第11单元 / Word List 11

逐词完整资料,适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。

001

record

星标

['rekɔ:d] n.; [ri'kɔ:d] v. · n. [C] / vt. / v. · Page 196

a stored account, a best result, a music disc, or to store/show information

唱片;记录;纪录;记录;显示;录制

联想

record 是星标多义词,名词读 ['rekɔ:d],动词读 [ri'kɔ:d]。名词有唱片、记录、体育纪录;动词有记录、仪器显示、录制。记忆线索三个搭配 break/beat/equal/hold a record 都是“纪录”义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]记录;档案;唱片

保存下来的信息,或音乐唱片。

常见表达keep a record ofmedical recordschool recorda jazz record

The coach kept a record of every runner's training time.

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教练记录了每个跑步者的训练时间。

keep a record of 是做记录。

My grandfather still keeps his old jazz records.

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我爷爷还保存着他的老爵士唱片。

record 可指唱片。

n. [C]纪录;最好成绩

体育、考试或活动中的最佳成绩。

常见表达break/beat a recordequal a recordhold a recordset a record

Lina broke the school record in the 400-meter race.

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莉娜打破了学校 400 米纪录。

break a record 是打破纪录。

The swimmer held the national record for five years.

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那名游泳运动员保持全国纪录五年。

hold a record 是保持纪录。

vt. / v.记录;显示;录制

把信息、声音、影像保存下来,或仪器显示数值。

常见表达record an interviewrecord a videorecord the temperaturethe instrument records

Please record the interview so we can check the details later.

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请录下采访,方便之后核对细节。

record an interview 是录制采访。

The machine recorded a higher temperature at noon.

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机器显示中午温度更高。

仪器作主语时 record 可表示显示/记录。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

note down
记下
Please note down the key numbers. 只对应记录动作。
file
档案;记录
The school keeps a file for each student. 只对应记录/档案义。
erase
擦除;删除
He erased the old recording by mistake. 与保存记录相对。
accord
一致;协议
The rule is in accord with the advice. 记忆线共用 cord=heart,不是现代 record 派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

recorder
录音机;录像机
The reporter placed a recorder on the desk. record + -er 表示记录设备。
recording
录制;录音;录像;正式记录
We listened to a recording of the speech. record + -ing 表示录制过程或成品。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

record 的 record/recorder/recording 是现代真词族;accord/core 属于记忆线索 cord/core 记忆线,不要硬当普通派生。

recorder
录音机;录像机
The reporter placed a recorder on the desk.
recording
录制;录音;录像
We listened to a recording of the speech.
record holder
纪录保持者
She became the school record holder.

非派生记忆线索

record -> recorder -> recording
真实 record 词族
Record the speech; use a recorder; listen to the recording.
accord / according to
cord=heart 的一致线
The plan is in accord with the rule; according to the report, it works.
core
中心/核心线
The core of the problem is time.

词族导图

record 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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002

recorder

[ri'kɔ:də(r)] · n. [C] · Page 196

a device that records sound or pictures

录音机;录像机

联想

recorder 是 record + -er,指“用来录”的设备。要注意不要和 recording 混:recorder 是机器,recording 是录制过程或录音/录像成品。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]录音机;录像机

保存声音或影像的设备。

常见表达a voice recorderdigital recorderuse a recorderturn on the recorder

The reporter placed a small recorder on the desk before the interview began.

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采访开始前,记者把小录音机放在桌上。

recorder 是设备。

Our teacher used a recorder to play the listening passage twice.

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老师用录音机播放了两遍听力材料。

use a recorder 是使用录音机。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recording device
录音/录像设备
A recording device was hidden in the room. 解释性近义。
player
播放器
The player can play sound but not record it. player 主要播放,recorder 主要录制。
recording
录制;录音/录像
We listened to a recording. recording 是过程或成品,不是设备。

词族线索 / 同组词

record
记录;录制;纪录
Please record the interview. recorder 来自动词 record。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

record + -er:做某事的人或物;recorder 在这里指录音或录像设备。

record
记录;录制
Please record the interview.
recording
录音;录像;录制
The recording was clear.
tape recorder
磁带录音机
The old tape recorder still works.

非派生记忆线索

record -> recorder -> recording
真实 record 词族
Record the speech; use a recorder; listen to the recording.
accord / according to
cord=heart 的一致线
The plan is in accord with the rule; according to the report, it works.
core
中心/核心线
The core of the problem is time.

词族导图

record 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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003

recording

[ri'kɔ:diŋ] · n. [U] / n. [C] · Page 196

the act of recording, or the sound/video/information that has been recorded

录制;录音,录像;正式记录

联想

recording 是 record + -ing,可指录制这个过程,也可指录下来的音频/视频。记忆线索还给正式记录义。和 recorder 的区别:recording 是过程或成品,recorder 是设备。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]录制;正式记录

录下声音、影像或信息的过程,也可指正式记录工作。

常见表达sound recordingvideo recordingofficial recording

Recording is not allowed during the exam.

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考试期间不允许录音录像。

recording 作不可数名词,表示录制。

The official recording of results took two hours.

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正式记录结果花了两个小时。

正式记录义来自记忆线索。

n. [C]录音;录像;录制品

已经录下来的音频或视频。

常见表达make a recordinglisten to a recordinga live recordingaudio recording

We listened to a recording of the speech and wrote down the key points.

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我们听了演讲录音并记下要点。

recording 是录音成品。

The band released a live recording of its school concert.

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乐队发布了校园音乐会现场录音。

live recording 是现场录音。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

audio file
音频文件
The audio file was saved on the computer. 只对应录音成品。
video
视频
The video showed the whole experiment. 只对应录像成品。
live performance
现场表演
The live performance felt different from the recording. 现场表演不是录制品。
recorder
录音机;录像机
The recorder was on the desk. recorder 是设备。

词族线索 / 同组词

record
录制;记录
Please record the interview. record 是动词/名词基础词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

record + -ing:表示动作过程或结果;注意可数/不可数两条用法。

record
录制;记录
Please record the interview.
recorder
录音机;录像机
The recorder was on the desk.
recorded
录制好的;记录下来的
The recorded message was short.

非派生记忆线索

record -> recorder -> recording
真实 record 词族
Record the speech; use a recorder; listen to the recording.
accord / according to
cord=heart 的一致线
The plan is in accord with the rule; according to the report, it works.
core
中心/核心线
The core of the problem is time.

词族导图

record 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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004

accord

[ə'kɔ:d] · n. [U] / n. [C] / vi. / vt. · Page 196

agreement, a formal agreement, to agree with something, or to give formally

一致;协议;相符合;给予

联想

accord 可用 cord=heart 记“心心相向”。高考重点是搭配:in accord with 与……一致,of one's own accord 自愿地,with one accord 一致地;动词 accord with 表示相符。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / n. [C]一致;符合;条约,协议

可指意见一致,也可指国家或组织之间的正式协议。

常见表达in accord withan accord betweensign an accordwith one accord

The school rule is in accord with the safety advice from doctors.

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学校规定与医生的安全建议一致。

in accord with 是与……一致。

The two countries signed an accord to protect the river.

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两国签署协议保护这条河。

accord 可指正式协议。

vi. / vt.相符合;授予,给予

不及物常接 with;及物可用于正式地给予某人荣誉、权利或待遇。

常见表达accord with the factsaccord someone respectaccord equal rights

Her actions accord with what she promised yesterday.

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她的行动与昨天的承诺相符。

accord with 表示相符合。

The school accorded the old teacher a special honor.

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学校授予这位老教师特殊荣誉。

accord sb. sth. 表示给予。

phr.固定搭配

of one's own accord 表示主动自愿;with one accord 表示一致地。

常见表达of one's own accordwith one accord

No one asked him to help; he came of his own accord.

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没人要求他帮忙;他主动来了。

of one's own accord 是出于自愿。

The students answered with one accord.

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学生们一致回答。

with one accord 是一致地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
一致;协议
The two sides reached an agreement. 对应一致/协议义。
harmony
和谐;协调
The colors are in harmony. 对应一致协调。
conflict
冲突
The plan caused conflict in the team. 与一致相对。
disagreement
分歧;不一致
There was disagreement over the price. 与一致/协议相对。
core
核心;中心
The core of the problem is time. 记忆线索 cord/core 记忆线,不是 accord 的现代同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

according to
根据;据……所说
According to the report, the road is closed. accord 的常见派生/固定介词短语线索,但 according to 将在下一轮单独审校。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

accord 借 ac-/ad- + cord(heart) 记“心向同一处”;它与 record/core 是记忆线索巧记图联系,不要混成同义词。

according to
根据;据……所说
According to the report, the road is closed.
in accord with
与……一致
The rule is in accord with the advice.
of one's own accord
自愿地;主动地
He came of his own accord.

非派生记忆线索

record -> recorder -> recording
真实 record 词族
Record the speech; use a recorder; listen to the recording.
accord / according to
cord=heart 的一致线
The plan is in accord with the rule; according to the report, it works.
core
中心/核心线
The core of the problem is time.

词族导图

record 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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005

according to

[ə'kɔ:diŋ tə] · prep. · Page 196

as stated by a source or in line with a rule, plan, or standard

根据,依照;据……所说

联想

according to 是介词短语,后面接信息来源、规则或标准。它常表示“据……所说”或“按照……”,但表达自己的观点时通常不用 according to me,而说 in my opinion。

意思、用法与例句

prep.据……所说;按照资料来源

放在句首或句中,引出报告、专家、新闻、老师等信息来源。

常见表达according to the reportaccording to expertsaccording to the teacheraccording to the survey

According to the weather report, heavy rain will arrive tonight.

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据天气预报,今晚将有大雨。

引出信息来源。

According to the survey, most students read on their phones every day.

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根据调查,大多数学生每天在手机上阅读。

according to the survey。

According to our history teacher, the city changed greatly in the 1990s.

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据我们的历史老师说,这座城市在20世纪90年代变化很大。

according to sb. 表示据某人所说。

prep.根据;依照

表示按照规则、标准、计划、水平或情况来安排、判断或分类。

常见表达according to the rulesaccording to planaccording to ageaccording to reading level

Students are placed in groups according to their reading level.

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学生根据阅读水平被分组。

according to 后接分类标准。

The game must be played according to the rules.

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比赛必须按规则进行。

according to the rules。

The work went according to plan, so we finished before lunch.

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工作按计划进行,因此我们午饭前就完成了。

according to plan。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

based on
基于
The decision was based on clear evidence. based on 更强调依据,according to 常直接引出来源或规则。
as stated by
据……所说
As stated by the report, the river is cleaner now. 只对应信息来源义。
in line with
符合;依照
The plan is in line with school rules. 对应依照规则/标准义。
regardless of
不管;不顾
The school helps students regardless of family background. 与 according to age/level 这类按标准分类相对。
contrary to
与……相反
Contrary to the report, the road was not closed. 与据某来源所说形成对照,不是所有语境的硬反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

accord
一致;协议;符合
The new rule is in accord with safety advice. source family link;according to 是短语,accord 是名词/动词相关词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

according to 来自 accord 相关词族,用法按固定介词短语掌握。

accord
一致;协议;符合
The new rule is in accord with safety advice.
in accord with
与……一致
His actions were in accord with his words.
according as
根据……而;视……而定
This older pattern is mainly for recognition.

非派生记忆线索

according to + source
据……所说
According to the report, the town is growing.
according to + rule/standard
按照……
The game is played according to the rules.
in my opinion
表达个人观点
In my opinion, the plan is useful.

词族导图

词族导图 暂无配套词族导图图片;先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。

006

core

[kɔ:(r)] · n. [C] / adj. / vt. · Page 196

the center or most important part of something, or to remove the center of fruit

果核;中心部分;核心;最重要的;骨干的;去果核

联想

core 记忆线索提示 cord 的变体,核心画面是“中心”。它可指 apple core、Earth's core、the core of a problem;作形容词是 core values/core skills;作动词是给水果去核。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]果核;中心部分;核心,要点

具体物体的中心,也可指问题或观点最重要的部分。

常见表达apple coreEarth's corethe core of the problemto the core

Remove the apple core before cutting the fruit into pieces.

