. suit② 是名词,意思不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

suitable
合适的;适宜的
The book is suitable for high-school students. suitable 是 suit① 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suit① 和 suitable 是动词到形容词的真关系。suit②/suitcase/suite 走“一套、相配、随身”线;pursue 只借 sue“跟随/追”记忆,不是 suit 的同义词。

suitable
合适的;适宜的
The book is suitable for high-school students.
suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview.
suitcase
手提箱
She packed her suitcase the night before the trip.
suite
套房;一套家具;组曲
The hotel suite has two bedrooms.
pursue
追求;追逐;继续进行
Many students pursue their dreams through steady practice.

非派生记忆线索

suit A to B
使 A 适合 B
We can suit the plan to the needs of younger children.
suit someone
适合某人
The quiet room suits students who need to concentrate.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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032

suitable

星标

['sju:təbl, 'su:təbl] · adj. · Page 160

right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation

合适的;适合的;适宜的

联想

suitable 是 suit① 的形容词,最重要搭配是 suitable for。它比 fit 更偏“用途/人群/场合适合”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.合适的;适合的;适宜的

表示某物对某人、用途或场景合适,常接 for。

常见表达suitable for...suitable to doa suitable placea suitable time

The book is suitable for high-school students.

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这本书适合高中生。

suitable for 是核心搭配。

Although some may think the cinema is noisy, it is suitable for Sally.

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尽管有些人可能认为电影院吵,但它适合萨莉。

这是源层例句。

We need to choose a suitable place for the interview.

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我们需要为面试选择一个合适的地点。

a suitable place for... 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appropriate
合适的;恰当的
Choose clothes that are appropriate for the weather. appropriate 更正式,常强调场合恰当。
proper
合适的;正确的
Wear proper shoes for the walk. proper 强调规范或正确;suitable 强调适合用途。
right
合适的
This is the right time to ask. right 更普通;suitable 更书面。
unsuitable
不合适的
The road is unsuitable for young cyclists. unsuitable 是 suitable 的直接反义。
inappropriate
不恰当的
That joke was inappropriate for class. inappropriate 强调不合场合。

词族线索 / 同组词

suit①
适合;满足需要
The new timetable suits my family better. suit① 是动词,suitable 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suitable = suit + -able,表示“可以适合的”。常用 suitable for,不要丢 for。

suit①
适合;满足需要;相配
The new timetable suits my family better.

非派生记忆线索

suitable for
适合……
The book is suitable for high-school students.
a suitable place
合适的地点
We need to choose a suitable place for the interview.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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033

suit②

[sju:t, su:t] · n. [C] · Page 160

a set of matching clothes, usually a jacket with trousers or a skirt

套装;西装

联想

suit② 是名词,指成套衣服,常见 business suit / dark suit / wear a suit。它和 suit① 同形但不是同一个用法。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]套装;西装

表示一套相配的正式衣服,通常含上衣和裤子或裙子。

常见表达wear a suita business suita dark suitmen's suits

He wore a dark suit to the interview.

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他穿着深色西装去面试。

wear a suit 是核心搭配。

The store sells school uniforms and men's suits.

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这家店卖校服和男士西装。

suits 是可数复数。

A business suit is too formal for the picnic.

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商务西装对野餐来说太正式了。

business suit 表示商务套装。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

formal clothes
正式服装
Formal clothes are required for the meeting. formal clothes 范围更宽;suit 是具体一套衣服。
business outfit
商务着装
Her business outfit looked simple and smart. business outfit 是解释性近义 cue。
casual clothes
休闲服
Casual clothes are fine for the trip. casual clothes 与 suit 的正式感相对。
sportswear
运动服
Sportswear is not suitable for the dinner. sportswear 与正式 suit 语境相反。
suit①
适合;满足需要
This jacket suits you. suit① 是动词,suit② 是名词。
suite
套房;组曲
The hotel suite has two bedrooms. suite 读作 [swi:t],不是西装。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suit② 记忆线索提示本义为“随得上、相配”,现代义是“一套相配的衣服”。suitcase 和 suite 也走“一套/随身/相连”记忆线。

suitcase
手提箱
She packed her suitcase the night before the trip.
suite
套房;一套家具;组曲
The hotel suite has two bedrooms.

非派生记忆线索

wear a suit
穿西装
He wore a dark suit to the interview.
business suit
商务套装
A business suit is too formal for the picnic.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
034

suitcase

['sju:tkeis, 'su:tkeis] · n. [C] · Page 160

a box-shaped bag used for carrying clothes and things when traveling

旅行用手提箱

联想

suitcase = suit 随身 + case 箱。现代英语就是旅行箱/手提箱,重点搭配 pack/carry/open a suitcase。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]旅行用手提箱

旅行时用来装衣物和物品的箱子。

常见表达pack a suitcasecarry a suitcaseopen a suitcasea heavy suitcase

She packed her suitcase the night before the trip.

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旅行前一晚她收拾好了手提箱。

pack a suitcase 是核心搭配。

The old suitcase was too heavy to lift onto the train.

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这个旧手提箱太重,搬不上火车。

a heavy suitcase 表示沉重的箱子。

He opened his suitcase and took out a clean shirt.

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他打开手提箱,拿出一件干净衬衫。

open a suitcase 是自然动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

luggage
行李
Her luggage arrived late. luggage 是不可数集合名词;suitcase 是一个具体箱子。
travel bag
旅行包
He carried a small travel bag. travel bag 范围更宽;suitcase 通常更像箱子。
case
箱;盒
The camera was kept in a hard case. case 范围更宽;suitcase 专指旅行箱。
backpack
背包
A backpack is easier to carry on a mountain path. backpack 是背在背上的包,不是 suitcase。
suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview. suitcase 借 suit + case 记忆,但不是西装本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suitcase = suit(随身) + case(箱),记忆线索给出的构词很直接。

suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview.
case
箱;盒;情况
The camera was kept in a hard case.

非派生记忆线索

pack a suitcase
收拾手提箱
She packed her suitcase the night before the trip.
a heavy suitcase
沉重的手提箱
The old suitcase was too heavy to lift onto the train.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
035

suite

[swi:t] · n. [C] · Page 160

a set of connected rooms, matching furniture, or music pieces

套房;一套家具;组曲

联想

suite 读 [swi:t],不是 suit 的发音。核心是“一套”:酒店套房、一套家具、组曲。不要和 suit 西装混。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]套房

酒店或建筑里一组相连房间。

常见表达hotel suitea suite of roomsa luxury suite

The hotel suite has two bedrooms and a small kitchen.

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这间酒店套房有两间卧室和一个小厨房。

hotel suite 是核心搭配。

The guests stayed in a suite of rooms on the top floor.

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客人住在顶层的一套房间里。

a suite of rooms 表示一组相连房间。

n. [C]一套家具;一组物品

表示一套相配的家具或工具软件等。

常见表达a furniture suitea dining-room suitea software suite

They bought a new dining-room suite for the house.

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他们给房子买了一套餐厅家具。

furniture suite 对应一套家具。

The school uses a simple software suite for online classes.

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学校用一套简单软件进行网课。

software suite 是现代扩展,但仍是“一套”。

n. [C]组曲

音乐中一组相关乐曲。

常见表达a piano suitean orchestral suitewrite a suite

The composer wrote a suite for the school orchestra.

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作曲家为学校管弦乐队写了一首组曲。

suite 可指音乐组曲。

The piano suite has five short pieces.

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这首钢琴组曲有五个短乐章。

组曲是一组相关乐曲。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

set
一套;一组
The bowls came in a set of six. set 范围更宽;suite 常指房间、家具、软件或音乐。
connected rooms
相连房间
The family booked connected rooms. 这是 suite 套房义的解释性 cue。
single room
单间
A single room is cheaper than a suite. single room 与 suite 的套房义对比。
single item
单件物品
One chair is a single item, not a suite. single item 与一套家具对比。
suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview. suite 与 suit 拼写接近、读音不同。
suitcase
手提箱
She packed her suitcase before the trip. suitcase 是旅行箱,不是套房。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

suite 是 suit 的同源异体词,现代核心是“一套/一组”。读音 [swi:t] 要和 suit [sju:t/su:t] 分开。

suit②
西装;套装
He wore a dark suit to the interview.
suitcase
手提箱
She packed her suitcase the night before the trip.

非派生记忆线索

hotel suite
酒店套房
The hotel suite has two bedrooms and a small kitchen.
a piano suite
钢琴组曲
The piano suite has five short pieces.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
036

pursue

[pə'sju:] · vt. · Page 160

to follow, chase, or keep trying to achieve something

追求;继续进行;追逐;跟踪

联想

pursue 的记忆线索记忆是 sue/跟随:可以追逐人或车,也可以追求梦想、事业、目标,还可继续处理某事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.追求;继续进行

持续努力去实现梦想、事业、目标,或继续处理某事。

常见表达pursue a dreampursue a careerpursue a goalpursue the matter

Many students pursue their dreams through steady practice.

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许多学生通过持续练习追求梦想。

pursue a dream 是核心搭配。

She moved to another city to pursue a career in medicine.

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她搬到另一个城市追求医学事业。

pursue a career 表示追求事业。

The reporter decided to pursue the matter further.

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记者决定进一步追查此事。

pursue the matter 表示继续处理/追查。

vt.追逐;跟踪

跟在某人或某物后面,试图追上或抓住。

常见表达pursue a carpursue the thiefbe pursued by

The police pursued the car along the highway.

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警察沿着高速公路追赶那辆车。

pursue 可表示追逐。

In the story, the deer was pursued by a cheetah.

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故事中,那只鹿被猎豹追逐。

对应源层猎豹追鹿图。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

seek
寻求;追求
They seek a better life. seek 更强调寻找;pursue 更强调持续追求。
chase
追逐
The dog chased the ball. chase 多指具体追赶;pursue 可具体也可抽象。
follow
跟随
The child followed his father. follow 是普通跟随;pursue 带追赶或努力追求。
give up
放弃
Do not give up your dream too early. give up 与 pursue a dream 相反。
abandon
放弃;抛弃
They abandoned the plan after the storm. abandon 比 give up 更正式。
suit①
适合
The quiet room suits students. pursue 借 sue/跟随与本组相连,但不是 suit 的同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

pursuit
追求;跟踪
The pursuit of knowledge takes time. pursuit 是源层 related。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pursue 记忆线索拆为 pur-/pro- variant + sue(跟随),根义为追。pursuit 是名词,表示追求或跟踪。

pursuit
追求;跟踪
The pursuit of knowledge takes time.
suit①
适合;满足需要
The quiet room suits students.

非派生记忆线索

pursue a dream
追求梦想
Many students pursue their dreams through steady practice.
pursue the matter
继续追查/处理此事
The reporter decided to pursue the matter further.

词族导图

suit 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
037

certainly

['sɜ:tnli] · adv. · Page 160

without doubt, or used to agree politely

无疑;一定;当然;行

联想

certainly 是 certain 的副词。句中表示“肯定、无疑”,回答请求时表示“当然可以”。certainly not 是强烈否定。

意思、用法与例句

adv.无疑;一定

表示说话人很确定,常放在实义动词前或 be 动词后。

常见表达will certainlycertainly bealmost certainlycertainly not

The new library will certainly help students read more.

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新图书馆一定会帮助学生多阅读。

will certainly 表示很确定。

Survival is certainly not easy in such cold weather.

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在这样寒冷的天气里生存当然不容易。

certainly not 表示强烈否定。

adv.当然;行

礼貌地同意请求或回答问题。

常见表达Certainly!Yes, certainly.Certainly, you may...

"May I use your dictionary?" "Certainly."

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“我可以用你的词典吗?”“当然。”

Certainly 可单独回答请求。

Certainly, you may borrow my dictionary after class.

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当然,你下课后可以借我的词典。

certainly 可放句首表示礼貌同意。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

definitely
肯定地
She will definitely come tomorrow. definitely 更口语直接;certainly 也可礼貌同意。
surely
无疑;想必
Surely this answer is correct. surely 有时带推测或期待;certainly 更直接肯定。
of course
当然
"Can I join?" "Of course." of course 适合回答请求;certainly 更礼貌。
perhaps
也许
Perhaps we will meet again. perhaps 表示不确定。
maybe
可能
Maybe the train is late. maybe 与 certainly 的确定性相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

certain
确定的;某个
I am certain that the answer is correct. certain 是形容词,certainly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

certainly = certain + -ly,作副词。它的回答义“当然”要单独掌握。

certain
确定的;确信的;某个
I am certain that the answer is correct.

非派生记忆线索

Certainly!
当然;行
"May I use your dictionary?" "Certainly."
certainly not
当然不;肯定不
Survival is certainly not easy in such cold weather.

词族导图

certainly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
038

certain

星标

['sɜ:tn] · adj. · Page 160-161

sure, likely to happen, or referring to some person or thing not named

一定会的;确信的;某个;某些

联想

certain 有三条高频线:be certain to do 是“一定会”,be certain of/that 是“确信”,a certain + 名词 是“某个/某些”。源层例句同时展示了 sure 和 a certain person。

意思、用法与例句

adj. [pred.]一定会……的

表语用法,常接 to do;也可用 It is certain that... 改写。

常见表达be certain to doIt is certain that...certain to happen

He is certain to succeed if he keeps working hard.

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如果他继续努力,他一定会成功。

be certain to do 来自源层结构。

It is certain that the team will need more practice.

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这支队伍肯定需要更多练习。

It is certain that... 是等价结构。

adj. [pred.]确信的

表示人对事实或结果有把握,常接 of 或 that 从句。

常见表达be certain of...be certain that...feel certain

I am certain that the answer is correct.

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我确信答案是正确的。

be certain that... 是核心搭配。

I'm certain of his success.

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我确信他会成功。

be certain of... 来自源层结构。

Survival is never certain in the wild.

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在野外,生存从来不是确定无疑的。

源层例句强调结果不确定。

adj. [attrib.]某个;某些

定语用法,放名词前,表示不说出具体是谁或哪些。

常见表达a certain persona certain Mr. Smithcertain studentscertain things

A certain student left a notebook on the desk.

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某个学生把笔记本落在桌上了。

a certain + 单数名词 表示某个。

I'm certain that a certain Mr. Smith is asking for you.

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我确信有个史密斯先生在找你。

源层例句同时展示两种 certain。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sure
确信的
I am sure that you are right. sure 更口语;certain 更正式。
definite
确定的;明确的
We need a definite answer today. definite 强调明确;certain 强调确信或必然。
particular
某一;特定的
A particular student asked the question. particular 接近 a certain person 的定语义。
uncertain
不确定的
The date of the meeting is uncertain. uncertain 是 certain 的直接反义。
doubtful
怀疑的;不确定的
She was doubtful about the result. doubtful 强调怀疑。
certificate
证书;证明书;文凭
A birth certificate is needed for the application. certificate 借 certi/证明线索入组,不是 certain 的同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

certainly
无疑;当然
The new library will certainly help students. certainly 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

certain 与 certainly/uncertain 是直接词族;certificate 借 cert(i)“使确定、证明”的记忆线入组,现代义是证明文件。

certainly
无疑;当然
The new library will certainly help students.
uncertain
不确定的;无把握的
She felt uncertain about which subject to choose.
certificate
证书;证明书;文凭
A birth certificate is needed for the application.

非派生记忆线索

be certain to do
一定会做某事
He is certain to succeed if he keeps working hard.
a certain person
某个人
A certain student left a notebook on the desk.

词族导图

certainly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
039

uncertain

[ʌn'sɜ:tn] · adj. · Page 161

not sure, not known, or not fixed

不确定的;无把握的

联想

uncertain = un- + certain,表示不确定。人可以 be uncertain about/of,未来、日期、结果也可以 be uncertain。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不确定的;无把握的

表示人没有把握,或事情、时间、结果还没有确定。

常见表达be uncertain about/ofan uncertain futureremain uncertainit is uncertain whether...

She felt uncertain about which subject to choose.

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她不确定该选哪门学科。

be uncertain about 来自源层搭配。

The date of the sports meeting is still uncertain.

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运动会日期仍未确定。

日期/结果未定也可用 uncertain。

It is uncertain whether the plan will work.

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这个计划是否可行还不确定。

It is uncertain whether... 是常用句型。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unsure
不确定的
I am unsure about the answer. unsure 更口语;uncertain 更书面。
doubtful
怀疑的;不确定的
He was doubtful about the news. doubtful 带怀疑语气。
not fixed
未确定的
The time is not fixed yet. not fixed 解释 uncertain 的时间/结果义。
certain
确定的;确信的
I am certain that the answer is correct. certain 是直接反义。
sure
确信的
She is sure about her choice. sure 与 uncertain about 相反。
definite
明确的;确定的
We need a definite answer. definite 强调明确确定。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uncertain = un- + certain。un- 表示否定,直接把 certain 的确定性反过来。

certain
确定的;确信的;某个
I am certain that the answer is correct.
certainly
无疑;当然
"May I use your dictionary?" "Certainly."

非派生记忆线索

be uncertain about/of
不能确定……
She felt uncertain about which subject to choose.
remain uncertain
仍不确定
The date of the sports meeting is still uncertain.

词族导图

certainly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
040

certificate

星标

[sə'tifikat] · n. [C] · Page 161

an official document proving a fact, record, or qualification

证书;证明书;毕业文凭

联想

certificate 是具体证明文件:birth certificate 出生证明,marriage certificate 结婚证,graduation certificate 毕业证书。它借 certi“证明/使确定”入组,但不是 certain 的同义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]证书;证明书

官方文件,用来证明事实、身份、记录或资格。

常见表达birth certificatemarriage certificatemedical certificateshow a certificate

A birth certificate is needed for the application.

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申请需要出生证明。

birth certificate 来自源层搭配。

They showed their marriage certificate at the office.

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他们在办公室出示了结婚证。

marriage certificate 来自源层搭配。

Students received a certificate after finishing the volunteer course.

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学生完成志愿者课程后收到了证书。

receive a certificate 是自然搭配。

n. [C]毕业文凭;资格证书

表示完成课程、考试或培训后获得的正式证明。

常见表达graduation certificatetraining certificateEnglish certificatecertificate in...

She kept her graduation certificate in a safe place.

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她把毕业证书保存在安全的地方。

graduation certificate 对应源层文凭义。

The course gives a training certificate to students who pass.

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这门课程给通过的学生颁发培训证书。

training certificate 表示培训证书。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

document
文件;文档
Please keep this document safe. document 范围更宽;certificate 是证明某事实的正式文件。
proof
证明
The photo is proof that he was there. proof 可为证据;certificate 是官方纸质或电子证明。
official record
官方记录
The office keeps an official record of births. official record 接近 certificate 的证明功能。
claim without proof
无证据的说法
A claim without proof is not enough. certificate 提供正式证明;无证据说法不可靠。
certain
确定的;确信的
I am certain that the answer is correct. certificate 借 certi/证明线索与 certain 同组,但词性和用法不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

certificate 记忆线索拆为 cert(i)+fic(作)+-ate,可记成“做出证明的文件”。它是可数名词,常和 birth/marriage/graduation/training 搭配。

certain
确定的;确信的;某个
I am certain that the answer is correct.

非派生记忆线索

birth certificate
出生证明
A birth certificate is needed for the application.
graduation certificate
毕业证书
She kept her graduation certificate in a safe place.

词族导图

certainly 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
041

money

['mʌni] · n. [U] · Page 161

coins, notes, or wealth used to buy things

钱;财产;财富

联想

money 通常不可数,既可指花的钱,也可指财产和财富。记忆线索把它和 Moneta/monit“提醒、警示”放在同图,学习时重点仍是 spend/save/raise/pocket money。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]钱;金钱

表示买东西、支付、储蓄或筹集的钱,通常不可数。

常见表达save moneyspend money onraise moneypay money forpocket money

The class raised money for children in the flood area.

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班级为洪灾地区的孩子筹钱。

raise money 表示筹款。

He saves a little money each week for books.

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他每周存一点钱买书。

money 通常不可数,不说 many moneys。

My parents give me pocket money every month.

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父母每月给我零花钱。

pocket money 来自源层 related。

n. [U]财产;财富

表示一个人、家庭或组织拥有的财富。

常见表达have moneyfamily moneyearn/make moneymoney and power

The story shows that money alone cannot bring happiness.

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这个故事表明,单靠财富不能带来幸福。

money 可指财富。

She worked hard and made enough money to support her family.

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她努力工作,挣到足够的钱养家。

make money 表示挣钱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cash
现金
I do not have enough cash with me. cash 是现金;money 范围更宽。
funds
资金
The club needs funds for new books. funds 常指可用于某目的的资金。
wealth
财富
Health is more important than wealth. wealth 更强调财产总量;money 更日常。
debt
债务
The family worked for years to pay off the debt. debt 是欠的钱,不是拥有的钱。
poverty
贫困
Education can help people escape poverty. poverty 与 wealth/money 形成社会语境对比。
monitor
班长;监视器;监测
Doctors monitored the patient's heart during the night. monitor 与 money 共享记忆线索 mon/提醒记忆线,现代义不同。
monument
纪念碑;历史遗迹
The monument was built to remember the soldiers. monument 也是提醒后人的记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 money 来自 Moneta,并把 mon(et)->mon(it) 记作提醒、警示。这个线索可连接 monitor 和 monument,但三词现代义不相同。

monitor
班长;监视器;监测
Doctors monitored the patient's heart during the night.
monument
纪念碑;历史遗迹
The monument was built to remember the soldiers.

非派生记忆线索

pocket money
零花钱
My parents give me pocket money every month.
raise money
筹款
The class raised money for children in the flood area.

词族导图

money / monitor / monument 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

monitor

星标

['mɒnitə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 161

a person or device that watches, checks, or displays information; to watch carefully

班长;监视器;显示器;监督者;监视;监测

联想

monitor 的原义是“提醒、警示的人或物”。现代用法分三层:班长/监督者,显示器/监测仪,动词监视或监测。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]班长;监督者

表示负责观察、管理或提醒的人。

常见表达class monitorhall monitorsafety monitor

The teacher asked the class monitor to collect the homework.

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老师让班长收作业。

class monitor 对应源层班长义。

A safety monitor checked that everyone wore a helmet.

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安全监督员检查每个人是否戴了头盔。

monitor 可指监督者。

n. [C]监视器;显示器;监测仪

表示显示信息或持续监测情况的设备。

常见表达computer monitorheart monitorbaby monitorair-quality monitor

The computer monitor is too bright at night.

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电脑显示器晚上太亮了。

computer monitor 是显示器。

The heart monitor showed that the patient was safe.

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心脏监测仪显示病人情况安全。

monitor 可指监测仪。

vt.监视;监测;监控

持续观察数据、进展、健康或情况变化。

常见表达monitor progressmonitor the situationmonitor healthmonitor air quality

Doctors monitored the patient's heart during the night.

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医生夜里监测病人的心脏状况。

monitor 作动词表示监测。

The school will monitor students' reading progress this term.

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学校本学期会跟踪学生的阅读进展。

monitor progress 是核心搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

watch
观察;看守
The nurse watched the baby carefully. watch 更普通;monitor 强调持续检查变化。
check
检查
Please check the temperature every hour. check 可一次性检查;monitor 常持续进行。
observe
观察
Scientists observed the birds for weeks. observe 偏观察记录;monitor 偏监督或监测。
ignore
忽视
Do not ignore changes in your health. ignore 与 monitor 的持续关注相反。
neglect
疏忽;忽略
The old machine failed because people neglected it. neglect 表示长期不管。
screen
屏幕
The screen showed the test results. screen 是设备部件或显示面;computer monitor 是显示器。
money
钱;财富
He saves a little money each week. money 与 monitor 共享 mon/提醒线索,但不是同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

monitor 源义是提醒、警示者,现代义从“负责看着的人”扩展到“监测设备”和“监测动作”。

money
钱;财富
He saves a little money each week.
monument
纪念碑;历史遗迹
The monument was built to remember the soldiers.

非派生记忆线索

class monitor
班长
The teacher asked the class monitor to collect the homework.
monitor progress
跟踪进展
The school will monitor students' reading progress this term.

词族导图

money / monitor / monument 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

monument

['mɒnjumənt] · n. [C] · Page 161

a statue, building, or place that reminds people of a person, event, or history

纪念碑;纪念馆;历史遗迹

联想

monument 的源义是“提醒、警示后人”。它可以是纪念碑、纪念馆、纪念像,也可以指历史遗迹。be a monument to... 表示“是……的见证/丰碑”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]纪念碑;纪念馆;纪念像

纪念人物、事件或历史的建筑、雕像或场所。

常见表达a monument to...build a monumentwar monumentnational monument

The monument was built to remember the soldiers.

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这座纪念碑是为纪念士兵而建的。

monument 可指纪念碑。

The square has a monument to the city's first teachers.

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广场上有一座纪念本市第一批教师的纪念碑。

a monument to... 是核心搭配。

n. [C]历史遗迹

有历史价值、让人记住过去的建筑或地点。

常见表达historic monumentancient monumentprotect a monument

The ancient city wall is a monument to local history.

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古城墙是当地历史的见证。

be a monument to... 来自源层搭配。

Visitors are asked not to touch the historic monument.

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游客被要求不要触摸这处历史遗迹。

historic monument 对应历史遗迹义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

memorial
纪念物;纪念碑
The memorial lists the names of the lost students. memorial 强调纪念;monument 也可指历史遗迹。
statue
雕像
A statue of the writer stands near the library. statue 是一种可能的 monument,但 monument 范围更宽。
historic site
历史遗址
The old bridge is a historic site. historic site 接近历史遗迹义。
temporary building
临时建筑
The temporary building was removed after the fair. temporary building 与 monument 的长期纪念性质相反。
ordinary building
普通建筑
The office is an ordinary building. ordinary building 没有纪念或历史价值。
monitor
监测;班长;显示器
The school will monitor reading progress. monitor 与 monument 共享提醒/警示线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

monumental
纪念性的;巨大的
The city started a monumental project. monumental 是源层 related。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

monument 源义是提醒、警示后人。monumental 是相关形容词,可指纪念性的,也可指巨大的。

monumental
纪念性的;巨大的
The city started a monumental project.
monitor
监视;监测;班长
The school will monitor reading progress.
money
钱;财富
He saves a little money each week.

非派生记忆线索

a monument to...
……的纪念碑/见证
The ancient city wall is a monument to local history.
historic monument
历史遗迹
Visitors are asked not to touch the historic monument.

词族导图

money / monitor / monument 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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044

sign

[sain] · n. [C/U] / v. · Page 161

a mark, notice, gesture, or evidence; to write your name or make a signal

标志;标牌;手势;符号;迹象;签名;示意

联想

sign 的核心是“让人看出意义的东西”:路牌、手势、符号、迹象都在这条线上。作动词时可表示签名或示意;sign up 和 sign off 是源层短语。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]标志;标牌;符号

表示能传递信息的标记、标牌或符号。

常见表达road signwarning signplus/minus signsign language

The road sign tells drivers to slow down.

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这个路标提醒司机减速。

road sign 是标牌义。

A plus sign means that we should add the numbers.

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加号表示我们应把数字相加。

sign 可指数学符号。

n. [C]手势;示意动作

表示用动作传递意思。

常见表达make a signgive a signsign language

She gave me a sign to wait outside.

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她向我做手势,让我在外面等。

give a sign 表示做出示意。

Some students learned sign language to talk with a deaf friend.

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一些学生学习手语,与一位失聪朋友交流。

sign language 是手语。

n. [C/U]迹象;征兆

表示显示某事可能发生或存在的证据。

常见表达a sign of...signs of improvementno sign of...

Dark clouds are often a sign of rain.

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乌云常常是下雨的迹象。

a sign of... 表示……的迹象。

There was no sign of life in the old house.

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那座老房子里没有生命迹象。

no sign of... 是常见搭配。

v.签名;签署

在文件、表格或合同上写名字。

常见表达sign your namesign a formsign a contract

Please sign your name at the bottom of the form.

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请在表格底部签名。

sign your name/form 是签名义。

The two schools signed an agreement to share books.

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两所学校签署了共享图书协议。

sign an agreement/contract 表示签署。

v.示意;打手势;报名/结束

用动作传递信息;短语 sign up for 表示报名,sign off 表示结束广播或正式结束。

常见表达sign to someonesign up for...sign off

The teacher signed to us to keep quiet.

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老师示意我们保持安静。

sign to someone 表示示意。

Many students signed up for the science club.

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许多学生报名参加科学社团。

sign up for 来自源层短语。

The radio host signed off at midnight.

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电台主持人在午夜结束播音。

sign off 来自源层短语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mark
标记
Put a mark beside the important sentence. mark 多指具体标记;sign 强调传达意义。
symbol
符号;象征
A dove is a symbol of peace. symbol 常表示抽象象征;sign 更宽。
indication
迹象;表明
The smile was an indication of relief. indication 接近 sign 的迹象义。
unsigned
未签名的
The unsigned form was returned. unsigned 与 sign a form 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

signature
签名
The bank form is not valid without your signature. signature 是 sign 的名词。
signal
信号;发信号
The red signal means drivers must stop. signal 是更明确的信号。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sign 是本组核心:signature 是签名,signal 是信号,signify/significance/significant 走“标记出意义/重要性”线,assign/design/resign 借 sign 记忆但现代义要分开。

signature
签名
The bank form is not valid without your signature.
signal
信号;发信号
The red signal means drivers must stop.
signify
表示;意味着
A red mark on the map signifies danger.
assign
指派;分配
The teacher assigned each group a different topic.
design
设计;计划;图案
Students designed a poster for the reading festival.

非派生记忆线索

sign up for
报名参加
Many students signed up for the science club.
a sign of...
……的迹象
Dark clouds are often a sign of rain.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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045

signature

['signətʃə(r)] · n. [C/U] · Page 162

a person's written name, especially on a document

签名

联想

signature 是 sign 的名词,指文件上的签名。注意它不是 autograph 的完全同义词:autograph 多指名人签名。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]签名

写在文件、表格、信件上的名字,用来确认身份或同意。

常见表达write your signatureput your signature onsignature lineofficial signature

The bank form is not valid without your signature.

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银行表格没有你的签名就无效。

signature 常用于正式文件。

Please put your signature on the last page.

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请在最后一页签名。

put your signature on... 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

signed name
签下的名字
The signed name was hard to read. signed name 是解释性近义 cue。
autograph
亲笔签名
Fans waited for the singer's autograph. autograph 多指名人签名。
unsigned
未签名的
The unsigned letter could not be accepted. unsigned 与有签名相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

sign
签名;标志;示意
Please sign your name at the bottom of the form. sign 是动词,signature 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

signature = sign + -ature,表示签下的名字。

sign
签名;标志;示意
Please sign your name at the bottom of the form.

非派生记忆线索

signature line
签名栏
Write your name on the signature line.
official signature
正式签名
The form needs an official signature.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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046

resign

星标

[ri'zain] · v. · Page 162

to formally leave a job or accept an unpleasant situation

辞职;辞去职务;听任;顺从

联想

resign 主要是正式辞职,常用 resign from/as。还可见 resign oneself to...,表示无奈接受、听任。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.辞职;辞去职务

正式离开工作或职位。

常见表达resign from...resign as...resign one's poststep down

He resigned from the company for health reasons.

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他因健康原因从公司辞职。

resign from 是核心搭配。

The coach decided to resign after ten years with the team.

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这位教练在带队十年后决定辞职。

resign 可不及物。

phr.听任;顺从

resign oneself to 表示无奈接受不喜欢的情况。

常见表达resign oneself to...be resigned to...

She resigned herself to waiting for another hour.

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她只好接受再等一个小时。

resign oneself to... 来自源层搭配。

The villagers were resigned to the long dry season.

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村民们无奈接受漫长旱季。

be resigned to... 表示认命接受。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

quit
辞职;退出
He quit his job last month. quit 更口语;resign 更正式。
step down
辞去职位
The leader stepped down after the meeting. step down 常指辞去重要职位。
retire
退休
My grandfather retired at sixty. retire 是源层 related,指退休,不等于辞职。
take office
就职
The new mayor took office in January. take office 与 resign from office 方向相反。
accept a post
接受职位
She accepted a post at the hospital. accept a post 与 resign a post 相反。
sign
签名;标志
Please sign the form. resign 借 re- off + sign 记忆,但现代义是辞职。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 re-(off 离去)+sign(签字),帮助记 resign 是签字离开职位。resign oneself to 是固定短语,不能按“再次签名”理解。

sign
签名;标志
Please sign the form.
retire
退休
My grandfather retired at sixty.

非派生记忆线索

resign from
从……辞职
He resigned from the company for health reasons.
resign oneself to
听任;顺从
She resigned herself to waiting for another hour.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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047

signal

星标

['signəl] · n. [C] / v. · Page 162

a sign or message that tells someone something; to send such a message or show something

信号;暗号;发信号;示意;表明

联想

signal 是更明确的 sign:交通信号、无线信号、暗号,也可作动词表示发信号或表明。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]信号;暗号

告诉人们行动、信息或状态的信号。

常见表达traffic signalsend a signala warning signala radio signal

The red signal means that drivers must stop.

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红色信号表示司机必须停车。

traffic/red signal 表示交通信号。

The phone lost its signal in the mountains.

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手机在山里没了信号。

signal 可指通信信号。

v.发信号;示意

用声音、动作或设备发送信号。

常见表达signal to someonesignal for helpsignal with...

The teacher signaled to us to keep quiet.

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老师示意我们保持安静。

signal to someone 表示向某人示意。

The boat signaled for help in the storm.

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船在暴风雨中发出求救信号。

signal for help 是常见搭配。

vt.表明;预示

表示某事正在发生或将要发生。

常见表达signal a changesignal that...signal the start/end of...

The new rule signals a change in school policy.

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新规定表明学校政策发生了变化。

signal a change 表示表明变化。

The bell signaled that the class was over.

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铃声表明下课了。

signal that... 后接从句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sign
标志;迹象
Dark clouds are a sign of rain. sign 更宽;signal 更像有意或明确传递的信息。
message
信息
The message was short and clear. message 是信息内容;signal 是传递或触发信息的信号。
indication
迹象;表明
The rising pass rate was an indication of progress. indication 接近表明义。
noise
噪音;干扰
Noise made the radio signal hard to hear. noise 可干扰 signal,但不是严格反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

signify
表示;意味着
A red mark signifies danger. signify 是动词“表示/意味着”。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

signal 来自 sign 线,核心是能传达信息的信号。

sign
标志;签名;示意
Dark clouds are a sign of rain.
signify
表示;意味着
A red mark signifies danger.

非派生记忆线索

traffic signal
交通信号
The red signal means that drivers must stop.
signal to someone
向某人示意
The teacher signaled to us to keep quiet.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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048

signify

['signifai] · vt. / vi. · Page 162

to mean, show, or matter

表示;意味着;具有重要性

联想

signify = sign + -ify,表示“让某事带有意义”。及物时是表示/意味着;不及物时常用于 not signify much,表示不重要。

意思、用法与例句

vt.表示;意味着

某个符号、行为或事实表达某种意思。

常见表达signify dangersignify a changesignify that...

A red mark on the map signifies danger.

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地图上的红色标记表示危险。

signify danger 表示意味着危险。

The award signifies years of hard work.

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这个奖项意味着多年的努力。

signify 可接抽象含义。

vi.具有重要性;要紧

多用于否定或疑问,表示是否重要。

常见表达not signify muchsignify littleWhat does it signify?

One small mistake does not signify much in the whole project.

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一个小错误对整个项目来说并不太要紧。

not signify much 对应源层不及物义。

The color may seem simple, but it signifies in the local culture.

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这种颜色看似简单,但在当地文化中很重要。

vi. signify 表示具有意义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mean
意思是;意味着
What does this word mean? mean 更常用;signify 更正式。
indicate
表明
The data indicate a clear change. indicate 强调显示事实;signify 强调意义。
represent
代表
The star represents hope. represent 常指象征或代表。
hide
隐藏
The sign did not hide the danger. hide 与 signify/show 的显示方向相反。
mean nothing
没有意义
The number means nothing without context. mean nothing 与 signify/matter 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

significance
意义;重要性
The discovery has great significance. significance 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

signify = sign + -ify,表示“使带有意义”。significance/significant 是同一意义和重要性线。

significance
含义;重要性
The discovery has great significance.
significant
重要的;意味深长的
The new road made a significant difference.

非派生记忆线索

signify that...
表明……
The bell signaled that class was over.
not signify much
并不重要
One small mistake does not signify much in the whole project.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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049

significance

星标

[sig'nifikəns] · n. [C/U] · Page 162

meaning or importance

意思;含义;重要性;意义

联想

significance 有两条:一个符号/事件的含义,以及一件事的重要性。the significance of... 是核心结构。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]意思;含义

解释某事、符号或行为代表什么。

常见表达the significance of...understand the significancesymbolic significance

The guide explained the significance of the old painting.

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导游解释了这幅古画的含义。

the significance of... 表示……的含义。

The color red has special significance in many festivals.

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红色在许多节日中有特殊含义。

significance 可指文化含义。

n. [C/U]重要性;意义

表示某事的重要程度或价值。

常见表达great significancehistorical significancebe of significance

This small discovery has great significance for local history.

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这个小发现对地方历史有重大意义。

great significance 表示重大意义。

Protecting wetlands is of real significance to wildlife.