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切水果前先去掉苹果核。

apple core 是果核。

The core of the problem is that the team has too little time.

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问题的核心是团队时间太少。

the core of the problem 是问题核心。

adj.最重要的;基本的;骨干的

修饰 values, skills, subjects, team 等。

常见表达core valuescore skillscore subjectcore team

Honesty and respect are core values in our class.

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诚实和尊重是我们班的核心价值观。

core values 是核心价值。

Reading is a core skill for every subject.

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阅读是每门学科的核心技能。

core skill 是基础关键技能。

vt.去果核

把水果的核去掉。

常见表达core an applecore the pears

Core the apples before you bake them.

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烤苹果前先去核。

core 作动词表示去果核。

She cored the pears and filled them with nuts.

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她给梨去核后填入坚果。

core the pears 是给梨去核。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

center
中心
The city center is crowded. 只对应中心义。
heart
核心;中心
The village lies at the heart of the valley. 常用于抽象核心。
edge
边缘
Write your name at the edge of the paper. 与中心相对。
surface
表面
The surface was cold, but the core was warm. 与内部核心相对。
record
记录;录制;纪录
Please record the interview. 记忆线索 cord/core 记忆线,不是 core 的现代派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

core 的重点是“中心/核心”;to the core 是记忆线索固定搭配,表示“十足、透顶”。

core values
核心价值观
Honesty is one of our core values.
core subject
核心科目
Math is a core subject.
to the core
十足;透顶
He is honest to the core.

非派生记忆线索

record -> recorder -> recording
真实 record 词族
Record the speech; use a recorder; listen to the recording.
accord / according to
cord=heart 的一致线
The plan is in accord with the rule; according to the report, it works.
core
中心/核心线
The core of the problem is time.

词族导图

record 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
007

grace

[greis] · n. [U] · Page 196-197

smooth beauty in movement or manner, or kind favor from someone

优美,优雅;恩惠

联想

grace 有两条主线:动作/姿态的优雅,以及别人给予的恩惠。记忆线索把 grace 的“恩惠”连到 grate/grat 感恩线,再引出 grateful、congratulate、congratulation。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]优美;优雅

动作、姿态、态度自然从容。

常见表达move with gracespeak with gracegrace under pressure

The dancer moved across the stage with quiet grace.

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舞者安静而优雅地穿过舞台。

with grace 表示优雅地。

She handled the difficult question with grace.

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她从容得体地处理了这个难题。

grace 可写态度上的优雅。

n. [U]恩惠;善意

别人给予的善意、宽容或帮助。

常见表达an act of graceshow gracesaving grace

The coach showed grace by giving the young player another chance.

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教练宽厚地又给了年轻队员一次机会。

grace 可指恩惠或宽厚。

His humor was the saving grace of a long meeting.

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他的幽默是漫长会议中唯一让人好受的地方。

saving grace 是可取之处。

phr.乐意地;勉强地

记忆线索固定搭配 with good/bad grace。

常见表达with good gracewith bad grace

She accepted the judge's advice with good grace.

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她欣然接受了评委的建议。

with good grace 是乐意地。

He apologized with bad grace after the teacher spoke to him.

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老师找他谈话后,他很勉强地道了歉。

with bad grace 是勉强地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

elegance
优雅
The dancer moved with elegance. 只对应优雅义。
favor
恩惠;善意
They received a special favor. 只对应恩惠义。
awkwardness
笨拙
His awkwardness made the dance look stiff. 与优雅义相对。
disgrace
丢脸;耻辱
Cheating in the game was a disgrace. 记忆线索相关词,和荣誉/体面相反。
congratulate
祝贺
We congratulated her on her success. grat 线表示可喜可贺,不是 grace 的普通同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

grateful
感激的
I am grateful to my parents for their support. grateful 是感恩线形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

grace(恩惠) -> grate/grat 感恩、可喜可贺,是本组记忆线;graceful/disgrace 是更直接的 grace 延伸。

grateful
感激的
I am grateful to my parents for their support.
disgrace
丢脸;耻辱
Cheating was a disgrace.
graceful
优美的;优雅的
The bird made a graceful turn.

非派生记忆线索

grace -> grateful
恩惠到感激
I am grateful for their grace and support.
grat -> congratulate
可喜可贺到祝贺
We congratulated her on her success.
congratulate -> congratulation
动词到名词
Congratulations on your exam results!

词族导图

grace 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
008

grateful

星标

['greitfl] · adj. · Page 197

thankful because someone has helped you or done something kind

感激的,感谢的

联想

grateful 是星标形容词,重点是两个结构:be grateful to sb. for sth. 和 I would be grateful if you could/would...,后者常用于礼貌请求。

意思、用法与例句

adj.感激的;感谢的

对人或事表示感谢。

常见表达be grateful to sb. for sth.be grateful for helpfeel grateful

I am grateful to my parents for supporting my decision.

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我感谢父母支持我的决定。

be grateful to sb. for sth. 是记忆线索搭配。

She felt grateful for the chance to study abroad.

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她很感激这次出国学习的机会。

be grateful for 后接感谢的事。

phr.礼貌请求

I would be grateful if... 用于正式、礼貌地请求别人做事。

常见表达I would be grateful if you could...I would be grateful if you would...

I would be grateful if you could reply before Friday.

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如果你能在周五前回复,我将非常感激。

记忆线索句型,用于礼貌请求。

We would be grateful if you would keep the room quiet.

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如果您能保持房间安静,我们将不胜感激。

would be grateful if you would 是正式请求。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

thankful
感激的
We are thankful for your help. 普通近义。
appreciative
感激的;欣赏的
She was appreciative of their support. 较正式。
ungrateful
不感激的
It would be ungrateful to ignore their help. 直接反义。
thankless
吃力不讨好的
Cleaning the hall can be a thankless job. 不是 grateful 的直接反义,但常见形近对照。
grace
恩惠;优雅
The coach showed grace. grace 的恩惠义引出 grateful 的感激。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

grateful 与 gratitude / gratefully / ungrateful 属于感激线;结构比词根更重要。

gratitude
感激;感谢
She expressed her gratitude in a letter.
gratefully
感激地
He accepted the help gratefully.
ungrateful
不感激的
He sounded ungrateful.

非派生记忆线索

grace -> grateful
恩惠到感激
I am grateful for their grace and support.
grat -> congratulate
可喜可贺到祝贺
We congratulated her on her success.
congratulate -> congratulation
动词到名词
Congratulations on your exam results!

词族导图

grace 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
009

congratulate

星标

[kən'grætʃuleit] · vt. · Page 197

to tell someone you are pleased about their success or good news

祝贺

联想

congratulate 是星标及物动词,必须接人:congratulate sb. on (doing) sth.。记忆线索明确辨析:congratulate 用于人,celebrate 用于事物/活动。

意思、用法与例句

vt.祝贺某人

告诉某人你为他的成功或好消息高兴。

常见表达congratulate sb. on sth.congratulate sb. on doing sth.congratulate sb. for doing sth.

The head teacher congratulated the team on winning the final.

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校长祝贺球队赢得决赛。

congratulate sb. on doing sth. 是记忆线索结构。

I called my cousin to congratulate her on passing the driving test.

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我打电话祝贺表妹通过驾照考试。

congratulate 的宾语是人。

contrastcongratulate vs celebrate

congratulate 后接人;celebrate 后接生日、节日、胜利等事情。

常见表达congratulate a personcelebrate a victorycelebrate a birthday

We congratulated Li Hua on his prize, and then celebrated the victory together.

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我们祝贺李华获奖,然后一起庆祝胜利。

congratulate 人,celebrate 事。

They celebrated the school's birthday with a concert.

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他们用音乐会庆祝学校生日。

celebrate 后接活动/事件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

send good wishes
送上祝福
We sent good wishes to the winners. 解释祝贺。
praise
表扬;赞扬
The teacher praised her careful work. praise 强调赞扬表现,不一定因喜事祝贺。
blame
责备
No one blamed him for the mistake. 与祝贺语境相反。
criticize
批评
The coach criticized the careless pass. 与祝贺/赞赏相反。
celebrate
庆祝
We celebrated the victory. celebrate 接事情,congratulate 接人。

词族线索 / 同组词

congratulation
祝贺;贺词
Congratulations on your exam results! congratulation 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- + grat(ul) + -ate:共同为可喜之事表达祝贺;考试重点是 congratulate sb. on sth.。

congratulation
祝贺;贺词
Congratulations on your exam results!
congratulatory
祝贺的
She received a congratulatory message.
celebrate
庆祝
They celebrated the victory.

非派生记忆线索

grace -> grateful
恩惠到感激
I am grateful for their grace and support.
grat -> congratulate
可喜可贺到祝贺
We congratulated her on her success.
congratulate -> congratulation
动词到名词
Congratulations on your exam results!

词族导图

grace 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
010

congratulation

星标

[kən,grætʃu'leiʃn] · n. [usually pl.] · Page 197

words or messages showing happiness about someone's success

祝贺;庆贺;贺词

联想

congratulation 记忆线索标注 [-s],实际最常用复数 Congratulations!,搭配是 Congratulations on...;单数 congratulation 较少,多见 a letter/message of congratulation。

意思、用法与例句

n. [pl.]祝贺;贺词

常用复数,表示对成功或好消息的祝贺。

常见表达Congratulations on...send congratulationsoffer congratulations

Congratulations on your excellent exam results!

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祝贺你取得优异考试成绩!

保留源例句并自然化。

We sent our congratulations to the volunteers after the event ended.

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活动结束后,我们向志愿者表示祝贺。

send congratulations 是送上祝贺。

n. [C]祝贺信;祝贺信息

单数较正式,多用于 a letter/message of congratulation。

常见表达a letter of congratulationa message of congratulation

She received a letter of congratulation from the school.

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她收到了学校的一封祝贺信。

单数 congratulation 常出现在正式短语中。

The team read every message of congratulation after the match.

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比赛后,队员们读了每一条祝贺信息。

message of congratulation 是祝贺信息。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

best wishes
祝福
Best wishes for your new job. 更宽泛,不一定因成功祝贺。
praise
表扬
Her teacher gave her praise for hard work. praise 是赞扬表现,不等于祝贺词。
criticism
批评
The plan received criticism. 语气相反。
complaint
抱怨;投诉
The office received a complaint. 与祝贺信息相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

congratulate
祝贺
The teacher congratulated the team. congratulate 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

congratulate + -ion 形成名词;最常见学生输出是 Congratulations on...。

congratulate
祝贺
The teacher congratulated the team.
congratulatory
祝贺的
He wrote a congratulatory note.
Congratulations!
祝贺!
Congratulations on your exam results!

非派生记忆线索

grace -> grateful
恩惠到感激
I am grateful for their grace and support.
grat -> congratulate
可喜可贺到祝贺
We congratulated her on her success.
congratulate -> congratulation
动词到名词
Congratulations on your exam results!

词族导图

grace 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
011

health

星标

[helθ] · n. [U] · Page 197

the condition of the body or mind, or services that protect it

健康状况;医疗保健

联想

health 是星标不可数名词。先记 be in good/poor health,再扩展到 physical/mental health、health care、health centre。healthy 是形容词,heal 是恢复健康的动作,whole 是记忆线索完整线索。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]健康状况

身体或心理状态,常与 good/poor/physical/mental 搭配。

常见表达be in good healthbe in poor healthphysical healthmental health

Regular exercise can improve both physical and mental health.

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经常锻炼能改善身心健康。

physical and mental health 是身心健康。

My grandfather is in good health for his age.

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就年龄而言,我爷爷身体很好。

be in good health 是记忆线索搭配。

n. [U]医疗保健

保护健康的服务、制度或机构。

常见表达health carehealth centrepublic healthhealth service

The village opened a small health centre for children and older people.

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村里为儿童和老人开了一个小医疗中心。

health centre 是记忆线索相关词。

Clean water is important for public health.