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保护湿地对野生动物有真正的重要性。

be of significance to... 是正式表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

importance
重要性
The importance of sleep is clear. importance 更普通;significance 还可指含义。
meaning
含义
The meaning of the symbol is easy to understand. meaning 更直接;significance 更正式。
value
价值
The project has educational value. value 强调价值;significance 强调意义或重要性。
insignificance
无重要性
He worried about the insignificance of his role. insignificance 是直接反义。
meaninglessness
无意义
The repeated numbers had no meaning. meaninglessness 对应含义义的反向。

词族线索 / 同组词

signify
表示;意味着
A red mark signifies danger. signify 是动词。
significant
重要的;显著的
The new road made a significant difference. significant 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

significance 来自 signify/significant,同一条“意义/重要性”线。

signify
表示;意味着;要紧
A red mark signifies danger.
significant
重要的;意味深长的;显著的
The new road made a significant difference.

非派生记忆线索

the significance of...
……的含义/重要性
The guide explained the significance of the old painting.
great significance
重大意义
This small discovery has great significance for local history.

词族导图

sign 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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050

significant

[sig'nifikənt] · adj. · Page 162

important, meaningful, or large enough to notice

重要的;意味深长的;相当数量的;显著的

联想

significant 是 significance 的形容词。它可表示重要,也可表示有特殊含义,还可表示数量/变化达到明显程度。

意思、用法与例句

adj.重要的;有意义的

表示影响大、有价值或有意义。

常见表达a significant eventsignificant progressbe significant for/to

The new road made a significant difference to village life.

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新路对村庄生活产生了重大影响。

significant difference 是核心搭配。

This meeting is significant for both schools.

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这次会议对两所学校都很重要。

be significant for... 表示对……重要。

adj.意味深长的

表示表情、话语或动作含有特殊意思。

常见表达a significant looka significant smilesignificant silence

She gave me a significant look before answering.

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回答前她意味深长地看了我一眼。

a significant look 表示意味深长的一眼。

His silence was significant.

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他的沉默意味深长。

significant 可描述行为含义。

adj.相当数量的;显著的

表示数量、差异或变化大到值得注意。

常见表达a significant numbera significant risea significant change

There was a significant rise in reading time this term.

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本学期阅读时间显著增加。

significant rise 表示显著增加。

A significant number of students joined the club.

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相当多的学生加入了社团。

a significant number of... 表示相当数量。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

important
重要的
This is an important decision. important 更普通;significant 还可指有意义或显著。
meaningful
有意义的
The trip was meaningful to us. meaningful 接近有意义义。
noticeable
明显的
There was a noticeable change in his voice. noticeable 接近显著义。
minor
较小的;次要的
The mistake was minor. minor 与 significant 的重要/显著相反。
insignificant
不重要的;微不足道的
The cost was insignificant. insignificant 是直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

significance
意义;重要性
The discovery has great significance. significance 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

significant 与 significance 同根,围绕意义、重要性和显著程度。

significance
意义;重要性
The discovery has great significance.
signify
表示;意味着
A red mark signifies danger.

非派生记忆线索

significant difference
显著差异/重大影响
The new road made a significant difference to village life.
a significant number of
相当数量的
A significant number of students joined the club.

词族导图

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051

assign

[ə'sain] · vt. · Page 162

to give someone a task, role, place, or share

指派;选派;分配

联想

assign 是“指派/分配”。可以 assign homework,也可以 assign someone to a job,或 assign seats/rooms。记忆线索 as-/ad- + sign 记为指向某人某事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.指派;选派

给某人安排任务、岗位或职责。

常见表达assign someone to...assign a taskbe assigned toassign someone as...

The teacher assigned each group a different topic.

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老师给每组分配了不同主题。

assign a topic/task 表示分配任务。

Volunteers were assigned to help visitors at the gate.

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志愿者被指派在门口帮助访客。

be assigned to do 是核心结构。

vt.分配

把座位、房间、时间或资源分给某人。

常见表达assign seatsassign roomsassign timeassign resources

The school assigned seats before the final exam.

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学校在期末考试前安排了座位。

assign seats 表示分配座位。

The project leader assigned more time to the difficult part.

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项目负责人给困难部分分配了更多时间。

assign time/resources 表示分配资源。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

allocate
分配
The city allocated money for new parks. allocate 常用于资源;assign 可用于任务、岗位或座位。
appoint
任命;指派
They appointed her as team leader. appoint 更强调任命职位。
delegate
委派
The leader delegated the job to two students. delegate 强调把职责委托给别人;assign 更宽。
leave unassigned
未分配
Several seats were left unassigned. leave unassigned 是 assign 的直接反向状态。
remove from a task
撤离任务
The coach removed him from the task after lunch. remove from a task 是已指派后的反向处理。
sign
标记;签名
Please sign the form. assign 借 as-/ad- + sign 指向来记忆。

词族线索 / 同组词

assignment
任务;作业
The assignment is due on Friday. assignment 是常见派生词,虽非源层词但高中常用。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 as-/ad- + sign(指示),可记为把任务或资源指向某人。assignment 是常用名词,表示作业或任务。

assignment
任务;作业
The assignment is due on Friday.
sign
标志;签名
Please sign the form.

非派生记忆线索

assign someone to
指派某人到/做……
Volunteers were assigned to help visitors at the gate.
assign seats
分配座位
The school assigned seats before the final exam.

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052

design

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[di'zain] · vt. / n. [C/U] · Page 162

to plan how something will look or work; a plan, pattern, or intention

设计;计划;设计图样;装饰图案;有意地

联想

design 既是动词“设计/计划”,也是名词“设计、图样、图案”。by design 是固定短语,表示有意地,不是“通过设计”。designer 是设计师。

意思、用法与例句

vt.设计;计划

计划某物的外观、结构、功能或行动安排。

常见表达design a posterdesign a bridgedesign a coursebe designed to do

Students designed a poster for the reading festival.

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学生们为阅读节设计了一张海报。

design a poster 是动词用法。

The new app is designed to help students review words.

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这个新应用旨在帮助学生复习单词。

be designed to do 表示旨在/被设计来做。

n. [C/U]设计;计划;设计图样;装饰图案

表示设计方案、结构、图案或装饰样式。

常见表达a simple designbridge designflower designdesign for...

The bridge design allows people to cross the river safely.

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这座桥的设计让人们能安全过河。

design 作名词表示设计方案。

The cup has a flower design on the side.

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杯子侧面有花朵图案。

design 可指装饰图案。

phr.有意地

by design 表示故意、有计划地。

常见表达by designnot by accident

The door was left open by design, not by accident.

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门是有意开着的,不是偶然。

by design 来自源层搭配。

The garden looks natural, but every path was placed by design.

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花园看似自然,但每条小路都是有意安排的。

by design 表示有意安排。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

plan
计划;设计
We planned the trip carefully. plan 更宽;design 强调结构、外观或功能。
draft
草拟;设计草案
The students drafted a simple poster. draft 接近设计初稿;design 更完整。
pattern
图案
The cloth has a bright pattern. pattern 只覆盖图案义。
accident
偶然
The meeting happened by accident. accident 与 by design 的有意相反。
by chance
偶然地
They met by chance at the station. by chance 与 by design 相反。
sign
标记;签名
The road sign is clear. design 借 de- + sign 记忆,现代义是设计。

词族线索 / 同组词

designer
设计师
The designer chose simple colors. designer 是源层 related。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 de- 加强 + sign(标记)。design 可理解为先做出标记和计划,再形成设计。designer 是设计师。

designer
设计师;设计者
The designer chose simple colors.
sign
标志;签名
The road sign is clear.

非派生记忆线索

be designed to do
旨在做某事
The new app is designed to help students review words.
by design
有意地
The door was left open by design, not by accident.

词族导图

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053

revolution

星标

[,revə'lu:ʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 162

a great political or social change, or one complete turn around a point

革命;重大变革;旋转

联想

revolution 一边是社会或技术的巨大变化,一边是物体的一圈旋转。可用“重大的旋转式变化”把两义连起来。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]革命;重大变革

政治、社会、技术或生活方式的巨大改变。

常见表达political revolutionindustrial revolutiona revolution in...bring a revolution

The Internet brought a revolution in the way people learn.

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互联网给人们的学习方式带来了一场变革。

a revolution in... 表示……方面的重大变革。

The Industrial Revolution changed work and city life.

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工业革命改变了工作和城市生活。

Industrial Revolution 是固定历史表达。

n. [C/U]旋转;一圈

物体围绕轴或中心转动一圈或多圈。

常见表达one revolutionseveral revolutionsrevolutions per minute

The wheel makes several revolutions every second.

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轮子每秒转好几圈。

revolution 可指一圈旋转。

The machine records the number of revolutions per minute.

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机器记录每分钟转数。

revolutions per minute 是转速表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

great change
重大变化
The new railway brought a great change to the town. great change 是解释性近义 cue;revolution 更强。
uprising
起义;革命行动
The uprising spread to nearby cities. uprising 只覆盖政治行动义。
rotation
旋转
The rotation of the earth gives us day and night. rotation 只覆盖旋转义。
stability
稳定
The country enjoyed years of stability. stability 与政治/社会 revolution 的动荡变化相对。
evolution
逐步发展;进化
Evolution is usually slow. evolution 是逐步变化,revolution 常是剧烈变化。

词族线索 / 同组词

revolve
旋转;围绕
The earth revolves around the sun once a year. revolve 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

revolution 与 revolve 同在 volv/volut“转、卷”线。evolve/evolution 是逐步展开发展,involve 是卷入/包含,volume 是书卷、体积和音量的分支。

revolve
旋转;围绕
The earth revolves around the sun once a year.
evolve
发展;进化
The small club evolved into a city-wide group.
evolution
演变;进化
The book describes the evolution of modern cities.
involve
包含;牵涉
The project involves collecting old books.
volume
卷;体积;音量
Please turn down the volume.

非派生记忆线索

a revolution in...
……方面的重大变革
The Internet brought a revolution in the way people learn.
one revolution
一圈旋转
The wheel makes several revolutions every second.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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054

revolve

[ri'vɒlv] · vi. · Page 162

to move in a circle around a point or have something as a central topic

旋转;围绕

联想

revolve 的基本义是围绕中心旋转;revolve around 还可表示话题、生活或计划围绕某事展开。

意思、用法与例句

vi.旋转;围绕转动

物体围绕中心、轴或另一个物体转动。

常见表达revolve aroundrevolve on an axisrevolve slowly

The earth revolves around the sun once a year.

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地球每年围绕太阳转一圈。

revolve around 是核心搭配。

The wheel began to revolve faster.

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轮子开始转得更快。

revolve 可指自身旋转。

vi.围绕某事展开

话题、生活或计划以某事为中心。

常见表达revolve around a topiclife revolves around...discussion revolves around...

The discussion revolved around how to save energy.

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讨论围绕如何节能展开。

revolve around 可用于抽象话题。

Her daily life revolves around school and training.

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她的日常生活围绕学校和训练展开。

生活以某事为中心也可用 revolve around。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rotate
旋转
The fan rotates quickly. rotate 更常指绕轴旋转;revolve 常指绕中心或话题。
turn
转动
The wheel turned slowly. turn 最普通;revolve 更正式。
orbit
绕轨道运行
The moon orbits the earth. orbit 专指天体或轨道运行。
stand still
静止不动
The wheel stood still. stand still 与旋转相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

revolution
革命;旋转
The wheel makes several revolutions every second. revolution 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

revolve 是 revolution 的动词线,围绕 volv“转、卷”。

revolution
革命;旋转
The wheel makes several revolutions every second.

非派生记忆线索

revolve around
围绕……旋转/展开
The earth revolves around the sun once a year.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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055

evolve

[i'vɒlv] · v. · Page 163

to develop gradually, or to change biologically over time

发展;逐步形成;进化

联想

evolve 是“慢慢展开、发展”。它可讲组织、想法、语言等逐步发展,也可讲生物进化。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.发展;逐步形成

事物随时间逐步发展成新状态。

常见表达evolve from...evolve into...gradually evolve

The small club evolved into a city-wide volunteer group.

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这个小社团发展成了全市性的志愿者组织。

evolve into 表示发展成。

The plan evolved as students shared new ideas.

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随着学生提出新想法,计划逐步形成。

evolve 可指计划逐步发展。

vi. / vt.进化;使进化

生物随很长时间发生适应性变化。

常见表达species evolveevolve ways to surviveevolve over time

Some animals evolved ways to live in dry places.

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一些动物进化出在干旱地区生存的方式。

evolve 可指生物进化。

Plants evolve over time to fit their environment.

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植物随时间进化以适应环境。

evolve over time 表示长期变化。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

develop
发展
The town developed quickly. develop 更普通;evolve 强调逐渐变化。
change gradually
逐渐变化
The style changed gradually. 这是 evolve 的解释性 cue。
remain unchanged
保持不变
The rule remained unchanged for years. remain unchanged 与 evolve 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

evolution
演变;进化
Evolution helps explain why species change. evolution 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 e- 向外 + volve 卷,可记为事物慢慢展开、发展。

evolution
演变;逐步发展;进化
Evolution helps explain why species change.

非派生记忆线索

evolve into
发展成
The small club evolved into a city-wide volunteer group.
species evolve
物种进化
Some animals evolved ways to live in dry places.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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056

evolution

星标

[,i:və'lu:ʃn] · n. [U] · Page 163

gradual development or biological change over time

演变;逐步发展;进化

联想

evolution 是 evolve 的名词。它强调长期、逐步的变化,和 revolution 的剧烈变革形成对比。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]演变;逐步发展

社会、文化、城市、技术等随时间逐步变化。

常见表达the evolution of...cultural evolutionlanguage evolution

The book describes the evolution of modern cities.

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这本书描述了现代城市的演变。

the evolution of... 是核心搭配。

The evolution of online learning changed many classrooms.

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在线学习的发展改变了许多课堂。

evolution 可指教育技术逐步发展。

n. [U]进化

生物在很长时间里发生变化。

常见表达human evolutionbiological evolutionthe theory of evolution

Evolution helps explain why species change over long periods.

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进化有助于解释物种为何在长期中变化。

biological evolution 是生物进化。

The museum has a picture showing human evolution.

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博物馆有一张展示人类进化的图片。

对应源层 evolution 图。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

development
发展
The development of the town was slow. development 更宽;evolution 强调逐步演变。
gradual change
逐渐变化
The gradual change took many years. 这是 evolution 的解释性 cue。
revolution
革命;剧变
The Industrial Revolution changed society quickly. revolution 往往更剧烈,evolution 更渐进。

词族线索 / 同组词

evolve
发展;进化
The small club evolved into a city-wide group. evolve 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

evolution = evolve 的名词,围绕逐步展开、发展、进化。

evolve
发展;进化
The small club evolved into a city-wide group.

非派生记忆线索

the evolution of
……的演变
The book describes the evolution of modern cities.
human evolution
人类进化
The museum has a picture showing human evolution.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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057

involve

[in'vɒlv] · vt. · Page 163

to include, require, or make someone take part in something

包含;需要;牵涉;使参与

联想

involve 是“卷入、包含进来”。它可表示事情包含某步骤,也可表示某人被牵涉或参与。

意思、用法与例句

vt.包含;需要

某件事包含某部分、步骤或要求。

常见表达involve doinginvolve many stepsinvolve risk/cost

The project involves collecting old books for village schools.

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这个项目包括为乡村学校收集旧书。

involve doing 是核心结构。

The job involves a lot of travel.

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这份工作需要经常出差。

involve 可表示需要或包含。

vt.牵涉;使参与

让某人参与某事,或使某人被牵涉其中。

常见表达be involved ininvolve someone inget involved in

Parents were involved in planning the school trip.

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家长参与了学校旅行的计划。

be involved in 表示参与。

Do not involve younger children in the argument.

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不要把年幼的孩子卷入争吵。

involve someone in 表示使某人卷入。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

include
包括
The price includes lunch. include 更普通;involve 常含过程、要求或参与。
require
需要
The work requires patience. require 只讲需要;involve 可讲包含或牵涉。
take part in
参加
Many students took part in the activity. take part in 是主动参加;be involved in 可主动也可被卷入。
exclude
排除
The rule excludes visitors under twelve. exclude 与 include/involve 相反。
leave out
遗漏;不包括
Do not leave out any important detail. leave out 与包含相反。
revolve
旋转;围绕
The earth revolves around the sun. involve 借 in- + volve 卷入记忆。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

involve 可借 in- + volve“卷进去”记忆:包含某部分,或把人卷入某事。

revolve
旋转;围绕
The earth revolves around the sun.
evolve
发展;进化
The plan evolved over time.

非派生记忆线索

involve doing
包括/需要做某事
The project involves collecting old books for village schools.
be involved in
参与/牵涉进
Parents were involved in planning the school trip.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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058

volume

['vɒlju:m] · n. [C/U] · Page 163

a book in a set, the amount of space something fills, or loudness

卷;册;体积;容积;音量

联想

volume 有三条:书的一卷/一册,物体占的空间即体积/容积,声音大小即音量。源层例句是书卷义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]卷;册

一套书中的一卷或一册。

常见表达a volume of poemsVolume Onethis volume

This volume contains short stories from his early years.

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这一卷收录了他早年的短篇小说。

改写自源层例句,volume 是书卷义。

Please read Volume Two before the next class.

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下节课前请阅读第二卷。

Volume Two 表示第二卷。

n. [C/U]体积;容积

物体或液体占据的空间大小。

常见表达the volume of waterair volumeincrease in volume

The bottle has a volume of one liter.

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这个瓶子的容积是一升。

volume 可指容积。

Water increases in volume when it freezes.

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水结冰时体积会增大。

increase in volume 表示体积增大。

n. [U]音量

声音大小。

常见表达turn up the volumeturn down the volumelow/high volume

Please turn down the volume while others are studying.

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别人学习时请把音量调低。

turn down the volume 是核心搭配。

The speaker's volume was too low for the back row.

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扬声器音量太低,后排听不清。

volume 可指声音大小。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

book
书;册
The book has three parts. book 只覆盖卷册义;volume 还有体积和音量。
capacity
容量
The tank has a large capacity. capacity 接近容积义。
loudness
响度;音量
The loudness of the music bothered us. loudness 接近音量义。
single page
单页
A single page cannot hold the whole story. single page 与 volume 的书卷义对比。
silence
安静;无声
Silence filled the room. silence 与音量语境形成对比。
revolution
革命;旋转
The wheel makes several revolutions every second. volume 借 volu/卷 的记忆线入组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

volume 的早期“卷”线索连接到 volv/volu“卷、转”。现代三义靠搭配判断:书卷、体积、音量。

revolution
革命;旋转
The wheel makes several revolutions every second.
involve
包含;牵涉
The project involves collecting old books.

非派生记忆线索

this volume
这一卷/册
This volume contains short stories from his early years.
turn down the volume
调低音量
Please turn down the volume while others are studying.

词族导图

revolution 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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059

super

['sju:pə(r), 'su:pə(r)] · adj. / adv. · Page 163

excellent, very good, or very in an informal style

极好的;超级的;特别;格外

联想

super 本身比较口语:作形容词表示“很棒的、超级的”,作副词表示“特别、非常”。写正式作文时常换成 excellent、very 或 extremely。

意思、用法与例句

adj.极好的;超级的

口语中表示很棒、很好或超过普通水平。

常见表达a super ideaa super daya super student

The school trip was super because everyone joined in.

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这次学校旅行很棒,因为每个人都参与了。

super 作形容词,语气口语。

That is a super idea for the class project.

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那是一个很棒的班级项目想法。

a super idea 是自然搭配。

正式写作中可用 excellent / very good。

adv.特别;格外;非常

口语中放在形容词或副词前,加强程度。

常见表达super fastsuper usefulsuper easy

This phone charges super fast compared with my old one.

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和我的旧手机相比,这部手机充电特别快。

super fast 是副词用法。

The map was super useful when we walked through the old town.

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我们步行穿过老城区时,这张地图特别有用。

super 可修饰形容词。

正式语境常用 very / extremely。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excellent
极好的
The team did an excellent job. excellent 比 super 更正式。
great
很棒的
We had a great time at the festival. great 与 super 都可口语表达好。
first-rate
一流的
The school has first-rate science rooms. first-rate 覆盖形容词义,语气比 super 更正式。
poor
差的
The service was poor that day. poor 与形容词 super 相反。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 与超级/出众形成对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

superb
极佳的
The pianist gave a superb performance. superb 更正式,强调质量极高。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

super- 常有“在上、超过、超级”的记忆线索。本组里 superb/superior/supreme 表示高质量、更高或最高;supermarket/superman 是含 super- 的复合词。

superb
极佳的;质量极高的
The pianist gave a superb performance.
superior
较好的;上级的
This material is superior to plastic for keeping heat.
supreme
最高的;最大的
The safety of students is of supreme importance.
supermarket
超市
My mother bought fruit at the supermarket.
superman
超人;非凡的人
Even the best player is not a superman.

非派生记忆线索

super fast
特别快
This phone charges super fast.
a super idea
很棒的想法
That is a super idea for the class project.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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060

superb

[sju:'pɜ:b, su:'pɜ:b] · adj. · Page 163

extremely good in quality

极佳的;质量极高的

联想

superb 比 super 更正式、更有质感,常修饰 performance、view、skill、meal、work 等,强调质量很高。

意思、用法与例句

adj.极佳的;质量极高的

评价表演、景色、技能、食物或作品的质量非常高。

常见表达a superb performancea superb viewsuperb skillsuperb food

The pianist gave a superb performance in the school hall.

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那位钢琴家在学校礼堂进行了极精彩的演出。

superb performance 是高频搭配。

From the hill we had a superb view of the lake.

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从山上我们看到了湖泊的绝佳景色。

superb view 表示景色极佳。

Her superb skill helped the team win the final.

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她高超的技术帮助球队赢得决赛。

superb skill 强调质量高。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excellent
优秀的
The report was excellent. excellent 常用且较正式。
outstanding
杰出的
He made outstanding progress this term. outstanding 强调突出。
wonderful
精彩的
We had a wonderful evening. wonderful 更口语、情感色彩更强。
poor
差的
The poor sound made the speech hard to hear. poor 与 superb 相反。
ordinary
普通的
The meal was ordinary, not superb. ordinary 与质量极高形成对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

super
极好的;特别
The school trip was super. super 更口语。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

superb 与 super 同在“超过普通水平”的线索上,但 superb 通常更正式,强调质量极高。

super
极好的;特别
The school trip was super.
superior
更好的;上级的
This material is superior to plastic.

非派生记忆线索

superb performance
极精彩的演出
The pianist gave a superb performance.
superb view
绝佳景色
From the hill we had a superb view of the lake.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
061

superior

星标

[sju:'piəriə(r), su:'piəriə(r)] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 163

better than another thing, higher in rank, or someone higher in rank

较好的;更强的;上级的;高傲的;上级

联想

superior 是源层重点词。先记 superior to:拉丁比较级常接 to,不接 than。再分清“质量更好”“职位更高”“态度高傲”和名词“上级”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.较好的;更强的;优良的

比较质量、能力或效果更好时,用 superior to。

常见表达be superior tosuperior qualitya superior method

This material is superior to plastic for keeping heat.

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这种材料在保温方面优于塑料。

superior to 是源层 usage note 的重点。

The new method produced superior results.

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新方法产生了更好的结果。

superior results 表示结果更好。

superior 作比较时常用 to,不用 than。

adj.上级的;职位更高的

表示职位、级别更高。

常见表达a superior officera superior positionsuperior rank

The young soldier followed orders from a superior officer.

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那名年轻士兵服从上级军官的命令。

superior officer 是职位更高。

She was promoted to a superior position in the company.

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她被提升到公司里更高的职位。

superior position 表示上级职位。

adj.有优越感的;高傲的

表示觉得自己比别人强,语气多为负面。

常见表达feel superior toact superiora superior smile

A good leader should not act superior to others.

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好领导不应对别人摆出高高在上的样子。

act superior 表示态度高傲。

He spoke in a superior tone that upset his classmates.

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他说话带着高人一等的语气,让同学不舒服。

superior tone 是负面态度。

n. [C]上级;上司

职位比自己高的人。

常见表达ask your superiorreport to a superior

Please ask your superior before changing the plan.

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改变计划前请先问你的上级。

superior 作名词表示上级。

New workers should report the problem to a superior.

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新员工应把问题报告给上级。

report to a superior 是常见结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

better
更好的
The second answer is better. better 更普通;superior 更正式,常接 to。
higher-ranking
级别更高的
A higher-ranking officer entered the room. higher-ranking 只覆盖职位义。
excellent
优秀的
The school has excellent teachers. excellent 不一定含比较对象。
inferior
较差的;下级的
This copy is inferior to the original. inferior 是直接反义,也接 to。
humble
谦逊的
She stayed humble after winning. humble 与高傲态度相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

supreme
最高的;至高的
The court has supreme power in that matter. supreme 表示最高层级,不只是更高。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示拉丁比较级常用 -(i)or + to,如 superior/senior/junior/major/minor。superior 与 inferior 都常接 to。

inferior
较差的;下级的
This copy is inferior to the original.
super
极好的;特别
The school trip was super.
supreme
最高的;最大的
The safety of students is of supreme importance.

非派生记忆线索

superior to
优于;比……更好
This material is superior to plastic.
a superior officer
上级军官
The soldier followed orders from a superior officer.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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062

supreme

星标

[sju:'pri:m, su:'pri:m] · adj. · Page 163

highest in rank, power, or degree

最高的;至高无上的;最大的

联想

supreme 表示“最高层级或最大程度”,比 superior 更绝对。常见 supreme importance、supreme power、the Supreme Court。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最高的;至高无上的

级别、权力或地位处于最高。

常见表达supreme powerthe Supreme Courtsupreme authority

The Supreme Court made a decision that affected many people.

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最高法院做出了一项影响很多人的决定。

the Supreme Court 是固定表达。

The king once held supreme power in the country.

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国王曾在这个国家拥有至高无上的权力。

supreme power 表示最高权力。

adj.最大的;极度的

程度达到最高或非常重要。

常见表达of supreme importancesupreme effortsupreme happiness

The safety of students is of supreme importance.

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学生安全极其重要。

of supreme importance 是高频正式表达。

The quote describes the supreme happiness of being loved.

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这句话描述了被爱带来的最大幸福。

呼应源层 supreme happiness 例句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

highest
最高的
The highest mountain was covered with snow. highest 更普通;supreme 常指权力、重要性或程度。
greatest
最大的
Her greatest wish is to become a doctor. greatest 只覆盖程度义。
ultimate
最终的;极致的
Winning the final was the ultimate goal. ultimate 可指最终目标;supreme 强调最高层级。
low-ranking
级别低的
A low-ranking worker could not make the final decision. low-ranking 与 supreme rank/power 相反。
least important
最不重要的
This was the least important detail in the report. least important 与 of supreme importance 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

superior
更好的;上级的
This material is superior to plastic. superior 是比较级线,supreme 是最高级线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

supreme 与 super/superior 同在“上、超过”线索上,语义走到最高层级或最大程度。

superior
较好的;上级的
This material is superior to plastic.
super
极好的;特别
The school trip was super.

非派生记忆线索

of supreme importance
极其重要
The safety of students is of supreme importance.
the Supreme Court
最高法院
The Supreme Court made a decision.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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063

supermarket

['sju:pəmɑ:kit, 'su:pəmɑ:kit] · n. [C] · Page 164

a large shop where people buy food and daily goods

超级市场;超市

联想

supermarket = super + market,字面可记“更大的市场”。实际用法是可数名词,常说 at/in a supermarket、local supermarket。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]超级市场;超市

可以买食品和日用品的大型商店。

常见表达at/in a supermarketlocal supermarketsupermarket shelfsupermarket entrance

My mother bought fruit and milk at the supermarket.

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妈妈在超市买了水果和牛奶。

呼应源层 at/in a supermarket。

The supermarket put fresh bread near the entrance.

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超市把新鲜面包放在入口附近。

supermarket 作地点名词。

Prices in the local supermarket rose before the holiday.

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节日前当地超市的价格上涨了。

local supermarket 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

grocery store
食品杂货店
The grocery store near my home sells fresh fruit. grocery store 接近食品杂货店;supermarket 通常更大。
shop
商店
The shop closes at nine. shop 范围更宽。
market
市场
Farmers sell vegetables at the market. market 可是市场或集市;supermarket 是固定大型商店。
small stall
小摊
She bought noodles from a small stall. small stall 与大型超市对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

super
超级的;特别
The school trip was super. supermarket 是含 super- 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

supermarket = super + market,表示比普通小店更大的食品和日用品商店。

super
超级的;极好的;特别
The school trip was super.
market
市场
Farmers sell vegetables at the market.

非派生记忆线索

at/in a supermarket
在超市
My mother bought fruit and milk at the supermarket.
local supermarket
当地超市
Prices in the local supermarket rose before the holiday.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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064

superman

['sju:pəmæn, 'su:pəmæn] · n. [C] · Page 164

a very strong or unusually able person, or the famous hero

超人;能力非凡的人

联想

superman 可以指故事里的 Superman,也可泛指像超人一样能力很强的人。考试中更要会用 no superman:再强的人也不是无所不能。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]超人;故事英雄

故事或影视中的超人形象。

常见表达pretend to be Supermandress up as Supermana fictional superman

The little boy wore a red cape and pretended to be Superman.

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小男孩披着红斗篷,假装自己是超人。

专名角色常写 Superman。

He often dresses up as a superman at the school play.

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他经常在学校演出中装扮成超人。

呼应源层例句。

n. [C]能力非凡的人

口语中指仿佛有超常能力的人,常用于否定提醒。

常见表达act like a supermanno supermannot a superman

Even the best player is not a superman and needs rest.

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即使最好的运动员也不是超人,也需要休息。

not a superman 表示不是无所不能。

Do not try to act like a superman when the work is too much.

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工作太多时,不要试图像超人一样硬撑。

act like a superman 是比喻用法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hero
英雄
The firefighter became a hero to the children. hero 可指英雄;superman 更强调超常能力或角色。
extraordinary person
非凡的人
She is an extraordinary person with great courage. extraordinary person 是解释性近义 cue。
ordinary person
普通人
An ordinary person also needs rest and help. ordinary person 与 superman 形成对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

super
超级的;极好的
The school trip was super. superman 是 super + man 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

superman = super + man,可记为“超过普通人的人”。作为专名时常写 Superman;泛指时可小写。

super
超级的;极好的;特别
The school trip was super.
supermarket
超市
My mother bought fruit at the supermarket.

非派生记忆线索

no superman
不是无所不能的人
Even the best player is not a superman.
dress up as Superman
装扮成超人
He dressed up as Superman for the party.

词族导图

super 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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065

chief

星标

[tʃi:f] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 164

the leader of a group, or the main and most important

领导人;首领;主要的;首席的

联想

chief 的根义是“头、首”。作名词是领导人、首领;作形容词是主要的、首席的。注意 chef 发音不同,意思是主厨。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]领导人;首领;酋长

某个群体、部门或部落的负责人。

常见表达police chieffire chieftribal chiefthe chief of...

The fire chief spoke to students about safety.

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消防队长给学生讲安全知识。

fire chief 是负责人。

The tribal chief welcomed visitors to the village.

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部落首领欢迎游客来到村庄。

tribal chief 对应源层首领/酋长。

adj.主要的;首要的

表示原因、问题或目标中最重要的。

常见表达chief reasonchief problemchief aimchief concern

The chief reason for the delay was heavy snow.

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延误的主要原因是大雪。

chief reason 是高频搭配。

Our chief concern is the safety of the children.

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我们最关心的是孩子们的安全。

chief concern 表示首要关切。

adj.首席的;职位最高的

用于职位名称,表示级别最高或主要负责人。

常见表达chief editorchief engineerchief officer

The chief editor checked the final page before printing.

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主编在印刷前检查了最后一页。

chief editor 是职位名。

The chief engineer explained how the bridge was built.

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总工程师解释了桥是如何建成的。

chief engineer 表示首席/总工程师。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leader
领导者
The leader helped the team stay calm. leader 覆盖名词义;chief 常是正式职位或首领。
main
主要的
The main road was closed. main 覆盖形容词义。
principal
主要的
The principal cause was lack of rain. principal 较正式,接近 chief reason。
minor
次要的
It was only a minor problem. minor 与 chief/main 相反。
assistant
助理的;副的
The assistant manager answered the phone. assistant 与 chief officer 的职位层级对比。
chef
主厨
The chef prepared soup for the guests. chef 与 chief 拼写相近但发音和意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

chief 的源层根义是“头、首”。chef 可借 head cook 记主厨;achieve/achievement 借 a- + chieve(=chief 头) 记“到头、达到目标”,但现代用法要按搭配掌握。

chef
主厨;厨师长
The chef prepared soup for the guests.
achieve
达到;取得;完成
The team achieved its goal after weeks of training.
achievement
成就;完成
Finishing the long race gave him a sense of achievement.

非派生记忆线索

chief reason
主要原因
The chief reason for the delay was heavy snow.
police chief
警察局长
The police chief answered questions after the meeting.

词族导图

chief 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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066

chef

[ʃef] · n. [C] · Page 164

a professional cook, especially the head cook in a restaurant

厨师;主厨;厨师长

联想

chef 发 /ʃef/,不是 chief 的发音。源层提示 chef = head cook,常指餐馆里的专业厨师或主厨。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]厨师;主厨;厨师长

专业做饭的人,尤其是餐馆或酒店厨房负责人。

常见表达head chefrestaurant chefwork as a chefchef's special

The chef prepared soup for the guests.

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主厨为客人准备了汤。

chef 强调专业厨师。

She hopes to work as a chef in a small restaurant.

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她希望在一家小餐馆当厨师。

work as a chef 是职业表达。

The head chef taught students how to cut vegetables safely.

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主厨教学生如何安全切菜。

head chef 对应源层 head cook。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cook
厨师;做饭的人
My father is a good cook. cook 更宽,可指会做饭的人;chef 更专业。
head cook
主厨
The head cook planned the menu. head cook 是源层解释。
customer
顾客
The customer ordered a bowl of soup. customer 是餐厅角色对比,不是真反义。
waiter
服务员
The waiter carried plates to the table. waiter 在餐厅服务客人,chef 在厨房做饭。
chief
领导人;主要的
The chief reason was heavy snow. chief 与 chef 形近但发音和意义不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

chef 与 chief 同源记忆线都与“头/首”有关,chef 可记为 head cook。现代英语里 chef 是厨房专业角色,不等于普通 leader。

chief
首领;主要的
The chief reason was heavy snow.

非派生记忆线索

head chef
主厨
The head chef planned the menu.
work as a chef
当厨师
She hopes to work as a chef.

词族导图

chief 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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067

achieve

星标

[ə'tʃi:v] · vt. / vi. · Page 164

to succeed in reaching a goal through effort

达到;取得;完成;获得成功

联想

achieve 强调通过努力达到目标或取得结果。源层用“到头”图帮助记忆,但学生要重点掌握 achieve a goal / achieve success / achieve high marks。

意思、用法与例句

vt.达到;取得

通过努力达到目标、成绩或效果。

常见表达achieve a goalachieve successachieve high marksachieve results

The team achieved its goal after weeks of training.

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经过几周训练,这支队伍达到了目标。

achieve a goal 是核心搭配。

She achieved high marks by reviewing every evening.

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她每天晚上复习,取得了高分。

achieve high marks 表示取得成绩。

The journey was intended to achieve more than the earlier trip.

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这次行程意在取得比早先旅程更多的成果。

改写并保留源层全国卷语境。

vt.完成;做到

完成困难任务或实现计划。

常见表达achieve a taskachieve what you plannedhard to achieve

It is hard to achieve change without patient teamwork.

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没有耐心合作,很难实现改变。

achieve change 表示实现改变。

The class achieved what it had planned before the festival.

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班级在节日前完成了原先计划的事。

achieve what... 表示做到某事。

vi.获得成功

不接宾语时表示在学习、工作或比赛中取得成功。

常见表达achieve at schoolachieve in sporthelp students achieve

Students achieve when they set clear goals and keep practicing.

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学生设定清晰目标并坚持练习时会取得成功。

vi. achieve 表示获得成功。

Good feedback helps learners achieve in different subjects.

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好的反馈帮助学习者在不同学科中取得成功。

achieve in... 是成功语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reach
达到
They reached the top before noon. reach 可指到达地点或目标;achieve 强调努力后的结果。
accomplish
完成;实现
The group accomplished the task on time. accomplish 与 achieve 接近,常指完成任务。
gain
获得
She gained confidence through practice. gain 强调获得某物;achieve 强调达成结果。
fail
失败
The plan failed because of bad weather. fail 与 achieve success 相反。
give up
放弃
Do not give up after one mistake. give up 是过程中的反向选择。

词族线索 / 同组词

achievement
成就;成绩;完成
Finishing the long race gave him a sense of achievement. achievement 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 a-(to) + chieve(=chief 头),可记为努力到达目标尽头。achievement 是名词。

achievement
成就;成绩;完成
Finishing the long race gave him a sense of achievement.
chief
首领;主要的
The chief reason was heavy snow.

非派生记忆线索

achieve a goal
达到目标
The team achieved its goal after weeks of training.
achieve success
取得成功
She achieved success through daily practice.

词族导图

chief 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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068

achievement

[ə'tʃi:vmənt] · n. [C/U] · Page 164

something successful done through effort, or the act of reaching a goal

成就;成绩;完成;达到

联想

achievement 是 achieve 的名词。可数时指一项成就或成绩;不可数时可指完成、达到或“成就感”里的 achievement。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]成就;成绩

通过努力完成的成功事情或取得的成绩。

常见表达a great achievementa remarkable achievementacademic achievementpersonal achievement

It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.

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如此年轻的选手有这样的成绩真是了不起。

保留源层例句。

Building the school garden was a real achievement for the class.

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建成学校花园对这个班来说是一项真正的成就。

a real achievement 强调努力后的成果。

Her academic achievement encouraged younger students.

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她的学业成绩鼓励了更低年级的学生。

academic achievement 是学习成绩。

n. [U]完成;达到;成就感

表示完成目标这一过程或由成功带来的感受。

常见表达a sense of achievementachievement of a goalachievement through effort

Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.