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清洁饮水对公共卫生很重要。

public health 是公共健康/卫生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

well-being
健康;幸福安康
Sleep is important for well-being. 偏整体身心状态。
fitness
健康;体能
Running improves fitness. 偏身体适能。
illness
疾病
The illness kept him in bed. 与健康状态相对。
disease
疾病
The disease spread quickly. 与健康状态相对。
heal
愈合;康复;治愈
The wound healed slowly. heal 是恢复健康的动作线。
whole
完整的;整体
The whole class joined the activity. 记忆线索把 heal 和 whole 用完整线连接,不是 health 的普通派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

healthy
健康的
A healthy breakfast helps students focus. health 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

health/healthy 是真词族;heal 与 health 是恢复健康线;whole 是记忆线,表示完整。

healthy
健康的
A healthy breakfast helps students focus.
health care
医疗保健
Health care should be available to everyone.
health centre
医疗中心
The health centre is near the school.

非派生记忆线索

health -> healthy
名词到形容词
Good health helps people stay healthy.
heal -> health
治愈到健康
The wound heals and the body returns to health.
heal -> whole
恢复完整线
Heal can suggest becoming whole again.

词族导图

health 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
012

healthy

['helθi] · adj. · Page 197

well and strong, or helping people stay well

健康的;有益健康的

联想

healthy 是 health 的形容词。既可写人/身体健康,也可写 healthy food、healthy habits 这种“有益健康的”。记忆线索相关词 unhealthy 是直接反义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.健康的

人、身体、生活状态良好。

常见表达a healthy childkeep healthystay healthyhealthy for one's age

The doctor said my grandfather is healthy for his age.

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医生说我爷爷就年龄而言很健康。

healthy for one's age 是相对年龄健康。

Sleep helps students stay healthy and focused.

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睡眠帮助学生保持健康和专注。

stay healthy 是保持健康。

adj.有益健康的

食物、习惯、生活方式有助于健康。

常见表达healthy fooda healthy diethealthy habitshealthy lifestyle

A healthy breakfast helps students stay focused in the morning.

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健康早餐帮助学生早上保持专注。

healthy breakfast 是有益健康的早餐。

Washing hands is a healthy habit.

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洗手是健康习惯。

healthy habit 是有益健康的习惯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fit
健康强壮的
She stays fit by swimming. 偏身体状态好。
well
身体好的
He felt well after resting. 常作表语。
unhealthy
不健康的
Too much sugar is unhealthy. 记忆线索相关词。
ill
生病的
She was too ill to go to school. 与身体健康相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

health
健康;医疗保健
Exercise improves health. healthy 是 health 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

health + -y -> healthy;注意 y 结尾副词可用 healthily。

health
健康;医疗保健
Exercise improves health.
unhealthy
不健康的
Too much sugar is unhealthy.
healthily
健康地
Try to eat healthily.

非派生记忆线索

health -> healthy
名词到形容词
Good health helps people stay healthy.
heal -> health
治愈到健康
The wound heals and the body returns to health.
heal -> whole
恢复完整线
Heal can suggest becoming whole again.

词族导图

health 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
013

heal

[hi:l] · v. / vt. · Page 197

to become well again, make someone well, or repair pain or disagreement

愈合;康复;消除分歧;治愈,医治

联想

heal 的核心是“恢复完整/恢复健康”。它可不及物:a wound heals;也可及物:medicine heals a wound;还可抽象表示 heal a disagreement / heal a relationship。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.愈合;康复;治愈

伤口或身体恢复,也可指药物、治疗使人恢复。

常见表达a wound healsheal quicklyheal a woundhelp someone heal

The cut on his hand healed after a few days.

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他手上的伤口几天后愈合了。

伤口作主语,heal 是愈合。

The new medicine helped heal the child's infection.

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新药帮助治好了孩子的感染。

heal 可作及物动词。

vt.消除分歧;修复关系

让痛苦、误会或关系裂痕逐渐消失。

常见表达heal a relationshipheal a disagreementheal the paintime heals

A sincere talk helped heal the misunderstanding between the friends.

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一次真诚谈话帮助消除了朋友间的误会。

heal 可用于修复误会。

It took years to heal the pain caused by the argument.

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那场争吵造成的痛苦多年后才慢慢消除。

heal the pain 是消除痛苦。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recover
康复;恢复
She recovered quickly after the operation. recover 多不及物,表示恢复。
cure
治愈
The medicine cured his cough. cure 更强调治好疾病。
hurt
伤害;疼痛
The fall hurt his knee. 与愈合/治愈相对。
worsen
恶化
The wound worsened overnight. 与好转相对。
health
健康;医疗保健
Good sleep improves health. 治好后恢复健康。
whole
完整的;整体
A broken cup is no longer whole. 记忆线索记忆:heal 使身体恢复完整。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示:heal 原义可理解为使身体恢复完整无缺 whole;现代用法要按身体恢复和关系修复两条线掌握。

healing
愈合;治疗的
The healing process takes time.
healer
治疗者;医治者
In the story, the old woman was a healer.
health
健康
Rest is important for health.

非派生记忆线索

health -> healthy
名词到形容词
Good health helps people stay healthy.
heal -> health
治愈到健康
The wound heals and the body returns to health.
heal -> whole
恢复完整线
Heal can suggest becoming whole again.

词族导图

health 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
014

whole

星标

[həul] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 197

complete, entire, or all parts considered together

整个的;全部的;完整的;整体

联想

whole 是星标词,核心是“完整/全部”。记忆线索三个短语都很重要:a whole lot of 大量的,as a whole 整个来看,on the whole 总的来说。

意思、用法与例句

adj.整个的;全部的;完整的

强调范围全部或没有缺少部分。

常见表达the whole daythe whole classa whole storythe whole of

The whole class stayed after school to clean the playground.

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全班放学后留下来清理操场。

the whole class 是全班。

Please tell me the whole story, not just the ending.

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请告诉我完整的故事,不只是结尾。

whole 强调整体完整。

n. [C] / phr.整体;整体来看;大量

作名词时指整体;固定短语 as a whole / on the whole / a whole lot of。

常见表达as a wholeon the wholea whole lot of

On the whole, I'm in favour of the idea.

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总的来说,我赞成这个想法。

保留源例句。

We need to think about the class as a whole, not only a few students.

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我们要把班级作为整体考虑,而不只是几个学生。

as a whole 是作为整体。

A whole lot of people joined the clean-up activity.

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很多人参加了清理活动。

a whole lot of 是大量。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

complete
完整的
Please give me a complete answer. 对应完整义。
entire
整个的
The entire village joined the festival. 对应全部范围。
part
部分
Only part of the road was open. 与整体相对。
partial
部分的;不完整的
The report gave only a partial answer. 与完整/全部相对。
heal
愈合;康复;修复
The wound healed slowly. 记忆线索完整线相关,不是真派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

whole 与 heal 是记忆线索完整线索;whole 本身重点是形容词、名词和三个固定短语。

wholly
完全地
The story is wholly true.
as a whole
作为整体
The class as a whole did well.
on the whole
总的来说
On the whole, the plan is useful.

非派生记忆线索

health -> healthy
名词到形容词
Good health helps people stay healthy.
heal -> health
治愈到健康
The wound heals and the body returns to health.
heal -> whole
恢复完整线
Heal can suggest becoming whole again.

词族导图

health 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
015

recognise/-ize

星标

['rekəgnaiz] · vt. · Page 198

to identify someone or something, accept it as true or official, or give public praise

认出,辨别出;承认,认可;赏识,表彰

联想

recognise/-ize 是英美拼写提示词,核心来自记忆线索 know...again:再次知道就是“认出”。再向外扩展为“承认/认可”和“赏识/表彰”。不要把 ignore 当 recognise 的派生词;它只是同在 cogn/gn = know 线索下作反向对照。

意思、用法与例句

vt.认出;辨别出

看到、听到或遇到以前知道的人或物,并认出来。

常见表达recognise a facerecognise a voicerecognise someone immediatelyhardly recognise

I recognised my primary school teacher as soon as she entered the room.

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她一走进房间,我就认出了我的小学老师。

recognise someone 是认出某人。

The child recognised his father's voice on the phone.

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孩子在电话里认出了父亲的声音。

recognise a voice 是辨认出声音。

vt.承认;认可

承认事实、问题、地位或某人的身份,也可表示正式认可。

常见表达recognise the fact thatrecognise the importance ofbe recognised asrecognise someone as

We must recognise the fact that clean water is not available everywhere.

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我们必须承认并非所有地方都有清洁饮水这个事实。

recognise the fact that 是承认事实。

The book is widely recognised as a useful guide for beginners.

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这本书被广泛认为是适合初学者的有用指南。

be recognised as 是被认为/被认可为。

vt.赏识;表彰

公开肯定某人的贡献、努力或成就。

常见表达recognise someone forrecognise one's effortbe recognised for

The city recognised the volunteers for their work after the flood.

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洪水过后,市政府表彰了志愿者的工作。

recognise someone for something 是因某事表彰某人。

Good teachers recognise effort, not only high scores.

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好老师会赏识努力,而不只看高分。

recognise effort 是认可努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

identify
识别;确认身份
Can you identify the writer from the style? 偏确认身份或类别;recognise 强调以前知道后又认出,也可表示认可。
acknowledge
承认;感谢
She acknowledged her mistake. 偏正式承认事实或表示感谢;recognise 更可写认出和表彰。
ignore
故意不理;忽视
He ignored the warning sign. ignore 是明知却不理;recognise 是认出、承认或认可。
miss
没看出;错过
I missed the small sign at the gate. 认出义的反向语境。
deny
否认
He denied the report at first. 承认/认可义的反向语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

recognition
认出;承认;表彰
The school gave him a prize in recognition of his honesty. recognition 是 recognise 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 recognise 原义为 know again,cogn/gn = know;recognition 是真词族,ignore 是同根记忆/语义对照,不作普通派生。

recognition
认出;承认;表彰
The school gave him a prize in recognition of his honesty.
recognisable
可认出的;容易识别的
Her voice was immediately recognisable.
unrecognised
未被认可的;未被认出的
Many small acts of kindness go unrecognised.

非派生记忆线索

cogn / gn = know
记忆线
Recognise can mean know again; ignore can mean knowingly pay no attention.
recognise -> recognition
动词到名词
Recognition means identifying, accepting, or honoring someone or something.

词族导图

recognise/-ize / recognition / ignore 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
016

recognition

[,rekəg'niʃn] · n. [U] / [sing.] · Page 198

identifying someone or something, accepting it, or giving honor for it

认出;承认,认可;表彰

联想

recognition 是 recognise 的名词,三条义项和动词相对应:face recognition 是认出,official recognition 是承认/认可,in recognition of 是表彰/酬谢。常见例句 My recognition of the face was immediate. 要保留“认出”这一义。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]认出;识别

认出人、脸、声音或识别信息的过程。

常见表达face recognitionvoice recognitionrecognition of a face

My recognition of the face was immediate.

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我立刻认出了那张面孔。

保留常见例句,recognition of the face 是认出面孔。

Voice recognition can help phones understand spoken words.

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语音识别可以帮助手机理解口头词语。

voice recognition 是语音识别。

n. [U] / [sing.]承认;认可

承认某事的存在、重要性、地位或权利。

常见表达official recognitionpublic recognitionrecognition of the problemgain recognition as

The old building gained recognition as part of the city's history.

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这座老建筑被认可为城市历史的一部分。

gain recognition as 是获得认可为。

There is growing recognition of the need to protect rivers.

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人们越来越认识到保护河流的必要性。

recognition of the need 是对必要性的承认/认识。

n. [U]表彰;赏识

对贡献、努力或成就的公开肯定。

常见表达win recognitionreceive recognitionin recognition ofa prize in recognition of

The young scientist won recognition for her simple water filter.

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这位年轻科学家因她简单的滤水器获得认可。

win recognition 是获得认可/赞誉。

The school gave him a prize in recognition of his honesty.

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学校因他的诚实给了他一个奖项。

in recognition of 是为表彰/感谢。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

identification
识别;身份证明
Identification is needed before you enter the building. 偏身份确认或证明;recognition 还可表示认可和表彰。
acknowledgment
承认;感谢
The letter included an acknowledgment of their help. 偏正式承认或感谢。
honor
荣誉;尊敬
The prize is a great honor. 在表彰义上接近,但 recognition 更强调被看见和认可。
denial
否认
His denial of the facts surprised everyone. 与承认/认可义相对。
neglect
忽视
The garden showed years of neglect. 与被看见、被重视相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

recognise/-ize
认出;承认;表彰
The book is widely recognised as a useful guide. recognise 是动词,recognition 是名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

recognition 来自 recognise + -tion,表示动作或结果;与 ignore 只共享 gn/cogn 记忆线,不是同义关系。

recognise/-ize
认出;承认;表彰
The book is widely recognised as a useful guide.
recognisable
可认出的
The school building is recognisable by its red roof.
unrecognised
未被认可的;未被认出的
Her early work remained unrecognised for years.

非派生记忆线索

cogn / gn = know
记忆线
Recognise can mean know again; ignore can mean knowingly pay no attention.
recognise -> recognition
动词到名词
Recognition means identifying, accepting, or honoring someone or something.

词族导图

recognise/-ize / recognition / ignore 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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017

ignore

星标

[ig'nɔ:(r)] · vt. · Page 198

to pay no attention to someone or something, often on purpose

故意不理;忽视,不顾

联想

ignore 的记忆线索线索是 i-/in- = not + gn = know:不是“不知道”,而常是“明明知道却不理”。所以它既可写 ignore a message/person,也可写 ignore advice, a warning, rules or a problem。

意思、用法与例句

vt.故意不理;不理睬

明知对方存在,却选择不看、不听或不回应。

常见表达ignore someoneignore a messageignore a questionignore a call

She waved to him, but he ignored her.

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她向他挥手,但他没理她。

ignore someone 是故意不理人。

The student ignored the message until the next morning.

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这个学生直到第二天早上才理会那条信息。

ignore a message 是不回复/不理会信息。

vt.忽视;不顾

不重视建议、警告、规则或问题,常带来后果。

常见表达ignore adviceignore a warningignore the rulesignore the problem

Do not ignore a small health problem if it lasts for several days.

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如果小的健康问题持续好几天,不要忽视它。

ignore a problem 是忽视问题。

The driver ignored the red light and caused danger for others.

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司机无视红灯,给他人造成危险。

ignore a signal/rule 是无视信号或规则。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

neglect
忽视;疏于照顾
The old house was neglected for years. neglect 常强调长期疏忽或缺少照顾。
disregard
不顾;漠视
He disregarded the safety rules. 更正式,常接 rules, advice, warnings。
overlook
忽略;没注意到
I overlooked a small mistake in the report. overlook 可表示无意漏看;ignore 常是有意不理。
notice
注意到
I noticed a spelling mistake. 与忽视/不理相对。
heed
留心;听从
Please heed the warning. 与 ignore a warning 相对,稍正式但高中阅读常见。
recognise/-ize
认出;承认;认可
We must recognise the importance of clean water. recognise 是看见并承认价值;ignore 是知道却不理或不顾。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ignore 与 recognise/-ize 在记忆线索中通过 gn/cogn = know 形成记忆线:recognise 是知道后认出/承认,ignore 是知道却不理;二者不是普通派生。

ignorance
无知;不了解
Ignorance of the rules is not an excuse.
ignorant
无知的;不了解的
He was ignorant of the danger.
disregard
不顾;漠视
Disregard for safety can lead to accidents.

非派生记忆线索

cogn / gn = know
记忆线
Recognise can mean know again; ignore can mean knowingly pay no attention.
recognise -> recognition
动词到名词
Recognition means identifying, accepting, or honoring someone or something.

词族导图

recognise/-ize / recognition / ignore 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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018

light①

星标

[lait] · n. / vt. / adj. / phr. · Page 198

brightness, a lamp or flame, or the act of making something bright or burning

光,光线;电灯;火源;点燃;照亮;明亮的

联想

light① 是“光”线:光线、电灯、火源、点燃、照亮、明亮都围绕 brightness。重点短语 come to light 和 in (the) light of 也要单独记。它与 light②“轻的/浅色的”是同形异义,不要混成一个义项。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U] / [C]光;光线;电灯

表示自然或人工亮光,也可指一盏灯。

常见表达morning lightin the lightturn on the lighttraffic lights

The morning light came through the window and woke me up.

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晨光从窗户照进来,把我叫醒了。

light 作不可数名词,表示光线。

Please turn off the light when you leave the classroom.

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离开教室时请关灯。

a/the light 可指一盏电灯。

n. [sing.] / vt.火源;点燃,点火

a light 可指点烟或点火用的火;动词 light 表示点燃。过去式/过去分词常用 lit。

常见表达Do you have a light?light a candlelight a firebe lit

The volunteer lit a candle when the power went out.

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停电时,志愿者点燃了一支蜡烛。

lit 是 light 的常用过去式。

He asked for a light before he lit the small stove.

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他在点小炉子前借了个火。

a light 是火源/打火工具。

vt. / adj.照亮;明亮的

light up 表示照亮或变亮;作形容词时表示明亮的。

常见表达light uplight the roada light roomlight and airy

Street lamps light up the road near the school gate.

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路灯照亮了学校门口附近的道路。

light up 是重点短语。

The new library is light and quiet.

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新图书馆明亮又安静。

light 作形容词,表示明亮的。

phr.被披露;鉴于

come to light 表示事实被发现或披露;in (the) light of 表示鉴于、考虑到。

常见表达come to lightbring something to lightin light ofin the light of

New facts came to light after the meeting.

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会议后,新事实被披露出来。

come to light 是重点短语。

In light of the heavy rain, the game was put off.

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鉴于大雨,比赛被推迟了。

in light of 是鉴于、考虑到。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lightning
闪电
A flash of lightning lit up the valley. 记忆线索按 light(e)n + -ing 记,指暴风雨中的强光;作为记忆线处理,不当普通近义词。
illustrate
阐明;加插图
To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story. lustr = light 是词根记忆线,不是 light 的普通复合词。
darkness
黑暗
The room was full of darkness after the lights went out. 与光线义相对。
light②
轻的;浅色的;轻松的
This suitcase is light enough for a child to carry. 同形不同义,light② 不表示光。

词族线索 / 同组词

flashlight
手电筒
We carried a flashlight through the dark tunnel. flash + light,指手持电灯。
sunlight
阳光
The plants grew quickly in the warm sunlight. sun + light,指太阳光。
highlight
强调;标出;精彩部分
The report highlights the need for cleaner water. high + light,从强光突出引申为强调。
lighten①
变亮;使变亮
The sky began to lighten before dawn. light 明亮的 + -en。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

light① 是光线核心;flashlight/sunlight/highlight 是复合或引申,lighten① 是 -en 动词,lightning 是记忆线索光线记忆线;illustrate 只作 lustr=light 词根记忆线。

flashlight
手电筒
We carried a flashlight through the dark tunnel.
sunlight
阳光
The plants grew quickly in the warm sunlight.
highlight
强调;标出;精彩部分
The report highlights the need for cleaner water.
lighten①
变亮;使变亮
The sky began to lighten before dawn.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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019

flashlight

['flæʃlait] · n. [C] · Page 198

a small portable electric light

手电筒

联想

flashlight 是 flash + light,在美式英语里常指手电筒;英式英语常用 torch。它是真正围绕 light①“光/灯”的复合词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]手电筒

便携式电灯,常用于黑暗、停电、夜行或检查。

常见表达carry a flashlightturn on a flashlightshine a flashlight onflashlight battery

We carried a flashlight while walking through the dark tunnel.

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我们穿过黑暗隧道时带着手电筒。

carry a flashlight 是带手电。

The guard shone his flashlight on the empty classroom door.

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保安用手电照了照空教室的门。

shine a flashlight on 是用手电照。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

torch
手电筒
Take a torch when you go camping. 英式英语常用 torch,美式英语常用 flashlight。
lamp
A small lamp stood on the desk. lamp 是普通灯,通常不是手持照明。
darkness
黑暗
The flashlight helped us in the darkness. 黑暗是使用手电的典型场景,不是 flashlight 的严格反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

light①
光;电灯
Please turn off the light. flashlight 是 light① 的复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

flash + light -> flashlight,指便携式电灯。

flash
闪光
A flash lit up the sky.
light①
光;电灯
Please turn off the light.
torch
英式:手电筒
Take a torch when you go camping.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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020

highlight

星标

['hailait] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 198

to make something stand out, mark it, or the best part of something

强调,突出;用色笔标出;最精彩的部分

联想

highlight 原义可理解为 high + light:用强光让重点显出来。作动词可表示强调,也可表示用色笔标出;作名词表示最精彩/最重要的部分。

意思、用法与例句

vt.强调;突出

让问题、事实或重点更明显。

常见表达highlight a pointhighlight the problemhighlight the importance ofhighlight the need for

The report highlights the need for cleaner water in villages.

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报告强调了村庄需要更清洁饮水。

highlight the need for 是强调需求。

The story highlights the importance of courage.

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这个故事突出了勇气的重要性。

highlight the importance of 是突出重要性。

vt.用色笔标出

在文本中用颜色标记重点。

常见表达highlight a sentencehighlight key wordshighlight in yellow

Please highlight the key sentences before you write the summary.

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写摘要前请把关键句标出来。

highlight key sentences 是标出重点句。

She highlighted the dates in yellow.

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她用黄色标出了日期。

highlight in yellow 是用黄色标出。

n. [C]最精彩或最重要的部分

活动、旅行、比赛或节目中最值得记住的部分。

常见表达the highlight ofa match highlightfestival highlights

The highlight of our trip was watching the sunrise from the mountain.

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我们旅行中最精彩的部分是在山上看日出。

the highlight of 是……的精彩部分。

The final goal was the highlight of the match.

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最后一个进球是比赛最精彩的部分。

match highlight 是比赛亮点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

emphasize
强调
The teacher emphasized the main idea. 对应突出重点义。
underline
在文字下画线;强调
Underline the new words. 对应标记文本义。
downplay
淡化;轻描淡写
He downplayed the difficulty of the task. 与强调义相对。
hide
隐藏
The trees hid the small house. 与让重点显出相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

light①
光;亮
Street lamps light up the road. highlight 是 high + light 的复合/引申。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

high + light -> highlight;从强光突出引申为强调、标出、精彩部分。

highlighted
被标出的;被强调的
The highlighted words are important.
highlighter
荧光笔
Use a highlighter to mark the key line.
light①
光;亮
Street lamps light up the road.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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021

sunlight

星标

['sʌnlait] · n. [U] · Page 198

natural light from the sun

阳光

联想

sunlight 是 sun + light,强调太阳发出的光,常和 bright、warm、direct、in 搭配。sunshine 更常带晴朗、愉快的天气感觉。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]阳光

太阳发出的自然光,不可数。

常见表达bright sunlightwarm sunlightdirect sunlightin the sunlight

The plants grew quickly in the warm sunlight.

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植物在温暖的阳光下长得很快。

warm sunlight 是温暖阳光。

Do not leave the medicine in direct sunlight.

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不要把药放在阳光直射处。

direct sunlight 是阳光直射。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sunshine
阳光;晴朗天气
We enjoyed the warm sunshine. sunshine 更常带晴朗天气和愉快感觉。
daylight
日光;白昼
We reached the village before daylight ended. daylight 强调白天自然光。
shade
阴凉处;背阴
Let's sit in the shade. 与阳光照射相对。
darkness
黑暗
The room fell into darkness. 与光线环境相关,但 shade 才是 sunlight 的更直接对照。

词族线索 / 同组词

light①
The morning light came through the window. sunlight 是 sun + light。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sun + light -> sunlight,指太阳光;常作不可数名词。

sun + light
太阳光
The plants grew quickly in the warm sunlight.
sunshine
阳光;晴朗
We enjoyed the warm sunshine.
solar
太阳的
Solar energy comes from the sun.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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022

lighten①

['laitn] · vi. / vt. · Page 198

to become brighter or make something brighter

变亮;使变亮

联想

lighten① 来自 light① 明亮的 + -en,表示天色、颜色、房间变亮或被弄亮。它和 lighten②“减轻/心情变好”同形,但意义不同。

意思、用法与例句

vi.变亮

天空、房间或颜色自己变亮。

常见表达the sky lightensthe room lightensthe color lightens

The sky began to lighten before the first bus arrived.