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即使小小的成功也会给人成就感。

保留源层例句。

The achievement of this goal took three years.

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这个目标的实现花了三年。

achievement 可指达到目标。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

success
成功
Success came after months of practice. success 更宽;achievement 强调努力后的成果。
accomplishment
成就;完成
Finishing the book was a real accomplishment. accomplishment 与 achievement 接近。
result
结果
Her final score was better than expected. result 不一定是成功成就。
failure
失败
Failure taught the team an important lesson. failure 与 achievement/success 相反。
setback
挫折
The injury was a setback, but she kept training. setback 是前进中的阻碍。

词族线索 / 同组词

achieve
达到;取得;完成
The team achieved its goal after weeks of training. achieve 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

achievement = achieve + -ment,表示达成的结果或达成这一过程。

achieve
达到;取得;完成
The team achieved its goal after weeks of training.

非派生记忆线索

sense of achievement
成就感
Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.
remarkable achievement
显著成就
It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.

词族导图

chief 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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069

private

星标

['praivət] · adj. · Page 164

belonging to one person, not public, secret, or not run by the government

私人的;个人的;秘密的;私下的;私立的

联想

private 的核心是“不公开、不属于公众”。它可讲个人生活,也可讲私下谈话,还可讲私立学校或私人公司。源层 in private 是固定短语。

意思、用法与例句

adj.私人的;个人的

属于个人或家庭,不适合公开讨论。

常见表达private lifeprivate informationprivate roomprivate letter

Please do not ask questions about her private life.

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请不要问她私人生活方面的问题。

private life 是个人生活。

Students should not share private information online.

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学生不应在网上分享私人信息。

private information 指个人信息。

adj. / phr.秘密的;私下的

不让公众或其他人知道;in private 表示私下地。

常见表达in privatea private conversationkeep something private

The two teachers discussed the problem in private.

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两位老师私下讨论了这个问题。

保留源层 in private。

Please keep this message private until Friday.

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请把这条消息保密到周五。

keep something private 表示不公开。

adj.私立的;私营的

不由政府或公共机构经营。

常见表达private schoolprivate hospitalprivate company

His parents sent him to a private school near the city.

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他的父母把他送到城边一所私立学校。

private school 与 public school 对比。

A private company built the new sports center.

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一家私营公司建了新的体育中心。

private company 是私营公司。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

personal
个人的
This is a personal question. personal 接近个人义;private 更强调不公开。
secret
秘密的
They held a secret meeting. secret 覆盖秘密义;private 更宽。
non-public
非公开的
The report is non-public for now. non-public 是解释性 cue。
public
公开的;公共的
The park is open to the public. public 是 private 的核心反义。
open
公开的;开放的
The meeting was open to parents. open 与保密/私下语境相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

privacy
隐私;私密
Students should respect each other's privacy. privacy 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

private / privacy 走 priv“个人、私有”线。privilege 源层提示 priv(i) + leg(法律):本来是给某些人的特殊权利,现代还有“荣幸”义。

privacy
隐私;私密
Students should respect each other's privacy.
privilege
特权;荣幸
It was a privilege to hear the scientist speak.

非派生记忆线索

in private
私下地
The two teachers discussed the problem in private.
private school
私立学校
His parents sent him to a private school.

词族导图

private / privacy / privilege 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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070

privacy

['privəsi] · n. [U] · Page 164

the state of being free from public attention or unwanted watching

隐私;私密

联想

privacy 是不可数名词,强调个人信息、空间或生活不被打扰。常见 protect/respect privacy、right to privacy、invade someone's privacy。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]隐私;私密

个人生活、信息或空间不被别人随意观看、传播或打扰的状态。

常见表达protect privacyrespect privacyright to privacyinvade someone's privacyprivacy policy

Students should respect each other's privacy in the dormitory.

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学生在宿舍里应尊重彼此的隐私。

respect privacy 是核心搭配。

The app has new rules to protect users' privacy.

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这个应用有新规定来保护用户隐私。

protect privacy 常见于网络语境。

Reading a friend's diary may invade his or her privacy.

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看朋友的日记可能侵犯他或她的隐私。

invade privacy 是负面搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

personal space
个人空间
Everyone needs some personal space. personal space 偏空间和心理边界。
private life
私生活
Her private life should not be in the news. private life 是 privacy 的具体内容。
confidentiality
保密性
Doctors must protect patient confidentiality. confidentiality 更正式,偏保密责任。
publicity
公众关注;宣传
The singer disliked too much publicity. publicity 与 privacy 的不被关注形成对比。
exposure
暴露;曝光
The exposure of personal data caused worry. exposure 是隐私被公开后的状态。

词族线索 / 同组词

private
私人的;私下的
Please do not ask about her private life. private 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

privacy = private 的名词线,表示个人生活、信息和空间的私密状态。

private
私人的;私下的;私立的
Please do not ask about her private life.
privilege
特权;荣幸
Free access to the lab is a privilege.

非派生记忆线索

respect privacy
尊重隐私
Students should respect each other's privacy.
right to privacy
隐私权
Children also have a right to privacy.

词族导图

private / privacy / privilege 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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071

privilege

星标

['privəlidʒ] · n. [U] / n. [sing.] · Page 164-165

a special right or advantage, or a great honor

特权;特殊待遇;荣幸;光荣

联想

privilege 有两条:一是某些人才有的特殊权利或优势;二是 it is a privilege to do... 表示“有幸做某事”。源层例句就是荣幸义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U/C]特权;特殊待遇

某些人或群体享有而别人没有的权利、机会或优势。

常见表达special privilegeenjoy a privilegehave the privilege of...a privilege, not a right

Free access to the lab is a privilege, not a right.

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免费使用实验室是一种特殊待遇,不是一项当然权利。

privilege 与 right 可对比。

Club members enjoy the privilege of using the reading room.

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俱乐部成员享有使用阅览室的特权。

enjoy the privilege of... 是自然搭配。

n. [sing.]荣幸;光荣

表示做某事让人感到荣幸,常用 It is/was a privilege to do。

常见表达It is a privilege to...a great privilegehave the privilege to/of

It was a privilege to spend a day with Tombe's family.

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能和汤贝一家度过一天是一种荣幸。

改写并保留源层例句。

It is a great privilege to speak for our class today.

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今天能代表我们班发言是很大的荣幸。

a great privilege 表示荣幸。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

special right
特殊权利
Students with a pass have a special right to enter early. special right 覆盖特权义。
advantage
优势
Good training gave the team an advantage. advantage 接近优势义。
honor
荣幸;荣誉
It was an honor to meet the writer. honor 覆盖荣幸义。
right
权利
Education is a basic right. right 是普遍权利;privilege 往往不是人人都有。
disadvantage
劣势
Lack of books was a disadvantage. disadvantage 与 advantage/privilege 语境相反。
private
私人的;私下的
This is a private conversation. 源层用 priv 私有线索连接。

词族线索 / 同组词

privileged
有特权的;荣幸的
We felt privileged to join the project. privileged 是源层 related。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 priv(i)(私人、私有)+leg(法律)+-e,可记为只给某些人的特殊法律权利。privileged 是常用形容词,表示有特权的,也可表示荣幸的、幸运的。

privileged
有特权的;荣幸的;幸运的
We felt privileged to join the project.
private
私人的;私下的;私立的
This is a private conversation.
privacy
隐私;私密
Students should respect each other's privacy.

非派生记忆线索

a privilege to do
做某事是荣幸
It was a privilege to spend a day with Tombe's family.
a privilege, not a right
特权,不是当然权利
Free access to the lab is a privilege, not a right.

词族导图

private / privacy / privilege 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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072

gene

[dʒi:n] · n. [C] · Page 165

a unit in living things that carries inherited information

基因

联想

gene 是音译“基因”,指遗传信息单位。它是本组的入口,但 group 里很多词只是借 gen/gener/gent 的“出生、产生、种类”线索记忆,不能都当作 gene 的直接派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]基因

生物体内携带遗传信息、影响特征的单位。

常见表达human genecarry a genegene changepass on genes

A gene can affect the color of a plant's flowers.

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基因会影响植物花朵的颜色。

gene 是遗传信息单位。

Scientists study how genes pass from parents to children.

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科学家研究基因如何从父母传给孩子。

genes pass from... to... 表示遗传。

Some diseases are linked to changes in a gene.

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一些疾病与某个基因的变化有关。

gene change 可用于科普语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unit of heredity
遗传单位
A gene is a unit of heredity. 这是 gene 的解释性近义 cue。
genetic information
遗传信息
DNA carries genetic information. gene 携带 genetic information。
environmental factor
环境因素
Food and weather are environmental factors. 环境因素不是基因,但也会影响特征。
gender
性别
The survey recorded age and gender. gender 借 gen(e) 遗传/先天线索入组。
generate
产生;创造
Wind can generate electricity. generate 走 gen 产生线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层把 gene 音译为基因,再用 gen/gener/gent 连接“出生、种类、产生、天赋、温和高贵”等记忆线。学习时把现代词义和构词记忆分开。

gender
性别
The survey recorded age and gender.
general
一般的;总的;将军
In general, students learn better when they sleep enough.
generate
产生;创造
Wind can generate electricity.
generation
一代人;产生
Stories passed from generation to generation.
genuine
真正的;真诚的
Her apology sounded genuine.
genius
天才;天才人物
The young pianist showed genius early.

非派生记忆线索

human gene
人类基因
Scientists study human genes.
pass on genes
遗传基因
Parents pass on genes to children.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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073

gender

['dʒendə(r)] · n. [C/U] · Page 165

the state or category of being male, female, or another gender identity

性别

联想

gender 表示性别类别或性别身份,常用于表格、调查、社会议题。高中阅读里常见 by gender、gender difference、gender equality。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]性别

人的性别类别或性别身份,也可用于统计、调查和社会议题。

常见表达gender differencegender equalityby genderage and gender

The survey compared reading habits by age and gender.

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这项调查按年龄和性别比较阅读习惯。

by gender 表示按性别。

The club supports gender equality in sports.

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这个社团支持体育中的性别平等。

gender equality 是常见社会议题。

Please write your age and gender on the form.

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请在表格上填写年龄和性别。

age and gender 是表格语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sex
生理性别
The form asks for age and sex. sex 更偏生理分类;gender 也可含社会身份。
identity category
身份类别
The study recorded several identity categories. 这是较宽泛的解释性 cue。
gender-neutral
不区分性别的
The team chose gender-neutral language. gender-neutral 是不标明某一性别的对比概念。
gene
基因
Genes pass from parents to children. gender 借 gen(e) 遗传/先天线索入组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 gen(e) 从基因引申为遗传、先天。gender 学习时重点放在性别相关搭配,不把它当 gene 的直接派生词。

gene
基因
Genes pass from parents to children.

非派生记忆线索

gender equality
性别平等
The club supports gender equality in sports.
by gender
按性别
The survey compared reading habits by age and gender.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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074

general

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['dʒenrəl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 165

usual or overall, not detailed, affecting most people, or a high military officer

一般的;大体的;普遍的;总的;将军

联想

general 是源层重点词,先抓 in general“一般说来”。作形容词有“一般/常规”“大体/概括”“普遍/总的”三条;作名词是将军。

意思、用法与例句

adj.一般的;常规的

表示通常情况或普通类型。

常见表达general rulegeneral practicegeneral knowledge

In general, students learn better when they sleep enough.

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一般说来,学生睡眠充足时学习效果更好。

in general 是源层核心搭配。

The guide explains the general rules before the first game.

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导游在第一场游戏前解释一般规则。

general rules 是常规规则。

adj.大体的;概括性的

只给整体方向,不给细节。

常见表达general ideageneral plangeneral description

I understood the general idea, but not every detail.

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我理解了大意,但不是每个细节都懂。

general idea 与 details 对比。

The teacher gave us a general plan for the project.

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老师给了我们项目的大体计划。

general plan 表示大致计划。

adj.全体的;普遍的;总的

影响大多数人或整体范围。

常见表达general publicgeneral opiniongeneral health

The museum is open to the general public on weekends.

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博物馆周末向公众开放。

general public 表示公众。

Exercise is important for general health.

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锻炼对整体健康很重要。

general health 是总体健康。

n. [C]将军;上将

高级军官或总指挥官。

常见表达an army generalGeneral Smitha famous general

The general ordered the soldiers to leave before dark.

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将军命令士兵天黑前离开。

general 作名词是将军。

The book tells the story of a famous general.

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这本书讲述了一位著名将军的故事。

a famous general 是名词用法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

common
常见的;普通的
This is a common problem. common 覆盖一般/常见义。
overall
总体的
The overall result was good. overall 接近总的。
broad
宽泛的;概括的
The report gives a broad view. broad 接近概括性。
specific
具体的;特定的
Please give a specific example. specific 与 general idea/rule 相反。
particular
特别的;具体的
In particular, I like mutton. particular 与源层 in general 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

generally
通常;一般说来
Generally speaking, hard work brings progress. generally 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 general 原义为“同一种族”,后来有“同类、全体、总的”线;将军 general 是总指挥官。generally 是副词。

generally
通常;一般说来;普遍地
Generally speaking, hard work brings progress.
generation
一代人
Stories passed from generation to generation.

非派生记忆线索

in general
一般说来;总体上
I like meat in general, and mutton in particular.
in particular
特别
I like meat in general, and mutton in particular.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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075

generally

星标

['dʒenrəli] · adv. · Page 165

usually, in most cases, widely, or speaking in a broad way

通常;普遍地;概括地;大概地

联想

generally 是 general 的副词。generally speaking 放句首表示“一般说来”;generally true/accepted 表示普遍真实或普遍接受。

意思、用法与例句

adv.通常;一般地

表示大多数情况下如此。

常见表达generally speakinggenerally truegenerally do

Generally speaking, the harder you work, the luckier you will be.

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一般说来,越努力,越幸运。

保留源层 generally speaking。

Students generally feel more confident after practice.

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学生练习后通常会更自信。

generally 可表示通常。

adv.普遍地;广泛地

表示被大多数人接受、使用或发生。

常见表达generally acceptedgenerally usedgenerally known

This rule is generally accepted by most players.

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这条规则被大多数玩家普遍接受。

generally accepted 是常见搭配。

Medium colors are generally used for furniture such as sofas and tables.

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中间色通常用于沙发、餐桌等家具。

改写并保留源层全国卷家具语境。

adv.概括地;大概地

表示不讲细节,只讲总体。

常见表达speak generallygenerally describegenerally speaking

The report speaks generally about the problem and gives details later.

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报告先概括地谈这个问题,之后给出细节。

speak generally 与 details 对比。

Generally, the plan is useful, though some details need work.

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总体来说,这个计划有用,尽管一些细节还需完善。

generally 可放句首表达总体评价。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

usually
通常
He usually arrives early. usually 覆盖通常义。
commonly
普遍地;常见地
This word is commonly used in reading. commonly 接近普遍使用。
in general
一般说来
In general, the weather is mild. in general 是短语形式。
rarely
很少
He rarely misses class. rarely 与 usually/generally 相反。
specifically
具体地
The teacher specifically named two rules. specifically 与 generally 的概括方式相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

general
一般的;总的;将军
The guide explains the general rules. general 是形容词/名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

generally = general + -ly,是副词。学习时和 in general、generally speaking 一起记。

general
一般的;总的;将军
The guide explains the general rules.

非派生记忆线索

generally speaking
一般说来
Generally speaking, hard work helps.
generally accepted
普遍接受的
This rule is generally accepted.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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076

genuine

['dʒenjuin] · adj. · Page 165

real, authentic, sincere, or not false

正宗的;真的;真诚的;真实的

联想

genuine 有三条:物品是真品/正宗,情感是真诚,事实或危险是真实。源层北京烤鸭图提示“正宗”和“真诚”两条。

意思、用法与例句

adj.正宗的;真品的

物品、食品、艺术品等是真正的,不是假冒的。

常见表达genuine leathergenuine productgenuine Beijing roast duck

The museum checked whether the painting was genuine.

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博物馆检查这幅画是否为真品。

genuine 可指真品。

The restaurant is famous for genuine Beijing roast duck.

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这家餐馆以正宗北京烤鸭闻名。

呼应源层 genuine 图。

adj.诚实的;真诚的;真心的

情感、道歉、兴趣等是真心的。

常见表达genuine smilegenuine apologygenuine interestgenuine concern

Her apology sounded genuine because she explained what went wrong.

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她的道歉听起来真诚,因为她解释了哪里出了问题。

genuine apology 是真诚道歉。

The teacher showed genuine concern for every student.

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老师真心关心每个学生。

genuine concern 表示真切关心。

adj.真实的

问题、风险或需要是真实存在的。

常见表达genuine riskgenuine needgenuine problem

There is a genuine need for clean water in the village.

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这个村庄确实需要干净的水。

genuine need 表示真实需要。

The old bridge creates a genuine risk after heavy rain.

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大雨后这座旧桥造成真实风险。

genuine risk 表示真实风险。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

real
真的
The story is based on real events. real 更普通;genuine 强调非假冒或真诚。
authentic
正宗的;真实的
The shop sells authentic local food. authentic 常指正宗或可靠。
sincere
真诚的
Her sincere apology helped repair the friendship. sincere 只覆盖态度/情感义。
fake
假的;伪造的
The watch was fake. fake 与 genuine 的真品义相反。
insincere
不真诚的
His smile seemed insincere. insincere 与真诚义相反。
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information. genuine 借 gen 真/出生线索入组,不是 gene 的现代派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

genuine 借 gen“出生、本来如此”的记忆线,可记为“本来的、真的”。它不是 gene 的直接派生,现代用法靠 genuine product/smile/need 判断。

gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information.
generate
产生;创造
Wind can generate electricity.

非派生记忆线索

genuine smile
真诚的微笑
Her genuine smile made the new student feel welcome.
genuine product
真品
The shop sells genuine products.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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077

generate

['dʒenəreit] · vt. · Page 165

to produce, create, or cause something

产生;创造;引起

联想

generate 走 gen(er)“产生、出生”线,常接 electricity、heat、ideas、interest、income。它强调让某物产生出来。

意思、用法与例句

vt.产生;创造;引起

产生能源、热量、想法、兴趣、收入或反应。

常见表达generate electricitygenerate heatgenerate ideasgenerate interestgenerate income

Wind can generate electricity for nearby homes.

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风能为附近住户发电。

generate electricity 是高频搭配。

The discussion generated many useful ideas.

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这次讨论产生了许多有用想法。

generate ideas 表示产生想法。

The charity sale generated money for the school library.

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慈善义卖为学校图书馆筹集了资金。

generate money/income 表示带来收入。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

produce
产生;生产
The machine produces clean water. produce 更普通;generate 常用于能源、想法、反应。
create
创造
The artist created a new design. create 强调创造新东西。
bring about
引起;带来
The rule brought about change. bring about 接近引起结果。
consume
消耗
Old lights consume too much energy. consume energy 与 generate energy 方向相反。
stop producing
停止产生
The factory stopped producing waste gas. stop producing 是产生义的反向。

词族线索 / 同组词

generation
一代;产生
Power generation is growing. generation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

generate 来自 gen(er)“产生、出生”线。generation 可指一代人,也可指能源等的产生。

generation
一代人;产生
Solar power generation is growing.
gene
基因
Genes pass from parents to children.

非派生记忆线索

generate electricity
发电
Wind can generate electricity.
generate ideas
产生想法
The discussion generated many useful ideas.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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078

generation

星标

[,dʒenə'reiʃn] · n. [C/U] · Page 165

people born around the same time, or the production of something

一代;一代人;产生

联想

generation 最常考“一代人”,如 younger generation、from generation to generation。也可用于 power generation 表示能源产生。generation gap 是源层相关词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]一代;一代人

出生在相近年代的一群人,或家族中的一代。

常见表达younger generationolder generationfrom generation to generationgeneration gap

Stories about the village passed from generation to generation.

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关于这个村庄的故事一代一代传下去。

保留源层 from generation to generation。

The younger generation uses phones in a different way.

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年轻一代使用手机的方式不同。

younger generation 是一代人。

Music can sometimes show a generation gap between parents and children.

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音乐有时能显示父母和孩子之间的代沟。

generation gap 是源层相关词。

n. [U]产生;生成

能源、热量或电力等的产生。

常见表达power generationelectricity generationgeneration of heat

Solar power generation is growing in many places.

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许多地方的太阳能发电正在增长。

power generation 是产生义。

The machine reduces the generation of waste gas.

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这台机器减少废气产生。

generation of... 表示……的产生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

age group
年龄群体
This age group reads online news often. age group 只覆盖一代人语境。
production
产生;生产
The production of electricity increased. production 覆盖产生义。
single person
单个人
One single person cannot represent a whole generation. single person 与一代人对比。
generation gap
代沟
A generation gap may appear in music taste. 源层 related。

词族线索 / 同组词

generate
产生;创造
Wind can generate electricity. generate 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

generation = generate + -ion,既可表示一代人,也可表示产生。不要把所有 generation 都翻成“发电”。

generate
产生;创造
Wind can generate electricity.
generation gap
代沟
Music can show a generation gap.

非派生记忆线索

from generation to generation
世世代代
Stories passed from generation to generation.
power generation
发电;能源产生
Solar power generation is growing.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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079

genius

['dʒi:niəs] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 166

great natural ability, or a person with such ability

天才;天赋;天才人物

联想

genius 可不可数:show genius 表示表现出天赋;a genius 表示天才人物。它强调突出的自然能力,不等于努力或普通 talent。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]天才;天赋

突出的自然能力或创造力。

常见表达show geniuscreative geniusmusical genius

The young pianist showed genius at an early age.

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这位年轻钢琴家很早就表现出天赋。

show genius 是不可数义。

Her design showed real creative genius.

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她的设计显示出真正的创造天赋。

creative genius 表示创造力天赋。

n. [C]天才人物

拥有非凡能力的人。

常见表达a geniusa musical geniusa scientific genius

Einstein is often remembered as a scientific genius.

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爱因斯坦常被人们作为科学天才铭记。

a scientific genius 是天才人物。

The story is about a math genius who helps his town.

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这个故事讲的是一位帮助小镇的数学天才。

a math genius 是人物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brilliance
才华;聪颖
Her brilliance impressed the class. brilliance 偏才华表现。
talent
天赋;才能
He has a talent for drawing. talent 更宽,genius 更强。
gifted person
有天赋的人
The school helps gifted students. gifted person 接近天才人物。
ordinary ability
普通能力
Ordinary ability can improve with practice. ordinary ability 与 genius 的非凡能力对比。
lack of talent
缺少天赋
Lack of talent can be balanced by effort. 只在天赋语境对比。
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information. genius 借 gen 生/天赋线索入组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 gen(生)+-i-+-us,可记为天生突出的能力。现代用法要分清不可数 genius 和可数 a genius。

gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information.
genuine
真正的;真诚的
Her apology sounded genuine.

非派生记忆线索

show genius
表现出天赋
The pianist showed genius early.
a scientific genius
科学天才
He is remembered as a scientific genius.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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080

gentle

星标

['dʒentl] · adj. · Page 166

kind, soft, mild, and not rough or violent

温柔的;柔和的;轻柔的

联想

gentle 可以形容人温柔,也可以形容声音、风、动作柔和。源层说它原义与出生高贵、优雅有关,但现代高频是 gentle voice / gentle wind / be gentle with。

意思、用法与例句

adj.温柔的;和善的

人、态度或动作友善,不粗暴。

常见表达gentle voicegentle touchbe gentle with

The nurse spoke in a gentle voice to the child.

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护士用温柔的声音对孩子说话。

gentle voice 是温柔语气。

Please be gentle with the young dog.

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请温柔对待这只小狗。

be gentle with 是核心结构。

adj.柔和的;轻柔的

风、光、坡度、动作等不强烈、不粗暴。

常见表达gentle windgentle lightgentle slope

A gentle wind moved the curtains in the classroom.

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一阵柔和的风吹动了教室里的窗帘。

gentle wind 是柔和的风。

The path climbs a gentle slope behind the school.

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小路爬上学校后面一段缓坡。

gentle slope 表示坡度不陡。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kind
和善的
She was kind to the new student. kind 覆盖人和态度。
soft
柔和的;轻的
He spoke in a soft voice. soft 覆盖声音/触感。
mild
温和的
The weather was mild. mild 常用于天气、性格或程度。
rough
粗暴的;粗糙的
The rough road shook the bus. rough 与 gentle 的轻柔相反。
harsh
严厉的;刺耳的
His harsh words hurt her. harsh 与 gentle voice/attitude 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

gentleman
绅士;先生
The old gentleman helped the child. gentleman 与 gentle 同组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gentle 与 gentleman 同在 gent“出身、优雅”记忆线,但现代 gentle 重点是温柔、柔和。

gentleman
绅士;先生
The old gentleman helped the child.

非派生记忆线索

gentle voice
温柔的声音
The nurse spoke in a gentle voice.
be gentle with
温柔对待
Please be gentle with the young dog.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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081

gentleman

['dʒentlmən] · n. [C] · Page 166

a polite man, or a formal way to address a man

绅士;先生

联想

gentleman 可指有礼貌的男士,也可作正式称呼,如 Ladies and gentlemen。注意它不是 lady 的反义词;lady 是性别/礼貌称呼对照词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]绅士;有礼貌的男士

举止礼貌、体贴的男士。

常见表达a true gentlemanold gentlemangentleman's behavior

The old gentleman helped the child cross the road.

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那位老先生帮助孩子过马路。

gentleman 表示有礼貌的男士。

A true gentleman treats others with respect.

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真正的绅士尊重他人。

a true gentleman 是品格评价。

n. [C]先生

正式场合对男士的称呼,常用于复数固定表达。

常见表达Ladies and gentlementhis gentlemangentlemen of the team

Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats.

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女士们、先生们,请就座。

Ladies and gentlemen 是固定称呼。

This gentleman is waiting for the next train.

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这位先生正在等下一班火车。

this gentleman 是礼貌称呼。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

polite man
有礼貌的男士
A polite man opened the door for others. polite man 是解释性近义 cue。
sir
先生
Excuse me, sir, is this your bag? sir 是直接称呼,不完全等同 gentleman。
well-mannered man
举止得体的男士
A well-mannered man listens carefully. 强调礼貌行为。
rude man
粗鲁的男士
The rude man pushed ahead in line. rude man 与绅士风度相对。
lady
女士
The lady thanked the driver. lady 是礼貌称呼对照,不是反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

gentle
温柔的;柔和的
The nurse spoke in a gentle voice. gentle 是同组形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gentleman 源层记为“出生高贵的人”。现代英语中它更多表示有礼貌的男士或正式称呼。

gentle
温柔的;柔和的
The nurse spoke in a gentle voice.

非派生记忆线索

Ladies and gentlemen
女士们先生们
Ladies and gentlemen, please take your seats.
a true gentleman
真正的绅士
A true gentleman treats others with respect.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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082

generous

星标

['dʒenərəs] · adj. · Page 166

willing to give or forgive, or larger than usual

慷慨的;大方的;宽宏大量的;大量的

联想

generous 有三条:对人慷慨,心胸宽大,以及数量充足。源层 be generous to... 是核心搭配;generosity 是名词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.慷慨的;大方的

愿意给别人时间、钱、帮助或机会。

常见表达be generous to...generous with time/moneygenerous offergenerous help

The shop owner was generous to families in need.

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店主对有困难的家庭很慷慨。

保留源层 be generous to。

She is generous with her time and often helps classmates.

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她很乐于付出时间,经常帮助同学。

generous with time 表示愿意付出。

adj.宽宏大量的

愿意原谅别人或友善看待别人。

常见表达generous about mistakesgenerous to opponentsa generous attitude

The coach was generous about the player's mistake.

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教练宽容地看待这名球员的错误。

generous 可表示宽容。

A generous attitude can make teamwork easier.

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宽宏的态度能让团队合作更容易。

a generous attitude 表示宽容态度。

adj.大量的;丰富的

数量或尺寸比通常更多。

常见表达a generous amounta generous mealgenerous space

A generous amount of time was given for the exam.

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考试给了相当充足的时间。

a generous amount 表示充足数量。

The new classroom has generous space for group work.

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新教室有充足空间供小组活动。

generous space 是丰富/宽敞。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

giving
乐于给予的
She is giving and helpful. giving 覆盖慷慨义。
kind
友善的
He was kind to the new student. kind 更宽,generous 强调给予或宽容。
large-hearted
宽宏大量的
Her large-hearted reply ended the argument. large-hearted 接近宽宏大量。
selfish
自私的
A selfish person thinks only of himself. selfish 与慷慨相反。
mean
吝啬的
It was mean not to share the food. mean 可表示吝啬。

词族线索 / 同组词

generosity
慷慨;大方
His generosity made the library project possible. generosity 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 gener(出生)+-ous,原义与出身名门有关;现代高频是慷慨、宽容和数量充足。generosity 是名词。

generosity
慷慨;大方
His generosity made the library project possible.

非派生记忆线索

be generous to
对……慷慨
The shop owner was generous to families in need.
a generous amount
大量;充足
A generous amount of time was given.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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083

generosity

[,dʒenə'rɒsəti] · n. [U] · Page 166

the quality of being willing to give, share, or help

慷慨;大方

联想

generosity 是 generous 的名词,通常不可数。它强调愿意给予、帮助或宽容,常见 show generosity、thanks to someone's generosity、generosity to others。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]慷慨;大方

愿意给别人帮助、时间、钱或善意的品质。

常见表达show generositythanks to someone's generositygenerosity to othersan act of generosity

The village remembered her generosity to poor children.

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村里人记得她对贫困儿童的慷慨。

generosity to... 是自然搭配。

His generosity made the library project possible.

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他的慷慨让图书馆项目成为可能。

generosity 可作主语。

The small gift was an act of generosity.

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这份小礼物是一种慷慨之举。

an act of generosity 表示慷慨行为。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

kindness
善良
Her kindness helped many students. kindness 更宽;generosity 强调给予。
giving spirit
乐于给予的精神
The group showed a giving spirit. 解释性近义 cue。
selfishness
自私
Selfishness can damage a team. selfishness 与 generosity 相反。
meanness
吝啬
His meanness surprised his friends. meanness 可表示吝啬。

词族线索 / 同组词

generous
慷慨的;大量的
The shop owner was generous to families in need. generous 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

generosity = generous + -ity,是 generous 的名词形式,表示慷慨这种品质。

generous
慷慨的;大方的;大量的
The shop owner was generous to families in need.

非派生记忆线索

show generosity
表现出慷慨
The students showed generosity by sharing books.
an act of generosity
慷慨之举
The small gift was an act of generosity.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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084

hydrogen

['haidrədʒən] · n. [U] · Page 166

a light chemical element that can combine with oxygen to form water

氢;氢气

联想

hydrogen 是化学词,不要当 gene 的生物词族。源层 hydro(水)+gen(产生)可记为早期“产生水”的命名线;现代搭配是 hydrogen gas / hydrogen and oxygen / hydrogen energy。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]氢;氢气

一种很轻的化学元素,可与氧组成水,也可用于能源语境。

常见表达hydrogen gashydrogen and oxygenhydrogen energyhydrogen fuel

Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.

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水由氢和氧组成。

hydrogen and oxygen 是核心科普搭配。

Some scientists study hydrogen as a clean energy source.

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一些科学家研究把氢作为清洁能源。

hydrogen energy/source 是能源语境。

Hydrogen gas must be stored carefully.

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氢气必须小心储存。

hydrogen gas 表示氢气。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chemical element
化学元素
Hydrogen is a chemical element. 解释性近义 cue。
light gas
轻气体
The light gas rose quickly. 只覆盖气体特点。
oxygen
氧;氧气
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. oxygen 是组成水的另一元素,不是反义词。
water
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen. 源层 hydro(水)+gen 记忆线。
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information. hydrogen 只借 -gen 命名记忆入组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

hydrogen = hydro(水)+gen(产生),是源层化学命名记忆线。它和 gene 不属于现代直接派生关系。

oxygen
氧;氧气
Plants release oxygen.
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information.

非派生记忆线索

hydrogen and oxygen
氢和氧
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
hydrogen energy
氢能
Scientists study hydrogen as clean energy.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

oxygen

['ɒksidʒən] · n. [U] · Page 166

the gas people, animals, and many living things need to breathe

氧;氧气

联想

oxygen 是氧气,常与 breathing、air、supply、plants release oxygen 一起出现。源层 oxy(尖、酸)+gen(产生)是命名记忆线,不是 gene 的现代派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]氧;氧气

空气中的气体,人和动物呼吸需要它,植物光合作用会释放氧。

常见表达oxygen gasneed oxygenoxygen supplyrelease oxygenextra oxygen

Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis.

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植物在光合作用中释放氧气。

release oxygen 是科普搭配。

Climbers may need extra oxygen high in the mountains.

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登山者在高山上可能需要额外氧气。

extra oxygen 是高海拔语境。

Hospitals must keep enough oxygen supply for patients.

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医院必须为病人保留足够的氧气供应。

oxygen supply 是医疗语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

breathing gas
呼吸所需气体
Oxygen is the main breathing gas for humans. 解释性近义 cue。
chemical element
化学元素
Oxygen is a chemical element. 覆盖化学身份。
carbon dioxide
二氧化碳
People breathe out carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide 是呼吸语境对比,不是严格反义。
hydrogen
氢;氢气
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. hydrogen 与 oxygen 共同组成水。
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information. oxygen 只借 -gen 命名记忆入组。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

oxygen = oxy(尖、酸)+gen(产生),是源层化学命名记忆线。学习时按 oxygen gas / oxygen supply / release oxygen 掌握。

hydrogen
氢;氢气
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
gene
基因
Genes carry inherited information.

非派生记忆线索

release oxygen
释放氧气
Plants release oxygen.
oxygen supply
氧气供应
Hospitals need oxygen supply.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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086

pregnant

['pregnənt] · adj. · Page 166

having a baby developing inside the body

怀孕的;妊娠的

联想

pregnant 是正式且常用的形容词,常说 be pregnant、pregnant woman、pregnant with twins。源层 related pregnancy 是名词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.怀孕的;妊娠的

女性或雌性动物体内有正在发育的宝宝。

常见表达be pregnantpregnant womanpregnant with twinsbecome pregnant

The pregnant woman was given a seat on the bus.

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那位孕妇在公交车上被让座。

pregnant woman 是核心搭配。

Doctors offered advice to women who are pregnant.

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医生给孕妇提供建议。

be pregnant 是表语结构。

She is pregnant with twins.

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她怀了双胞胎。

pregnant with twins 是常见结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

expecting a baby
怀着宝宝
She is expecting a baby in May. expecting a baby 是较委婉表达。
with child
怀孕的
The old story says she was with child. with child 较旧或文学化。
not pregnant
未怀孕的
The test showed she was not pregnant. not pregnant 是直接反向。
gene
基因
Genes pass from parents to children. pregnant 借 gn 出生线索入组。

词族线索 / 同组词

pregnancy
怀孕;妊娠期
Good food is important during pregnancy. pregnancy 是源层 related 名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层提示 pre-(在前)+gn(出生)+-ant,可记为出生前的状态。pregnancy 是名词,表示怀孕或孕期。

pregnancy
怀孕;妊娠期
Good food is important during pregnancy.
gene
基因
Genes pass from parents to children.

非派生记忆线索

pregnant woman
孕妇
The pregnant woman was given a seat.
pregnant with twins
怀着双胞胎
She is pregnant with twins.

词族导图

gene 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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087

around

[ə'raund] · prep. / adv. · Page 166

around a place, nearby, in many places, or approximately

环绕;在……周围;大约;在附近;到处

联想

around 的核心是“在周围/绕着”。它还常用来表示“大约”,以及副词“在附近、到处”。要靠 around the table、around eight、look around 判断具体义。

意思、用法与例句

prep.环绕;在……周围

表示围着某物、在某物四周或绕着运动。

常见表达around the tablearound the roomaround the sun

Students sat around the table to discuss the project.

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学生围坐在桌边讨论项目。

around the table 是在周围。

The earth moves around the sun.

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地球绕着太阳转。

around the sun 与源层 round 例句呼应。

prep. / adv.大约;约

表示时间、数量或位置不是精确值。

常见表达around eight o'clockaround ten studentsaround here

The train will arrive around eight o'clock.

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火车大约八点到。

around + 时间表示大约。

Around ten students joined the clean-up activity.

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大约十名学生参加了清洁活动。

around + 数字表示约。

adv.在附近;到处;四处

表示人在附近,或向各处看、走、找。

常见表达be aroundlook aroundwalk aroundall around

Is your brother around, or has he gone home?

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你哥哥在附近吗,还是已经回家了?

be around 表示在附近。

We looked around the museum before the talk began.

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讲座开始前,我们在博物馆四处看了看。

look around 表示四处看看。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

about
大约
The meeting starts at about nine. about 只覆盖大约义。
nearby
在附近
There is a shop nearby. nearby 接近附近义。
round
绕着;大约;圆的
The earth moves round the sun. round 与 around 在部分方位/大约义中接近,另有形容词圆的。
exactly
准确地
The train arrived exactly at eight. exactly 与 around eight 的大约相反。
far away
很远
The station is far away from here. far away 与 around here 的附近义对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

surround
包围;环绕
The lake is surrounded by trees. surround 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

around 与 round 共享“圆、绕、周围”线索。surround = sur- + round,表示从四周围住;roundabout = round + about,表示绕路或环岛。

round
圆的;绕着;大约
The children sat at a round table.
surround
包围;环绕
The lake is surrounded by trees.
roundabout
迂回的;环岛
Turn left at the roundabout.

非派生记忆线索

around eight
大约八点
The train will arrive around eight.
look around
四处看看
We looked around the museum.