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第一班公交到来前,天开始亮了。

the sky lightens 是天色变亮。

The clouds moved away and the room lightened.

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云散开后,房间亮了起来。

room 作主语,表示变亮。

vt.使变亮;使颜色变浅

让房间、背景、颜色更亮或更浅。

常见表达lighten a roomlighten the colorlighten the background

White curtains can lighten a small room.

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白色窗帘能让小房间更明亮。

lighten a room 是使房间变亮。

Add a little white paint to lighten the blue.

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加一点白漆把蓝色调浅。

lighten a color 是使颜色变浅。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brighten
变亮;使明亮
The lights brightened the stage. 与变亮义接近。
darken
变暗;使变暗
The sky darkened before the storm. 与变亮相对。
dim
变暗;使变暗
The lights dimmed slowly. 与明亮程度下降有关。
lighten②
减轻;变高兴
Sharing the work will lighten the load. 同形不同义,不要把 light 亮和 light 轻混在一起。

词族线索 / 同组词

light①
光;明亮
The room is full of light. lighten① 来自 light 明亮的 + -en。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

light① + -en -> lighten①,表示变亮或使变亮;与 lighten② 同形异义。

light①
光;明亮
The room is full of light.
lighter
更亮的;更浅的
Choose a lighter color for the wall.
brighten
变亮;使明亮
The sun brightened the room.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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023

lightning

['laitniŋ] · n. [U] · Page 198

a sudden bright flash in the sky during a storm

闪电

联想

lightning 是暴风雨中的强光,常和 thunder 一起出现。注意 lightning 是名词“闪电”,不要和 lighten“变亮/减轻”混写。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]闪电

暴风雨中天空突然出现的强光,通常不可数。

常见表达a flash of lightninglightning struckthunder and lightninglightning flashed

A flash of lightning lit up the whole valley.

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一道闪电照亮了整个山谷。

a flash of lightning 是一道闪电。

The match was stopped because lightning struck near the stadium.

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比赛因闪电击中体育场附近而暂停。

lightning struck 是闪电击中。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flash
闪光
A flash lit up the sky. flash 是短暂闪光,lightning 是暴风雨中的闪电。
bolt
一道闪电
A bolt of lightning hit the tree. bolt 可指一道闪电。
thunder
雷声
Thunder followed the lightning. lightning 是光,thunder 是声音。
storm
暴风雨
The storm damaged several trees. 闪电常出现在暴风雨中。
light①
The morning light came through the window. 记忆线索按 light(e)n + -ing 记忆,作为光线记忆线处理。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

记忆线索提示 lightning 可按 light(e)n + -ing 记忆;现代用法重点是不可数名词和 a flash/bolt of lightning。

a flash of lightning
一道闪电
A flash of lightning lit up the valley.
thunder and lightning
雷电
The children heard thunder and lightning.
light①
The morning light came through the window.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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024

illustrate

星标

['iləstreit] · vt. · Page 198-199

to explain with examples or add pictures to a text

阐明;加插图于

联想

illustrate 的记忆线索词根是 lustr = light:让光照进来,引申为把道理说明白。它不是 light 的普通复合词。高考常见两义:illustrate a point 用例子阐明;illustrate a book 给书加插图。

意思、用法与例句

vt.阐明;说明

用例子、故事、数据或图表把观点说明清楚。

常见表达illustrate a pointillustrate with examplesillustrate howto illustrate

To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.

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为了说明我的观点,我来给你们讲个小故事。

保留常见例句。

The chart illustrates how the population changed over ten years.

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这张图表说明了十年间人口如何变化。

chart illustrates how 是图表说明。

vt.给……加插图

给书、文章或故事配图片。

常见表达illustrate a bookillustrate an articlebe illustrated with

Several photos illustrate the article about village life.

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几张照片给那篇关于乡村生活的文章配了图。

illustrate an article 是给文章配图。

The children's book is illustrated with simple drawings.

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这本童书配有简单插图。

be illustrated with 是配有插图。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

explain
解释;说明
Can you explain the rule again? explain 更泛;illustrate 常用例子、图表或图片说明。
show
显示;说明
The map shows the road to the lake. show 更口语和宽泛。
demonstrate
证明;演示
The experiment demonstrated the idea. 更正式,常表示证明或演示。
confuse
使困惑
Too many details can confuse readers. 与说明清楚相对。
obscure
使不清楚;遮掩
The smoke obscured the view. 与阐明、使清楚相对。
light①
Street lamps light up the road. lustr=light 是词根记忆线,不是现代 light 复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

il-/in- + lustr(light) + -ate;把光照进来 -> 说明清楚。与 light① 是词根记忆关系,不是普通 word_family。

illustration
插图;说明
The article includes several illustrations.
illustrator
插画师
The illustrator drew pictures for the story.
illustrated
有插图的
The book is fully illustrated.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
025

light②

[lait] · adj. / n. [U] · Page 199

not heavy, pale in color, gentle, easy, or small in amount

轻的;浅色的;轻柔的;轻松的;少量的;浅色

联想

light② 是“轻/浅”线,和光线 light① 同形不同义。它可写重量轻、颜色浅、声音/动作轻柔、饭量或工作量少,也可作不可数名词表示亮色/浅色。

意思、用法与例句

adj.轻的;重量小的

表示不重,容易拿起或移动。

常见表达a light baglight enough to carrylight luggage

This suitcase is light enough for a child to carry.

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这个手提箱很轻,孩子也能拿。

light enough to carry 是轻到能拿。

Try to travel with light luggage.

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尽量带轻便行李旅行。

light luggage 是轻便行李。

adj. / n. [U]浅色的;亮色

颜色浅或亮;作名词时表示浅色。

常见表达light bluelight greenlight colorsin light

She painted the wall a light blue.

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她把墙刷成浅蓝色。

light blue 是浅蓝色。

Use light colors if the room is small.

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房间小时可以用浅色。

light colors 是浅色。

adj.轻柔的;轻松的;少量的

描述声音、动作、工作、运动或食物不强、不重、不多。

常见表达light musica light meallight worklight exercise

After running, I ate a light meal and drank some water.

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跑步后,我吃了一顿清淡的饭并喝了水。

a light meal 是少量/清淡的一餐。

The doctor advised him to do light exercise first.

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医生建议他先做轻量运动。

light exercise 是轻量运动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lightweight
轻量的
A lightweight jacket is useful for travel. 对应重量轻,常修饰物品。
pale
浅色的;淡的
She wore a pale blue shirt. 对应颜色浅。
gentle
轻柔的
A gentle wind blew through the trees. 对应动作、声音、风等轻柔。
heavy
重的;大量的
The bag is too heavy. 可对应重量或工作量。
dark
深色的;黑暗的
He chose a dark blue coat. 对应颜色深。
strong
强烈的
The tea is too strong. 对应轻柔/清淡义。
light①
光;照亮
Street lamps light up the road. 同形不同义,light① 是光线。

词族线索 / 同组词

lighten②
减轻;变高兴
Sharing the work will lighten the load. light② + -en。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

light② 是轻/浅核心;lighten② 是让负担、压力或心情变轻。不要和 light① 光线义混用。

lighten②
减轻;变高兴
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lighter
更轻的;更浅的
This bag is lighter than that one.
lightweight
轻量的
A lightweight jacket is useful for travel.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
026

lighten②

['laitn] · vt. / vi. · Page 199

to reduce a load or pressure, or to become happier

减轻;变得高兴,露出喜色

联想

lighten② 来自 light②“轻的”:让负担、压力、心情变轻。可及物:lighten the load/burden;也可不及物:his face lightened 表示脸色变得开朗。不要和 lighten① 变亮混淆。

意思、用法与例句

vt.减轻;减少负担或压力

使重量、负担、工作量或压力变小。

常见表达lighten the loadlighten the burdenlighten pressurelighten someone's work

Sharing the work will lighten the load for everyone.

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分担工作会减轻每个人的负担。

lighten the load 是减轻负担。

The new rule may lighten the pressure on small shops.

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新规定可能减轻小商店的压力。

lighten pressure 是减轻压力。

vt. / vi.使心情变轻松;变得高兴,露出喜色

让气氛、心情或脸色更轻松、更开朗。

常见表达lighten the moodlighten someone's hearthis face lightened

Her smile lightened the mood after a long discussion.

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长时间讨论后,她的微笑让气氛轻松起来。

lighten the mood 是缓和气氛。

His face lightened when he heard the good news.

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听到好消息时,他脸上露出了喜色。

face lightened 是脸色开朗。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reduce
减少;降低
We should reduce waste. 对应减轻负担或压力。
ease
减轻;缓和
Music eased her worry. 常接 pain, pressure, worry, burden。
cheer up
使高兴;振作
The good news cheered him up. 对应心情变好。
increase
增加
The new task increased our workload. 与减轻负担相对。
weigh down
使负担沉重;使沮丧
The problem weighed him down. 与负担/心情变轻相对。
lighten①
变亮;使变亮
The sky began to lighten before dawn. 同形不同义。

词族线索 / 同组词

light②
轻的;浅色的;轻松的
This suitcase is light enough to carry. lighten② 来自 light② 轻的。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

light② + -en -> lighten②;核心是使负担、压力或心情变轻。与 lighten① 变亮同形不同义。

light②
轻的;浅色的;轻松的
This suitcase is light enough to carry.
lighter
更轻的
A lighter bag is easier to carry.
lighten the load
减轻负担
Sharing work can lighten the load.

非派生记忆线索

light① family
光线、照亮、突出、阳光、闪电线
Street lamps light up the road.
light② family
轻、浅、少量、减轻线
Sharing the work will lighten the load.
lustr = light
illustrate 的记忆线
Examples can illustrate a point clearly.

词族导图

light 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
027

found

星标

[faund] · vt. · Page 199

to establish something or base it on an idea, fact, or principle

创办,创建;把……建立在……基础上

联想

found 是星标动词,不是 find 的过去式用法。它有两条源义:found a school/company 是创办;be founded on facts/trust 是以……为基础。foundation/founding 是真词族;fund/fundamental 是记忆线索 base 记忆线,不要和创办义混成同义词。

意思、用法与例句

vt.创办;创建

创立学校、公司、组织、城市或制度。

常见表达found a schoolfound a companyfound an organizationfound a city

The doctor founded a free clinic for people in the village.

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这位医生为村民创办了一家免费诊所。

found a clinic 是创办诊所。

Several graduates founded a club for young inventors.

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几位毕业生创办了一个青年发明者俱乐部。

found a club 是创建俱乐部。

vt.以……为基础

常用被动结构 be founded on/upon,表示观点、关系或制度基于某事。

常见表达be founded on trustbe founded upon factsbe founded on principles

Their friendship was founded on trust and shared interests.

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他们的友谊建立在信任和共同兴趣之上。

be founded on trust 是建立在信任上。

A good argument should be founded on facts, not guesses.

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好的论证应以事实为基础,而不是猜测。

be founded on facts 是以事实为基础。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

establish
建立;创立
They established a new research center. 对应创办义,比 found 更常见。
set up
建立;创办
They set up a small shop near the station. 较口语。
base
以……为基础
The report is based on interviews. 对应 be founded on。
fund
资金;基金;资助
The students raised funds for new books. 可用 found=base v., fund=base n. 作记忆线,现代用法按资金掌握。
close
关闭
The school closed after the flood. 与创办机构相对。
destroy
破坏
The storm destroyed the bridge. 与建立基础相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

foundation
基础;地基;基金会;创办
Reading every day builds a strong foundation for writing. foundation 是 found 的名词。
founding
创办;创建
The founding of the club gave students a place to share ideas. founding 是 found 的 -ing 名词/定语。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding / founder 是真词族;fund/fundamental 与 found 共享记忆线索 base 记忆线,但现代意义要按资金和基本原理分开。

foundation
基础;地基;基金会;创办
Reading every day builds a strong foundation for writing.
founding
创办;创建
The founding of the club gave students a place to share ideas.
founder
创办者
The founder of the school was a local teacher.

非派生记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding
创办与基础词族
The school was founded on clear principles.
fund / fundamental base cue
记忆线索 base 记忆线
A fund is money for a purpose; fundamental means basic and important.

词族导图

found 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
028

foundation

[faun'deiʃn] · n. [C] / [U] · Page 199

a base for a building or idea, a charity, or the act of establishing something

地基;基础,根据;基金会;建立,创办

联想

foundation 是 foundation 组里最容易漏义的词。它可指建筑地基,也可指学习、观点或制度的基础,还可指基金会;不可数时可指建立/创办这一动作。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, usually pl.]地基

建筑物下面承重的基础,常用复数 foundations。

常见表达lay the foundationsstrong foundationsthe foundations of a building

Workers laid the foundations for the new library in spring.

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工人们春天为新图书馆打了地基。

lay the foundations 是打地基。

A tall building needs strong foundations.

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高楼需要坚固的地基。

foundations 常用复数。

n. [C] / [U]基础;根据

学习、关系、论证或计划赖以建立的基础。

常见表达a solid foundationfoundation forfoundation of trustwithout foundation

Reading every day builds a strong foundation for writing.

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每天阅读能为写作打下坚实基础。

foundation for writing 是写作基础。

The report has no foundation in fact.

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这份报告没有事实根据。

foundation in fact 是事实根据。

n. [C]基金会

提供资金、做慈善或支持研究的组织。

常见表达a charitable foundationa research foundationset up a foundation

The foundation pays for books for children in poor areas.

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这个基金会为贫困地区儿童购买图书。

foundation 可指基金会。

They set up a foundation to protect old buildings.

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他们成立了一个基金会来保护老建筑。

set up a foundation 是成立基金会。

n. [U]建立;创办

表示某机构、城市或组织被建立这件事。

常见表达the foundation ofsince its foundation

Since its foundation, the school has helped many village children.

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自创办以来,这所学校帮助了许多乡村儿童。

since its foundation 是自创办以来。

The foundation of the city changed the trade route.

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这座城市的建立改变了贸易路线。

foundation 可指建立这一动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

base
基础;底部
The vase has a heavy base. base 更泛,foundation 更常表示支撑建筑、观点或制度的基础。
basis
基础;根据
Trust is the basis of friendship. basis 偏抽象依据。
charity
慈善机构
The charity helped homeless children. 只对应基金会/慈善组织义。
surface
表面
The surface of the road was wet. 只和地基/底部语境相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

found
创办;以……为基础
The doctor founded a free clinic. foundation 是 found 的名词。
founding
创办;创建
The founding of the club was important. 与 foundation 的建立义相近但搭配不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

found + -ation -> foundation,可指地基、抽象基础、基金会或建立创办。

found
创办;以……为基础
The doctor founded a free clinic.
founding
创办;创建
The founding of the club was important.
founder
创办者
The founder visited the school.

非派生记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding
创办与基础词族
The school was founded on clear principles.
fund / fundamental base cue
记忆线索 base 记忆线
A fund is money for a purpose; fundamental means basic and important.

词族导图

found 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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029

founding

['faundiŋ] · n. [sing.] / adj. · Page 199

the act of starting something, or connected with its beginning

创办,创建;创始的

联想

founding 来自 found。作名词常见 the founding of...;作定语常见 founding member / founding father / founding year。它强调“创立这件事”或“创立时的”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [sing.]创办;创建

某组织、国家、城市或机构被创立的事件。

常见表达the founding ofsince the founding of

The founding of the club gave students a place to share ideas.

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俱乐部的创办给学生提供了交流想法的地方。

the founding of 是……的创办。

The town grew quickly after the founding of the railway station.

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火车站建立后,小镇迅速发展。

founding 可指建立事件。

adj.创始的;创立时的

修饰成员、原则、年份等。

常见表达founding memberfounding fatherfounding yearfounding principle

She was a founding member of the school drama group.

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她是学校戏剧社的创始成员。

founding member 是创始成员。

Respect is one of the club's founding principles.

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尊重是这个俱乐部的创始原则之一。

founding principle 是创始原则。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

establishment
建立;创立
The establishment of the school changed the village. 较正式,接近 the founding of。
creation
创建;创造
The creation of the website took months. 更泛,可指创作。
closure
关闭
The closure of the factory affected many families. 与创办机构相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

found
创办;创建
Several graduates founded a club. founding 是 found 的 -ing 形式。
foundation
建立;基础;基金会
Since its foundation, the school has grown. foundation 也可指建立,但义项更多。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

found + -ing -> founding,名词表示创办事件,形容词表示创始的。

found
创办;创建
Several graduates founded a club.
founder
创办者
The founder of the club was only sixteen.
foundation
建立;基础
Since its foundation, the school has grown.

非派生记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding
创办与基础词族
The school was founded on clear principles.
fund / fundamental base cue
记忆线索 base 记忆线
A fund is money for a purpose; fundamental means basic and important.

词族导图

found 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
030

fund

[fʌnd] · n. [C] / n. pl. / vt. · Page 199

money kept or provided for a special purpose, or to provide that money

基金,专款;资金,现金;基金会;资助,拨款

联想

fund 的核心是“专门用途的钱”。单数 a fund 多指基金/专款;复数 funds 常指资金、现金;作动词 fund a project 是为项目提供资金。记忆线索 raise funds 必须掌握。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]基金;专款

为某一目的保存或筹集的一笔钱。

常见表达a research fundan emergency funda scholarship funda relief fund

The school started a scholarship fund for excellent students.

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学校为优秀学生设立了奖学金基金。

scholarship fund 是奖学金基金。

The town used an emergency fund after the storm.

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暴风雨后,小镇动用了应急基金。

emergency fund 是应急专款。

n. pl.资金;现金

复数 funds 常表示可用资金。

常见表达raise fundslack fundspublic fundsenough funds

The students raised funds to buy sports equipment for the school.

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学生们筹集资金为学校购买体育器材。

保留记忆线索搭配 raise funds。

The project stopped because it lacked funds.

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项目因缺少资金而停了下来。

lack funds 是缺资金。

n. [sing.]基金会

可指管理或使用基金的机构。

常见表达a charitable funda trust funda local fund

A local fund helped repair the old bridge.

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一个地方基金会帮助修复了那座老桥。

fund 可指基金组织/基金会。

The trust fund supports children who need medical help.

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这个信托基金资助需要医疗帮助的儿童。

trust fund 是信托基金。

vt.为……提供资金;拨款给

给项目、机构或活动出钱。

常见表达fund a projectfund a schoolbe funded bygovernment-funded

The local government will fund a new bridge across the river.

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当地政府将出资修一座跨河新桥。

fund a bridge/project 是资助项目。

The study was funded by a public health organization.

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这项研究由一个公共卫生组织资助。

be funded by 是由……资助。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

money
钱;资金
We need money for the trip. money 更泛,fund 常带专门用途。
finance
为……提供资金
The bank financed the new building. 作动词时接近 fund。
support
支持;资助
The plan was supported by local people. 可指资金或非资金支持。
raise
筹集
They raised funds for the library. raise funds 是记忆线索高频搭配。
debt
债务
The family worked hard to pay the debt. 不是严格反义,但与可用资金形成财务对照。
fundamental
基本的;基本原理
Color is fundamental in home design. 记忆线索把 fund=base n. 和 fundamental 放在 base 线索中,现代用法不按资金词族理解。
foundation
基金会;基础
The foundation pays for books. foundation 和 fund 在基金组织义上相关。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fund 在本单元按 money for a purpose 学;与 fundamental 的 base 线索是记忆线索记忆关系,不是“资金 -> 根本的”的现代派生。

funding
资金;资助
The project needs more funding.
funded
有资金支持的
The government-funded program helped many families.
raise funds
筹集资金
They raised funds for the library.

非派生记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding
创办与基础词族
The school was founded on clear principles.
fund / fundamental base cue
记忆线索 base 记忆线
A fund is money for a purpose; fundamental means basic and important.

词族导图

found 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
031

fundamental

星标

[,fʌndə'mentl] · adj. / n. pl. · Page 199

basic and very important, or the basic principles of a subject

基本的,根本的,基础的;基本原理,基本法则

联想

fundamental 是星标词。作形容词时强调“基础且重要”,常用 fundamental to;作名词常用复数 fundamentals,表示基本原理。要注意 basic/basics 与 fundamental/fundamentals 可对照记。

意思、用法与例句

adj.基本的;根本的;基础的

表示某事是基础而重要的,常与 to 搭配。

常见表达be fundamental toa fundamental changefundamental rightsa fundamental problem

Color is fundamental in home design, something you'll always have in every room.

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色彩是家居设计中的基本元素,是每个房间都会用到的东西。

保留记忆线索高考例句。

Clean water is fundamental to public health.

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清洁饮水对公共健康至关重要。

fundamental to 是对……根本重要。

n. pl.基本原理;基本法则

某学科、技能或活动的基础知识。

常见表达the fundamentals oflearn the fundamentalsmaster the fundamentals

Before solving hard problems, learn the fundamentals of math.

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在解决难题前,先学习数学基本原理。

the fundamentals of 是……的基本原理。

Good players never forget the fundamentals of the game.

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优秀运动员从不忘记比赛的基本功。

fundamentals 可指基本功。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

basic
基本的
Basic knowledge is important. basic 更常用;fundamental 更强调根本且重要。
essential
必要的;极重要的
Sleep is essential for health. 强调不可缺少。
minor
较小的;次要的
The mistake was minor. 与根本重要相对。
unimportant
不重要的
The color of the folder is unimportant. 与重要性相对。
fund
基金;资金;资助
The students raised funds for new books. 记忆线索 base 线索相关,但 fund 现代核心是资金。
foundation
基础;基金会
Reading builds a foundation for writing. foundation 与 fundamental 在基础义上相关。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fundamental 表示基础且重要;名词多用复数 fundamentals。fund 是记忆线索 base 记忆线,不应按 money 义硬派生。

fundamentals
基本原理;基本功
Learn the fundamentals first.
basics
基础知识;基本原则
The course teaches the basics of cooking.
foundation
基础
Reading builds a foundation for writing.

非派生记忆线索

found -> foundation / founding
创办与基础词族
The school was founded on clear principles.
fund / fundamental base cue
记忆线索 base 记忆线
A fund is money for a purpose; fundamental means basic and important.

词族导图

found 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
032

just

[dʒʌst] · adv. / adj. · Page 200

very recently, exactly, only, barely, or fair and deserved

刚才;恰好;只是;此刻;勉强;公平的,正义的;应得的

联想

just 是多义核心词。副词线包括刚才、正好、只是、此刻、勉强;形容词线是公平、正义、应得。justice/justify 从 fair/right 义出发;adjust 是 ad+just“调到恰好”记忆线,不是 just 的普通派生。

意思、用法与例句

adv.刚才;刚刚

表示很近的过去,常和完成时或过去时连用。

常见表达just nowhave just donejust before

I have just finished the report.

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我刚刚完成报告。

have just done 是刚刚做完。

She left just before you arrived.

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她就在你到达前刚离开。

just before 是就在……之前。

adv.恰好;正好

表示时间、地点、数量或程度正合适。

常见表达just in timejust rightjust atjust enough

We arrived just in time for the first class.

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我们正好赶上第一节课。

just in time 是及时赶上。

The soup is not too hot; it is just right.

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汤不太烫,正合适。

just right 是正合适。

adv.只是;仅仅

限制范围,表示 only。

常见表达just a littlejust a fewjust becausejust one

I just need five more minutes to check my answers.

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我只需要再五分钟检查答案。

just = only。

The box looks heavy, but it is just full of paper.

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这个箱子看起来很重,但里面只是装满了纸。

just 限定真实情况。

adv.此刻;现在;勉强

可表示 right now,也可表示 barely/only just。

常见表达just nowjust about tojust manageonly just

The bus is just about to leave.

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公交车马上就要开了。

just about to 是马上要。

He just managed to pass the difficult test.

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他勉强通过了这次难考试。

just managed to 是勉强做到。

adj.公平的;正义的;应得的

表示决定、对待或惩罚公平合理。

常见表达a just decisiona just societyjust treatmentjust punishment

The judge made a just decision after hearing both sides.

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法官听取双方意见后作出了公正判决。

a just decision 是公正决定。

The player accepted a just punishment for breaking the rules.