词族导图

around 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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088

round

[raund] · adj. / adv. / prep. · Page 166

circular, moving around, around a place, or approximately

圆的;球形的;到处;旋转;环绕;大约

联想

round 比 around 多一个核心形容词义“圆的/球形的”。它也可作副词或介词表示绕着、到处、大约。源层 all around/round 和 around/round the clock 都要一起记。

意思、用法与例句

adj.圆的;球形的

形状像圆或球。

常见表达a round tableround eyesa round ball

The children sat at a round table for lunch.

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孩子们围着一张圆桌吃午饭。

round table 是圆桌。

The child drew a round moon above the house.

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孩子在房子上方画了一个圆圆的月亮。

round 可描述形状。

prep. / adv.环绕;旋转;到处

表示绕着运动、转身或到处。

常见表达move round the sunturn roundlook roundall round

The earth moves round the sun in a year.

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地球一年绕太阳转一圈。

保留源层 round the sun。

She turned round when she heard her name.

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她听到自己的名字就转过身来。

turn round 表示转身。

adv. / prep.大约;日夜不停地

表示大约,或在固定短语 round the clock 中表示昼夜不停。

常见表达round ten o'clockround the clockall around/round

The shop is open round the clock during the festival.

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节日期间这家店昼夜营业。

round the clock 来自源层搭配。

There were round twenty people in the room.

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房间里大约有二十个人。

round 可口语表示大约。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

circular
圆形的
The plate is circular. circular 只覆盖形状义。
around
绕着;大约;在周围
The earth moves around the sun. around 与 round 部分用法接近。
approximately
大约
Approximately twenty people came. approximately 更正式,只覆盖大约义。
square
方形的
The table is square, not round. square 与形状义相反。
straight
直的;直接的
Take the straight road to school. straight 与圆/绕行形成对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

roundabout
迂回的;环岛
Turn left at the roundabout. roundabout 是复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

round 是本组形状和绕行核心:around 借 a- + round 表示在周围;surround 表示从四周包围;roundabout 表示绕路或环岛。

around
在周围;大约;四处
Students sat around the table.
surround
包围;环绕
The lake is surrounded by trees.
roundabout
迂回的;环岛
Turn left at the roundabout.

非派生记忆线索

round the clock
昼夜不停地
The shop is open round the clock.
all around/round
周围;四周
Trees stood all around the lake.

词族导图

around 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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089

surround

星标

[sə'raund] · vt. · Page 166

to be all around someone or something

包围;环绕;围绕

联想

surround 是动词,核心是“从四周围住”。常用被动 be surrounded by,源层例句 The lake is surrounded by trees 就是核心模板。

意思、用法与例句

vt.包围

人、军队、警察等从四周围住某处或某人。

常见表达surround the citysurround the buildingbe surrounded by police

Police surrounded the building to keep people safe.

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警方包围了那栋楼以保护人们安全。

surround the building 是包围。

The soldiers surrounded the city before sunrise.

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士兵们在日出前包围了城市。

surround the city 是包围城市。

vt.环绕;围绕

树、山、水等在某物周围。

常见表达be surrounded by treessurround the lakesurrounding area

The lake is surrounded by trees.

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湖边树木环绕。

保留源层例句。

Mountains surround the small village on three sides.

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群山从三面环绕着这个小村庄。

自然物作主语也可 surround。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encircle
环绕;包围
A low wall encircles the garden. encircle 强调成圈围住。
enclose
围住;封闭
A fence encloses the school garden. enclose 强调围住或封闭空间。
be all around
在四周
Tall trees are all around the lake. 解释性近义 cue。
leave open
敞开;不围住
The front of the yard was left open. leave open 与围住形成对比。
open up
打开;开放
The new road opened up the village. open up 与包围/封闭方向不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

surrounding
周围的
The surrounding area is quiet. surrounding 是源层 related。
surroundings
环境;周围事物
Children learn from their surroundings. surroundings 是源层 related。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

surround 可借 sur- + round 记为从四周围住。surrounding 是形容词“周围的”,surroundings 是复数名词“环境、周围事物”。

surrounding
周围的
The surrounding area is quiet.
surroundings
环境;周围事物
Children learn from their surroundings.
around
在周围;大约
Students sat around the table.

非派生记忆线索

be surrounded by
被……包围/环绕
The lake is surrounded by trees.
surrounding area
周边地区
The surrounding area is quiet.

词族导图

around 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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090

roundabout

['raundəbaut] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 167

not direct, or a circular road junction

迂回的;间接的;环岛

联想

roundabout = round + about,一条是形容词“绕远的、间接的”,一条是名词“环岛”。源层 swings and roundabouts 是习语,表示有得必有失。

意思、用法与例句

adj.迂回的;间接的

路线或说法不直接,绕了一圈。

常见表达a roundabout waya roundabout routea roundabout answer

We took a roundabout way to avoid the broken bridge.

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为了避开断桥,我们走了一条迂回的路。

roundabout way 是绕路。

He gave a roundabout answer instead of saying no directly.

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他给了一个间接回答,而不是直接说不。

roundabout answer 是间接回答。

n. [C]环岛

道路交叉口的圆形交通设施。

常见表达at the roundabouttraffic roundabouttake the first exit at the roundabout

Turn left at the roundabout near the supermarket.

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在超市附近的环岛左转。

roundabout 作名词是环岛。

Take the second exit at the roundabout.

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在环岛第二个出口驶出。

交通指路常用。

phr.有得必有失

swings and roundabouts 是源层习语,表示有利也有弊,整体差不多。

常见表达swings and roundabouts

Moving closer to school costs more rent, so it is swings and roundabouts.

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搬得离学校近会增加租金,所以有得也有失。

源层习语,不按字面翻译。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

indirect
间接的
He gave an indirect answer. indirect 只覆盖形容词义。
circular road junction
环形交叉路口
Cars slowed at the circular road junction. 解释名词义,不是形容词义的近义词。
direct
直接的
Please give me a direct answer. direct 与 roundabout answer/way 相反。
straight
直的;直接的
The straight road is shorter. straight 与绕行方向对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

round
圆的;绕着
The children sat at a round table. roundabout 是 round + about。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

roundabout = round + about,可记为“绕一圈才到”。它既可作形容词,也可作名词环岛。

round
圆的;绕着;大约
The children sat at a round table.
around
在周围;大约;四处
Students sat around the table.

非派生记忆线索

a roundabout way
迂回路线
We took a roundabout way.
at the roundabout
在环岛处
Turn left at the roundabout.
swings and roundabouts
有得必有失
It is swings and roundabouts.

词族导图

around 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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091

base

星标

[beis] · n. [C/U] / vt. · Page 167

a bottom or foundation, a main place for activity, or to build something on a fact or idea

基础;根基;底座;基地;垒;以……为基础

联想

base 的核心是“底部或依托点”。它可指物体底座、抽象基础、基地、棒球垒;作动词时常用 base...on/upon...,表示把……建立在……基础上。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]根基;基底;底座

物体最底部或支撑部分。

常见表达at the base ofthe base of a towera wide base

The tower is wider at the base than at the top.

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这座塔底部比顶部宽。

base 可指具体底部。

There is a small sign at the base of the statue.

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雕像底座处有一块小牌子。

at the base of... 是核心搭配。

n. [C/U]基础;依据;根据地;基地

可指知识、制度等基础,也可指活动或军事基地。

常见表达a strong baseknowledge basemilitary baseresearch base

Reading gives students a strong base for later learning.

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阅读为学生之后的学习打下坚实基础。

base 可指抽象基础。

The team returned to its research base before dark.

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团队天黑前返回研究基地。

base 可指活动基地。

n. [C](棒球等的)垒

棒球等运动中运动员要触碰的垒。

常见表达first basesecond baserun to base

The player reached second base before the ball arrived.

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球到之前,球员跑到了二垒。

base 可指棒球垒。

He ran back to first base after the hit.

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击球后他跑回了一垒。

first base 是运动义。

vt.以……为基础

把计划、判断、故事或报告建立在事实、证据或想法上。

常见表达base...on/upon...be based onbase a decision on facts

The report is based on interviews with local people.

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这份报告以对当地人的采访为基础。

be based on 是高频被动。

We should base our decision on facts, not guesses.

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我们应把决定建立在事实而不是猜测上。

base...on... 来自源层搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

foundation
基础;根基
A good foundation helps a building stand safely. foundation 接近具体/抽象基础。
bottom
底部
The name is written at the bottom of the page. bottom 只覆盖底部义。
headquarters
总部;基地
The group set up headquarters near the river. headquarters 接近活动基地。
top
顶部
The flag is at the top of the tower. top 与具体 base/bottom 相反。
guess
猜测
A guess is not enough for a report. guess 与 base a decision on facts 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

basis
基础;根据
The decision was made on the basis of safety. basis 更常指抽象根据。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

base 是本组核心。basis 偏抽象根据;basic 是形容词“基础的”;basement = base + -ment,可记为建筑底部地下室;database = data + base,是数据资料库。

basis
基础;根据
The decision was made on the basis of safety.
basic
基本的;基础的
Reading is a basic skill.
basement
地下室
The bicycles are kept in the basement.
database
数据库;资料库
We planned to build an online database.

非派生记忆线索

base...on/upon...
把……建立在……基础上
We should base our decision on facts.
at the base of
在……底部
There is a sign at the base of the statue.

词族导图

base 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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092

basis

星标

['beisis] · n. [C usually sing. / U] · Page 167

the reason, rule, or foundation on which something is built or decided

基础;根据

联想

basis 多用于抽象“根据/基础”,常见 on the basis of...。源层明确提示:base 可指建筑等具体基础,basis 常指抽象根据或基础。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]基础;根据

作为决定、判断、理论或关系的依据。

常见表达on the basis ofbasis fora sound basisthe basis of...

The decision was made on the basis of safety.

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这个决定是基于安全考虑作出的。

on the basis of... 是源层核心搭配。

Trust is the basis for good teamwork.

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信任是良好团队合作的基础。

basis for... 表示……的基础。

The simplicity of football may be the basis of its popularity.

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足球的简单性也许是它受欢迎的基础。

改写并保留源层例句语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

foundation
基础
Trust is the foundation of friendship. foundation 可具体可抽象;basis 更偏抽象依据。
reason
理由;根据
The reason for the change was clear. reason 接近根据。
ground
理由;根据
There were no grounds for complaint. ground 作根据时常用复数 grounds。
result
结果
The result came after months of work. result 是之后出现的结果,不是依据。
guess
猜测
A guess is not a sound basis for a decision. guess 与可靠 basis 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

base
底部;基础;基地
The tower is wider at the base. base 更可指具体底部或基地。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

basis 与 base 同源记忆,但 basis 重点是抽象根据、基础。注意复数是 bases,发音和 base 的复数不同。

base
底部;基础;基地;以……为基础
The report is based on interviews.
basic
基本的;基础的
Reading is a basic skill.

非派生记忆线索

on the basis of
根据;以……为基础
The decision was made on the basis of safety.
basis for
……的基础/根据
Trust is the basis for teamwork.

词族导图

base 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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093

basic

['beisik] · adj. · Page 167

simple, necessary, or forming the foundation

基本的;基础的

联想

basic 是 base 的形容词线,表示最基础、最必要、先要掌握的部分。常见 basic skills、basic needs、basic idea、basic knowledge。

意思、用法与例句

adj.基本的;基础的

表示简单、必要、最先要掌握或构成基础的。

常见表达basic skillsbasic needsbasic knowledgebasic ideabasic grammar

Reading is a basic skill for every subject.

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阅读是每门学科的基本技能。

basic skill 是基础技能。

Students learn basic grammar before writing long essays.

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学生先学习基础语法,再写长文章。

basic grammar 是基础内容。

Food, water, and safety are basic needs.

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食物、水和安全是基本需求。

basic needs 是生活必需。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fundamental
基本的;根本的
Reading is a fundamental skill. fundamental 比 basic 更正式。
essential
必要的
Clean water is essential for health. essential 强调不可缺少。
simple
简单的
The instructions are simple. simple 只覆盖不复杂义。
advanced
高级的;进阶的
The course is for advanced learners. advanced 与 basic course/grammar 相反。
complex
复杂的
The problem is complex. complex 与 basic/simple 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

base
基础;底部
The tower is wider at the base. basic 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

basic = base + -ic,可记为与基础有关的。basic 不作名词“基础”,名词用 base 或 basis。

base
基础;底部;基地
The tower is wider at the base.
basis
根据;基础
The decision was made on the basis of safety.

非派生记忆线索

basic skills
基本技能
Reading is a basic skill.
basic needs
基本需求
Food and water are basic needs.

词族导图

base 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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094

basement

['beismənt] · n. [C] · Page 167

a room or floor below ground level

地下室

联想

basement = base + -ment,可记为建筑底部下面的房间或楼层。源层例句里的 wet 应理解为 dampness/moisture,即地下室潮湿损坏了书。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地下室

建筑物地面以下的房间或楼层,可用于储物、停车或设备间。

常见表达in the basementbasement roombasement floorbasement storage

The bicycles are kept in the basement of the building.

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自行车放在这栋楼的地下室里。

in the basement 是核心搭配。

Moisture in the basement damaged his books.

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地下室里的潮气损坏了他的书。

改写源层例句,使 wet 更自然。

The school keeps old desks in a basement room.

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学校把旧课桌放在地下室房间里。

basement room 是地下室房间。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cellar
地窖;地下室
The old house has a wine cellar. cellar 常指地窖或储藏地下室。
underground room
地下房间
The museum has an underground room for storage. 解释性近义 cue。
attic
阁楼
Old boxes were kept in the attic. attic 在屋顶下,位置与 basement 对比。
top floor
顶楼
The office is on the top floor. top floor 与地下室位置对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

base
底部;基础
The tower is wider at the base. basement 来自 base + -ment。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

basement = base + -ment,表示建筑底部下面的空间。它是具体地点名词,不等于 abstract basis。

base
底部;基础;基地
The tower is wider at the base.

非派生记忆线索

in the basement
在地下室
The bicycles are kept in the basement.
basement storage
地下室储物
The school uses basement storage.

词族导图

base 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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095

database

['deitəbeis] · n. [C] · Page 167

an organized collection of information stored on a computer

数据库;资料库

联想

database = data + base,可理解为数据的存放基础或资料库。它不是普通 paper pile,而是有结构、能搜索、常在电脑或网络中保存的信息集合。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]数据库;资料库

在电脑中有组织地保存、查询和管理的信息集合。

常见表达online databasesearch a databasestudent databaselibrary databasesecure database

We planned to build an online database.

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我们计划建立一个在线数据库。

保留源层例句。

The library database helps students find articles quickly.

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图书馆数据库帮助学生快速找到文章。

library database 是资料检索语境。

Doctors keep patient information in a secure database.

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医生把病人信息保存在安全数据库中。

secure database 强调安全资料库。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

information system
信息系统
The information system stores school records. information system 更宽。
data store
数据存储库
The company uses a data store for sales records. data store 接近技术语境。
record collection
记录集合
The record collection was easy to search. 解释性近义 cue。
paper pile
一堆纸
A paper pile is hard to search quickly. paper pile 与有组织数据库对比。
unorganized notes
杂乱笔记
Unorganized notes can be difficult to use. unorganized notes 与 organized database 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

base
基础;存放点
The report is based on interviews. database 是 data + base。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

database = data + base,表示数据资料的存放基础。它是复合词,不是 base 的抽象义同义词。

data
数据;资料
The data show a change in reading habits.
base
基础;底部;基地
The tower is wider at the base.

非派生记忆线索

online database
在线数据库
We planned to build an online database.
search a database
搜索数据库
Students searched the database for articles.

词族导图

base 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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096

call

星标

[kɔ:l] · v. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 167-168

to shout, phone, name, ask for action, or make a short visit; also the shout, phone call, or visit

叫;喊;呼唤;打电话;称为;安排;喊声;电话;短暂拜访

联想

call 是高频多义词,核心是“发出召唤或联系”。它可表示喊叫、打电话、称呼、安排或号召,也可作名词表示喊声、电话和短暂拜访。

意思、用法与例句

v.叫;喊;呼唤;打电话

用声音或电话联系某人,也可叫某人过来。

常见表达call someonecall for helpcall backcall upcall in

Please call me when you arrive at the station.

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你到车站时请给我打电话。

call 可表示打电话。

The coach called the players together before the match.

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比赛前教练把队员们叫到一起。

call 可表示呼唤、召集。

A child called for help from the river bank.

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一个孩子在河岸边呼救。

call for help 是呼救。

vt.把……称为;安排;取消或号召

给人或事物命名,也可安排会议、取消活动或号召行动。

常见表达call sb./sth. + namecall a meetingcall offcall on sb. to do

Everyone calls her Lily at school.

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在学校大家都叫她莉莉。

call sb. + 名字 表示称呼。

The school called off the sports meeting because of heavy rain.

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学校因大雨取消了运动会。

call off 是源层短语。

The notice called on students to save water.

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通知号召学生节约用水。

call on 可表示呼吁。

n. [C]喊声;电话;短暂拜访

作名词时表示一次呼喊、电话或拜访。

常见表达a phone callmake a callpay a call on sb.a call for help

I missed a call from my father during class.

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上课时我错过了父亲的一个电话。

a call 可指一次电话。

We paid a short call on our old teacher.

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我们短暂拜访了以前的老师。

pay a call on sb. 来自源层搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

phone
打电话
Please phone me when you arrive. phone 只覆盖打电话义。
shout
喊叫
Someone shouted for help. shout 强调大声喊。
name
命名;称为
They named the baby Emma. name 接近 call sb. sth. 的称呼义。
hang up
挂断电话
Do not hang up before the call ends. hang up 只在电话语境中对比。
ignore
忽视;不理会
He ignored the call for help. ignore 与回应呼唤对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

recall
回忆起;召回
I cannot recall the exact date. recall = re- + call,表示叫回记忆或召回物品。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

call 是本组核心。recall 是 re- + call,表示把记忆或物品叫回;calendar、challenge、council 主要是记忆线索巧记线索或形近/音近线索,不能当作 call 的现代直接派生。

recall
回忆起;召回
I cannot recall the exact date.
calendar
日历;日程表
Mark the exam date on your calendar.
challenge
挑战;质疑
Finding common ground can be a challenge.
council
委员会;地方议会
The student council organized a book exchange.

非派生记忆线索

call off
取消
The match was called off because of rain.
call on
呼吁;拜访
The notice called on students to save water.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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097

recall

[ri'kɔ:l] · v. / vt. · Page 168

to remember, bring back to mind, or officially call something back

回忆起;使想起;召回;收回

联想

recall = re- + call,可理解为“把记忆叫回来”或“把产品/人员召回”。它比 remember 更正式,也可用于官方召回。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.回忆起;回想起;使想起

把过去的人、事、话或感觉想起来。

常见表达recall a namerecall that...recall doing sth.recall a memory

I cannot recall the exact date of the meeting.

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我想不起会议的确切日期。

recall 比 remember 略正式。

The smell of bread recalled my childhood.

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面包的味道使我想起了童年。

recall 可表示使想起。

She recalled meeting the writer years ago.

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她回想起多年前见过那位作家。

recall doing sth. 是常见结构。

vt.召回;收回

官方或公司把人员、产品或信息叫回、收回。

常见表达recall a productrecall carsrecall an ambassador

The company recalled the toy because it was unsafe.

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公司因玩具不安全而召回了它。

product recall 是常见语境。

Several cars were recalled after the safety test.

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安全测试后有几款汽车被召回。

be recalled 用于被动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remember
记得;想起
I remember her face clearly. remember 更日常;recall 更正式。
remind
使想起;提醒
This photo reminds me of home. remind 常用 remind sb. of sth.。
forget
忘记
I forgot his address. forget 与 recall 记忆义相反。
release
释放;发布
The company released the new phone. release 与召回产品在产品语境中对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

call back
回电话;叫回
Can you call me back tonight? call back 是短语;recall 更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recall = re- (back) + call。记忆义是把过去内容叫回脑中;召回义是把产品、车辆或人员叫回。

call
叫;打电话;称为
Please call me when you arrive.

非派生记忆线索

product recall
产品召回
The company recalled the toy.
recall that...
回想起……
She recalled that the road was narrow.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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098

calendar

['kælində(r)] · n. [C] · Page 168

a chart, system, or schedule showing days, months, events, and dates

日历;历法;日程表

联想

calendar 学习重点不是现代 call 派生,而是“日期系统/日程安排”。可用 cal(=call)+end+-ar 讲古罗马宣告新月的记忆线索,实际用法要落到日期、学期安排和活动日程。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]日历;历法

显示日期、星期、月份或年份的表,也可指一套历法系统。

常见表达check the calendara wall calendarthe lunar calendarcalendar year

Mark the exam date on your calendar.

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把考试日期标在日历上。

calendar 可指日历。

The festival follows the lunar calendar.

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这个节日按农历来过。

calendar 也可指历法。

n. [C]日程表;活动安排

学校、机构或个人的日期安排。

常见表达school calendarwork calendaron the calendarcalendar of events

The school calendar includes two sports days this term.

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学校日程表上本学期有两次运动日。

school calendar 是日程安排。

The meeting is already on my calendar.

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这个会议已经在我的日程表上了。

on my calendar 是安排在日程上。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

schedule
日程;安排
The schedule shows all the meetings. schedule 强调安排;calendar 强调按日期呈现。
timetable
时间表
Our timetable changes on Monday. timetable 常指课程或交通时刻表。
date
日期
What is the date today? date 是具体日期,calendar 是日期系统或表。
call
叫;宣告
The priest called the new month. 这是记忆线索,不是现代直接派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

calendar 可借记忆线索 cal/call 记忆古代宣告月份的故事,但现代学习重点是 date、month、year、event 和 schedule。

date
日期
The date is marked on the calendar.
schedule
日程;安排
The schedule shows all the meetings.

非派生记忆线索

school calendar
校历;学校日程表
The school calendar includes two sports days.
calendar year
日历年
A calendar year begins in January.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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099

challenge

星标

['tʃælindʒ] · n. [C/U] / vt. · Page 168

a difficult task that tests ability, or an act of questioning something

挑战;难题;质疑;向……挑战

联想

challenge 有两条高考常见线:名词“挑战/难题”,动词“质疑/向……挑战”。源层例句是 office communication can be a challenge,强调困难任务。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]挑战;难题

需要努力、能力或勇气才能完成的事情。

常见表达face a challengemeet a challengetake up a challengea challenge for/to sb.

Finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge.

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在沟通方式上找到共同点可能是一个挑战。

保留并压缩源层全国卷语境。

Learning to speak in public was a challenge for him.

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学习公开演讲对他来说是个挑战。

challenge 作名词。

vt.质疑;向……挑战

对观点、决定或权威提出质疑,也可挑战某人去做某事。

常见表达challenge a decisionchallenge a viewchallenge sb. to do sth.

The lawyer challenged the witness's statement.

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律师质疑了证人的陈述。

challenge 可表示质疑。

She challenged her classmates to read ten books this month.

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她向同学们发起挑战,让他们本月读十本书。

challenge sb. to do sth. 是向某人挑战。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

difficulty
困难;难题
The first difficulty was finding enough time. difficulty 接近挑战义,但不含主动迎战感。
test
考验
The long walk was a test of patience. test 强调考验能力。
question
质疑
Several students questioned the result. question 接近动词质疑义。
easy task
容易的任务
For her, the puzzle was an easy task. easy task 与挑战/难题义相反。
accept
接受
He accepted the decision without argument. accept 与 challenge a decision 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

challenging
富有挑战性的
The task was challenging but useful. challenging 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

challenge 可用 chall 为 call 的变体记忆,但现代用法重点是 challenge/challenging 的动词、名词和形容词转换。

challenging
富有挑战性的;考验能力的
The task was challenging but useful.

非派生记忆线索

face a challenge
面对挑战
The team faced a serious challenge.
challenge a view
质疑观点
The article challenged an old view.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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100

challenging

['tʃælindʒiŋ] · adj. · Page 168

difficult in a way that tests ability and effort

富有挑战性的;考验能力的

联想

challenging 是 challenge 的形容词,强调事情难但能锻炼能力,常带积极或中性语气,不只是 bad 或 impossible。

意思、用法与例句

adj.富有挑战性的;考验能力的

任务、课程或环境比较难,需要能力、努力或耐心。

常见表达challenging taskchallenging coursefind it challengingchallenging but meaningful

The math problem was challenging but interesting.

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这道数学题有挑战性但很有趣。

challenging 可带积极语气。

Teaching in a mountain village can be challenging and meaningful.

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在山村教书可能富有挑战性,也很有意义。

challenging 与 meaningful 常搭配成正向语境。

Many students find public speaking challenging.

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许多学生觉得公开演讲很有挑战性。

find sth. challenging 是常见结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

difficult
困难的
The task was difficult for beginners. difficult 更中性;challenging 常暗含能锻炼人。
demanding
要求高的
The job is demanding but rewarding. demanding 强调要求高。
testing
考验人的
It was a testing experience. testing 接近考验能力。
easy
容易的
The first exercise is easy. easy 与 challenging 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

challenge
挑战;质疑
Finding common ground can be a challenge. challenge 是名词或动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

challenging = challenge + -ing。它是形容词,修饰 task、course、job、experience 等,不直接作名词“挑战”。

challenge
挑战;质疑
The team faced a challenge.

非派生记忆线索

find it challenging
觉得它有挑战性
Many students find public speaking challenging.
challenging but meaningful
有挑战性但有意义
The work is challenging but meaningful.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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101

council

['kaunsl] · n. [C] · Page 168

a group of people chosen to discuss, advise, or manage public affairs

委员会;地方议会;市政服务机构

联想

council 指一群被选出或任命来开会、讨论并处理公共事务的人,如 student council、city council、Arts Council。它与 counsel 形近音近但不同:counsel 是建议或劝告。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]委员会;地方议会

被选出或任命来讨论、建议或管理事务的组织。

常见表达student councilcity councilArts Councilcouncil meeting

The student council organized a book exchange.

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学生会组织了一次图书交换活动。

student council 是学生委员会/学生会。

The city council discussed plans for a new park.

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市议会讨论了新公园的计划。

city council 是地方议会。

The theatre is supported by the Arts Council.

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那家剧院得到艺术委员会的支持。

改写源层例句,使搭配更自然。

n. [C]市政服务机构

在英式语境中也可指提供地方公共服务的机构。

常见表达local councilcouncil servicescouncil housing

The local council repaired the road near our school.

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当地市政机构修好了学校附近的路。

local council 可指地方市政机构。

Council services include libraries and waste collection.

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市政服务包括图书馆和垃圾收集。

council services 是公共服务语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

committee
委员会
The committee met to discuss the plan. committee 范围更广;council 常有公共事务或正式咨询功能。
board
董事会;委员会
The school board approved the plan. board 更常用于学校、公司或机构管理。
local government
地方政府
Local government provides public services. council 常与地方公共事务有关。
counsel
建议;劝告
She gave him wise counsel. counsel 拼写相近但意思是建议/劝告,不是委员会。
individual decision
个人决定
It was an individual decision, not a council vote. council 强调集体讨论或表决。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

council 可用 coun-/com- 一起的线索记忆,可理解为一群人一起开会处理事务。注意不要和 counsel 混淆。

student council
学生会;学生委员会
The student council organized a book exchange.
city council
市议会
The city council discussed a new park.
Arts Council
艺术委员会
The theatre is supported by the Arts Council.

非派生记忆线索

council meeting
委员会会议
The council meeting lasted two hours.
local council
地方市政机构
The local council repaired the road.

词族导图

call 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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102

bicycle

['baisikl] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 168

a two-wheeled vehicle moved by pedals, or to travel by bicycle

自行车;脚踏车;骑自行车

联想

bicycle = bi- 两个 + cycle 轮,可记为两个轮子的脚踏车。考试中更常见名词 bicycle 和短语 by bicycle/bike;动词义也存在,但日常更常说 ride a bicycle 或 cycle。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]自行车;脚踏车

靠脚踏板驱动的两轮交通工具。

常见表达ride a bicycleby bicycle/bikebicycle lanebicycle helmet

He goes to school by bicycle when the weather is fine.

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天气好时,他骑自行车上学。

by bicycle/bike 来自源层搭配。

The city built a new bicycle lane near the river.

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这座城市在河边修了一条新的自行车道。

bicycle lane 是自行车道。

vi.骑自行车

作不及物动词时表示骑自行车出行,较正式;口语常用 cycle 或 ride a bicycle。

常见表达bicycle to workbicycle across town

Some students bicycle to school every morning.

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一些学生每天早上骑自行车上学。

bicycle 可作不及物动词。

They bicycled across town on a sunny afternoon.

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他们在一个晴朗的下午骑车穿过城镇。

动词义一般用于出行语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bike
自行车
He fixed his bike after school. bike 更口语,也可指摩托车,需看语境。
cycle
自行车;骑车
Many students cycle to school in spring. cycle 可作名词或动词,是下一组核心。
motorcycle
摩托车
A motorcycle is powered by an engine. motorcycle 有发动机;bicycle 靠脚踏。
car
汽车
The family went by car. car 是四轮机动车,不是 bicycle 的反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

cyclist
骑自行车的人
Every cyclist should wear a helmet. cyclist 是骑车的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bicycle = bi- (two) + cycle (wheel/circle)。本组先学人和车:cyclist 是骑车的人;motorcycle = motor + cycle,是有发动机的两轮车。

cyclist
骑自行车的人
Every cyclist should wear a helmet.
motorcycle
摩托车
A motorcycle passed the bus at high speed.
cycle①
自行车;骑自行车
Many students cycle to school in spring.

非派生记忆线索

by bicycle/bike
骑自行车
He goes to school by bicycle.
bicycle lane
自行车道
The city built a bicycle lane.

词族导图

bicycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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103

cycle①

星标

['saikl] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 168

a bicycle, or to travel by bicycle

自行车;骑自行车

联想

cycle① 是交通义:既可作名词“自行车”,也可作不及物动词“骑自行车”。它和 bicycle/cyclist 关系更近,不要和 cycle② 的“循环/周期”混在一起。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]自行车

较正式或英式语境中的自行车。

常见表达ride a cycleold cyclecycle lane

The old cycle needs a new front wheel.

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这辆旧自行车需要一个新的前轮。

cycle 可作名词“自行车”。

There is a cycle lane beside the main road.

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主路旁有一条自行车道。

cycle lane 是自行车道。

vi.骑自行车

表示骑自行车出行或运动。

常见表达cycle to schoolcycle along the rivergo cycling

Many students cycle to school in spring.

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春天许多学生骑自行车上学。

cycle to school 是动词义。

We cycled along the river after lunch.

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午饭后我们沿河骑行。

cycle 可作不及物动词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bicycle
自行车
He goes to school by bicycle. bicycle 更明确指脚踏自行车。
bike
自行车;单车
She left her bike near the gate. bike 更口语。
cycle②
循环;周期
The water cycle brings rain back to the sea. 同形但义项不同。
walk
步行
Some students walk to school. walk 是出行方式对比,不是严格反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

cyclist
骑自行车的人
Every cyclist should wear a helmet. cyclist 是骑车的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cycle① 与 bicycle/cyclist 同属骑行线;cycle② 才进入循环和圆形线。

bicycle
自行车;骑自行车
He goes to school by bicycle.
cyclist
骑自行车的人
Every cyclist should wear a helmet.

非派生记忆线索

cycle to school
骑车上学
Many students cycle to school.
cycle lane
自行车道
There is a cycle lane beside the road.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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104

cyclist

['saiklist] · n. [C] · Page 168

a person who rides a bicycle

骑自行车的人

联想

cyclist = cycle + -ist,-ist 常表示从事某事的人。cyclist 是骑自行车的人,source related 还给出 bicyclist。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]骑自行车的人

骑自行车的人,尤其在道路交通、安全或比赛语境中常见。

常见表达a careful cyclistcyclist safetya group of cyclistsprofessional cyclist

Every cyclist should wear a helmet at night.

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每位骑车者晚上都应戴头盔。

cyclist 指骑自行车的人。

The road is narrow, so drivers must watch for cyclists.

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道路狭窄,所以司机必须注意骑自行车的人。

drivers 与 cyclists 是交通角色对比。

A group of cyclists stopped at the traffic light.

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一群骑自行车的人在红绿灯前停了下来。

a group of cyclists 是复数语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bicyclist
骑自行车者
A bicyclist waited beside the road. bicyclist 是 source related;cyclist 更常见简洁。
bike rider
骑车人
The bike rider slowed down near the school. bike rider 更口语。
driver
司机
Drivers should leave space for cyclists. driver 与 cyclist 是交通角色对比,不是反义。
pedestrian
行人
Pedestrians crossed the street slowly. pedestrian 是步行者,与 cyclist 出行方式不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

bicycle
自行车;骑自行车
He goes to school by bicycle. cyclist 是骑 bicycle 的人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cyclist = cycle + -ist。-ist 表示人,如 artist 是艺术家;cyclist 是骑自行车的人。

bicycle
自行车;骑自行车
He goes to school by bicycle.
cycle①
骑自行车
Many students cycle to school.

非派生记忆线索

cyclist safety
骑行者安全
Cyclist safety is important on busy roads.
bicyclist
骑自行车者
A bicyclist waited beside the road.

词族导图

bicycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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105

motorcycle

['məutəsaikl] · n. [C] · Page 169

a two-wheeled vehicle powered by a motor

摩托车

联想

motorcycle = motor + cycle,是带发动机的两轮车。它和 bicycle 都有两个轮子,但 bicycle 靠脚踏,motorcycle 靠发动机。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]摩托车

有发动机的两轮机动车。

常见表达ride a motorcyclemotorcycle helmetmotorcycle accidentmotorcycle rider

A motorcycle passed the bus at high speed.

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一辆摩托车高速超过了公交车。

motorcycle 是机动车。

He wore a helmet while riding his motorcycle.

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他骑摩托车时戴着头盔。

motorcycle helmet / wear a helmet 是安全语境。

The police asked motorcycle riders to slow down near the school.

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警方要求摩托车骑手在学校附近减速。

motorcycle rider 是骑摩托车的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

motorbike
摩托车
A motorbike stopped outside the shop. motorbike 比 motorcycle 更口语。
powered two-wheeler
机动两轮车
A powered two-wheeler needs fuel or electricity. 解释性近义 cue。
bicycle
自行车
A bicycle is moved by pedals. bicycle 靠脚踏;motorcycle 靠发动机。
car
汽车
A car usually has four wheels. car 是机动车但通常四轮。

词族线索 / 同组词

cycle①
自行车;骑车
Many students cycle to school. motorcycle 保留 cycle 的两轮线索。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

motorcycle = motor + cycle。motor 表示发动机,cycle 保留轮子/骑行线索。

bicycle
自行车
He goes to school by bicycle.
cycle①
自行车;骑自行车
Many students cycle to school.

非派生记忆线索

motorbike
摩托车
A motorbike stopped outside the shop.
motorcycle helmet
摩托车头盔
He wore a motorcycle helmet.

词族导图

bicycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

cycle②

['saikl] · n. [C] / v. · Page 169

a repeated series of events, or to move through repeated stages

循环;周期;使循环

联想

cycle② 是“循环/周期”义,核心是反复回到某个阶段。它连接 recycle 的“再循环利用”和 circle/circulate/circuit 的圆、绕、流动线。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]循环;周期

一系列阶段按顺序重复出现。

常见表达life cyclewater cyclebusiness cyclea cycle of

The water cycle explains how rain returns to the sea.

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水循环解释了雨水如何回到大海。

water cycle 是高频自然科学搭配。

A butterfly's life cycle has several stages.

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蝴蝶的生命周期有几个阶段。

life cycle 表示生命周期。

v.循环;按周期运行

机器、过程或信息按步骤重复运行。

常见表达cycle throughcycle backcycle between

The machine cycles through the same steps every hour.

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这台机器每小时重复同样的步骤。

cycle through 表示循环经过。

The display cycles between three different messages.

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显示屏在三条不同信息之间循环切换。

cycle between 表示在几个状态间循环。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

repeated pattern
重复模式
The repeated pattern is easy to notice. 解释 cycle 的周期性。
round
一轮;一圈
The team finished another round of tests. round 与一轮/一圈有关,但不是完全同义。
one-time event
一次性事件
The meeting was a one-time event. one-time event 与周期重复对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

recycle
回收利用
Plastic bottles can be recycled. recycle = re- + cycle。
circle
圆;圈出;环绕
Please circle the correct answer. circle 走圆形和环绕线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cycle② 是循环线的核心:recycle 表示再循环利用;circle 表示圆或环绕;circulate 表示循环流动或传播;circuit 表示绕行路线或电路。

recycle
回收利用
Plastic bottles can be recycled.
circle
圆;圈出;环绕
Please circle the correct answer.
circulate
循环;流传;发送
Blood circulates through the body.
circuit
环行路线;电路
The circuit is broken.

非派生记忆线索

water cycle
水循环
The water cycle brings rain back.
life cycle
生命周期
A butterfly has a life cycle.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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107

recycle

星标

[,ri:'saikl] · v. · Page 169

to use waste materials again instead of throwing them away

回收利用;再利用

联想

recycle = re- 再 + cycle 循环,把废纸、塑料、玻璃等重新放回可用循环。源层全国乙卷例句强调 global plastic waste is recycled。

意思、用法与例句

v.回收利用;再利用

把废弃材料处理后再次使用。

常见表达recycle paperrecycle plasticbe recycled intorecycling bin

Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled.

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全球只有 9% 的塑料废弃物被回收利用。

保留源层全国乙卷例句。

Our school recycles paper and plastic bottles.

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我们学校回收纸张和塑料瓶。

recycle 后接材料。

Old glass can be recycled into new bottles.