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这名运动员接受了违反规则后应得的惩罚。

just punishment 是应得的惩罚。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

only
只是;仅仅
I only need five minutes. 对应 just 的 only 义。
exactly
恰好;正好
The answer is exactly right. 对应正好义。
fair
公平的
The game needs fair rules. 对应形容词公正义。
unfair
不公平的
The rule seemed unfair. 与 just 的公平义相对。
adjust
调整;适应
Please adjust the seat. 记忆线索 ad+just 表示调到恰好,现代用法不等于 just 的派生同义。

词族线索 / 同组词

justice
公平;司法
People should be treated with justice. justice 是 just 公平义的名词。
justify
证明正当;辩护
Nothing can justify cheating in an exam. justify 是使某事显得 just/right。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

just 的 fair/right 义生成 justice/justify;adjust 是 ad+just 调到合适的记忆线,不作普通 word_family。

justice
公平;司法
People should be treated with justice.
justify
证明正当;辩护
Nothing can justify cheating in an exam.
unjust
不公正的
The decision was unjust.

非派生记忆线索

just -> justice / justify
公平、正当线
A just decision should bring justice.
ad + just -> adjust
调到恰好线
Adjust the seat until it feels just right.

词族导图

just 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
033

justice

['dʒʌstis] · n. [U] · Page 200

fair treatment, right judgment, or the legal system

公平,公正;公道,合理;司法制度,审判

联想

justice 是 just 公平义的名词。它可以表示公平公正,也可表示司法制度;记忆线索 do justice to 是“公平地评价/充分表现”。反义词线:adj. unjust,n. injustice。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]公平;公正

公平对待人或事情。

常见表达fight for justiceseek justicesocial justice

The story shows a young lawyer fighting for justice.

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这个故事讲述一位年轻律师为正义而奋斗。

fight for justice 是为公正而奋斗。

Children quickly notice whether a rule is based on justice.

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孩子很快会注意到规则是否基于公平。

justice 可指公平原则。

n. [U]公道;合理评价

do justice to 表示公平评价或充分体现优点。

常见表达do justice todo someone justice

A short summary cannot do justice to the beauty of the poem.

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短短摘要无法充分表现这首诗的美。

do justice to 是重点短语。

The photo does not do justice to the colors of the sunset.

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这张照片没有充分展现日落的色彩。

do justice to 可指充分表现。

n. [U]司法制度;审判

法律、法院和审判制度。

常见表达criminal justicethe justice systembring someone to justice

The justice system should protect both safety and rights.

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司法制度应同时保护安全和权利。

justice system 是司法制度。

The police tried to bring the thieves to justice.

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警方试图将盗贼绳之以法。

bring sb. to justice 是使某人受审。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fairness
公平
Fairness is important in a competition. 对应公平义。
law
法律
Everyone should obey the law. 对应司法制度语境,不是 justice 的全词同义词。
injustice
不公正
The novel describes injustice in society. 记忆线索反义名词。
unjust
不公正的
The rule was unjust. 记忆线索形容词反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

just
公平的;刚才;只是
The judge made a just decision. justice 是 just 公平义的名词。
justify
证明正当;辩护
You must justify your answer. 同属 fair/right 线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

just + -ice -> justice;注意 injustice/unjust 反义线。

just
公平的;公正的
The judge made a just decision.
justify
证明正当;辩护
You must justify your answer.
injustice
不公正
The story is about injustice.

非派生记忆线索

just -> justice / justify
公平、正当线
A just decision should bring justice.
ad + just -> adjust
调到恰好线
Adjust the seat until it feels just right.

词族导图

just 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
034

justify

['dʒʌstifai] · vt. · Page 200

to show that something is right or reasonable, or defend it

证明……正当或有理;为……辩护

联想

justify 来自 just 的“正当/公正”义。核心是给出好理由,让行为、决定或观点显得合理;也可表示为某人或某事辩护。

意思、用法与例句

vt.证明……正当或有理

给行为、决定、观点或花费提供充分理由。

常见表达justify a decisionjustify a costjustify doing somethingbe justified by

The team must justify its plan before it receives money.

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团队必须先证明其计划有理,才能拿到资金。

justify a plan 是说明计划合理。

Nothing can justify cheating in an exam.

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没有什么能证明考试作弊是正当的。

justify doing sth. 是证明做某事有理。

vt.为……辩护;替自己说明

为自己或他人的行为作解释或辩护。

常见表达justify oneselfjustify one's actionsbe justified in doing

He tried to justify himself, but the teacher asked for evidence.

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他试图为自己辩解,但老师要求证据。

justify oneself 是为自己辩解。

The school was justified in changing the rule after the accident.

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事故后学校更改规则是有正当理由的。

be justified in doing 是做某事有正当理由。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

defend
辩护;维护
She defended her choice clearly. 对应为……辩护。
explain
解释
Please explain your answer. explain 更泛,不一定证明正当。
support
支持;支撑
Facts support the idea. 对应用理由支撑。
condemn
谴责
The public condemned the unfair act. 与为行为辩护相对。
disprove
证明……错误
The data disproved the rumor. 与证明合理相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

just
正当的;公平的
It was a just decision. justify 是使某事显得 just/right。
justice
公平;司法
People seek justice. 同属 fair/right 线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

just + -ify -> justify,使某事显得正当;名词 justification。

justification
理由;辩护
There was no justification for the delay.
justified
有正当理由的
Her worry was justified.
just
公正的;正当的
It was a just decision.

非派生记忆线索

just -> justice / justify
公平、正当线
A just decision should bring justice.
ad + just -> adjust
调到恰好线
Adjust the seat until it feels just right.

词族导图

just 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
035

adjust

星标

[ə'dʒʌst] · vt. / vi. · Page 200

to change something slightly or become used to a new situation

调节,调整;使适应,适应

联想

adjust 是星标词。记忆线索 ad-(to)+just(恰好) 表示“调到合适”。一条是调节物体、计划或影响;另一条是 adjust to / adjust oneself to 适应新环境。

意思、用法与例句

vt.调节;调整

对座椅、音量、计划、影响等做小幅改变,使其更合适。

常见表达adjust the seatadjust the volumeadjust the planadjust the influence

Please adjust your chair so that you can sit comfortably.

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请调整椅子,好让自己坐得舒服。

adjust the chair 是调节椅子。

However, we will adjust the influence of the change.

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不过,我们会调整这个变化带来的影响。

保留常见例句语境,adjust the influence 是调整影响。

vi. / vt.适应;使适应

适应新学校、生活、气候或工作,也可用 adjust oneself to。

常见表达adjust to a new schooladjust to lifeadjust oneself tohelp someone adjust

It took him two weeks to adjust to life in the new school.

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他花了两周适应新学校的生活。

adjust to 是适应。

Parents can help children adjust themselves to a new routine.

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父母可以帮助孩子适应新的日常安排。

adjust oneself to 是记忆线索搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

change
改变
We changed the plan. change 更泛;adjust 通常是小幅调整使合适。
adapt
适应;改编
Students adapted quickly to online classes. 对应适应义。
regulate
调节;控制
The machine regulates temperature. 更正式,常指控制系统。
just
恰好;公正
The soup is just right. 记忆线索记忆 ad+just,表示调到合适。
unchanged
未改变的
The plan remained unchanged. 与调整相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

adjustment
调整;适应
A small adjustment helped the plan work. adjustment 是 adjust 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ad-(to) + just(恰好) -> adjust,调到合适;adjustment 是名词。

adjustment
调整;适应
A small adjustment helped the plan work.
adjustable
可调节的
The chair is adjustable.
well-adjusted
适应良好的
The student became well-adjusted after a month.

非派生记忆线索

just -> justice / justify
公平、正当线
A just decision should bring justice.
ad + just -> adjust
调到恰好线
Adjust the seat until it feels just right.

词族导图

just 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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036

adjustment

星标

[ə'dʒʌstmənt] · n. [C] / [U] · Page 200

a small change, or the process of becoming used to something

调整,调节;适应

联想

adjustment 是 adjust 的名词。可数时常指一次具体调整 make an adjustment;不可数或可数时也可指适应过程,如 adjustment to a new school / today's world。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]调整;调节

一次具体的小改变。

常见表达make an adjustmentminor adjustmentsmall adjustmentadjustment to a plan

A small adjustment to the timetable gave students more reading time.

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对时间表的小调整给了学生更多阅读时间。

adjustment to the timetable 是对时间表的调整。

The machine needs a minor adjustment before it can run well.

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这台机器需要小小调整后才能正常运转。

minor adjustment 是小调整。

n. [C] / [U]适应

适应新生活、环境、学校或社会的过程。

常见表达adjustment to school lifea period of adjustmentnot an easy adjustment

Moving to a new city was a big adjustment for the family.

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搬到新城市对这一家人来说是很大的适应。

a big adjustment 是很大的适应过程。

Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults.

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要适应如今的社会对年轻人来说并不容易。

保留记忆线索高考例句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

change
改变;调整
The change made the class shorter. change 更泛,adjustment 常是小幅调整。
adaptation
适应;改编
Adaptation to a new school takes time. 对应适应义。
correction
修正;改正
The correction made the answer clear. 对应纠正性调整。
resistance
抵触;抗拒
His resistance made the change harder. 与适应过程相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

adjust
调整;适应
Please adjust the seat. adjustment 是 adjust 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

adjust + -ment -> adjustment,表示调整动作或适应过程。

adjust
调整;适应
Please adjust the seat.
adjustable
可调节的
The desk is adjustable.
readjustment
重新调整;重新适应
Readjustment after a long holiday can be difficult.

非派生记忆线索

just -> justice / justify
公平、正当线
A just decision should bring justice.
ad + just -> adjust
调到恰好线
Adjust the seat until it feels just right.

词族导图

just 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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037

memory

['meməri] · n. [C] / [U] · Page 200

the ability to remember, a remembered event, or computer storage

记忆力;回忆,记忆;计算机存储器,内存

联想

memory 有三条源义:人的记忆力、具体回忆、计算机内存。重点短语 have a good/poor memory 和 in memory of 都很重要;in memory of 连接 memorial / remember 的纪念线。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]记忆力

记住事情的能力。

常见表达have a good memoryhave a poor memorymemory for namesfrom memory

My grandmother has a clear memory for names and faces.

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我奶奶很会记名字和面孔。

have a memory for 是有记某类事物的能力。

Some students can recite the poem from memory.

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有些学生能凭记忆背诵这首诗。

from memory 是凭记忆。

n. [C]回忆;记忆

记在脑中的一次经历或画面。

常见表达childhood memorya happy memorya clear memory of

My grandmother has a clear memory of her first day at school.

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我奶奶清楚记得她第一天上学的情景。

a memory of 是关于……的回忆。

The old song brought back many childhood memories.

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这首老歌唤起了许多童年回忆。

bring back memories 是唤起回忆。

n. [C] / [U]计算机存储器;内存

电脑、手机等设备存储信息的空间。

常见表达computer memoryphone memoryrun out of memorymemory card

The phone ran out of memory after I saved too many videos.

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我存了太多视频后,手机内存用完了。

run out of memory 是内存用完。

This camera needs a larger memory card.

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这台相机需要更大的存储卡。

memory card 是存储卡。

phr.为了纪念

in memory of 表示为了纪念去世的人或重要事件。

常见表达in memory ofbuild something in memory of

He founded the charity in memory of his late wife.

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他创办这项慈善事业以纪念已故妻子。

保留常见例句。

The trees were planted in memory of the students who helped the town.

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这些树是为纪念帮助过小镇的学生而种的。

in memory of 是为了纪念。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remembrance
纪念;记忆
The ceremony was held in remembrance of the victims. 偏纪念语境。
recall
回忆;记起
Her recall of the story was excellent. 偏回忆能力或行为。
forgetfulness
健忘
Forgetfulness can be a problem for busy people. 与记忆能力相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

memorial
纪念碑;纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers. memorial 是纪念物。
memorise/-ize
记住;熟记
We need to memorise the poem. memorise 是把内容记进 memory。
remember
记得;记住;纪念
Remember to return the book. remember 是记起或不忘。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

memory 是核心名词;memorial 是纪念物,memorise/-ize 是使形成记忆,remember 是记得/纪念。

memorial
纪念碑;纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers.
memorise/-ize
记住;熟记
We need to memorise the poem.
remember
记得;记住;纪念
Remember to return the book.
memorable
难忘的
It was a memorable day.