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旧玻璃可以被回收制成新瓶子。

be recycled into 表示被回收制成。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reuse
再次使用
We reuse shopping bags when possible. reuse 可不经过处理;recycle 常指回收处理后再利用。
recover materials
回收材料
The factory recovers useful materials from waste. recover materials 偏技术或工厂语境。
throw away
扔掉
Do not throw away bottles that can be recycled. throw away 与回收利用对比。
waste
浪费;废弃
It is wrong to waste clean paper. waste 与再利用对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

cycle②
循环;周期
The water cycle repeats naturally. recycle 来自 re- + cycle。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recycle = re- (again) + cycle。recyclable 是 source related,可回收利用的。

cycle②
循环;周期
The water cycle repeats.
recyclable
可回收利用的
Glass bottles are recyclable.

非派生记忆线索

recycling bin
回收箱
Put paper in the recycling bin.
be recycled into
被回收制成
Old glass can be recycled into bottles.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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108

circle

['sɜ:kl] · n. [C] / vt. / vi. · Page 169

a round shape or group, or to draw around something or move around it

圆;圆圈;圈子;圈出;盘旋;环绕

联想

circle 是圆形线的核心词:名词可指圆形或圈子;动词可指圈出答案,也可指鸟、飞机等盘旋。源层短语 go/run around in circles 表示白忙活。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]圆;圆圈;圈子

圆形,也可指社交、学术或朋友圈子。

常见表达draw a circlein a circlea circle of friendsin business circles

The children stood in a circle and sang.

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孩子们站成一圈唱歌。

circle 作名词圆圈。

Her ideas are popular in scientific circles.

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她的想法在科学界很受欢迎。

circle 可指圈子、界。

vt.圈出

用笔在答案、词或位置周围画圈。

常见表达circle the answercircle a wordcircle a date

Please circle the correct answer on the paper.

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请在试卷上圈出正确答案。

circle 作及物动词。

Circle the date on your calendar.

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在日历上把这个日期圈出来。

circle a date 是圈出日期。

vi. / vt.盘旋;环绕

鸟、飞机或人/车绕着某处移动。

常见表达circle abovecircle aroundcircle the building

Birds circled above the lake in the evening.

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傍晚鸟儿在湖面上空盘旋。

circle 可表示盘旋。

The plane circled the city before landing.

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飞机降落前绕城市盘旋。

circle 可接宾语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ring
圆环;圈
A ring of trees surrounds the lake. ring 偏环形物。
round shape
圆形
A coin has a round shape. 解释 circle 的形状义。
square
正方形
The window is square. square 只与形状义对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

semicircle
半圆
The students sat in a semicircle. semicircle = semi- + circle。
circulate
循环;传播
Blood circulates through the body. circulate 走绕行和流动线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

circle 与 cycle 同源记忆线,核心是圆、绕、回到原点。semicircle 是半圆;circulate 是循环流动或传播;circuit 是绕行路线/电路;circus 原义是圆形表演场地。

semicircle
半圆
The students sat in a semicircle.
circulate
循环;传播
Blood circulates through the body.
circuit
环行路线;电路
The circuit is broken.
circus
圆形广场;马戏团
The circus came to town.

非派生记忆线索

run around in circles
白忙活
Without a plan, we ran around in circles.
circle the answer
圈出答案
Please circle the correct answer.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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109

semicircle

['semisɜ:kl] · n. [C] · Page 169

half of a circle

半圆

联想

semicircle = semi- 半 + circle 圆,是半圆或半圆形排列。常见 sit/form in a semicircle。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]半圆

圆的一半,也可指人或物排成半圆形。

常见表达form a semicirclesit in a semicirclesemicircle shapea perfect semicircle

The students sat in a semicircle around the speaker.

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学生们围着演讲者坐成半圆形。

sit in a semicircle 是课堂场景。

The bridge makes a perfect semicircle over the stream.

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这座桥在小溪上形成一个完美的半圆。

semicircle 可指半圆形。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

half circle
半圆
The chairs formed a half circle. half circle 是解释性近义。
arc
弧线
The ball flew in a high arc. arc 是弧线,不一定是完整半圆。
full circle
完整圆
The path makes a full circle. full circle 与半圆对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

circle
圆;圆圈
The children stood in a circle. semicircle = semi- + circle。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

semi- 表示半,semicircle 就是半个 circle。

circle
圆;圈出;环绕
Please circle the correct answer.

非派生记忆线索

sit in a semicircle
坐成半圆形
The students sat in a semicircle.
form a semicircle
形成半圆
The chairs formed a semicircle.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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110

circulate

['sɜ:kjəleit] · v. / vi. / vt. · Page 169

to move around continuously, or to spread information among people

循环;流通;散布;传播;发送

联想

circulate 把 circle 的“绕行”变成流动过程:血液/空气循环,消息/谣言流传,通知/文件发送给多人。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.循环;流通

血液、空气或液体在系统中持续流动。

常见表达blood circulatesair circulatescirculate freelycirculate through

The condition prevents the blood from circulating freely.

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这种病阻碍了血液自由循环。

保留源层例句。

Warm air circulates through the classroom.

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暖空气在教室里循环流动。

air circulates 是空气流动。

vi. / vt.散布;流传;发送;传播

消息、故事、文件或通知在人群中传播或分发。

常见表达rumours circulatecirculate informationcirculate a noticecirculate among

A notice circulated among parents before the trip.

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旅行前一份通知在家长中传阅。

circulate among 表示在群体中流传。

Please circulate the report to every member of the team.

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请把报告发给团队每位成员。

circulate 可作及物动词“发送”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flow
流动
Water flows through the pipe. flow 偏液体或连续流动。
spread
传播;扩散
The news spread quickly. spread 接近消息传播义。
stop moving
停止流动
The air stopped moving in the closed room. 只与循环流动义对比。
keep private
保密
Keep the plan private until Friday. 与 circulate information 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

circle
圆;环绕
Birds circled above the lake. circulate 带有绕行/循环线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

circulate 与 circle 同源记忆线,-ate 常构成动词。它不是只表示圆形,而是“在系统或人群中流动”。

circle
圆;环绕
Birds circled above the lake.
circulation
循环;发行量;流通
Exercise improves blood circulation.

非派生记忆线索

blood circulates
血液循环
Blood circulates through the body.
circulate information
传播/发送信息
Please circulate the report.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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111

circuit

星标

['sɜ:kit] · n. [C] · Page 169

a complete route around something, an electrical path, or a set of events in different places

环行;环行路线;电路;线路;巡回赛

联想

circuit 来自 circu = circle + it/go,可理解为“绕一圈的路线”。它既可指跑步/巡回路线,也可指电流走的一整条电路,还可指巡回赛事。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]环行;环行路线

绕某处一圈的路线或一次绕行。

常见表达make a circuita circuit ofcomplete a circuit

Runners made three circuits of the school field.

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跑步者绕学校操场跑了三圈。

circuit 可指绕行一圈。

The earth's circuit of the sun takes about a year.

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地球绕太阳运行一周大约需要一年。

保留源层 circuit of the sun 语境。

n. [C]电路;线路

电流流动的闭合路径。

常见表达electric circuitshort circuitcircuit boardbroken circuit

The light will not work if the circuit is broken.

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如果电路断了,灯就不会亮。

electric circuit 是高频义。

A circuit board controls the small robot.

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一块线路板控制着这个小机器人。

circuit board 来自 source related。

n. [C]巡回赛;巡回活动

一系列地点上的比赛、演出或活动。

常见表达racing circuitlecture circuittennis circuit

She joined the national tennis circuit last year.

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她去年参加了全国网球巡回赛。

circuit 可指巡回赛。

The band is well known on the college circuit.

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这个乐队在大学巡演圈很有名。

circuit 可指巡回演出网络。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

loop
环;回路
The path forms a loop around the park. loop 接近环形路线。
electrical path
电流路径
An electrical path must be complete. 解释电路义。
open circuit
断开的电路
An open circuit stops the current. 只与电路闭合义对比。
dead end
死路
The road ended at a dead end. dead end 与环行路线对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

circle
圆;环绕
The plane circled the city. circuit 与 circle 的绕行线相关。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

circuit = circu(circle) + it(go),记成走完一圈的路线;在电学中就是电流走的完整路径。

circle
圆;环绕
The earth circles the sun.
circuit board
线路板
A circuit board controls the robot.

非派生记忆线索

electric circuit
电路
The circuit is broken.
make a circuit
绕行一圈
Runners made a circuit of the field.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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112

circus

['sɜ:kəs] · n. [C] · Page 169

a circus show, or historically a round open area for public events

圆形广场;马戏团

联想

circus 源层提示原义是圆形表演场地。现代最常见义是马戏团/马戏表演;地名中如 Piccadilly Circus 可指圆形广场或交通交汇处。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]马戏团;马戏表演

有杂技、表演者,有时有动物的巡回演出。

常见表达go to the circuscircus tentcircus performerscircus show

The circus came to town during the holiday.

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假期里马戏团来到镇上。

circus 最常见现代义。

Children watched the acrobats in the circus tent.

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孩子们在马戏帐篷里观看杂技演员表演。

circus tent 是马戏帐篷。

n. [C]圆形广场;环形交叉口

某些地名中指圆形开放空间或交通交汇处。

常见表达Piccadilly Circusa busy circus

Tourists met at Piccadilly Circus in London.

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游客们在伦敦的皮卡迪利广场见面。

Circus 在地名中可指广场。

The old circus was once a round public space.

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这座旧圆形广场曾是公共空间。

呼应源层原义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

travelling show
巡回演出
A travelling show visited the town. 只覆盖马戏团演出义。
performance group
表演团体
The performance group toured the country. 接近表演团体义。
arena
表演场;竞技场
The crowd filled the arena. arena 与表演场地相关。
quiet classroom
安静教室
The classroom was quiet after the bell. 只作场景对比,不是反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

circle
圆;圆形
The children stood in a circle. circus 的原义与圆形场地有关。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

circus 原义是圆形表演场地,和 circle 的圆形线索相连;现代学习重点是 go to the circus / circus tent。

circle
圆;圆形
The children stood in a circle.

非派生记忆线索

circus tent
马戏帐篷
Children watched acrobats in the circus tent.
Piccadilly Circus
皮卡迪利广场
Tourists met at Piccadilly Circus.

词族导图

cycle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
113

circumstance

星标

['sɜ:kəmstæns] · n. [C, usually pl.] · Page 169

a condition, fact, or situation that affects what happens

环境;条件;形势;境况

联想

circumstance 多用复数 circumstances,表示影响事情的条件、环境或个人境况。两个高频结构要单独记:in/under the circumstances 表示“在这种情况下”;under no circumstances 放句首时常引起倒装,表示“绝不”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, usually pl.]环境;条件;形势;个人境况

影响决定、结果或生活状态的事实和条件,常用复数 circumstances。

常见表达personal circumstancesfamily circumstancesin difficult circumstancesunder the circumstancescircumstances change

Your personal circumstances are equally important.

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你的个人情况同样重要。

保留源层全国卷例句。

Her family circumstances made study difficult, but she kept working.

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她的家庭境况让学习变得困难,但她仍坚持努力。

family circumstances 表示家庭条件/境况。

Under the circumstances, the school decided to delay the trip.

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在这种情况下,学校决定推迟旅行。

under the circumstances 是固定结构。

phr.under no circumstances 绝不

强烈否定结构,表示任何情况下都不;放句首时常用倒装。

常见表达under no circumstances should ...under no circumstances can ...under no circumstances will ...

Under no circumstances should students enter the lab alone.

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学生绝不应独自进入实验室。

under no circumstances 放句首,should 在主语前。

Under no circumstances will we give up protecting the forest.

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我们绝不会放弃保护森林。

will we 是倒装结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

condition
条件
Better living conditions help children grow. condition 更常指具体条件;circumstances 更强调一组影响因素。
situation
情况;形势
The situation changed after the rain stopped. situation 更宽泛;circumstances 常解释为什么某事发生或难做。
context
背景;语境
You need to know the context before judging. context 偏背景或语境;circumstances 偏实际条件。
case
情况;案例
In this case, we should ask for help. case 可指某一具体情况。
under no circumstances
绝不
Under no circumstances should you share your password. 这是高考语法和阅读重点。
circum-
around
The road circles around the lake. 源层记忆线索 circum = circle/around;只作助记,不当作现代派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

源层给出 circum(=circle/around)+stance(stand) 的助记:站在四周的条件。这个助记帮助记忆,不等于把普通搭配当派生词。

circum-
around; circle 的记忆线索
The road circles around the lake.

非派生记忆线索

under no circumstances
绝不;任何情况下都不
Under no circumstances should students enter alone.
personal circumstances
个人境况
Your personal circumstances are important.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

114

company

['kʌmpəni] · n. [C/U] · Page 170

a business organization, companionship, people with you, or a performing group

公司;陪伴;同伴;剧团

联想

company 有两条常考线:可数名词“公司/剧团”,不可数名词“陪伴/同伴”。源层短语 keep sb. company 是陪伴某人;in company with... 是和……一起。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]公司

商业组织、企业。

常见表达work for a companystart a companytechnology companycompany name

His father works for a technology company.

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他的父亲在一家科技公司工作。

company 作可数名词“公司”。

The company plans to open a new office next year.

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这家公司计划明年开设一个新办公室。

the company 指某家公司。

n. [U]陪伴;同伴

和某人在一起,陪着某人;不可数。

常见表达keep sb. companyin company withenjoy sb.'s company

My sister kept me company while I waited for the train.

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我等火车时,姐姐陪着我。

keep sb. company 来自源层搭配。

He walked home in company with two classmates.

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他和两位同学一起走回家。

in company with... 来自源层搭配。

n. [C]剧团;一群演员

共同演出的团体。

常见表达a theatre companya company of actorsdance company

A small theatre company performed at our school.

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一个小剧团在我们学校演出。

company 可指剧团。

The company of actors toured several cities.

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这群演员巡演了几个城市。

a company of actors 是一群演员。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

business
公司;企业
The business opened a new shop. business 接近公司义。
companionship
陪伴
Good companionship made the trip pleasant. companionship 对应不可数陪伴义。
loneliness
孤独
Loneliness can affect health. loneliness 只与 company 的陪伴义对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

accompany
陪伴;陪同;伴奏
His friend accompanied him on the trip. accompany 是动词。
companion
同伴;旅伴
The dog became his faithful companion. companion 是可数单个同伴。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

company / accompany / companion 共同记忆线是 com- 一起 + panis 面包,原指一起吃面包的人。现代用法要分清 business company、keep sb. company、accompany sb.、companion。

accompany
陪伴;陪同;伴奏
His friend accompanied him on the trip.
companion
同伴;旅伴
The dog became his faithful companion.

非派生记忆线索

keep sb. company
陪伴某人
My sister kept me company.
in company with
和……一起
He walked home in company with classmates.

词族导图

company / accompany / companion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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115

accompany

星标

[ə'kʌmpəni] · vt. · Page 170

to go with someone, happen together with something, or play music for someone

陪伴;陪同;伴随;为……伴奏

联想

accompany 是及物动词,后面直接接人或事物,不说 accompany with sb.。三条用法:陪同某人、伴随某事发生、为演唱/乐器伴奏。

意思、用法与例句

vt.陪伴;陪同

和某人一起去某处或陪在某人身边。

常见表达accompany sb. toaccompany sb. on a tripbe accompanied by

His friend accompanied him on the trip.

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那次旅行朋友陪他一起。

保留源层例句。

A teacher accompanied the students to the museum.

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一位老师陪同学生去博物馆。

accompany sb. to... 是核心结构。

vt.伴随;和……一起发生

一种情况常和另一情况同时出现。

常见表达be accompanied byaccompany a changesymptoms accompanying

Heavy rain was accompanied by strong wind.

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大雨伴随着强风。

be accompanied by 表示伴随。

The fever was accompanied by a headache.

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发烧伴随着头痛。

病症语境常用 accompany。

vt.为……伴奏

用乐器为歌手或表演者伴奏。

常见表达accompany sb. on the pianoaccompany sb. at the piano

She accompanied the singer on the piano.

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她用钢琴为歌手伴奏。

accompany sb. on the piano 是源层提示结构。

The music teacher accompanied the class at the piano.

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音乐老师用钢琴为全班伴奏。

at the piano 也可用。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

go with
陪同;一起去
Can I go with you to the station? go with 更口语;accompany 更正式。
escort
护送;陪同
The guide escorted visitors into the hall. escort 强调护送或正式陪同。
leave alone
让某人独自一人
Do not leave a child alone near water. 只与陪同义对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

company
公司;陪伴;剧团
My sister kept me company. company 是名词。
companion
同伴;旅伴
I shared a room with my travelling companion. companion 是陪伴者。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accompany = ac- + company,可记为“成为某人的 company”。注意它是及物动词:accompany sb. to a place,不用 accompany with sb.。

company
陪伴;公司
My sister kept me company.
companion
同伴;旅伴
The dog was his companion.

非派生记忆线索

be accompanied by
伴随着
Heavy rain was accompanied by wind.
accompany on the piano
用钢琴伴奏
She accompanied the singer on the piano.

词族导图

company / accompany / companion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

companion

[kəm'pæniən] · n. [C] · Page 170

a person or animal who spends time or travels with another

伴侣;同伴;旅伴

联想

companion 是可数的单个同伴或旅伴。源层 usage note 很关键:company 是集体称、不可数;companion 是单称、可数。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]同伴;旅伴;伴侣

与某人一起生活、旅行或共度时间的人或动物。

常见表达travelling companionclose companionfaithful companiona companion to sb.

The dog became the old man's faithful companion.

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那只狗成了老人忠实的伙伴。

faithful companion 可指人或动物。

I shared a room with my travelling companion.

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我和旅伴同住一个房间。

travelling companion 是旅伴。

Books were her companions during the long winter.

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漫长冬天里,书是她的伙伴。

companion 可作比喻。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

friend
朋友
A friend helped me during the trip. friend 更日常;companion 强调陪伴或同行。
partner
伙伴;搭档
She worked with her research partner. partner 强调合作或关系。
stranger
陌生人
A stranger asked for directions. stranger 与熟悉的 companion 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

company
陪伴;同伴;公司
I enjoyed his company. company 的陪伴义不可数。
accompany
陪伴;陪同
His friend accompanied him on the trip. accompany 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

companion 与 company 同源记忆:一起分享面包的人。companion 是可数单个同伴;company 作“陪伴/同伴”时常不可数或集合义。

company
陪伴;公司;剧团
My sister kept me company.
accompany
陪伴;陪同
His friend accompanied him.

非派生记忆线索

travelling companion
旅伴
I shared a room with my travelling companion.
faithful companion
忠实伙伴
The dog was his faithful companion.

词族导图

company / accompany / companion 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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117

pan

[pæn] · n. [C] · Page 170

a shallow metal container used for cooking

平底锅

联想

pan 是平底锅,常见 frying pan、heat a pan。source related 给出 pot,但 pot 通常更深,pan 通常较浅、适合煎炒。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]平底锅

较浅的金属烹调用具,常用于煎、炒或加热食物。

常见表达frying panheat a panwash a pana pan of water

Heat the pan before adding the vegetables.

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加入蔬菜前先把平底锅加热。

heat the pan 是真实搭配。

She washed the frying pan after breakfast.

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早饭后她洗了平底锅。

frying pan 是平底煎锅。

A pan of water was boiling on the stove.

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炉子上一锅水正在沸腾。

a pan of water 是一锅水。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

frying pan
煎锅;平底锅
She washed the frying pan after breakfast. frying pan 更具体。
pot
锅;罐
Soup was cooking in a large pot. pot 通常更深,source related 给出此词。
panel
面板;专家组
Solar panels provide electricity. panel 是记忆线索由 pan 联想 flat surface,不是真正同义。
bowl
She poured soup into a bowl. bowl 是盛装用具,不是 pan 的反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

pancake
薄煎饼
We made pancakes in a small pan. pancake 可记为 pan 中烙成的 cake。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pan 是核心物品词。pancake = pan + cake,是在 pan 中做的薄饼;panel 与 pan 只是记忆线索按 flat surface 联想,不要当作现代直接派生。

pancake
薄煎饼
We made pancakes in a small pan.
panel
面板;专家组
Solar panels provide electricity.

非派生记忆线索

frying pan
煎锅
She washed the frying pan.
pan vs pot
浅锅 vs 深锅
Soup was cooking in a large pot.

词族导图

pan / pancake / panel 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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118

pancake

['pænkeik] · n. [C] · Page 170

a thin flat cake cooked in a pan

薄煎饼;薄烤饼;烙饼

联想

pancake = pan + cake,可记为在平底锅里做的薄饼。注意它是具体食物,不是普通 cake,也不是 bread。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]薄煎饼;薄烤饼;烙饼

用面糊在锅里煎成的薄而扁的食物。

常见表达make pancakesa stack of pancakespancake batterpancake breakfast

We made pancakes with eggs and flour on Sunday morning.

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周日早上我们用鸡蛋和面粉做了薄煎饼。

make pancakes 是自然搭配。

The pancake was thin, soft, and warm from the pan.

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这张薄煎饼薄而软,刚出锅还很热。

from the pan 呼应构词。

She put honey on a stack of pancakes.

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她把蜂蜜浇在一叠薄煎饼上。

a stack of pancakes 是一叠薄饼。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flat cake
扁平薄饼
A pancake is a kind of flat cake. 解释性近义。
griddle cake
煎饼
A griddle cake is cooked on a hot flat surface. griddle cake 接近 pancake。
cake
蛋糕;饼
The cake was baked in the oven. cake 范围更宽,常在烤箱中烤。
loaf of bread
一条面包
He bought a loaf of bread. loaf 与 pancake 形状和做法对比,不是反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

pan
平底锅
Heat the pan before cooking. pancake 来自 pan + cake。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pancake = pan + cake。pan 提示制作工具,cake 提示饼/糕类食物。

pan
平底锅
Heat the pan before cooking.

非派生记忆线索

make pancakes
做薄煎饼
We made pancakes with eggs and flour.
a stack of pancakes
一叠薄煎饼
She put honey on a stack of pancakes.

词族导图

pan / pancake / panel 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
119

panel

['pænl] · n. [C] · Page 170

a flat board, a control surface, or a group of people chosen to discuss or judge something

镶板;嵌板;控制面板;仪表盘;专家组;讨论小组

联想

panel 的三条线要分开:一是门墙上的板或太阳能板,二是控制面板/仪表盘,三是专家组/讨论小组。source 的两条例句分别覆盖 solar panels 和 a panel of experts。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]镶板;嵌板;太阳能板

平的板状部件,可在墙、门、屋顶或设备上。

常见表达solar panelwooden panelglass panel

Solar panels are used to power satellites.

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太阳能面板用来给卫星提供动力。

保留源层 solar panels 例句。

A wooden panel covered the lower half of the wall.

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一块木质镶板覆盖了墙的下半部分。

wooden panel 是板材义。

n. [C]控制面板;仪表盘

机器、车辆或设备上带按钮、开关或显示的面板。

常见表达control panelinstrument panelfront panel

Press the green button on the control panel.

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按下控制面板上的绿色按钮。

control panel 是控制面板。

The instrument panel showed that the engine was hot.

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仪表盘显示发动机温度很高。

instrument panel 是仪表盘。

n. [C]专家组;讨论小组

被选来评审、讨论或提供意见的一组人。

常见表达a panel of expertsjudging paneldiscussion panel

The competition will be judged by a panel of experts.

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竞赛将由一个专家小组进行裁决。

保留源层专家组例句。

A discussion panel answered questions after the talk.

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演讲后,一个讨论小组回答了问题。

discussion panel 是讨论小组。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

board
板;面板
The notice was fixed to a board. board 接近板状物义。
control board
控制板
The control board shows the machine speed. 接近控制面板义。
expert group
专家组
An expert group reviewed the plan. 接近 panel of experts。
pan
平底锅
Heat the pan before cooking. panel 与 pan 只是记忆线索 flat surface 联想。
single judge
单个评委
A single judge made the decision. single judge 与 panel of experts 对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

panel 可借 pan 的 flat surface 联想,但它不是 pan 的普通派生词。学习时按三义记:flat board / control surface / expert group。

pan
平底锅
Heat the pan before cooking.

非派生记忆线索

solar panel
太阳能面板
Solar panels power satellites.
panel of experts
专家组
A panel of experts judged the competition.

词族导图

pan / pancake / panel 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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120

contain

星标

[kən'tein] · vt. · Page 171

to have something inside, include something, hold an amount, or control feelings

包括;含有;容纳;抑制

联想

contain 的核心是“里面有/装得下/控制住”。它可以表示含有信息或成分、容纳数量,也可表示抑制感情。

意思、用法与例句

vt.包括;含有

某物里面有某种成分、信息或部分。

常见表达contain watercontain informationcontain sugarcontain details

This bottle contains enough water for the walk.

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这个瓶子装有足够这次步行用的水。

contain water 是含有水。

The report contains useful information about the city.

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这份报告包含关于这座城市的有用信息。

contain information 是包含信息。

vt.容纳

空间、房间或容器能装下某数量的人或物。

常见表达contain 200 peoplecontain several boxeslarge enough to contain

The hall can contain about two hundred people.

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这个大厅大约能容纳两百人。

contain 可表示容纳人数。

The box is large enough to contain all the books.

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这个箱子大到能装下所有书。

contain all the books 是装下书。

vt.抑制;控制

控制情绪、火势、疾病等,使其不扩散。

常见表达contain angercontain excitementcontain a firecontain the spread

She tried to contain her anger during the argument.

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争论中她努力抑制怒气。

contain anger 是抑制情绪。

Firefighters worked hard to contain the fire.

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消防员努力控制火势。

contain a fire 是控制火势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

include
包括
The price includes breakfast. include 强调列入整体;contain 强调里面有或装着。
hold
容纳;盛放
The bottle holds one litre. hold 接近容纳义。
control
控制
He controlled his anger. control 接近抑制义。
exclude
排除;不包括
The list excludes names of children. exclude 只与 include/contain 的包括义对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

container
容器;集装箱
Put the rice in a dry container. container 是装东西的名词。
content①
内容;含量;所含之物
The fat content is low. content① 是 contain 的名词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contain 是动词核心。container 是容器;content① 是内容/含量/所含物;content② 读音和意义不同,是满意/满足,不要和 content① 混。

container
容器;集装箱
Put the rice in a dry container.
content①
内容;含量;所含之物
The fat content is low.
content②
满意的;满足
He was content with a simple meal.

非派生记忆线索

contain anger
抑制怒气
She tried to contain her anger.
contain information
包含信息
The report contains useful information.

词族导图

contain / container / content 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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121

container

[kən'teinə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 171

an object or large metal box used for holding or carrying things

容器;集装箱;货柜

联想

container = contain + -er,表示装东西的物体。小到 food/plastic container,大到 shipping container 集装箱。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]容器

用来盛放、储存或携带东西的盒、罐、瓶等。

常见表达food containerplastic containercontainer with a lidairtight container

Put the rice in a dry container with a lid.

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把米放进带盖的干燥容器里。

food/dry container 是普通容器。

Use a plastic container for the leftover soup.

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用塑料容器装剩下的汤。

plastic container 是塑料容器。

n. [C]集装箱;货柜

运输货物用的大型金属箱。

常见表达shipping containercontainer shipload containerscontainer port

Large containers are loaded onto ships at the port.

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大型集装箱在港口被装上船。

shipping container 是集装箱。

The container ship arrived before sunrise.

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集装箱船在日出前抵达。

container ship 是集装箱船。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

box
盒子;箱子
The box was full of books. box 是一种 container。
holder
容器;支架
The pen holder is on the desk. holder 接近盛放物品的器具。
contents
所含物
The contents of the bag fell out. contents 是里面的东西,container 是外部容器。
loose item
散放物品
Loose items rolled across the floor. loose item 与装入容器对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

contain
包括;含有;容纳
The box contains all the books. container 来自动词 contain。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

container = contain + -er,-er 在这里表示物品/工具:能 contain 的东西就是 container。

contain
包括;含有;容纳
The box contains all the books.

非派生记忆线索

shipping container
集装箱
Large containers are loaded onto ships.
container with a lid
带盖容器
Put rice in a container with a lid.

词族导图

contain / container / content 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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122

content①

星标

['kɒntent] · n. [sing. / U / pl.] · Page 171

the amount inside something, the ideas in a work, the things inside a container, or a table of contents

含量;内容;所含之物;目录

联想

content① 读 ['kɒntent],是名词,来自 contain 的名词线。注意 the content of the book 是书的内容;the contents of the book 可指目录。

意思、用法与例句

n. [sing.]含量

某物中某种成分的数量或比例。

常见表达fat contentsalt contentwater content

There has been a recent trend toward lower fat content and less salt.

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最近食品行业出现了低脂少盐的趋势。

保留并压缩源层全国卷例句。

Check the sugar content before buying the drink.

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买饮料前查看含糖量。

sugar content 是含糖量。

n. [sing. / U]内容

文章、演讲、书、视频等表达的思想或信息。

常见表达the content ofcourse contentonline content

The content of the speech was clear and practical.

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这次演讲的内容清楚而实用。

the content of... 是内容。

The course content is useful for beginners.

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课程内容对初学者很有用。

course content 是课程内容。

n. [pl.]所容纳的东西;所含之物;目录

contents 作复数可表示容器中的东西,也可表示书的目录。

常见表达the contents of a bagcontents pagetable of contents

The contents of the box were carefully checked.

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箱子里的东西被仔细检查了。

contents 是所含物。

Check the contents page before reading the textbook.

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读课本前先看目录页。

contents page 是目录页。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

material
材料;内容
The material in the article is useful. material 可指文章内容材料。
subject matter
主题内容
The subject matter is difficult. subject matter 偏主题内容。
container
容器
The container is made of metal. container 是外壳,contents 是里面的东西。
content②
满意的;满足
He was content with a simple meal. content② 读音重音不同,意思不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

contain
包括;含有
The report contains useful information. content① 是 contain 的名词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

content① 是 contain 的名词,重音在前;content② 是满意/满足,重音在后。source discrimination: the content of the book 是书的内容;the contents of the book 是书的目录。

contain
包括;含有
The report contains useful information.
contents
所含物;目录
Check the contents page.

非派生记忆线索

fat content
脂肪含量
Choose food with lower fat content.
table of contents
目录
Read the table of contents first.

词族导图

contain / container / content 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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123

content②

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[kən'tent] · adj. / n. [U] · Page 171

satisfied with what one has or with a situation

满意的;满足的;满意;满足

联想

content② 读 [kən'tent],重音在后,和 content① 内容/含量不同。核心短语是 be content with、be content to do 和 to one's heart's content。

意思、用法与例句

adj.满意的;满足的

对已有的东西、处境或选择感到满意。

常见表达be content withbe content to docontent to stay

He was content with a simple meal after the long walk.

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长途步行后,他对一顿简单的饭感到满足。

be content with 来自源层搭配。

She is content to wait until the right chance comes.

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她愿意满足于等待合适的机会到来。

be content to do 是满足于做某事。

n. [U]满意;满足

满意或满足的状态,多见于固定表达。

常见表达to one's heart's contentwith content

The children played to their hearts' content in the park.

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孩子们在公园里尽情地玩。

to one's heart's content 来自源层搭配。

After finishing the project, he smiled with quiet content.

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完成项目后,他带着平静的满足微笑。

content 作不可数名词较正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

satisfied
满意的
She felt satisfied with the result. satisfied 更常用;content 更强调知足。
pleased
高兴满意的
He was pleased with the news. pleased 更偏高兴。
dissatisfied
不满意的
Many customers were dissatisfied with the service. dissatisfied 是满意义的自然反义。
content①
内容;含量
The content of the speech was clear. content① 读音重音不同,意思不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

contentment
满足;知足
Contentment is not the same as laziness. contentment 是名词派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

content② 与 content① 同形但重音和意义不同。content② 的固定搭配比构词更重要:be content with / be content to do / to one's heart's content。

contentment
满足;知足
Contentment can bring peace.

非派生记忆线索

be content with
对……满意
He was content with a simple meal.
to one's heart's content
尽情地
The children played to their hearts' content.

词族导图

contain / container / content 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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124

decide

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[di'said] · v. / vt. · Page 171

to choose after thinking, settle a question, or make someone determined

决定;裁决;判决;使下决心

联想

decide 的核心是“切开犹豫,作出选择或裁断”。常见 decide to do、decide on、decide whether;法律或比赛语境中也可表示裁决。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.决定;选定

经过思考后作出选择。

常见表达decide to do sth.decide on sth.decide whether/what/how

We decided to clean the classroom after school.

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我们决定放学后打扫教室。

decide to do 来自源层搭配。

They decided on a blue dress for the performance.

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他们选定了一条蓝色裙子用于演出。

decide on 表示决定、选定。

I have not decided whether to join the club.

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我还没决定是否加入这个社团。

decide whether 后接疑问词结构。

v. / vt.裁决;判决;解决

由法官、规则、事实或事件决定结果。

常见表达decide a casedecide the resultdecide whether

The judge will decide whether the rule was broken.

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法官将裁定是否违反了规则。

decide 可表示裁决。

One goal decided the match in the final minute.

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最后一分钟的一个进球决定了比赛结果。

事件也可 decide the result。

vt.使下决心

某事让人最终决定做某事,此义较正式。

常见表达decide sb. to do sth.what decided sb.

The kind offer decided him to stay for another week.

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这份好意使他决定再待一周。

decide sb. to do 较正式,理解即可。

What decided her was the chance to help more people.

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使她下定决心的是能帮助更多人的机会。

what decided sb. 表示促使某人决定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

choose
选择
Choose the answer carefully. choose 强调选择动作;decide 强调思考后定下来。
determine
决定;确定
The test result will determine the next step. determine 更正式,也可指决定结果。
settle
解决;确定
The meeting settled the question. settle 接近裁定/解决义。
hesitate
犹豫
Do not hesitate for too long. hesitate 与作出决定对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

decision
决定;决断;裁决
The final decision was made yesterday. decision 是 decide 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

decide/decision 中 cide/cis 可按 cut 记忆:把犹豫切开,作出决定。precise/precisely 也含 cise 线索,但学习时按“精确、准确”线掌握,不当作 decide 的直接派生。

decision
决定;抉择;裁决
The final decision was made yesterday.
precise
精确的;准确的
Give me a precise time.
precisely
精确地;正是
The meeting began precisely at eight.

非派生记忆线索

decide to do
决定做某事
We decided to clean the classroom.
decide on
决定;选定
They decided on a blue dress.

词族导图

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125

decision

星标

[di'siʒn] · n. [C/U] · Page 171

a choice or judgment made after thinking, or the ability to decide firmly

决定;抉择;决断力;果断;裁决;判决

联想

decision 是 decide 的名词。可数时是一个决定/裁决;不可数时可指决断力、果断。源层例句中的 color decisions 指房间颜色选择。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]决定;抉择

经过思考后作出的选择。

常见表达make a decisionreach a decisiondecision about/onimportant decision

Choosing a club was an important decision for new students.

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选择社团对新生来说是一个重要决定。

important decision 是重要决定。

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors.

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房间里的大块色彩选择涉及墙壁、天花板和地板。

保留源层全国卷例句。

n. [U]决断力;果断

迅速、坚定作决定的能力。

常见表达show decisiona person of decisionlack decision

A good leader needs both patience and decision.

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一位好领导既需要耐心,也需要决断力。

decision 作不可数表示决断力。

His lack of decision slowed the whole team down.

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他的优柔寡断拖慢了整个团队。

lack decision 是缺乏决断。

n. [C/U]裁决;判决

法庭、裁判或规则作出的判断。

常见表达court decisionreferee's decisionfinal decision

The referee's decision ended the argument.

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裁判的判决结束了争论。

decision 可指裁判决定。

The court's decision was announced in the morning.

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法院的判决在上午宣布。

court decision 是法院判决。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

choice
选择
The choice was difficult. choice 强调可选项;decision 强调定下来的结果。
judgment
判断;裁决
The judge's judgment was clear. judgment 接近裁决义。
conclusion
结论
The conclusion came after long discussion. conclusion 更偏讨论后的结论。
indecision
优柔寡断
Indecision wasted a lot of time. indecision 是缺乏决定。

词族线索 / 同组词

decide
决定;裁决
We decided to clean the classroom. decide 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

decision = decide 的名词形式。注意 make a decision 是作决定,不说 do a decision。

decide
决定;裁决
We decided to clean the classroom.

非派生记忆线索

make a decision
作决定
We need to make a decision today.
final decision
最终决定
The final decision was announced.

词族导图

decide 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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126

precise

[pri'sais] · adj. · Page 171

exact, accurate, and clearly stated

精确的;准确的;确切的

联想

precise 走“切得准、说得准”的线索,表示时间、数字、事实、位置或表达很精确。它和 decide 同在 cide/cise 记忆线,但现代用法不是 decide 的派生。

意思、用法与例句

adj.精确的;准确的;确切的

数字、时间、事实、位置或表达清楚准确。

常见表达precise timeprecise detailsprecise meaningbe precise about

The train arrived at the precise time printed on the ticket.

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火车在票上印着的准确时间到达。

precise time 是准确时间。

A good report needs precise facts, not guesses.

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一份好报告需要准确事实,而不是猜测。

precise facts 是准确事实。

Please be precise about where you left the keys.

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请准确说明你把钥匙放在哪里了。

be precise about 是准确说明。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exact
准确的;确切的
Tell me the exact time. exact 更常用于完全一致的数字/时间。
accurate
准确的
The map is accurate. accurate 强调没有错误。
specific
具体的;明确的
Give me a specific example. specific 强调具体明确。
vague
模糊的
His answer was vague. vague 与 precise 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

precisely
精确地;正是
The meeting began precisely at eight. precisely 是副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

precise = pre- + cise(cut),可记为预先切准、精确。precisely 是副词。

precisely
精确地;的确如此;正是
The meeting began precisely at eight.

非派生记忆线索

precise details
准确细节
The report needs precise details.
be precise about
准确说明
Be precise about the time.

词族导图

decide 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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127

precisely

[pri'saisli] · adv. · Page 171

exactly or accurately; also used to strongly agree

精确地;准确地;的确如此;恰好;正是

联想

precisely 是 precise 的副词。它有三条常见线:精确地做某事、恰好在某时某地、口语中表示“正是如此”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.精确地;准确地

动作或测量很准确。

常见表达measure preciselydescribe preciselycalculate precisely

The scientist measured the liquid precisely before the experiment.

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实验前科学家精确地测量了液体。

measure precisely 是精确测量。

The map describes the route precisely.

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这张地图准确地描述了路线。

describe precisely 是准确描述。

adv.恰好;正是

强调时间、位置、原因或事实正好如此。

常见表达precisely atprecisely becauseprecisely what/where

The meeting began precisely at eight.

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会议八点整开始。

precisely at eight 是恰好八点。

That is precisely what I wanted to say.

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那正是我想说的。

precisely what 表示正是。

adv.的确如此

用于回答中表示强烈同意。

常见表达Precisely!

"So the problem is time, not money?" "Precisely."

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“所以问题是时间,不是钱?”“正是如此。”

Precisely 可单独表示同意。

"You mean we should check the facts first?" "Precisely."

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“你的意思是我们应先核查事实?”“完全正确。”

口语回答用法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exactly
精确地;正是
The train arrived exactly on time. exactly 与 precisely 很接近。
accurately
准确地
The nurse recorded the patient's temperature accurately. accurately 偏准确无误。
just
正好;恰好
It is just what we need. just 可表示正好,但更口语。
roughly
大约;粗略地
The room is roughly five metres wide. roughly 与精确地相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

precise
精确的;准确的
Give me a precise answer. precise 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

precisely = precise + -ly。它既能修饰动作,也可在回答中表示 Precisely! = Exactly!

precise
精确的;准确的
Give me a precise answer.

非派生记忆线索

precisely at
恰好在
The meeting began precisely at eight.
Precisely!
的确如此
"That is the point." "Precisely!"

词族导图

decide 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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128

promise

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['prɒmis] · v. / vt. / n. [C/U] · Page 172

to say that one will do something, or a sign that something may succeed

承诺;答应;有……希望;诺言;迹象

联想

promise 一条线是“承诺/诺言”,一条线是“有希望的迹象”。keep one's promise 是守诺,make a promise 是许诺,show promise 是显出前途。

意思、用法与例句

v. / n. [C]承诺;答应;诺言

说自己会做某事,或这个承诺本身。

常见表达promise to dopromise sb. sth.make a promisekeep one's promisebreak a promise

He promised to return the book before Friday.

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他答应星期五前归还这本书。

promise to do 是动词结构。

Please keep your promise and arrive on time.

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请遵守诺言,准时到达。

keep one's promise 来自源层搭配。

She made a promise to call her parents every week.

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她许诺每周给父母打电话。

make a promise 来自源层搭配。

vt. / n. [U, sing.]有……希望;有前途的迹象

某人或某事显示未来成功的可能。

常见表达show promisegreat promisepromise to be

The young player shows great promise in tennis.

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这位年轻球员在网球方面显示出很大潜力。

show promise 是有前途。

The new plan promises to save time and money.

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这个新计划有望节省时间和金钱。

promise to be/do 可表示有望。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pledge
承诺;保证
The students pledged to protect the river. pledge 更正式。
vow
郑重承诺
He vowed never to lie again. vow 语气更郑重。
compromise
妥协;损害
The two sides reached a compromise. compromise 借 com- + promise 记忆,但意义不是承诺。
break a promise
违背诺言
It hurts trust when people break a promise. break a promise 与 keep a promise 对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

promising
有希望的
The first test results look promising. promising 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

promise 是本组核心;promising 表示显示出未来成功迹象;compromise = com- + promise 可按共同承诺/各退一步记忆,但现代意义是妥协或损害原则。

promising
有希望的;有前途的
The first test results look promising.
compromise
妥协;损害
We should not compromise safety.

非派生记忆线索

keep one's promise
恪守诺言
Please keep your promise.
make a promise
许下诺言
She made a promise to call.

词族导图

promise / promising / compromise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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129

promising

['prɒmisiŋ] · adj. · Page 172

showing signs of future success

有希望的;有前途的

联想

promising = promise + -ing,不是“正在承诺”,而是“显示出前途/希望”。常修饰 writer、student、results、start、career。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有希望的;有前途的

某人、结果或计划显示未来可能成功。

常见表达a promising writerpromising resultslook promisingpromising start

For a time he was looked on as a promising writer.

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人们一度认为他是一个有希望的作家。

保留源层例句。

The first test results look promising.

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第一批测试结果看起来很有希望。

look promising 是看起来有希望。

She made a promising start in the new job.

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她在新工作中开了个好头。

promising start 是有前途的开端。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hopeful
有希望的
The news gave us a hopeful sign. hopeful 可修饰迹象或人。
encouraging
令人鼓舞的
The progress is encouraging. encouraging 强调让人受鼓舞。
unlikely to succeed
不太可能成功
The plan looked unlikely to succeed. 这是语境对比,不是固定反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

promise
承诺;希望迹象
The young player shows promise. promising 来自 promise 的希望线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

promising 来自 promise 的“显示希望”义,而不是 promise to do 的承诺动作。

promise
承诺;有希望的迹象
The young player shows promise.

非派生记忆线索

look promising
看起来有希望
The results look promising.
a promising writer
有前途的作家
He was seen as a promising writer.

词族导图

promise / promising / compromise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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130

compromise

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['kɒmprəmaiz] · vi. / vt. / n. [C/U] · Page 172

an agreement where each side gives up something, or to weaken safety, quality, or principles

妥协;折中;危及;损害;违背

联想

compromise 有两条线:作为名词/不及物动词是“妥协、折中”;作及物动词时常表示损害安全、质量或原则。source 搭配 reach/make a compromise 是达成妥协。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / n. [C/U]妥协;折中

双方各让一步达成协议。

常见表达reach a compromisemake a compromise withcompromise with sb.a fair compromise

The two classes reached a compromise about using the playground.

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两个班就操场使用达成了妥协。

reach a compromise 来自源层搭配。

They had to make a compromise with the other team.

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他们不得不和另一队妥协。

make a compromise with... 来自源层搭配。

vt.危及;损害;违背

削弱安全、原则、质量或名誉。

常见表达compromise safetycompromise principlescompromise quality

We should not compromise safety to save time.

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我们不应为了省时间而牺牲安全。

compromise safety 是危及安全。

Copying others' work compromises academic honesty.

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抄袭他人作品会损害学术诚信。

compromise honesty/principles 是损害原则。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
协议;一致
The agreement ended the argument. agreement 更宽;compromise 强调各让一步。
middle ground
折中点
We need to find middle ground. middle ground 接近折中。
settlement
解决;协议
The settlement pleased both sides. settlement 偏争议解决。
promise
承诺;诺言
Please keep your promise. compromise 可借 com- + promise 记忆,但不是 promise 的同义词。
refusal to move
拒绝让步
A refusal to move made talks fail. 与妥协义对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

compromise = com- (together) + promise,可记为各方共同作出让步承诺。现代用法还要掌握 compromise safety/principles 的“损害”义。

promise
承诺;希望迹象
Please keep your promise.

非派生记忆线索

reach a compromise
达成妥协
The two classes reached a compromise.
compromise safety
危及安全
Do not compromise safety.

词族导图

promise / promising / compromise 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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131

side

星标

[said] · n. / vi. · Page 172

one edge, surface, aspect, or party in a disagreement

一边;一侧;侧面;方面;一方;支持

联想

side 的核心是“边/侧”。从物体的一边,到问题的一个方面,再到争论中的一方;动词 side with 表示站在某人一边。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]一边;一侧;侧面

表示物体、道路、纸张或身体的一边/侧面。

常见表达on one sideby the side offrom side to sideside by side

Write your name on the right side of the paper.

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把你的名字写在纸的右边。

on the right side 表示具体方位。

The children walked side by side along the river.

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孩子们沿着河并排走。

side by side 是源层搭配。

The injured man lay by the side of the road.

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受伤的人躺在路边。

by the side of 来自源层搭配。

n. [C]方面;一方;一派

表示事情的某个方面,或争论、比赛、冲突中的一方。

常见表达on all sidesboth sides of the questiontake someone's side

We should listen to both sides of the story before judging.

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下判断前我们应该听听双方说法。

both sides 可指事情双方。

I will not take either side until I know the facts.

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在了解事实前我不会支持任何一方。

take one's side 是支持某方。

vi.支持;站在……一边

常用 side with sb. 表示支持某人或某一方。

常见表达side with sb.side against sb.

The teacher refused to side with either team.

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老师拒绝偏向任何一队。

side with 是动词搭配。

Most neighbors sided with the family after hearing the truth.

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听到真相后,大多数邻居都支持这家人。

动词 side 强调立场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

edge
边缘
Put the ruler along the edge of the desk. edge 偏物体最外边;side 可指整个一面。
aspect
方面
The report studies every aspect of the problem. aspect 更正式,常指问题或情况的方面。
party
一方;当事方
Both parties agreed to meet again. party 可指争议或协议中的一方。
center
中心
The table stood in the center of the room. center 与 side 的方位相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

alongside
在旁边;一起
A path runs alongside the river. alongside 把 side 变成介词/副词用法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

side 是本组核心词,alongside、aside、beside、besides、inside、outside、side road、sidewalk、sideways 都保留“边/侧/内外位置”的线索,但词性和句法位置不同。

alongside
在旁边;和……一起
Students worked alongside volunteers.
aside
到一边;留出;除……以外
Please step aside so others can pass.
beside
在……旁边;与……相比
A lamp stood beside the bed.
besides
除……以外还;此外
Besides music, he likes history.
inside
在里面;内部的
The keys are inside the bag.
outside
在外面;户外;外部的
The children waited outside the room.
side road
支线;旁路;侧道
The bus turned into a side road.
sidewalk
人行道
Children should walk on the sidewalk.
sideways
斜向一边地;侧着
We carried the desk sideways.

非派生记忆线索

side by side
并排
They stood side by side.
side with
支持;站在一边
She sided with her friend.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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132

alongside

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[ə,lɒŋ'said] · prep. / adv. · Page 172

next to, along the edge of, together with, or compared with someone or something

在……旁边;沿着……的边;和……一起;相比

联想

alongside = along + side,可以是空间上的“沿着旁边”,也可以是合作中的“和……一起”。source 还给出“同……相比”的用法。

意思、用法与例句

prep. / adv.在……旁边;沿着……的边

表示与某物并排或沿着边线移动/延伸。

常见表达run alongsidewalk alongsidealongside the riverstand alongside

The new bike path runs alongside the river.

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新的自行车道沿着河边延伸。

alongside the river 是空间方位。

A police car stopped alongside the bus.

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一辆警车停在公交车旁边。

adv./prep. 都可表示在旁边。

prep.和……一起;同……相比

表示合作、并行存在,或放在一起比较。

常见表达work alongside sb.learn alongside sb.alongside traditional methods

Students worked alongside local volunteers in the library.

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学生们和当地志愿者一起在图书馆工作。

work alongside 是合作。

The new system is used alongside the old one this term.

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这学期新系统和旧系统并行使用。

alongside 可表示并行存在或比较。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

beside
在……旁边
She sat beside her grandmother. beside 更静态;alongside 可强调沿边或并行。
next to
紧挨着
The shop is next to the bank. next to 口语直接,alongside 更强调并排/沿边。
together with
和……一起
He trained together with older players. 合作义里 alongside 接近 together with。
apart from
与……分开
Keep wet clothes apart from dry ones. apart from 表示分开或除外,与 alongside 的并行相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

side
边;侧
Stand on the left side of the room. alongside 来自 along + side。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

alongside = along + side,保留“沿着边/在旁边”的位置感,再扩展到合作或比较。

side
边;侧;一方
Write on one side of the paper.
beside
在……旁边
The dog slept beside the chair.

非派生记忆线索

work alongside
和……一起工作
She worked alongside a doctor.
run alongside
沿着旁边延伸
The wall runs alongside the road.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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133

aside

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[ə'said] · adv. / prep. phr. · Page 172

to one side, kept for later, or apart from a main point

在/到旁边;留出;撤开;除……以外

联想

aside 重点看 a- + side:到一边、放一边、留一边。aside from 是短语,表示“除……以外还/除……外”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.在/到旁边;撤开

让开或把某物移到一边。

常见表达step asidemove asidepush sth. aside

Please step aside so others can pass.

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请让到一边,好让别人通过。

step aside 是让到旁边。

He pushed the curtain aside and looked out.

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他把窗帘拨到一边向外看。

push aside 表示移开。

adv.留出;存下

把时间、金钱或东西留作某个用途。

常见表达set aside timeput aside moneyleave sth. aside

She set aside half an hour to read every night.

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她每晚留出半小时读书。

set aside time 是留出时间。

My brother puts aside some money for college each month.

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我哥哥每月存一些钱上大学。

put aside money 是存下钱。

prep. phr.除……以外

aside from 后接名词、代词或动名词,补充另一个情况。

常见表达aside from sth.aside from doing

Aside from being fun and good exercise, swimming is a very useful skill.

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除了好玩和有益锻炼外,游泳还是一项很有用的技能。

保留源层例句。

Aside from one spelling mistake, your essay is clear.

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除了一个拼写错误外,你的作文很清楚。

aside from 可表示除外。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

apart
分开;在一边
The two houses stood far apart. apart 强调分离状态;aside 常带动作或短语。
besides
除……以外还;此外
Besides English, she studies music. besides 更强调额外增加;aside from 可根据语境表示除外或此外。
include
包括
The price includes lunch. aside from 在排除语境中与 include 形成对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

side
边;侧
Move to the side of the path. aside 可按 a- + side 记。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

aside 可按 a- (on/to) + side 记忆:到一边、放一边、留一边。

side
边;侧
Stand on this side of the line.
besides
此外;除……以外还
Besides tea, we served fruit.

非派生记忆线索

step aside
让到一边
Please step aside.
set aside
留出;拨出
Set aside time to review.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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134

beside

[bi'said] · prep. · Page 172-173

next to someone or something, or compared with it

在……旁边;与……相比

联想

beside 没有 -s,核心是“在旁边/相比”。beside yourself 是固定短语,表示因强烈情绪而失常。不要和 besides 混用。

意思、用法与例句

prep.在……旁边(或附近)

表示某人或某物在另一个人/物旁边。

常见表达sit beside sb.stand beside sth.beside the bedbeside the river

A small lamp stood beside the bed.

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床边放着一盏小灯。

beside the bed 是旁边。

She sat beside her grandmother during the concert.

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音乐会时她坐在奶奶旁边。

sit beside sb. 是常见搭配。

prep.与……相比

把两个对象放在一起比较,常见于书面语。

常见表达beside sb./sth.look small beside sth.

Beside the new library, the old reading room looks small.

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与新图书馆相比,旧阅览室显得很小。

beside 可表示比较。

His problem seemed small beside hers.

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与她的问题相比,他的问题显得很小。

比较义不是“坐在旁边”。

phr.失常;极度激动

beside yourself with sth. 表示因担心、愤怒、高兴等情绪而失控。

常见表达be beside yourself with worrybe beside yourself with joy

She was beside herself with worry when her little brother was late.

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弟弟迟迟未归时,她担心得不得了。

源层搭配 beside yourself。

The fans were beside themselves with joy after the final goal.

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最后一个进球后,球迷们欣喜若狂。

with 后接情绪。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

next to
紧挨着
The post office is next to the bank. next to 更口语;beside 更正式一点。
by
在……旁边
He stood by the window. by 可表示旁边,范围比 beside 更宽。
besides
除……以外;此外
Besides tea, we also have juice. beside 没有 -s,是在旁边;besides 有 -s,多是此外/除……以外还。
far from
远离
The school is far from the station. far from 与 beside 的近距离形成对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

beside = be- + side,可按“在某物边上”记;besides 多一个 -s,意义转向“此外/除……以外还”。

side
边;侧
The car stopped at the side of the road.
besides
此外;除……以外还
Besides English, he studies art.

非派生记忆线索

beside yourself
情绪失控
She was beside herself with worry.
beside the point
离题
That detail is beside the point.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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135

besides

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[bi'saidz] · prep. / adv. · Page 173

in addition to something, or used to add another reason

除……以外(还有);况且;此外

联想

besides 比 beside 多 -s,意思从“旁边”变成“另外还有/况且”。作介词后接名词或动名词,作副词可放句首补充理由。

意思、用法与例句

prep.除……以外(还有)

表示除了前面的人或物,还包括别的。

常见表达besides sth.besides doingWhat else besides ...?

Besides math, he studies music on weekends.

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除了数学,他周末还学音乐。

besides 表示额外包括。

What else did you buy besides the dictionary?

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除了词典,你还买了什么?

What else besides... 是常见问题。

adv.况且;此外

用于补充一个理由或信息,常放句首或句中。

常见表达Besides, ...and besides

I do not want to go out; besides, it is raining.

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我不想出去;况且还在下雨。

Besides, 用来补充理由。

The plan is simple, and besides, it will save money.

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这个计划简单,而且还能省钱。

and besides 表示此外。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

in addition to
除……之外还
In addition to Chinese, she learns French. in addition to 与 besides 的介词义接近。
moreover
此外;而且
Moreover, the price is lower. moreover 更书面,作副词。
beside
在……旁边
She sat beside her friend. beside 没有 -s,表示旁边;besides 有 -s,表示此外/除……以外还。
only
仅仅;只有
Only three students stayed after class. besides 强调额外增加,与 only 的限制相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

besides 与 beside 形近但用法不同:beside = 在旁边;besides = 除……以外还/此外。

beside
在……旁边
She sat beside her friend.
aside from
除……以外
Aside from one mistake, the answer is good.

非派生记忆线索

Besides, ...
况且;此外
Besides, it is raining.
besides doing
除做某事以外还
Besides reading, she enjoys drawing.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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136

inside

[in'said] · prep. / adv. / n. / adj. · Page 173

in or into the inner part of a place, object, or group

在/向里面;里面;内部;里面的

联想

inside = in + side,核心是“内侧/里面”。它可作介词、副词、名词和形容词;inside out 是“里面朝外”。

意思、用法与例句

prep. / adv.在/向……里面;在/向里面

表示位置在内部,或动作进入内部。

常见表达inside the roominside the baggo insidestay inside

The keys are inside the blue bag.

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钥匙在蓝色包里。

inside 后接地点名词。

It was raining, so the children stayed inside.

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外面下雨,所以孩子们待在屋里。

inside 可作副词。

Come inside before the soup gets cold.

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汤变凉前进屋来。

go/come inside 表示进入里面。

n. / adj.里面;内部;里面的

表示某物内部部分,或修饰内部的信息、座位、页面等。

常见表达the inside of sth.inside informationinside pageinside out

The inside of the box was painted white.

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盒子内部被涂成了白色。

the inside of 是名词用法。

Turn your sweater inside out before washing it.

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洗毛衣前把它翻过来。

inside out 来自源层搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

within
在……之内
Please finish the work within two days. within 更正式,可指范围或时间;inside 多指空间内部。
indoors
在室内
We stayed indoors during the storm. indoors 只指室内,inside 范围更宽。
outside
在外面;外部
The dog waited outside the gate. outside 是 inside 的自然对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

inner
内部的
The inner wall is dry. inner 是形容词,强调内部。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

inside = in + side,表示内侧或进入内部;与 outside 成明显方位对比。

side
边;侧
Use the other side of the paper.
outside
外面;外部的
The children waited outside.

非派生记忆线索

inside out
里面朝外
The shirt is inside out.
turn ... inside out
把……翻得乱七八糟/彻底翻找
She turned the drawer inside out looking for keys.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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137

outside

星标

['aut'said] prep./ad./n.; ['autsaid] a. · prep. / adv. / n. / adj. · Page 173

not inside, in the open air, or belonging to the outer part

在/向外面;户外;外部;外面的

联想

outside = out + side,核心是“外侧/外面”。它与 inside 成一组反向方位词,也可作形容词表示外部的。

意思、用法与例句

prep. / adv.在/向外面;在户外

表示不在某物内部,或到户外。

常见表达outside the classroomgo outsidewait outsideoutside of the office

The children waited outside the classroom before the bell.

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上课铃响前,孩子们在教室外等着。

outside the classroom 是介词短语。

Plants grow better outside when there is enough sunlight.

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阳光充足时,植物在户外长得更好。

outside 作副词表示在户外。

If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you may stop bringing work home.

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如果你在办公室外找到喜欢做的事情,你可能就不会把工作带回家。

改写源层高考例句。

n. / adj.外面;外部;外面的

表示外部部分或来自外部的事物。

常见表达the outside of sth.outside walloutside helpoutside world

The outside of the old house was painted blue.

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老房子的外部被刷成了蓝色。

the outside of 是名词用法。

The village had little contact with the outside world.

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这个村子与外界联系很少。

outside world 是常见搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outdoors
在户外
The children played outdoors after lunch. outdoors 只指户外;outside 还可指某物外部。
external
外部的
External walls need stronger paint. external 更正式,常作形容词。
inside
里面;内部
The keys are inside the bag. inside 是 outside 的自然对比。
inner
内部的
The inner door was locked. inner 与 outside 的外部义对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

outside = out + side,表示外侧、外部或户外;与 inside 构成最稳定的一对。

side
边;侧
Stand on this side of the road.
inside
里面;内部
The keys are inside the bag.

非派生记忆线索

outside world
外界
The village had little contact with the outside world.
outside help
外部帮助
The team needed outside help.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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138

side road

['said rəud] · n. [C] · Page 173

a smaller road that branches from a main road

支线;旁路;侧道

联想

side road = side + road,字面就是主路旁分出去的小路或支路。重点和 main road 对比。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]支线;旁路;侧道

从主路分出来的较小道路,常用于问路、交通和故事场景。

常见表达turn into a side roada narrow side roada quiet side roadside road entrance

The bus turned into a quiet side road near the school.

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公交车拐进学校附近一条安静的支路。

turn into a side road 是常见动作。

A side road led us to the village market.

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一条支路把我们带到了村里的市场。

side road 可作主语。

Drivers should slow down near a side road entrance.

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司机在支路入口附近应减速。

side road entrance 是交通语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

minor road
较小道路
The bus turned onto a minor road. minor road 接近 side road,但不一定强调从主路分出。
branch road
支路
A branch road leads to the farm. branch road 更强调分支。
main road
主路
The shop stands on the main road. main road 与 side road 在大小和位置上对比。
sidewalk
人行道
Walk on the sidewalk, not in the road. sidewalk 是给行人走的路边通道,不是车辆支路。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

side road 是复合名词,不是派生词;side 提供“旁边/侧边”的位置线索,road 是道路。

side
边;侧
The store is on this side of the street.
sidewalk
人行道
Children walked on the sidewalk.

非派生记忆线索

main road
主路
The main road was busy.
branch road
支路
A branch road led to the farm.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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139

sidewalk

['saidwɔ:k] · n. [C] · Page 173

a path beside a road for people to walk on

人行道(美式英语)

联想

sidewalk = side + walk,是路边给人走的地方。源层提示英式英语常用 pavement。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]人行道

道路旁专供行人行走的区域,美式英语常用 sidewalk。

常见表达walk on the sidewalka busy sidewalksidewalk safetykeep to the sidewalk

Children should walk on the sidewalk, not in the road.

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孩子们应该走人行道,不要走在马路上。

sidewalk 与 road 对比。

The shop placed flowers along the sidewalk.

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商店沿着人行道摆放了鲜花。

along the sidewalk 是空间搭配。

After school, the sidewalk outside the gate was crowded.

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放学后,校门外的人行道很拥挤。

crowded sidewalk 是自然场景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pavement
人行道(英式英语)
In Britain, many people say pavement for sidewalk. 源层相关词;pavement 是英式常用说法。
footpath
步行道
The footpath goes through the park. footpath 可指小路或步行道。
roadway
车行道
Cars moved slowly on the roadway. roadway 给车辆走,sidewalk 给行人走。
side road
支路;旁路
The car turned into a side road. side road 是车辆可走的支路,不是人行道。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sidewalk 是复合名词:side 提示位置在路边,walk 提示供行人行走;英式常用 pavement。

side
边;侧
The bus stopped at the side of the road.
side road
支线;旁路
The bus turned into a side road.

非派生记忆线索

pavement
英式英语:人行道
The child walked along the pavement.
walkway
步行通道
A covered walkway connects the buildings.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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140

sideways

['saidweiz] · adv. · Page 173

toward, from, or with one side facing forward

斜向一边地;侧着

联想

sideways = side + ways,表示方向不是向前,而是朝侧面/横着。它常修饰 look、move、turn、carry 等动作。

意思、用法与例句

adv.斜向一边地;侧着

表示移动、看、转身或放置时朝侧面。

常见表达move sidewayslook sidewaysturn sidewayscarry sth. sideways

The desk was too wide, so we carried it sideways through the door.

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桌子太宽,所以我们侧着把它抬过门。

sideways 表示侧着方向。

He looked sideways at me in the meeting.

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他在会上斜着眼看我。

保留源层例句。

Move sideways slowly until you reach the wall.

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慢慢横向移动,直到你到达墙边。

move sideways 是动作方向。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sideward
向侧面地
The boat moved sideward in the wind. sideward 较少见;sideways 更常用。
to the side
向一边
Step to the side and let the nurse pass. to the side 是短语,sideways 是副词。
forward
向前
Walk forward until you see the gate. forward 与 sideways 的方向不同。
straight ahead
一直向前
Go straight ahead for two blocks. straight ahead 强调正前方。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sideways = side + ways,-ways 可表示方向;注意它是副词,不作形容词修饰名词。

side
边;侧
Use the other side of the paper.
side road
支路;旁路
The bus turned into a side road.

非派生记忆线索

look sideways
斜眼看
He looked sideways at the clock.
turn sideways
侧身
Turn sideways to pass through the gap.

词族导图

side 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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141

beard

[biəd] · n. [C/U] · Page 174

hair that grows on the chin and lower cheeks, especially on a man's face

胡须;络腮胡子

联想

beard 指长在下巴和脸颊下部的胡须,可作可数名词说 a beard,也可作不可数泛指 beard。注意 moustache 是上唇胡子,clean-shaven 是没有胡须的状态。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C/U]胡须;络腮胡子

指脸下部、下巴和脸颊上的胡须。可说 have/grow/shave a beard,也可与 short、long、thick、white 等形容词连用。

常见表达grow a beardhave a beardshave off a bearda thick bearda white beard

My grandfather has a short white beard.

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我祖父留着短短的白胡子。

have a beard 是描述外貌。

He shaved off his beard before the interview.

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面试前他把胡子刮掉了。

shave off a beard 表示刮掉胡须。

The actor grew a beard for the role of an old sailor.

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这位演员为了扮演老水手留了胡子。

grow a beard 表示留胡子。

beard 不等于所有 facial hair;moustache 是上唇胡子,beard 主要在下巴和脸颊下部。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

facial hair
面部毛发
Facial hair can change a person's appearance. facial hair 范围更大,beard 是其中一种。
whiskers
胡须;须
The old man had grey whiskers. whiskers 可指人的胡须,也可指动物须,语气更口语/描写。
moustache
小胡子;上唇胡子
He has a moustache but no beard. moustache 长在上唇;beard 长在下巴和脸颊。
clean-shaven
刮净胡须的
He looked younger when he was clean-shaven. clean-shaven 描述没有胡须的脸。

词族线索 / 同组词

bearded
有胡须的
A bearded man opened the door. bearded 是形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

beard 是身体/外貌词,不强拆词根;可通过 bearded 和 clean-shaven 建立外貌描述对比。

bearded
有胡须的
A bearded man opened the door.
beardless
无胡须的
The young actor looked almost beardless.

非派生记忆线索

grow a beard
留胡子
He grew a beard during the winter.
shave off a beard
刮掉胡子
He shaved off his beard.

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142

blouse

[blauz] · n. [C] · Page 174

a light shirt or top, usually worn by women or girls

(女式)短上衣;衬衫

联想

blouse 是服装词,通常指女式轻薄上衣或衬衫。它可与 skirt、trousers 搭配成一套衣服,但 trousers/skirt 不是它的反义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C](女式)短上衣;衬衫

指通常由女性或女孩穿的轻薄上衣,可按颜色、布料或搭配衣物描述。

常见表达wear a blousea white blousea silk blousea cotton blousea blouse and skirt

She wore a white blouse with a blue skirt.

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她穿着白色衬衫和蓝色裙子。

blouse 可与 skirt 搭配描述整套衣服。

The shop sells cotton blouses for summer.

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这家店出售夏季棉质女式衬衫。

cotton blouses 是材质 + 复数名词。

Please change into a clean blouse before the school concert.

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校音乐会前请换上一件干净的女式衬衫。

change into a blouse 是换衣语境。

blouse 接近 shirt/top,但更常指女式、较轻薄或较正式的上衣。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shirt
衬衫
He wore a blue shirt to school. shirt 范围更广,男女都可穿;blouse 更常指女式上衣。
top
上衣
She bought a simple summer top. top 是泛称;blouse 更具体。
dress
连衣裙
She wore a red dress to the party. dress 是一整件裙装,不是 blouse。
skirt
裙子
The blouse matches her skirt. skirt 可与 blouse 搭配,但不是反义词。
T-shirt
T恤
A T-shirt is usually more casual than a blouse. T-shirt 更休闲;blouse 可更正式。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

blouse 按服装名词学习,不强拆词根;重点在 shirt/top/dress/skirt 的类别区别。

非派生记忆线索

a blouse and skirt
女式上衣配裙子
She wore a blouse and skirt.
silk blouse
丝质女式衬衫
The silk blouse looked formal.

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143

bone

[bəun] · n. [C/U] · Page 174

a hard part inside the body that supports it, or the hard material bones are made of

骨;骨头;骨质

联想

bone 可数时是一块骨头或骨骼部位,不可数时表示骨质/骨材料。复习时把 break a bone、strong bones、fish bone、bone structure 分开看。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]骨;骨头

指身体或动物身上的一块硬骨头,也可指食物中的鱼刺/骨头。

常见表达break a bonea broken bonefish bonechicken bone

The football player broke a bone in his left foot.

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那名足球运动员左脚骨折了。

break a bone 是受伤语境。

Be careful not to swallow a fish bone.

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小心不要吞下鱼刺。

fish bone 可指鱼刺/鱼骨。

The dog buried a bone under the tree.

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狗把一根骨头埋在树下。

a bone 是可数名词。

n. [U]骨质;骨骼材料

泛指骨头的硬质材料,常见于健康、结构或医学语境。

常见表达strong bonesbone structurebone healthbuild bone

Milk can help children build strong bones.

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牛奶可以帮助儿童强健骨骼。

strong bones 是健康语境。

Exercise is important for bone health.

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运动对骨骼健康很重要。

bone health 表示骨骼健康。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

skeleton
骨骼;骨架
The skeleton supports the body. skeleton 是整体骨架,bone 是单块骨头或骨质。
joint
关节
The knee is a large joint. joint 是骨头连接处,不是 bone。
flesh
肉;肌肉组织
The wound went through the flesh but did not reach the bone. flesh 与 bone 是身体组织对比。
skin
皮肤
Skin covers the bones and muscles. skin 在外层,bone 在内部。

词族线索 / 同组词

bony
骨瘦如柴的;多骨的
The old horse looked thin and bony. bony 是形容词。
boneless
无骨的
The restaurant sells boneless chicken. boneless 表示没有骨头。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bone 是身体结构词,可通过 bony、boneless 记住形容词扩展;flesh/skin 只是组织对比,不是派生词。

bony
骨瘦如柴的;多骨的
The old horse looked thin and bony.
boneless
无骨的
The restaurant sells boneless chicken.

非派生记忆线索

break a bone
骨折
He broke a bone in his foot.
strong bones
强健的骨骼
Children need food that helps build strong bones.

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144

boot

[bu:t] · n. [C] · Page 174

a strong shoe that covers the foot and usually part of the ankle or lower leg

靴子

联想

boot 是鞋类词,重点是“覆盖脚和脚踝/小腿的一种结实鞋”。它常按用途分类:rain boots 防雨,walking boots 适合徒步,work boots 保护脚。sandal/slipper 是鞋类对比,不是严格反义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]靴子

覆盖脚和通常覆盖脚踝或小腿的一种结实鞋,常用于雨天、徒步、工作或寒冷天气。

常见表达wear bootsput on bootsrain bootswalking bootswork bootsa pair of boots

Wear boots because the path is muddy.

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路很泥泞,所以穿靴子。

wear boots 是穿靴子的动作。

The workers put on heavy boots before entering the site.

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工人进入工地前穿上厚重的靴子。

work/heavy boots 强调保护脚。

She packed a pair of walking boots for the mountain trip.

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她为登山旅行带了一双徒步靴。

a pair of boots 是一双靴子。

boot 通常比普通 shoe 更高、更结实;按场景记 rain boots、walking boots、work boots。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shoe
A boot is a kind of shoe. shoe 是上位词;boot 是更高、更结实的一类鞋。
rain boot
雨靴
Rain boots keep your feet dry. rain boot 是用途分类。
walking boot
徒步靴
Walking boots protect your feet on rough paths. walking boot 适合徒步。
sandal
凉鞋
Sandals are open shoes for hot weather. sandal 是开放式鞋类,与 boot 的覆盖性对比。
slipper
拖鞋;室内便鞋
He wore slippers at home. slipper 多用于室内;boot 更结实,常用于户外。
barefoot
赤脚的
Children walked barefoot on the grass. barefoot 表示不穿鞋,不是 boot 的词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

boot 按服装/鞋类名词学习,不强拆词根。重点在用途搭配:rain boots、walking boots、work boots。

非派生记忆线索

a pair of boots
一双靴子
She bought a pair of boots for winter.
put on boots
穿上靴子
Put on boots before walking in the snow.

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145

cheek

[tʃi:k] · n. [C] · Page 174

the soft side of the face below the eye and beside the nose

面颊;脸颊

联想

cheek 是脸两侧柔软的部位,在眼睛下方、鼻子旁边。它常用于外貌、情绪和动作:rosy cheeks、tears on her cheeks、kiss someone on the cheek。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]面颊;脸颊

脸部眼睛下方、鼻子两旁的柔软部位,常用于描述颜色、眼泪、亲吻或触摸。

常见表达rosy cheeksred cheekskiss someone on the cheektears on one's cheekstouch one's cheek

The child's cheeks turned red in the cold wind.

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孩子的脸颊在冷风中变红了。

red cheeks 描述脸颊颜色。

A tear ran down her cheek as she read the letter.

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她读信时,一滴眼泪顺着脸颊流下来。

down one's cheek 描述眼泪位置。

The little girl kissed her grandmother on the cheek.

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小女孩亲了奶奶的脸颊。

kiss someone on the cheek 是常见动作。

cheek 是脸侧部位;forehead、chin、jaw 是相关脸部词,不是 cheek 的反义词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

side of the face
脸的一侧
A tear ran down the side of her face. side of the face 是解释性表达;cheek 更具体。
face
Her face was red after running. face 是整体,cheek 是脸的一部分。
forehead
额头
Sweat ran down his forehead. forehead 在脸上方,cheek 在眼下两侧。
chin
下巴
He rested his chin on his hand. chin 在脸下方,cheek 在侧面。
jaw
下颌;颌部
The doctor checked his jaw after the accident. jaw 是骨骼/下颌区域,cheek 是软面颊。
rosy
红润的
The child had rosy cheeks after playing outside. rosy 常修饰 cheeks。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

cheek 按人体部位词学习,不强拆词根。重点通过 face/forehead/chin/jaw 的位置对比定位。

非派生记忆线索

rosy cheeks
红润的脸颊
The child had rosy cheeks.
kiss someone on the cheek
亲某人的脸颊
She kissed the baby on the cheek.

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146

chest

[tʃest] · n. [C] · Page 174

the front part of the body below the neck, or a large strong box for storage

胸部;胸膛;大箱子

联想

chest 有两条常见线:身体的“胸部/胸膛”,以及用来储物的“大箱子”。看到 chest pain、hold one's hand to one's chest 是身体;看到 wooden chest、treasure chest 是箱子。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]胸部;胸膛

身体前部、脖子以下、腹部以上的部位,常用于疼痛、呼吸、心跳或动作描写。

常见表达chest painpain in one's chesthold sth. to one's chesttake a deep breathchest infection

He felt pain in his chest after running too fast.

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他跑得太快后感到胸口疼。

chest pain / pain in one's chest 是身体部位语境。

She held the photo close to her chest.

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她把照片紧紧贴在胸前。

hold sth. to one's chest 是动作描写。

The doctor listened to the child's chest.

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医生听了孩子的胸部。

listen to one's chest 是医疗语境。

n. [C]大箱子;储物箱

带盖的结实大箱子,用来存放衣物、信件、玩具、宝物等。

常见表达wooden chesttreasure cheststorage chesttoy chestkeep sth. in a chest

Old letters were kept in a wooden chest.

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旧信被保存在一个木箱里。

wooden chest 是储物箱语境。

The children imagined a treasure chest under the old tree.

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孩子们想象老树下有一个宝箱。

treasure chest 是常见搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

breast area
胸部区域
He put one hand on his breast area to show where it hurt. breast area 是解释性表达;chest 更常用。
torso
躯干
The torso includes the chest and abdomen. torso 是躯干整体,chest 是前胸部。
back
背部
The backpack rested against his back. back 与身体前侧的 chest 形成位置对比。
box
箱子
The box was full of books. box 是上位词;chest 是较大的储物箱。
treasure chest
宝箱
The story begins with a map and a treasure chest. treasure chest 是固定搭配。
drawer
抽屉
She put the key in the drawer. drawer 是另一种储物空间,不是 chest 的反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

chest 按多义名词学习,不强拆词根。关键是通过搭配区分身体部位义和储物箱义。

非派生记忆线索

chest pain
胸痛
He felt chest pain after running.
wooden chest
木箱
Old letters were kept in a wooden chest.

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147

ear

[iə(r)] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 174

the body part for hearing, a good ability to hear differences, or the grain head of a plant such as corn

耳朵;听力/辨音能力;穗

联想

ear 有三条线:身体部位“耳朵”;have an ear for... 表示有辨音/欣赏能力;an ear of corn 是玉米穗。阅读时靠搭配判断,不要把所有 ear 都理解成耳朵。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]耳朵

用于听声音的身体部位,常与 cover、whisper、hear、left/right 等搭配。

常见表达left earright earcover one's earswhisper in one's earhear with one's ears

She covered her ears because the music was too loud.

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音乐太吵,她捂住了耳朵。

cover one's ears 是身体动作。

The boy whispered a secret in his sister's ear.

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男孩在妹妹耳边低声说了一个秘密。

whisper in one's ear 是固定搭配。

n. [sing.]灵敏的听力;辨音能力

have an ear for sth. 表示对音乐、语言、发音等有敏锐听辨能力。

常见表达have a good ear for musichave an ear for languagesan ear for pronunciation

He has a good ear for languages and pronunciation.

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他对语言和发音很有辨音能力。

have a good ear for... 表示听辨能力。

A good singer needs an ear for rhythm.

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优秀歌手需要对节奏有敏锐听觉。

an ear for rhythm 是能力表达。

n. [C]

指玉米等植物的穗,最常见搭配是 an ear of corn / ears of corn。

常见表达an ear of cornears of cornpick ears of corn

We picked several ears of corn on the farm.

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我们在农场摘了几穗玉米。

ears of corn 是源层义项“穗”。

She cooked an ear of corn for lunch.

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她午饭煮了一穗玉米。

an ear of corn 是可数表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hearing organ
听觉器官
The ear is a hearing organ. 解释性表达,日常说 ear。
hearing
听力
Loud noise can damage hearing. hearing 是能力/功能,ear 是器官。
listen
Please listen carefully. listen 是动作动词,不是名词。
deaf
聋的
A deaf student used sign language. deaf 与能听见的能力对比,不是 ear 的名词反义词。
corn
玉米
Corn grows well in warm weather. ears of corn 中 ear 指穗。
eye
眼睛
The eye is used for seeing. eye 是另一个感官器官。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ear 按多义名词学习,不强拆词根。关键是区分身体部位、听辨能力和植物穗三个搭配环境。

非派生记忆线索

have an ear for music
有音乐辨音能力
She has an ear for music.
an ear of corn
一穗玉米
He ate an ear of corn.

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148

eye

[ai] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] / vt. · Page 174

the organ for seeing, a way of looking at something, or to look at something carefully

眼睛;眼光;视角;端详;审视

联想

eye 的核心从“看”展开:身体部位是眼睛;keep an eye on 是留意;with fresh eyes 是用新的眼光看;作动词 eye sb./sth. 是端详、审视。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]眼睛

用于看东西的身体部位,常与 open、close、check、look into 等动作搭配。

常见表达open one's eyesclose one's eyescheck one's eyeslook into one's eyes

The doctor checked the child's eyes carefully.

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医生仔细检查了孩子的眼睛。

check one's eyes 是身体部位语境。

She closed her eyes and listened to the rain.

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她闭上眼睛听雨声。

close one's eyes 是常见动作。

n. [sing.]眼光;视角;留意

表示看待事物的方式,或注意/照看某人某物的能力。

常见表达keep an eye onwith fresh eyesin the eyes of sb.have an eye for detail

Keep an eye on your bag in the crowded station.

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在拥挤的车站要留意你的包。

keep an eye on 是留意/照看。

Read your essay again with fresh eyes tomorrow.

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明天用新的眼光再读一遍你的作文。

with fresh eyes 是换个视角。

She has an eye for detail when she edits reports.

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她编辑报告时很有细节眼光。

have an eye for 表示有眼光/鉴赏力。

vt.端详;审视

用眼睛仔细看某人或某物,常带观察、打量、想要或怀疑的语气。

常见表达eye sb. carefullyeye sth. with interesteye sth. suspiciously

The guard eyed the visitor carefully before opening the gate.

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门卫开门前仔细打量了访客。

eye sb. carefully 是审视某人。

The child eyed the cake with interest.

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孩子饶有兴趣地盯着蛋糕看。

eye sth. with interest 带心理色彩。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

seeing organ
视觉器官
The eye is a seeing organ. 解释性表达,日常说 eye。
sight
视力;视野
Good light protects your sight. sight 是视觉能力或景象,不是器官。
view
观点;视角
From my view, the plan is fair. view 对应 eye 的视角义。
watch
看守;观看
Please watch the children near the river. watch 是动作,keep an eye on 接近留意。
ignore
忽视
Do not ignore small mistakes. ignore 与 keep an eye on 的注意义对比。
ear
耳朵
The ear is used for hearing. ear 是另一个感官器官。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

eye 按身体部位、视角/留意、动词审视三条线学习,不强拆词根。关键是 keep an eye on、with fresh eyes、eye sb. carefully。

eyed
看着的;有……眼睛的
A blue-eyed child stood at the door.

非派生记忆线索

keep an eye on
留意;照看
Keep an eye on your bag.
with fresh eyes
用新的眼光
Read the essay with fresh eyes.

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149

fist

[fist] · n. [C] · Page 174

a tightly closed hand

拳头

联想

fist 是“拳头”:hand 变成 tightly closed hand。常见语境有 clench/make a fist 表示握拳,raise a fist 表示支持或抗议,hit/knock with a fist 表示用拳头做动作。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]拳头

表示手指弯曲并紧握形成的拳头,常出现在生气、紧张、支持、敲打等具体动作里。

常见表达make a fistclench one's fistraise a fistshake one's fist at sb.hit/knock with one's fist

The child clenched his fists when he felt angry.

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孩子生气时握紧了拳头。

clench one's fists 表示因情绪握拳。

She raised her fist to show support for the team.

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她举起拳头表示支持球队。

raise a fist 可表示支持、抗议或力量感。

He knocked on the door with his fist because his hands were full.

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他双手拿满东西,只好用拳头敲门。

with one's fist 表示用拳头完成动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

closed hand
握紧的手
A fist is a closed hand. closed hand 是解释性近义表达;日常名词用 fist。
hand
He held the pencil in his hand. hand 是上位身体部位;fist 是手握紧后的形态。
palm
手掌
She placed the coin on her palm. palm 强调张开的手掌面,和 fist 的握紧状态形成对比。
open hand
张开的手
He greeted us with an open hand, not a fist. open hand 可作状态对比,但不是严格词典反义词。
finger
手指
He counted the coins with his fingers. finger 是构成拳头的手指,不是 fist 的同义词。
clench
握紧;咬紧
She clenched her fist during the race. clench 是常与 fist 搭配的动作动词。
punch
用拳打
He should not punch the wall. punch 是拳头可能做的动作;fist 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fist 本身是身体部位/动作名词,不强拆词根。真正有用的是拳头状态和动作搭配:make、clench、raise、shake、hit/knock with。

fistful
一把;一握
The boy picked up a fistful of sand.
fisted
握成拳的;拳状的
The runner kept his hands fisted in the cold wind.

非派生记忆线索

clench one's fist
握紧拳头
He clenched his fist but said nothing.
open hand
张开的手
An open hand shows the opposite state from a fist.

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150

flesh

[fleʃ] · n. [U] / phr. · Page 174

soft body tissue, the soft part of fruit, or in person

(人或动物的)肉;皮肤;果肉;in the flesh 本人

联想

flesh 的核心是“软的、有生命感的部分”:身体里是肉/皮肉,水果里是果肉;in the flesh 是固定搭配,表示“本人、活生生地”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]人或动物的肉;皮肉

指身体的软组织或皮肉,通常和 bone、skin、wound 等词形成语境联系;作食品时更常用 meat。

常见表达soft flesha wound in the fleshflesh and bloodunder the skin and flesh

The cut was not deep; it only hurt the flesh of his arm.

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伤口不深,只伤到了他手臂的皮肉。

flesh 指身体软组织/皮肉。

The story reminds us that heroes are flesh and blood, not machines.

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这个故事提醒我们,英雄也是有血有肉的人,不是机器。

flesh and blood 表示有血有肉的人。

n. [U]果肉

指水果外皮和果核之间可食用的柔软部分,常与 peach、mango、melon 等水果搭配。

常见表达fruit fleshthe flesh of a peachsoft mango fleshremove the peel before eating the flesh

The mango's flesh is soft and sweet.

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芒果的果肉又软又甜。

fruit flesh 是果肉语境。

The flesh of the peach turns brown quickly after it is cut.

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桃子的果肉切开后很快变褐。

the flesh of a peach 指可食用果肉。

phr.in the flesh 本人;活生生地

固定搭配,表示亲眼见到真实的人,而不是在照片、视频或想象中看到。

常见表达see/meet sb. in the fleshappear in the flesh

I finally saw my favorite writer in the flesh.

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我终于见到了我最喜欢的作家本人。

in the flesh 是原始词义固定搭配。

The actor looked taller in the flesh than on screen.

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这位演员本人看起来比银幕上更高。

in the flesh 对比照片/视频中的形象。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

soft tissue
软组织
The doctor checked the soft tissue around the wound. soft tissue 是医学/解释性表达;flesh 更普通也可用于水果。
meat
肉;肉食
We had fish and meat for dinner. meat 多指作为食物的肉;flesh 更强调身体/皮肉或较书面语,不直接当作普通同义词。
skin
皮肤
Her skin turned red in the sun. skin 是外层皮肤;flesh 可指皮肤下的软组织或皮肉。
pulp
果肉;纸浆
Orange pulp is rich in juice. pulp 接近水果果肉义,flesh 更常与具体水果搭配。
bone
骨头
The bone was not broken. bone 是硬的骨骼,和 soft flesh 对比。
peel
果皮
Remove the peel before eating the fruit. peel 是外皮,fruit flesh 是里面可食用部分。
in person
亲自;本人
She wanted to thank him in person. in person 对应 in the flesh 的本人义,语气更普通。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

flesh 不强拆词根。学习重点是三个语境:身体皮肉、果肉、in the flesh 本人。

fleshy
肉质的;肥厚的
This plant has thick, fleshy leaves.
flesh-colored
肉色的
She wore a flesh-colored bandage on her arm.

非派生记忆线索

in the flesh
本人;活生生地
We met the scientist in the flesh.
flesh and blood
有血有肉的人;亲人
Even great leaders are flesh and blood.

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151

heel

[hi:l] · n. [C] · Page 174-175

the back part of the foot, the raised back part of a shoe, or a weak point

脚后跟;鞋跟;Achilles' heel 致命弱点

联想

heel 先记脚后跟:foot 的后面;再记鞋跟:high heels;最后记原始词义里的 Achilles' heel,来自神话,表示“致命弱点”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]脚后跟;足跟

指脚的后部,常和 hurt、raise、stand on、rub 等动作搭配。

常见表达hurt one's heelthe heel of the footstand on one's heelsrub one's heel

My heel hurt after the long walk.

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长途步行后我的脚后跟疼。

heel 是脚的后部。

The runner raised his heels before he started.

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跑步者起跑前抬起脚后跟。

raise one's heels 是身体动作。

n. [C]鞋跟

指鞋后部垫高或支撑的部分;high heels 通常指高跟鞋。

常见表达the heel of a shoea broken heelhigh heelslow heels

The heel of her shoe broke on the stairs.

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她的鞋跟在楼梯上断了。

the heel of a shoe 是鞋跟。

She wore low heels because she had to stand all day.

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她穿低跟鞋,因为她得站一整天。

heels 可指带跟的鞋。

phr.Achilles' heel 致命弱点

固定搭配,来自希腊神话,表示一个人、计划或系统最容易被击败的弱点。

常见表达sb.'s Achilles' heelthe Achilles' heel of a plan/team/system

Poor time management is his Achilles' heel in exams.

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时间管理差是他考试中的致命弱点。

Achilles' heel 是原始词义相关词。

The team's defense became its Achilles' heel in the final game.

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防守成了这支队伍在决赛中的致命弱点。

可用于团队或计划的弱点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

back of the foot
脚的后部
The heel is the back of the foot. 解释性表达,正式词条用 heel。
toe
脚趾
He touched his toes after warming up. toe 在脚前端,heel 在脚后端。
ankle
脚踝
She twisted her ankle during the game. ankle 是关节位置,不是 heel。
sole
脚底;鞋底
The sole of the shoe was wet. sole 是底部,heel 是后部。
shoe
These shoes are comfortable. heel 可指鞋的一部分。
high heels
高跟鞋
High heels are not comfortable for long walks. heels 可指有跟的鞋,尤其高跟鞋。
Achilles' heel
致命弱点
Careless spelling is her Achilles' heel. 固定搭配,不是普通身体部位描述。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

heel 不强拆词根。重点把脚后跟、鞋跟、Achilles' heel 三条线分开。

heeled
有鞋跟的
She chose flat shoes instead of heeled shoes.
high-heeled
高跟的
High-heeled shoes can make walking difficult.

非派生记忆线索

Achilles' heel
致命弱点
Poor planning was the project's Achilles' heel.
high heels
高跟鞋
She does not wear high heels to school.

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152

jaw

[dʒɔ:] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 175

the bone structure around the mouth, especially the lower part of the face

颌;下巴;下颌

联想

jaw 指嘴周围的颌骨结构,尤其常说 lower jaw 下颌。它和 chin 接近但不一样:chin 是脸最下方凸出的下巴,jaw 更偏骨骼/咬合结构。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]颌;颌骨

指嘴周围用于咀嚼和支撑牙齿的骨骼结构,可说 upper jaw、lower jaw。

常见表达upper jawlower jawjaw bonemove one's jaw

The dentist checked the boy's lower jaw carefully.

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牙医仔细检查了男孩的下颌。

lower jaw 是下颌骨。

A whale's jaw can be much larger than a small boat.

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鲸的颌骨可能比一条小船还大。

动物也可用 jaw。

n. [sing.]下巴;下颌部位

日常语境中可指脸下部靠近下巴的区域,常描述疼痛、受伤或外形。

常见表达jaw painhurt one's jawa strong jawdrop one's jaw

The boxer hurt his jaw during the match.

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拳击手在比赛中伤到了下巴。

hurt one's jaw 是受伤语境。

Her jaw dropped when she heard the news.

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她听到这个消息时惊得张口结舌。

one's jaw dropped 是惊讶的固定表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lower jaw
下颌
The lower jaw moves when we speak. lower jaw 是 jaw 最常见的具体部位。
upper jaw
上颌
The upper jaw holds the top teeth. upper jaw 和 lower jaw 构成上下颌。
chin
下巴尖
He rested his chin on his hand. chin 是脸最下方外部,下巴尖;jaw 更偏颌骨/下颌线。
mouth
She opened her mouth to speak. mouth 是口腔开口,jaw 是支撑嘴部的骨骼结构。
tooth
牙齿
A tooth sits in the jaw. tooth/teeth 位于颌骨中。
cheek
脸颊
The child had red cheeks after running. cheek 在脸侧,jaw 在嘴周围/下脸部骨骼。
mandible
下颌骨
The mandible is the lower jaw. mandible 是较专业的下颌骨说法,高中只需识别即可。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

jaw 不强拆词根。重点分清 jaw、chin、mouth、cheek 这些面部词的位置。

jawbone
颌骨
The doctor looked at the jawbone on the X-ray.
jawline
下颌线
The portrait shows a clear jawline.

非派生记忆线索

one's jaw dropped
惊得张口结舌
His jaw dropped when he saw the score.
lower jaw
下颌
The lower jaw helps us chew food.

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153

leg

[leg] · n. [C] · Page 175

a body part used for standing and walking, or a supporting part like a leg

腿;支腿;一段路程/赛程

联想

leg 的核心是“支撑身体、帮助移动的腿”。从身体腿可以扩展到 table leg 桌腿;break a leg 是祝演出成功的口语表达,不是真的让人摔断腿。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]

指人或动物用于站立、行走、奔跑的身体部位,是原始词义核心义。

常见表达left/right leghurt one's legbreak one's leglong legs

She hurt her leg during the basketball game.

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她在篮球比赛中伤到了腿。

hurt one's leg 是身体受伤语境。

The dog lifted one leg and ran across the yard.

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那只狗抬起一条腿跑过院子。

动物的腿也用 leg。

n. [C]支腿;一段路程/赛程

由“支撑/移动的一部分”扩展,可指桌椅的腿,也可指旅程或比赛中的一段。

常见表达a table lega chair legthe first leg of a journeythe final leg of a race

One leg of the table is shorter than the others.

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桌子有一条腿比其他几条短。

table leg 是物体支撑部位。

The first leg of the journey took three hours.

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旅程的第一段花了三个小时。

leg 可指旅程/赛程的一段。

phr.break a leg 祝好运

固定口语表达,常在演出、比赛前说,表示祝对方好运,不按字面理解为“摔断腿”。

常见表达Break a leg!say break a leg to sb.

Before the school play, her friend said, "Break a leg!"

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校剧开始前,她的朋友说:“祝你好运!”

Break a leg 是祝好运。

The coach smiled and told the team to break a leg.

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教练笑着祝队员们好运。

口语语境中不是受伤。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

limb
肢;四肢之一
A leg is a lower limb. limb 是较宽泛的肢体,leg 是具体腿。
lower limb
下肢
The doctor checked his lower limb after the fall. lower limb 是较正式/医学说法。
arm
手臂
He raised his arm to answer the question. arm 是上肢,leg 是下肢。
foot
Her foot was cold after the walk. foot 在腿末端,不是 leg 本身。
knee
膝盖
He bent his knee slowly. knee 是腿上的关节。
thigh
大腿
The upper part of the leg is the thigh. thigh 是 leg 的一部分。
break a leg
祝好运
Break a leg before your speech. 固定习语,表示祝好运,不是字面受伤。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

leg 不强拆词根。重点从身体腿扩展到支撑物和旅程/赛程的一段,并识别 break a leg 的习语。

legged
有……条腿的
A four-legged animal stood by the road.
legless
无腿的
A snake is a legless animal.

非派生记忆线索

break a leg
祝好运
Break a leg before your speech.
the first leg of a journey
旅程的第一段
The first leg of the journey was easy.

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154

lip

[lip] · n. [C] · Page 175

one of the two soft parts around the opening of the mouth

嘴唇

联想

lip 是嘴唇:upper lip 是上唇,lower lip 是下唇。常见动作有 bite one's lip、press one's lips together;dry lips 可用 lip balm,lipstick 是口红。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]嘴唇

指嘴巴开口周围柔软的上唇或下唇,常用于干裂、咬唇、微笑或说话等语境。

常见表达upper liplower lipdry lipsbite one's lippress one's lips together

His lips were dry after the long run.

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长跑后他的嘴唇很干。

dry lips 是嘴唇干裂语境。

She bit her lip to stop herself from laughing.

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她咬住嘴唇不让自己笑出来。

bite one's lip 表示控制情绪。

The child pressed his lips together and said nothing.

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孩子抿着嘴什么也没说。

press one's lips together 是抿嘴。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

upper lip
上唇
A small mark was above his upper lip. upper lip 是 lip 的具体部位。
lower lip
下唇
The baby touched her lower lip. lower lip 是 lip 的具体部位。
mouth
She opened her mouth to speak. mouth 是嘴整体,lip 是嘴边柔软部分。
teeth
牙齿
She showed her teeth when she smiled. teeth 在嘴里面,不是 lip 的反义词。
tongue
舌头
The tongue helps us speak. tongue 在口腔内,和 lip 都参与发音。
chin
下巴
He rested his chin on his hand. chin 在嘴唇下方,不是 lip 的反义词。
lip balm
润唇膏
Lip balm helps dry lips. lip balm 是嘴唇护理用品。
lipstick
口红
She put on red lipstick before the show. lipstick 是涂在嘴唇上的化妆品。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lip 不强拆词根。重点记 upper/lower lip 和常见动作 bite/press one's lips。

lipstick
口红
She put on lipstick before the party.
lip balm
润唇膏
Use lip balm when your lips are dry.

非派生记忆线索

bite one's lip
咬住嘴唇
He bit his lip to stay calm.
press one's lips together
抿嘴
She pressed her lips together and waited.

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155

nail

[neil] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 175

a small metal pin, a hard part at the end of a finger or toe, or to fasten with nails

钉子;指甲/趾甲;钉牢

联想

nail 是同形多义词:工具语境里是钉子;身体语境里是指甲/趾甲;作动词 nail sth. to... 是把某物钉牢。看 hammer、wall、board 多半是钉子;看 finger、toe、paint 多半是指甲。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]钉子

指细小的金属钉,常用 hammer 敲入木板、墙或其他材料中。

常见表达hammer a nailput a nail into the wallpull out a naila rusty nail

He used a hammer to put a nail into the wall.

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他用锤子把一枚钉子钉进墙里。

nail 是金属钉。

Be careful not to step on a rusty nail.

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小心不要踩到生锈的钉子。

rusty nail 是生锈的钉子。

n. [C]指甲;趾甲

指手指或脚趾末端坚硬的部分;常见 fingernail、toenail、paint/cut one's nails。

常见表达fingernailtoenailpaint one's nailscut one's nailsbite one's nails

She painted her nails before the party.

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聚会前她涂了指甲。

nails 可指手指甲。

Please cut your nails before the music performance.

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音乐表演前请剪指甲。

cut one's nails 是剪指甲。

He bit his nails when he felt nervous.

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他紧张时会咬指甲。

bite one's nails 描述紧张习惯。

vt.钉;钉牢

作动词时表示用钉子把某物固定在另一物上,常接 to。

常见表达nail sth. to the wallnail a board to the doornail down

They nailed the sign to the wooden gate.

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他们把牌子钉在木门上。

nail sth. to... 是钉牢。

The worker nailed the board down before the storm came.

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暴风雨来临前,工人把木板钉牢。

nail down 表示钉住/固定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metal pin
金属钉
A nail is a small metal pin. 解释钉子义;日常直接说 nail。
fingernail
手指甲
She broke a fingernail while cleaning. fingernail 是手指上的 nail。
toenail
脚趾甲
He hurt a toenail during the match. toenail 是脚趾上的 nail。
hammer
锤子
Use a hammer to drive in the nail. hammer 是敲钉子的工具。
screw
螺丝
A screw turns into the wood. screw 需要旋入,nail 通常用锤子敲入。
pin
别针;针
She used a pin to hold the paper. pin 比 nail 更细小,通常不是建筑固定用钉。
remove
移除
He removed the nail from the wall. remove/pull out 与动词 nail 的钉牢动作相反。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nail 不强拆词根。重点把钉子、指/趾甲、动词钉牢三条线分开。

fingernail
手指甲
Her fingernail was painted blue.
toenail
脚趾甲
He cut his toenails after the hike.

非派生记忆线索

hammer a nail
敲钉子
He hammered a nail into the wall.
nail sth. to...
把某物钉到……上
They nailed the map to the board.

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156

nose

[nəuz] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 175

the body part used for smelling and breathing, or a natural ability to notice something

鼻子;嗅觉/发现能力

联想

nose 先记身体部位“鼻子”:smell 和 breathe 都靠它;runny nose、blow one's nose 是感冒/清鼻涕语境。have a nose for... 是比喻,表示有发现某类信息的能力。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]鼻子

指脸上用于闻气味和呼吸的部位,常与感冒、气味、呼吸动作搭配。

常见表达blow one's noserunny nosehold one's nosea blocked nosebreathe through the nose

He has a runny nose and should drink warm water.

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他流鼻涕,应该喝点温水。

runny nose 是感冒语境。

The child held his nose because the smell was strong.

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气味太重,孩子捏住了鼻子。

hold one's nose 是捏住鼻子。

Please blow your nose with a tissue.

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请用纸巾擤鼻涕。

blow one's nose 是擤鼻涕。

n. [sing.]嗅觉;发现能力

可用 nose 表示嗅觉,也可用 have a nose for... 表示对新闻、机会、问题等很敏锐。

常见表达a good nosehave a nose for newshave a nose for dangerfollow one's nose

Dogs have a very good nose for smells.

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狗对气味有很灵敏的嗅觉。

a good nose 可指灵敏嗅觉。

The young reporter has a nose for news.

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这位年轻记者对新闻很敏锐。

have a nose for... 是比喻能力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

smelling organ
嗅觉器官
The nose is a smelling organ. 解释性表达,日常直接说 nose。
sense of smell
嗅觉
A cold can weaken your sense of smell. sense of smell 是功能,不是鼻子这个部位。
nostril
鼻孔
Air goes through the nostrils. nostril 是鼻孔,是 nose 的一部分。
mouth
We breathe through the mouth when the nose is blocked. mouth 是邻近部位,不是 nose 的反义词。
ear
耳朵
The ear is used for hearing. ear 是另一个感官器官,不是反义词。
smell
闻;气味
The smell of bread reached her nose. smell 是功能或气味,nose 是器官。
snout
动物的鼻口部
A pig uses its snout to search the ground. snout 多用于动物鼻口部,不是人鼻子的普通说法。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

nose 不强拆词根。重点记身体部位、嗅觉功能和 have a nose for... 这个比喻。

nosebleed
鼻出血
He had a nosebleed after the ball hit his face.
nosy
爱管闲事的;好打听的
Do not be nosy about other people's private lives.

非派生记忆线索

runny nose
流鼻涕
She stayed home with a runny nose.
have a nose for
对……有敏锐嗅觉/发现能力
The coach has a nose for young talent.

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157

shoulder

['ʃəuldə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 175

the part between the neck and arm, or to take on a responsibility

肩膀;肩负,承担

联想

shoulder 先记身体部位:neck 和 arm 之间的肩膀;再从“肩上扛东西”扩展到动词 shoulder responsibility,表示承担责任或负担。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]肩膀

指脖子和手臂之间的身体部位,可用于背包、疼痛、动作或姿势语境。

常见表达left/right shoulderon one's shouldershoulder painshoulder baglook over one's shoulder

She carried the heavy bag on her shoulder.

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她把沉重的包背在肩上。

on one's shoulder 是身体部位语境。

He looked over his shoulder before crossing the road.

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过马路前他回头看了一眼。

look over one's shoulder 是回头看。

A shoulder bag is useful when both hands are full.

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双手拿满东西时,单肩包很有用。

shoulder bag 是背在肩上的包。

vt.肩负;承担

作动词时表示承担责任、负担、任务或压力,常接 responsibility、burden、duty。

常见表达shoulder responsibilityshoulder the burdenshoulder a dutyshoulder the cost

Young people sometimes have to shoulder family responsibilities.

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年轻人有时不得不承担家庭责任。

shoulder responsibility 是承担责任。

The team shouldered the pressure and won the final match.

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队伍顶住压力,赢得了决赛。

shoulder pressure 表示承担压力。

No one person should shoulder the whole burden alone.

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不应该由一个人独自承担全部负担。

shoulder the burden 是承担负担。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

upper arm
上臂
The upper arm connects to the shoulder. upper arm 是邻近部位,不是 shoulder 的同义词。
neck
脖子
The neck is above the shoulders. neck 在 shoulder 上方。
arm
手臂
The arm moves from the shoulder. arm 与 shoulder 相连。
back
背部
The backpack rested on his back and shoulders. back 和 shoulder 都可承重,但位置不同。
take on
承担
She agreed to take on more work. take on 接近 shoulder 的承担义,语气更普通。
bear
承受;承担
He had to bear the cost himself. bear 也可表示承受负担。
avoid
逃避;避免
Do not avoid your responsibilities. avoid 与 shoulder responsibility 的承担义形成动作对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

shoulder 不强拆词根。重点从身体肩膀过渡到承担责任的动词义。

shoulder bag
单肩包
She carried a shoulder bag to school.
shoulder-to-shoulder
肩并肩地
The students stood shoulder-to-shoulder in the hall.

非派生记忆线索

shoulder responsibility
承担责任
Parents and teachers shoulder different responsibilities.
shoulder the burden
承担负担
The community helped shoulder the burden.

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158

skin

[skin] · n. [C,U] · Page 175

the outer covering of a body, fruit, or animal

皮肤;果皮/外皮;毛皮/兽皮

联想

skin 的核心是“外层覆盖物”:人身上是皮肤,水果上是果皮,动物身上可指毛皮/兽皮。判断时看对象是 person、fruit 还是 animal。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]皮肤

指人体或动物身体表面的外层,常与 sun、dry、smooth、damage、protect 搭配。

常见表达dry skinprotect your skindamage the skinskin colorsensitive skin

Too much sun can damage your skin.

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过多阳光会伤害你的皮肤。

skin 是人体皮肤。

Drink enough water if your skin feels dry.

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如果皮肤感觉干,要喝足够的水。

dry skin 是皮肤干燥。

n. [C,U]果皮;外皮

指水果或蔬菜表面的外层,可吃或可剥掉,常与 apple、orange、potato 等搭配。

常见表达apple skinfruit skinorange skinremove the skinthin skin

Remove the skin of the apple if you do not like it.

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如果你不喜欢,可以把苹果皮去掉。

fruit skin 是果皮。

The potato skin becomes crisp in the oven.

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土豆皮在烤箱里会变脆。

potato skin 是蔬菜外皮。

n. [C,U]毛皮;兽皮

指动物身体外层或处理后的兽皮,语境常与 animal、leather、fur 区分。

常见表达animal skina leather skinskin and furuse animal skins

Early people used animal skins to keep warm.

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早期人类用兽皮保暖。

animal skins 是兽皮。

Fur grows on the skin of many animals.

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许多动物的皮肤上长着毛。

fur 是毛,skin 是皮。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

outer covering
外层覆盖物
Skin is an outer covering. 解释性表达,skin 更具体。
flesh
肉;皮肉
The cut reached the flesh under the skin. flesh 在皮肤下面,和 body skin 形成层次对比。
peel
果皮;剥皮
Orange peel has a strong smell. peel 常指可剥的果皮,fruit skin 更宽泛。
rind
厚果皮;瓜皮
Watermelon rind is usually not eaten. rind 多指较厚外皮。
hide
兽皮
The bag was made from animal hide. hide 偏动物皮/处理后的兽皮。
fur
软毛;毛皮
The cat's fur was soft. fur 是毛,skin 是皮。
leather
皮革
Leather shoes need care. leather 是加工后的皮革。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

skin 不强拆词根。重点按对象区分 human skin、fruit skin、animal skin。

skincare
护肤
Good skincare can protect dry skin.
skinless
去皮的;无皮的
The recipe uses skinless chicken.

非派生记忆线索

protect your skin
保护皮肤
Wear a hat to protect your skin.
remove the skin
去皮
Remove the skin before cooking the potato.

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159

throat

[θrəut] · n. [C] · Page 175

the passage inside the neck used for swallowing, breathing, and speaking

咽喉;喉咙

联想

throat 是脖子里面的通道,和 swallow、speak、breathe 有关。常见搭配有 sore throat 喉咙痛、dry throat 喉咙干、clear one's throat 清嗓子。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]咽喉;喉咙

指脖子内部连接口腔、食道和气道的部位,常用于疼痛、干涩、吞咽、说话等语境。

常见表达sore throatdry throatclear one's throatthroat painswallow through the throat

She had a sore throat and could not sing.

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她喉咙痛,没法唱歌。

sore throat 是喉咙痛。

Drink warm water if your throat feels dry.

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如果喉咙干,就喝点温水。

dry throat 是喉咙干。

The speaker cleared his throat before beginning.

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演讲者开始前清了清嗓子。

clear one's throat 是清嗓子。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

neck
脖子
The throat is inside the neck. neck 是外部部位,throat 是内部通道。
mouth
Food moves from the mouth toward the throat. mouth 是入口,throat 在里面,不是反义词。
voice
嗓音
A sore throat can change your voice. voice 是发声结果,throat 是身体部位。
swallow
吞咽
It hurt to swallow with a sore throat. swallow 是喉咙相关动作。
stomach
Food goes down the throat to the stomach. stomach 在更下方,是消化器官,不是 throat 的反义词。
cough
咳嗽
A dry throat can make you cough. cough 是喉咙不适可能出现的症状。
gullet
食道;咽喉
Gullet is a less common word in school English. gullet 较专业/少见,学生认识即可。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

throat 不强拆词根。重点记健康搭配和动作搭配。

sore throat
喉咙痛
A sore throat made it hard for her to speak.
throaty
嗓音低沉沙哑的
He spoke in a throaty voice after the cold.

非派生记忆线索

clear one's throat
清嗓子
The teacher cleared her throat before speaking.
dry throat
喉咙干
Warm tea helped his dry throat.

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160

tongue

[tʌŋ] · n. [C] · Page 175

the soft part in the mouth used for tasting and speaking, or a language

舌头;语言,方言

联想

tongue 先记身体部位“舌头”,和 taste、speak、bite 有关;再记比喻/旧式用法 mother tongue,表示母语,也可泛指语言或方言。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]舌头

指嘴里的柔软部位,用于品尝、说话、吞咽等;常见 bite/burn one's tongue。

常见表达bite one's tongueburn one's tonguestick out one's tonguetaste with the tongue

The soup was so hot that it burned my tongue.

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汤太烫,烫到了我的舌头。

burn one's tongue 是烫到舌头。

The child stuck out his tongue at the mirror.

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孩子对着镜子吐了吐舌头。

stick out one's tongue 是吐舌头。

n. [C]语言;方言

较书面或固定搭配中,tongue 可指某种语言;mother tongue/native tongue 表示母语。

常见表达mother tonguenative tongueforeign tonguespeak in one's own tongue

English is not his mother tongue, but he speaks it well.

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英语不是他的母语,但他说得很好。

mother tongue 是母语。

The poem was first written in an old local tongue.

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这首诗最初是用一种古老的地方方言写成的。

local tongue 可指地方语言/方言。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

speech organ
发音器官
The tongue helps us form sounds. 解释身体功能,不是普通同义词。
taste
品尝;味觉
The tongue helps us taste food. taste 是功能,tongue 是器官。
mouth
The tongue is inside the mouth. mouth 是整体口腔开口,tongue 在里面。
teeth
牙齿
The tongue moves behind the teeth when we speak. teeth 是邻近部位,不是反义词。
language
语言
A language carries culture. language 是普通词;tongue 作语言义较书面或固定搭配。
mother tongue
母语
Her mother tongue is Chinese. 固定搭配,比 native language 更形象。
silence
沉默
Silence filled the room. silence 只和说话/语言表达形成对比,不是舌头的反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tongue 不强拆词根。重点区分身体 tongue 和 mother/native tongue 的语言义。

mother tongue
母语
Chinese is her mother tongue.
tongue-tied
紧张得说不出话的;结巴的
He felt tongue-tied during the interview.

非派生记忆线索

bite one's tongue
咬住舌头;忍住不说
She bit her tongue and stayed quiet.
foreign tongue
外语;外国话
The song was in a foreign tongue.

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161

waist

[weist] · n. [C] · Page 175

the narrow middle part of the body between the chest and hips

腰;腰部

联想

waist 指胸部和臀部之间较窄的腰部。学习时把它放进 around one's waist、bend at the waist、waist size 这些身体位置和尺寸搭配里。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]腰;腰部

指人体胸部以下、臀部以上的较窄部位;常和衣物、尺寸、弯腰动作一起出现。

常见表达around one's waistput one's hands on one's waistbend at the waistwaist sizewaist belt

She tied the jacket around her waist.

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她把夹克系在腰间。

around one's waist 表示围在腰部。

The dancer bent at the waist during the warm-up.

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舞者在热身时从腰部弯下身。

bend at the waist 强调从腰部弯曲。

Measure your waist before buying the belt.

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买腰带前先量一下腰围。

waist 可用于尺寸和衣物语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

midsection
身体中部;腰腹部
The belt goes around the midsection. midsection 更泛指身体中段,waist 更具体是腰。
waistline
腰围;腰线
This dress has a high waistline. waistline 指腰线或腰围,不等同于身体部位 waist。
hip
臀部;髋部
The bag rested on her hip. hip 在腰部下方,是位置相关词,不是反义词。
chest
胸部
He crossed his arms over his chest. chest 在腰部上方,是位置相关词,不是反义词。
stomach
腹部;胃
A stomach ache made him sit down. stomach 可指腹部或胃,和 waist 相邻但概念不同。
belt
腰带
He tightened his belt around his waist. belt 是常和 waist 搭配的衣物。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

waist 不强拆词根。高考层面重点记身体部位和衣物、尺寸搭配。

waistline
腰围;腰线
The coat makes the waistline look neat.
waistband
裤腰;裙腰
The waistband felt too tight after dinner.

非派生记忆线索

around one's waist
围在某人腰间
She wore a scarf around her waist.
waist size
腰围尺寸
Please write your waist size on the form.

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162

aluminium

[,ælju'miniəm] · n. [U] · Page 175

a light silver-colored metal used for cans, foil, aircraft, and many everyday products

联想

aluminium 是英式拼写,美式常写 aluminum。它是不可数材料名词,常出现在 aluminium foil、aluminium cans、made of aluminium 这样的具体物品语境中。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]铝;铝制材料

一种轻的银白色金属,常用于易拉罐、铝箔、门窗、飞机和实验室/工程材料。作为材料名词通常不可数。

常见表达aluminium foilaluminium cansmade of aluminiumrecycle aluminium

Many drink cans are made of aluminium.

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很多饮料罐是铝制的。

made of aluminium 是材料表达。

Cover the dish with aluminium foil before heating it.

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加热前用铝箔盖住盘子。

aluminium foil 是高频生活搭配。

Recycling aluminium saves energy and resources.

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回收铝可以节省能源和资源。

recycle aluminium 是环保语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

aluminum
铝(美式拼写)
In American English, aluminium is usually spelled aluminum. 源层相关词;英式 aluminium,美式 aluminum。
metal
金属
Aluminium is a light metal. metal 是上位词,不是严格同义词。
steel
Steel is usually stronger and heavier than aluminium. steel 是另一种金属,可用于材料对比。
plastic
塑料
Some bottles are plastic, while many cans are aluminium. plastic 是材料对比,不是严格反义词。
foil
箔;金属薄片
Wrap the food in aluminium foil. foil 是搭配词,不是词族派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

本词按材料名词学习,不强行拆词根。重点记英式 aluminium / 美式 aluminum 的拼写差异和不可数名词用法。

aluminum
铝(美式拼写)
American textbooks often use aluminum.

非派生记忆线索

aluminium foil
铝箔
Cover the dish with aluminium foil.
made of aluminium
由铝制成
The frame is made of aluminium.

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163

carbon

['kɑ:bən] · n. [U] · Page 175

a chemical element found in living things, coal, diamonds, and carbon dioxide

联想

carbon 是化学元素“碳”,通常作不可数名词。高考阅读里常见 carbon dioxide、carbon footprint、carbon emissions 等环境和科学语境;oxygen 是相关元素,不是 carbon 的反义词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]碳;碳元素

一种化学元素,存在于生物、煤、钻石、二氧化碳等物质中,常用于科学和环境话题。

常见表达carbon dioxidecarbon atomcarbon footprintcarbon emissionscarbon cyclecarbon in living things

Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air.

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植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳。

carbon dioxide 是科学/环保高频搭配。

Reducing our carbon footprint can help protect the climate.

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减少碳足迹有助于保护气候。

carbon footprint 是环保语境。

Diamond and coal both contain carbon.

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钻石和煤都含有碳。

contain carbon 表示含碳。

carbon 本身是元素名;carbon dioxide、carbon footprint、carbon emissions 是具体阅读搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chemical element
化学元素
Carbon is a chemical element. chemical element 是上位表达,不是严格同义词。
carbon dioxide
二氧化碳
Carbon dioxide is produced when people burn fuel. carbon dioxide 是含碳化合物。
carbon footprint
碳足迹
A smaller carbon footprint means less impact on the climate. carbon footprint 是环保搭配。
oxygen
Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. oxygen 是相关元素和气体语境,不是 carbon 的反义词。
coal
Coal contains carbon and releases energy when burned. coal 是含碳材料。
diamond
钻石
A diamond is made of carbon atoms. diamond 由碳原子构成。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

carbon 按元素名学习,不强拆词根。重点把 carbon dioxide、carbon footprint、carbon emissions 放进科学和环保阅读语境。

非派生记忆线索

carbon dioxide
二氧化碳
Plants take in carbon dioxide.
carbon footprint
碳足迹
We can reduce our carbon footprint.

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164

brochure

['brəuʃə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 175

a small book or folded paper that gives information about a place, product, school, or service

小册子;宣传册

联想

brochure 是信息类小册子,常见于旅游、学校招生、课程介绍或产品介绍。它通常设计得较正式,包含图片和说明;leaflet 更薄,pamphlet 常用于观点/说明,catalogue 更像目录。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]小册子;宣传册

用来介绍地点、学校、课程、产品或服务的小册子,常包含图片、简介和联系方式。

常见表达travel brochureschool brochuretourist brochureread a brochurepick up a brochurebrochure about sth.

The travel brochure shows beaches and mountain villages.

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旅游宣传册展示了海滩和山村。

travel brochure 是旅游信息语境。

Our school brochure explains the new science courses.

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我们的学校宣传册介绍了新的科学课程。

school brochure 是学校介绍语境。

Visitors can pick up a brochure at the museum entrance.

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游客可以在博物馆入口领取一份小册子。

pick up a brochure 是领取小册子。

brochure 重点是“有组织地介绍信息的小册子”,不是普通 blank sheet,也不是厚书。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leaflet
传单;折页
A volunteer handed me a leaflet about recycling. leaflet 通常更薄、更短。
pamphlet
小册子
The doctor gave us a pamphlet about healthy eating. pamphlet 常用于说明或宣传观点。
booklet
小册子
The exam booklet has twenty pages. booklet 是小本册子,brochure 更偏宣传/介绍。
catalogue
目录;商品目录
The furniture catalogue lists prices and sizes. catalogue 更偏列表或商品目录。
notice
通知
A notice on the wall said the library was closed. notice 通常是一张通知,不是介绍性小册子。
poster
海报
The poster announced the school concert. poster 是张贴展示,brochure 可拿在手里阅读。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

brochure 按信息载体名词学习,不强拆词根。重点在 travel/school/tourist brochure 的真实场景和 leaflet/pamphlet/booklet/catalogue 的区别。

非派生记忆线索

travel brochure
旅游宣传册
The travel brochure shows local food.
pick up a brochure
领取小册子
Pick up a brochure at the front desk.

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165

chemical

星标

['kemikl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 175-176

related to chemistry, or a substance made or used in a chemical process

化学的;化学作用的;化学品

联想

chemical 可作形容词“化学的/化学作用的”,也可作名词“化学品”。读题时先看它修饰名词,还是自己被 a/an、the、many 等限定。

意思、用法与例句

adj.化学的;化学作用的

修饰 reaction、engineering、change、factory 等,说明与化学或化学变化有关。

常见表达chemical reactionchemical changechemical engineeringchemical factory

A chemical reaction made the liquid turn blue.

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一次化学反应使液体变成了蓝色。

chemical reaction 是高中常见搭配。

Michael Strano is a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.

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迈克尔·斯特拉诺是麻省理工学院化学工程教授。

保留源层全国卷例句的核心信息。

Heat can cause a chemical change in some materials.

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加热会使一些材料发生化学变化。

chemical change 与 physical change 对比。

n. [C]化学品

指实验、农业、清洁或工业中使用的具体化学物质。

常见表达dangerous chemicalhousehold chemicalsuse chemicalsstore chemicals safely

Workers must handle dangerous chemicals carefully.

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工人必须小心处理危险化学品。

chemical 作可数名词。

The school stores chemicals in a locked room.

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学校把化学品存放在上锁的房间里。

store chemicals safely 是实验室安全语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chemical substance
化学物质
Water is a chemical substance, though it is safe to drink. substance 更泛;chemical 作名词常指化学品。
compound
化合物
Salt is a common compound. compound 是一种由元素结合成的物质,不等于所有 chemical。
physical
物理的
A physical change does not create a new substance. chemical change 与 physical change 是高中常见对比。
natural substance
天然物质
Some cleaners use natural substances instead of strong chemicals. natural substance 可在语境中与人工化学品对比。

词族线索 / 同组词

chemist
化学家;药剂师
The chemist tested the water. chemist 是人或药房。
chemistry
化学
She studies chemistry after school. chemistry 是学科。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

chem- 是本组词形核心:chemistry 是学科,chemist 是研究或经营药品的人,chemical 是形容词或化学品名词。

chemist
化学家;药剂师;药房
The chemist tested the river water.
chemistry
化学
We did an experiment in chemistry class.

非派生记忆线索

chemical reaction
化学反应
The liquid changed color after a chemical reaction.
chemical engineering
化学工程
She wants to study chemical engineering.

词族导图

chemical / chemist / chemistry 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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166

chemist

['kemist] · n. [C] · Page 176

a scientist who studies chemistry, or in British English a pharmacist or pharmacy

化学家;药剂师;药商;药房

联想

chemist = chemistry + -ist。-ist 常表示从事某领域的人。注意英式英语里 go to the chemist 可表示去药店。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]化学家

研究化学、做实验或分析物质的科学家。

常见表达research chemista famous chemistwork as a chemist

The chemist tested the water from the river.

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化学家检测了河水。

chemist 指研究或分析化学物质的人。

A research chemist helped design the new material.

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一位研究化学家帮助设计了这种新材料。

research chemist 是职业搭配。

n. [C]药剂师;药商;药房(英式)

在英式英语中可指配药的人,也可指药店。

常见表达go to the chemistask the chemistchemist's shop

In Britain, you can buy medicine at the chemist's.

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在英国,你可以在药店买药。

the chemist's 可指药店。

Ask the chemist how often to take this medicine.

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问问药剂师这种药多久吃一次。

chemist 可指药剂师。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

scientist
科学家
A scientist studies the natural world. scientist 更宽;chemist 专门研究化学。
pharmacist
药剂师
The pharmacist explained the medicine clearly. pharmacist 是药剂师;chemist 在英式英语里可这样用。
pharmacy
药房;药店
The pharmacy closes at nine. pharmacy 指地点;chemist 可指人,也可在英式英语中指药店。
patient
病人
The patient asked about the medicine. patient 与药剂师是角色对比,不是严格反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

chemical
化学的;化学品
Workers handled the chemical carefully. chemical 是形容词或物质。
chemistry
化学
He enjoys chemistry experiments. chemistry 是学科。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

-ist 常表示“从事某领域的人”:chemist 是做 chemistry 的人;但英式英语里还可指药剂师或药店。

chemical
化学的;化学品
The lab stores chemicals safely.
chemistry
化学
Chemistry explains how substances change.

非派生记忆线索

research chemist
研究化学家
A research chemist tested the sample.
chemist's
药店(英式)
She bought cough medicine at the chemist's.

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167

chemistry

['kemistri] · n. [U] · Page 176

the science of substances and how they are made or changed

化学

联想

chemistry 是学科名词,一般不可数。它研究物质、反应和变化;chemistry class/lab 是高中场景里的高频搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]化学

研究物质组成、性质和变化的科学学科。

常见表达study chemistrychemistry classchemistry laborganic chemistry

We did a simple experiment in chemistry class.

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我们在化学课上做了一个简单实验。

chemistry class 是课堂场景。

Chemistry helps explain why iron rusts in air.

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化学帮助解释铁为什么会在空气中生锈。

chemistry 作学科名词。

Students must wear glasses in the chemistry lab.

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学生在化学实验室必须戴护目镜。

chemistry lab 是实验室搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

chemical science
化学科学
Chemical science studies substances and reactions. chemical science 可解释 chemistry,但更正式。
science
科学
Science helps us understand nature. science 更宽;chemistry 是其中一门。
physics
物理
Physics studies forces, energy, and matter. physics 是另一门理科,不是 chemistry 的反义词。
biology
生物
Biology studies living things. biology 是另一门理科。

词族线索 / 同组词

chemical
化学的;化学品
A chemical reaction changed the liquid. chemical 来自 chemistry 语义场。
chemist
化学家;药剂师
The chemist tested the water. chemist 是人或英式药房。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

chemistry 是学科;chemical 是形容词/化学品;chemist 是从事化学或药品工作的人。三者共享 chem- 词形线索。

chemical
化学的;化学品
A chemical reaction made bubbles.
chemist
化学家;药剂师
The chemist checked the sample.

非派生记忆线索

chemistry class
化学课
We had a test in chemistry class.
chemistry lab
化学实验室
The chemistry lab smelled clean.

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168

copy

['kɒpi] · n. [C] / vt. / vi. · Page 176

a printed item or duplicate, or to reproduce, write, imitate, or cheat by using another's work

一本;一份;副本;复制;抄写;模仿;抄袭

联想

copy 的核心是“做出另一份”。作名词时可以是一本/一份,也可以是副本;作动词时是复制、复印、抄写,也可表示模仿或考试/作业中抄袭。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]一本;一份;副本;复制品

指书、报纸、文件的一本/一份,或原件的副本。

常见表达a copy of a bookone copy of the newspapermake a copya digital copythe original and the copy

The library keeps two copies of the magazine.

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图书馆保存着这本杂志的两份。

copy 可指书刊的一本/一份。

Please make a copy of the form before you hand it in.

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交表前请复印一份。

make a copy 是制作副本。

Keep the original and send me a copy.

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保留原件,把副本发给我。

original 与 copy 是副本语境对比。

vt.复制;复印;抄写

把文字、文件、笔记或图像再写/再做一份。

常见表达copy notescopy a filecopy a sentencecopy sth. onto/into sth.

She copied the new words into her notebook.

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她把新单词抄进笔记本。

copy ... into ... 表示抄写到某处。

Can you copy this file onto the school computer?

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你能把这个文件复制到学校电脑上吗?

copy a file 是数字文件语境。

vt. / vi.模仿;抄袭

模仿别人的动作、风格或答案;考试/作业中 copy from others 表示抄袭。

常见表达copy a stylecopy one's behaviorcopy from otherscopy another student's answers

The little boy copied his brother's way of speaking.

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小男孩模仿哥哥说话的方式。

copy 可表示模仿。

Do not copy another student's answers in the exam.

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考试中不要抄别人的答案。

copy answers 表示抄袭。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

duplicate
副本;复制
The machine made a duplicate of the key. duplicate 更正式,常指完全相同的一份。
reproduce
复制;再现
The artist reproduced the old painting. reproduce 更正式,可指复制图像或再现效果。
imitate
模仿
Children often imitate adults. imitate 只强调模仿,不表示文件副本。
original
原件;原创的
This is the original letter, not a copy. original 与 copy 的名词副本义对比。
create
创造
The designer created a new pattern. create 强调原创,不是照着复制。
plagiarize
剽窃;抄袭
Students must not plagiarize essays. plagiarize 比 copy from others 更正式、更负面。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

copy 按核心动作“做出另一份”理解,不强拆词根。copy、duplicate、reproduce、imitate 的差别在对象和语气。

copying
复制;抄写;抄袭
Copying answers is not allowed.
copied
复制过的;抄袭的
The copied file was saved on the computer.

非派生记忆线索

make a copy
制作副本
Please make a copy of the form.
copy from others
抄袭别人
Do not copy from others.

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169

experiment

星标

[ik'sperimənt] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 176

a scientific test, or to try a method or idea to see what happens

实验;试验;进行实验;尝试

联想

experiment 作名词是有目的的实验/试验;作不及物动词常接 with/on,表示用某物做实验或尝试新方法。science experiment 是课堂实验,experiment with ideas 是尝试想法。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]实验;试验

为验证想法、观察结果或学习科学规律而进行的测试。

常见表达do an experimentcarry out an experimentscience experimentexperiment using sth.the result of an experiment

The students did an experiment to test the water quality.

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学生们做了一个实验来检测水质。

do an experiment 是课堂/科学语境。

One project made plants glow in experiments using common vegetables.

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一个项目用常见蔬菜做实验,让植物发光。

改写并保留源层全国卷例句信息。

The result of the experiment surprised the whole class.

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实验结果让全班都很惊讶。

result of the experiment 是结果语境。

vi.进行实验;尝试;试用

用某物或某种方法做试验,看结果如何;常接 with 或 on。

常见表达experiment with sth.experiment on sth.experiment with different methodsexperiment with new ideas

The cook experimented with different vegetables in the soup.

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厨师试着在汤里加入不同蔬菜。

experiment with 表示尝试使用。

Scientists should follow strict rules when they experiment on animals.

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科学家在动物身上做实验时应遵守严格规则。

experiment on 表示实验对象。

Our group experimented with a new way to save water.

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我们小组尝试了一种新的节水方法。

experiment with a method 是尝试方法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

test
测试;检验
The test showed that the water was clean. test 范围更宽;experiment 更强调有计划地观察结果。
trial
试验;试用
The new medicine is still in trials. trial 常指试用或临床试验。
try out
试用;尝试
We tried out a new study method. try out 更口语,experiment 更正式。
observation
观察
Careful observation is important in science. observation 是观察过程,不等于实验本身。
guess
猜测
Do not guess; test your idea. guess 与 experiment 的证据意识对比,不是严格反义词。
result
结果
Record the result of the experiment. result 常与 experiment 搭配。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

experiment 按科学/尝试场景学习,不强拆词根。重点看名词 experiment 与动词 experiment with/on 的对象差异。

experimental
实验性的;试验性的
The school started an experimental science course.

非派生记忆线索

do an experiment
做实验
The students did an experiment.
experiment with
尝试;用……做实验
They experimented with new ideas.

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170

flame

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[fleim] · n. [C,U] · Page 176

the bright, hot, moving part of a fire

火焰;火苗

联想

flame 是火中看得见、会跳动的明亮部分。a candle flame 是一束小火苗;in flames 表示建筑、车辆等已经熊熊燃烧;flames die down/go out 表示火势变弱或熄灭。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]一束火焰;火苗

可数时指一束或一股具体可见的火焰,常描述蜡烛、炉火、实验火焰的颜色、大小或摆动。

常见表达a candle flamea blue flamea small flamethe flame of a lamp

The candle flame shook when the window opened.

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窗户打开时,蜡烛的火苗晃动了。

a candle flame 是具体一束火苗。

In the lab, the teacher showed us a small blue flame.

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在实验室里,老师给我们看了一小束蓝色火焰。

blue flame 对应实验室图语境。

n. [U/pl.]火焰;熊熊燃烧

不可数或复数时常描述火势、火焰整体,尤其是 in flames 表示某物已经猛烈燃烧。

常见表达in flamesflames spreadflames die downput out the flames

The old house was in flames before firefighters arrived.

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消防员到达前,那座老房子已经熊熊燃烧。

in flames 是原始词义搭配,表示火势很大。

People moved back as the flames spread across the dry grass.

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火焰蔓延过干草时,人们向后退开。

flames spread 描述火势蔓延。

After the rain started, the flames slowly died down.

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下雨后,火焰慢慢减弱。

flames die down 表示火势变弱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fire
火;火灾
Fire can give light and heat. fire 更宽泛,可指火、火灾或生火;flame 是火中可见的火舌/火苗。
blaze
大火;烈火
The blaze destroyed the warehouse. blaze 比 flame 更强调大火和猛烈燃烧。
spark
火花
A tiny spark started the fire. spark 是很小的火花,可能引起 flame。
smoke
Smoke rose from the kitchen. smoke 是燃烧产生的烟,不是火焰本身。
ash
灰烬
Only cold ash was left after the fire. ash 是燃烧后留下的东西,和 flame 的发光发热状态对比。
darkness
黑暗
A small flame broke the darkness. darkness 和 flame 的光亮义形成对比。
extinguish
扑灭;熄灭
Firefighters worked to extinguish the flames. extinguish 是让火焰熄灭的动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

flame 不需要拆词根。重点记住可数火苗、整体火势,以及 in flames、put out the flames、flames die down 等搭配。

flaming
燃烧的;火红的
The flaming wood lit up the dark room.
flameless
无火焰的
A flameless candle is safer in a dormitory.

非派生记忆线索

in flames
熊熊燃烧
The car was in flames after the crash.
put out the flames
扑灭火焰
The firefighters put out the flames quickly.

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171

gas

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[gæs] · n. [C,U] · Page 176

a substance like air, a fuel for cooking or heating, or gasoline in American English

气体;煤气/天然气;[美]汽油

联想

gas 有三条常见线:科学里是像空气一样的气体;生活里 natural gas 是做饭取暖用的天然气/煤气;美国英语里 gas 是汽油,所以 gas station 是加油站。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]气体

指像空气一样没有固定形状、会充满容器的物质;科学语境常见 oxygen、carbon dioxide、poisonous gas。

常见表达oxygen gascarbon dioxide gaspoisonous gasa gas in a bottlegas turns into liquid

The balloon was filled with a light gas.

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气球里充满了一种很轻的气体。

gas 是物质状态。

Plants take in carbon dioxide gas and give out oxygen.

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植物吸收二氧化碳气体并释放氧气。

科学语境常见具体气体名称。

n. [U]煤气;天然气

指家庭或工业中用于做饭、取暖、发电的燃料气体,常见 natural gas、gas leak、turn off the gas。

常见表达natural gasa gas leakturn off the gascook with gas

Natural gas is used for cooking in many homes.

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许多家庭用天然气做饭。

natural gas 是燃料义。

If you smell a gas leak, open the windows and leave the room.

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如果闻到煤气泄漏,要打开窗户并离开房间。

gas leak 是安全语境。

n. [U] AmE汽油

美国英语中 gas 可指 gasoline;英国英语更常说 petrol。gas station 是美式“加油站”。

常见表达gas stationrun out of gasfill the car with gasgas prices

We stopped at a gas station before driving into the mountains.

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进山前我们在加油站停了一下。

gas station 是美式表达。

The car ran out of gas on the way home.

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汽车在回家的路上没汽油了。

run out of gas 表示汽油用完。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

vapor
蒸汽;汽
Water vapor rose from the hot cup. vapor 是液体蒸发形成的气体;gas 更宽泛。
fuel
燃料
Clean fuel can reduce pollution. fuel 是燃料总称;natural gas 和 gasoline 都可作 fuel。
gasoline
汽油
Gasoline prices rose last week. gasoline 是完整词;gas 是美国英语口语/常用缩写。
petrol
汽油(英式)
In Britain, drivers usually say petrol. petrol 是英式汽油;gas 是美式汽油。
solid
固体
Ice is a solid form of water. solid 有固定形状,和 gas 的无固定形状对比。
liquid
液体
Water is a common liquid. liquid 有固定体积但会流动,和 gas 同属物质状态对比。
oxygen
氧气
Oxygen is a gas that people need to breathe. oxygen 是具体气体实例。
carbon dioxide
二氧化碳
Carbon dioxide is a gas in the air. carbon dioxide 是具体气体实例。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gas 不强拆词根。重点按语境区分 science gas、natural gas、American English gas = gasoline。

gaseous
气体的;气态的
Water can exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms.
gasoline
汽油
Gasoline is called gas in American English.

非派生记忆线索

natural gas
天然气;煤气
Natural gas is used for heating.
gas station
加油站(美式)
We bought snacks at the gas station.

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172

iron

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['aiən] · n. [U] / n. [C] / vt. · Page 176

a strong metal, a tool for pressing clothes, or to press clothes flat

铁;熨斗;熨,烫平

联想

iron 有三条线:物质是“铁”;工具是“熨斗”;动词是“熨、烫平衣服”。看到 metal、gate、bridge 多半是铁;看到 shirt、clothes、wrinkles 多半是熨烫。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]

指坚硬的金属材料,可用于桥、门、工具等;也可指人体需要的铁元素。

常见表达made of ironan iron gatean iron bridgeiron in the blood

The old bridge was made of iron.

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那座旧桥是铁造的。

made of iron 是材料义。

Iron is an important metal in industry.

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铁是工业中的重要金属。

iron 是金属材料。

n. [C]熨斗

指用来把衣服压平的工具,常见 electric iron、steam iron。

常见表达an electric irona steam ironuse an ironthe iron is hot

Be careful; the iron is still hot.

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小心,熨斗还很烫。

iron 作可数名词是熨斗。

She bought a new electric iron for the dormitory.

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她给宿舍买了一个新的电熨斗。

electric iron 是常见工具搭配。

vt.熨;烫平

作动词时接 clothes、shirt、uniform 等衣物,表示用熨斗压平皱褶。

常见表达iron a shirtiron clothesiron a school uniformiron out wrinkles

Please iron your shirt before the ceremony.

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典礼前请把你的衬衫熨平。

iron 作动词,宾语是衣物。

He ironed his school uniform the night before the interview.

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面试前一晚他熨好了校服。

ironed 是动词过去式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

metal
金属
Iron is a common metal. metal 是上位类;iron 是具体金属。
steel
Steel is stronger than ordinary iron in many uses. steel 是含铁合金,常比普通 iron 更强。
wood
木材
The door was made of wood, not iron. wood 和 iron 是材料对比。
plastic
塑料
Plastic is lighter than iron. plastic 和 iron 是材料对比。
press
压平;熨平
Press the cloth gently with the iron. press 是动作;iron 指用熨斗熨衣服。
wrinkle
皱褶
There were wrinkles in his shirt. wrinkle 是熨烫要去掉的皱褶。
steam iron
蒸汽熨斗
A steam iron can remove wrinkles quickly. steam iron 是一种熨斗,不是词根派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

iron 不强拆词根。本词重点是同形多义:金属 iron、工具 iron、动词 iron clothes。

ironed
熨过的;熨平的
He wore a clean, ironed shirt.
ironing
熨衣服;熨烫
She finished the ironing after dinner.

非派生记忆线索

iron out wrinkles
熨平皱褶
The tailor ironed out the wrinkles in the jacket.
iron in the blood
血液中的铁元素
Iron in the blood helps carry oxygen.

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173

lesson

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['lesn] · n. [C] · Page 176

a class period, a piece of teaching, or something learned from experience

课;课程;一节课;经验,教训

联想

lesson 有两条主线:学校里是一节课/课程,如 English lesson;生活里是从错误或经历中学到的经验教训,如 learn a lesson。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]课;课程;一节课

指一节具体的课、某个科目的课,或为了学习某技能而上的课程。

常见表达English lessonthe first lessontake lessonsprepare a lessonduring the lesson

Our first lesson on Monday is chemistry.

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我们星期一的第一节课是化学。

lesson 是一节课。

She takes piano lessons twice a week.

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她每周上两次钢琴课。

take lessons 表示上课/参加课程。

The teacher prepared a short lesson about safety.

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老师准备了一节关于安全的短课。

prepare a lesson 是备课/准备课程。

n. [C]经验;教训

指从错误、事故、故事或经历中学到的道理,常见 learn a lesson、teach sb. a lesson。

常见表达learn a lessonteach sb. a lessona lesson about safetyan important lesson

The accident taught him a lesson about road safety.

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这次事故给了他一个关于道路安全的教训。

teach sb. a lesson 表示让某人吸取教训。

We learned an important lesson from the failed project.

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我们从失败的项目中学到了重要经验。

learn a lesson from... 是经验义。

The story gives readers a lesson about honesty.

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这个故事给读者一个关于诚实的启示。

故事、经历也能 give a lesson。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

class
课;课堂
Our class starts at eight. class 可指课堂/班级;lesson 更强调一节教学内容。
course
课程
This course lasts ten weeks. course 通常是一系列课程,lesson 常是一节课。
session
一段课时/活动
The training session lasted an hour. session 更宽泛,lesson 更偏教学。
experience
经验;经历
Experience taught her to plan ahead. experience 是经历本身,lesson 是从经历中学到的道理。
warning
警示
The story is a warning about careless driving. warning 强调警告,lesson 强调学到的经验。
break
课间休息
We talked during the break after the lesson. break 是课间休息,和课堂 lesson 形成时间对比。
mistake
错误
A mistake can teach us a lesson. mistake 可能带来 lesson,但不是 lesson 本身。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lesson 不强拆词根。重点区分 classroom lesson 和 life lesson。

life lesson
人生经验;人生教训
The trip gave him a life lesson about independence.
lesson plan
教案;课程计划
The teacher wrote a lesson plan before class.

非派生记忆线索

learn a lesson
吸取教训;获得经验
She learned a lesson from the mistake.
teach sb. a lesson
给某人一个教训
The accident taught him a lesson.

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174

liquid

['likwid] · n. [C,U] / adj. · Page 176

a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container, or relating to that state

液体;液体的

联想

liquid 是物质三态之一:solid 有固定形状,liquid 会流动并适应容器形状,gas 会扩散充满空间。作名词是“液体”,作形容词是“液体的”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]液体

指会流动、能倒入容器、没有固定形状但有一定体积的物质,如 water、milk、oil。

常见表达a clear liquidhot liquidpour the liquida drop of liquidturn into a liquid

Water is a liquid at room temperature.

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水在室温下是液体。

liquid 作名词。

Pour the blue liquid slowly into the glass.

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把蓝色液体慢慢倒进玻璃杯。

pour the liquid 表示倒液体。

The ice turned into a liquid when it warmed up.

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冰受热后变成了液体。

turn into a liquid 对应物质状态变化。

adj.液体的;液态的

作形容词时放在名词前,说明某物处于液态或具有液体状态。

常见表达liquid waterliquid formliquid medicineliquid fuel

Liquid water is necessary for life.

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液态水对生命是必要的。

liquid water 是形容词用法。

Some rockets use liquid fuel.

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有些火箭使用液体燃料。

liquid fuel 是液体的燃料。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fluid
流体;液体/气体
Water is a common fluid. fluid 比 liquid 宽,可指液体也可指气体;liquid 专指液态物质。
water
Water is a liquid at room temperature. water 是最常见的 liquid 例子。
oil
Oil is a thick liquid. oil 是另一种液体例子。
solid
固体
Ice is solid water. solid 有固定形状,和 liquid 的流动状态对比。
gas
气体
Steam is water in gas form. gas 会扩散充满空间,和 liquid 的状态不同。
steam
蒸汽
Steam rose from the hot liquid. steam 是气态水,与 liquid water 对比。
flow
流动
A liquid can flow from one cup to another. flow 是液体的典型动作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

liquid 不强拆词根。重点和 solid/gas 一起记物质状态,并区分名词和形容词。

liquefy
使液化;变成液体
Heat can liquefy some materials.
liquefied
液化的
Liquefied gas is stored under pressure.

非派生记忆线索

solid, liquid, and gas
固体、液体和气体
Water can be solid, liquid, or gas.
liquid water
液态水
Scientists look for liquid water on other planets.

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175

solid

['sɒlid] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 176

a solid substance, hard and firm, or reliable and based on good support

固体;固体的;结实的;可靠的

联想

solid 有三条线:科学里是“固体/固态的”,和 liquid、gas 对比;物体是“结实的、坚固的”;判断或证据是“可靠的、有根据的”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]固体

科学语境中指有固定形状和体积的物质状态,和 liquid、gas 对比。

常见表达a solidturn into a solidsolid, liquid, and gasthe solid form of water

Ice is the solid form of water.

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冰是水的固态形式。

solid 作名词/状态词。

In science class, we compared a solid, a liquid, and a gas.

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科学课上,我们比较了固体、液体和气体。

solid/liquid/gas 是物质状态。

adj.固体的;结实的

形容物质处于固态,或物体坚固、结实、不容易破。

常见表达solid icesolid rocka solid walla solid table

The stream became solid ice in the cold night.

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寒冷的夜里,小溪结成了坚硬的冰。

solid ice 是固态/坚硬的冰。

The old house has solid stone walls.

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那座老房子有坚固的石墙。

solid stone walls 表示结实。

adj.可靠的;有根据的

形容证据、计划、理由等有充分基础,可信或稳妥。

常见表达solid evidencea solid reasona solid plansolid support

The police need solid evidence before making a decision.

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警方在做决定前需要可靠证据。

solid evidence 是可靠证据。

Her suggestion is based on solid research.

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她的建议建立在可靠研究之上。

solid research 是有根据的研究。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

firm
坚实的;稳固的
The ground felt firm after the rain stopped. firm 接近结实/稳固义;solid 还可指物质状态。
hard
硬的
The rock is hard. hard 强调硬度,solid 强调固态或结实。
reliable
可靠的
The report is reliable. reliable 对应 solid 的可靠义。
liquid
液体;液态的
Water is a liquid at room temperature. liquid 与 solid 是物质状态对比。
gas
气体
Steam is water in gas form. gas 与 solid 是物质状态对比。
weak
薄弱的;不牢固的
The argument was weak. weak 可和 solid evidence/plan 的可靠义对比。
evidence
证据
The evidence supported the story. evidence 是 solid 常修饰的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

solid 不强拆词根。重点按科学状态、物体质量、证据/计划可靠性三条线判断。

solidify
凝固;使变坚固
The liquid began to solidify in the cold air.
solidly
坚固地;可靠地
The shelves were solidly built.

非派生记忆线索

solid, liquid, and gas
固体、液体和气体
Matter can be solid, liquid, or gas.
solid evidence
可靠证据
The claim needs solid evidence.

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176

steam

[sti:m] · n. [U] / vi. / vt. · Page 176

hot water vapor, power from steam, or to cook food with steam

蒸汽;水汽;蒸汽动力;蒸发;蒸(食物)

联想

steam 从 hot water vapor 出发:热茶上方升起的是蒸汽;steam power 是蒸汽动力;作动词 steam vegetables 是用蒸汽蒸食物;let off steam 是宣泄情绪。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]蒸汽;水蒸气;蒸汽动力

指热水产生的水汽,也可指用蒸汽产生的动力。

常见表达steam risesa cloud of steamsteam powersteam enginewater vapor

Steam rose from the cup of hot tea.

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热茶杯里冒出了蒸汽。

steam 是热水汽。

Old trains were once driven by steam power.

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老式火车曾由蒸汽动力驱动。

steam power 是蒸汽动力。

The mirror was covered with steam after the hot shower.

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热水澡后镜子上蒙了一层水汽。

steam 可指水汽。

vi. / vt.蒸发;蒸(食物)

作不及物动词可表示冒蒸汽/蒸发;作及物动词常接食物,表示用蒸汽蒸熟。

常见表达the water steamssteam vegetablessteam fishsteam rice

The soup was steaming on the table.

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汤在桌上冒着热气。

steam 作不及物动词。

You can steam vegetables instead of frying them.

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你可以蒸蔬菜,而不是油炸。

steam vegetables 是蒸食物。

My grandmother often steams fish with ginger.

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我奶奶常用姜蒸鱼。

steam fish 是蒸鱼。

phr.let off steam 宣泄情绪

固定搭配,表示通过说话、运动等方式释放怒气或压力。

常见表达let off steamneed to let off steamgo for a run to let off steam

After the exam, he played basketball to let off steam.

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考试后他打篮球来释放压力。

原始词义搭配 let off steam。

Writing in a diary can help students let off steam safely.

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写日记可以帮助学生安全地宣泄情绪。

let off steam 是情绪释放。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

water vapor
水蒸气
Steam is hot water vapor. water vapor 是科学说法;steam 强调可见热水汽。
mist
薄雾;水汽
Mist covered the lake in the morning. mist 通常是较冷的薄雾,不等于热蒸汽。
gas
气体
Steam is water in gas form. gas 是物质状态;steam 是水的热气态表现。
liquid water
液态水
Liquid water became steam when it boiled. liquid water 与 steam 是水的不同状态。
ice
Ice melts into water before becoming steam. ice 是固态水,steam 是气态水。
boil
煮沸
Water boils before it produces steam. boil 是产生 steam 的过程。
fry
油炸
Fry the potatoes in hot oil. fry 和 steam vegetables 是烹饪方式对比。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

steam 不强拆词根。重点从蒸汽、水的状态变化、蒸食物和 let off steam 四个场景学习。

steamed
蒸熟的;有蒸汽的
Steamed fish is popular in many homes.
steamy
充满蒸汽的;湿热的
The bathroom was steamy after the shower.

非派生记忆线索

let off steam
宣泄情绪
A long walk helped her let off steam.
steam power
蒸汽动力
Steam power changed transport in the past.

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177

water

['wɔ:tə(r)] · n. [U] / n. [U, pl.] / vt. · Page 176

the clear liquid people drink and plants need; an area of water; to give plants water

水;水域;浇水

联想

water 最核心是不可数名词“水”;复数或特定语境可指“水域”,源搭配 by water 表示乘船/水路;作动词时是“给植物浇水”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]

指人喝、植物需要、自然中存在的清水或水这种液体;通常不可数。

常见表达clean waterdrinking watera glass of watersave waterwater pollution

Clean water is necessary for every family.

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清洁的水对每个家庭都很必要。

water 作不可数名词,前面不用 a。

Please drink a glass of water after the run.

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跑步后请喝一杯水。

a glass of water 用容器量化不可数名词。

n. [U, pl.]水域;水路

可指河流、湖泊、海洋等水域;固定搭配 by water 表示乘船或用船运。

常见表达deep wateropen watersby watertravel by watersend goods by water

The village can only be reached by water in summer.

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夏天只能乘船到达那个村庄。

by water 是原始词义搭配,表示乘船或水路。

The rescue boat moved slowly through the dark waters.

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救援船缓慢穿过黑暗的水域。

waters 常用复数指某片水域。

vt.给……浇水

作及物动词,宾语通常是 plants、flowers、garden 等。

常见表达water the flowerswater the plantswater the garden

Remember to water the flowers before you leave.

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离开前记得给花浇水。

water 作动词时直接接植物作宾语。

We water the garden early in the morning.

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我们清晨给花园浇水。

water the garden 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

H2O
水的化学式
H2O is the chemical formula for water. H2O 是科学写法,日常表达仍用 water。
liquid
液体
Water is a common liquid. liquid 是上位类别,不是 water 的近义词。
ice
Ice melts into water. ice 是水的固态形式。
steam
蒸汽
Steam rises from boiling water. steam 是热水汽,与本单元 steam 呼应。
dryness
干燥
Too much dryness can harm plants. dryness 与有水状态形成对比,不等于所有 water 用法的反义词。
rain
Rain filled the river with fresh water. rain 是水的自然来源之一。
river
河流
The river carried the boat downstream. river 是水域类型。
plant
植物
Young plants need water every day. plant 是 water 作动词时常见宾语。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

water 可直接构成常见派生或复合词。高考层面重点看意义是否仍围绕“水/防水/含水”。

watery
含水多的;淡而无味的
The soup tasted watery.
waterproof
防水的
Wear a waterproof jacket on rainy days.
waterless
无水的;缺水的
Some plants can live in waterless places for a long time.

非派生记忆线索

by water
乘船;用水路
They sent the heavy boxes by water.
water pollution
水污染
Water pollution can hurt fish and people.

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