非派生记忆线索

memory -> memorial
记忆到纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers.
memory -> memorise
记忆到熟记
We need to memorise the poem.
memory -> remember
记忆到记得/纪念
Remember to return the book.

词族导图

memory 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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038

memorial

星标

[mə'mɔ:riəl] · n. [C] · Page 200-201

an object, building, or event that helps people remember someone or something

纪念像,纪念碑;纪念物

联想

memorial 是星标词,常见结构是 a memorial to sb./sth.,常见例句 The statue is a memorial to... 必须掌握。它可以是纪念碑、雕像,也可以是纪念活动或纪念物。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]纪念像;纪念碑

为纪念人或事件而建的雕像、建筑或碑。

常见表达a war memoriala memorial statuea memorial to

The statue is a memorial to all the soldiers who died in the war.

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这尊雕像是纪念所有在战争中牺牲的士兵的。

保留常见例句。

Students visited the war memorial and learned about the city's history.

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学生参观了战争纪念碑并了解城市历史。

war memorial 是战争纪念碑。

n. [C]纪念物;纪念活动

用来纪念人的物品、建筑或活动。

常见表达a memorial formemorial serviceliving memorial

The garden is a living memorial for the teacher who loved nature.

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这座花园是纪念那位热爱自然的老师的有生命的纪念物。

living memorial 是有生命的纪念物。

A memorial service was held for the old scientist.

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人们为那位老科学家举行了追悼会。

memorial service 是纪念/追悼仪式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

monument
纪念碑;纪念建筑
The monument stands in the square. monument 常指大型纪念建筑。
tribute
致敬;纪念
The concert was a tribute to the singer. tribute 更偏致敬行为或作品。
forgetting
遗忘
Forgetting the past can be dangerous. 与纪念目的形成对照,但不是 memorial 的严格反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

memory
记忆;记忆力;内存
The song brought back a memory. memorial 是为保持 memory 的纪念物。
remember
记得;纪念
The town remembers its heroes every year. memorial 的目的就是 help people remember。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

memorial 来自 memory/remembrance 线,核心是帮助人记住某人或事件。

memory
记忆;回忆
The song brought back a memory.
memorial service
纪念仪式;追悼会
A memorial service was held.
commemorate
纪念
The day commemorates the end of the war.

非派生记忆线索

memory -> memorial
记忆到纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers.
memory -> memorise
记忆到熟记
We need to memorise the poem.
memory -> remember
记忆到记得/纪念
Remember to return the book.

词族导图

memory 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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039

memorise/-ize

['meməraiz] · vt. · Page 201

to learn something so well that you can remember it exactly

记住;熟记

联想

memorise/-ize 是英美拼写提示词,记忆线索给出 memor(y)+-ise/-ize,使形成记忆,等于 learn by heart。对象常是诗、单词、公式、电话号码。

意思、用法与例句

vt.记住;熟记

有意识地反复学习,直到能准确记住。

常见表达memorise a poemmemorise new wordsmemorise the formulamemorise by heart

We need to memorise the poem before Friday's class.

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周五上课前我们需要背熟这首诗。

memorise a poem 是背熟诗。

She memorised the phone number after reading it twice.

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她读了两遍就记住了电话号码。

memorise a number 是记住号码。

Do not only memorise rules; try to understand them.

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不要只背规则,也要努力理解规则。

memorise 和 understand 可形成学习方式对照。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

learn by heart
背熟;熟记
We learned the song by heart. 记忆线索等义短语。
remember
记得;记住
Remember to bring your notebook. remember 更泛,可指想起或别忘了做;memorise 强调主动背熟。
recite
背诵
She recited the poem clearly. recite 是把记住的内容说出来。
forget
忘记
I forgot his address. 与记住相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

memory
记忆;记忆力
She has a good memory. memorise 是使进入 memory。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

memory + -ise/-ize -> memorise/-ize,使形成记忆;英式 memorise,美式 memorize。

memory
记忆;记忆力
She has a good memory.
memorisation
记忆;背诵
Memorisation alone is not enough.
learn by heart
背熟
We learned the poem by heart.

非派生记忆线索

memory -> memorial
记忆到纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers.
memory -> memorise
记忆到熟记
We need to memorise the poem.
memory -> remember
记忆到记得/纪念
Remember to return the book.

词族导图

memory 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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040

remember

星标

[ri'membə(r)] · v. / vt. · Page 201

to bring something to mind, not forget to do something, or honor a person or event

记得,想起;记住;纪念

联想

remember 是星标词,必须分清 remember doing 和 remember to do:前者记得做过,后者记住要去做。remember that... 是记住一个事实;remember sb./sth. 也可表示纪念。

意思、用法与例句

v.记得;想起

脑中想起过去的人、事或经历。

常见表达remember doingremember someoneremember whenremember clearly

I remember meeting him at a science camp last summer.

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我记得去年夏天在科学营见过他。

remember doing 是记得做过。

I still remember the day we moved to this city.

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我仍记得我们搬到这座城市的那一天。

remember a day/event 是记得经历。

v. / vt.记住;别忘了

记住要做某事或记住某个事实。

常见表达remember to doremember thatremember not to doremember a rule

Remember that goals are flexible.

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记住,目标是灵活的。

保留常见例句。

Remember to return the bat to me.

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记得把球拍还给我。

remember to do 是记住要做。

vt.纪念;缅怀

以仪式、建筑、故事或行动纪念某人或某事。

常见表达remember the deadremember someone in a ceremonybe remembered as

The town remembers its heroes every year with a quiet ceremony.

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小镇每年用一场安静的仪式纪念英雄。

remember 可作纪念。

She is remembered as a teacher who changed many lives.

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她作为改变许多人生命的老师被人铭记。

be remembered as 是作为……被铭记。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recall
回忆起
I can recall the first lesson clearly. 偏正式,常指努力回忆。
keep in mind
记住;牢记
Keep this rule in mind. 对应记住事实或提醒。
commemorate
纪念
The festival commemorates a local hero. 对应纪念义,更正式。
forget
忘记
Do not forget to lock the door. 与记得/记住相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

memory
记忆;回忆;内存
The song brought back a memory. remember 是动词线。
memorise/-ize
熟记;背熟
We memorised the poem. memorise 强调有意识背熟。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

remember 是动词核心;remember to do 表示别忘了去做,remember doing 表示记得做过。

memory
记忆;回忆;内存
The song brought back a memory.
remembered
被记住的;被纪念的
The hero is remembered every year.
reminder
提醒物;提醒
The note is a reminder to call home.

非派生记忆线索

memory -> memorial
记忆到纪念物
The statue is a memorial to the soldiers.
memory -> memorise
记忆到熟记
We need to memorise the poem.
memory -> remember
记忆到记得/纪念
Remember to return the book.

词族导图

memory 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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041

near

[niə(r)] · prep. / adj. / adv. / v. · Page 201

close in place, time, relation, or degree

在……附近,靠近;接近;近的;在附近;几乎;临近

联想

near 是核心“接近”:可作介词、形容词、副词和动词。nearby 是 nearby places 的附近,nearly 是 almost,next 是顺序或紧挨着;next to 在空间上通常比 near 更近。

意思、用法与例句

prep.在……附近;靠近;接近

后接地点、时间、数量或抽象程度。

常见表达near the stationnear the endnear zeronear success

Our new house is near the school, so I can walk there.

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我们的新家在学校附近,所以我可以走路去。

near the school 是在学校附近。

The team was near success after months of hard work.

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几个月努力后,团队接近成功。

near success 是接近成功。

adj.近的;接近的

修饰时间、位置或关系。

常见表达in the near futurethe near enda near neighbor

In the near future, more buses will stop near our school.

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在不久的将来,会有更多公交停靠在学校附近。

in the near future 是重点短语。

The near end of the bridge was repaired first.

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桥较近的一端先被修好了。

near 作形容词。

adv.在附近;靠近

不直接接宾语,表示位置近。

常见表达stand nearcome nearstay near

A teacher was standing near in case anyone needed help.

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一位老师站在附近,以防有人需要帮助。

near 作副词。

Do not come too near the edge of the river.

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不要太靠近河边。

come near 是靠近。

adv. / v.几乎;临近

not nearly 表示远非;作动词时表示时间或空间接近。

常见表达not nearlyas the day nearsthe exam nears

The job is not nearly as easy as it looks.

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这项工作远不像看起来那么容易。

not nearly 是重点短语。

As the exam neared, the students reviewed more carefully.

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随着考试临近,学生复习得更认真。

near 作动词,表示临近。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

close
近的;接近的
The shop is close to the station. close 更常和 to 连用。
far
远的
The village is far from the city. 与距离近相对。
distant
遥远的;疏远的
A distant sound came from the hill. 更正式。
next
下一个;紧挨着
My aunt lives next door. next to 通常比 near 更贴近;next 也表示顺序上的下一个。

词族线索 / 同组词

nearby
附近的;在附近
There is a quiet park nearby. near + by,强调附近位置。
nearly
将近;差不多
Nearly all the students arrived early. near + -ly,表示 almost。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

near 是接近核心;nearby/nearly 是真词形扩展,next 是记忆线索相邻/顺序对照。

nearby
附近的;在附近
There is a quiet park nearby.
nearly
将近;差不多
Nearly all the students arrived early.
not nearly
远非;绝不是
The job is not nearly as easy as it looks.

非派生记忆线索

near -> nearby
附近位置
There is a quiet park nearby.
near -> nearly
接近数量或程度
Nearly all students arrived early.
near / next contrast
靠近与紧挨着
The bank is next to the post office.

词族导图

near 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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042

nearby

星标

[,niə'bai] · adj. / adv. · Page 201

not far away, either before a noun or after a verb

附近的;在附近,不远

联想

nearby 可作形容词放名词前:a nearby shop;也可作副词:live nearby。它通常不直接带宾语,不说 nearby the school,应该说 near the school。

意思、用法与例句

adj.附近的

放在名词前,修饰地点或人。

常见表达a nearby shopnearby villagesa nearby school

We bought water from a nearby shop after the match.

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比赛后我们从附近一家商店买了水。

nearby 作形容词。

Nearby villages share the same bus station.

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附近几个村庄共用同一个公交站。

nearby villages 是附近村庄。

adv.在附近;不远

放在动词后或句末,不直接接宾语。

常见表达live nearbystand nearbya park nearby

There is a quiet park nearby where students can read.

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附近有个安静的公园,学生可以在那里阅读。

nearby 作副词。

My grandparents live nearby, so I visit them often.

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我祖父母住在附近,所以我经常去看他们。

live nearby 是住在附近。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

close
近的;靠近的
The bus stop is close. close 可作形容词或副词,nearby 更强调附近区域。
local
当地的;本地的
The local shop opens early. local 是本地的,不等于附近的。
faraway
遥远的
They visited a faraway island. 与附近相对。
distant
远的
Distant mountains looked blue. 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

near
靠近;在附近
Our house is near the school. nearby 来自 near + by。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

near + by -> nearby;注意 nearby 不直接接宾语。

near
靠近;附近
Our house is near the school.
nearby area
附近地区
The nearby area is quiet.
nearby shop
附近商店
We bought water from a nearby shop.

非派生记忆线索

near -> nearby
附近位置
There is a quiet park nearby.
near -> nearly
接近数量或程度
Nearly all students arrived early.
near / next contrast
靠近与紧挨着
The bank is next to the post office.

词族导图

near 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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043

nearly

星标

['niəli] · adv. · Page 201

almost, but not completely

将近,差不多

联想

nearly 是星标副词,意思是 almost。它可以修饰数量、all/every、形容词、动词结果;not nearly 表示远非,绝不是。

意思、用法与例句

adv.将近;差不多

表示接近某数量、程度或完成状态,但还没有完全达到。

常见表达nearly thirtynearly allnearly finishednearly impossible

The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.

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政府花了将近30年才提出重新引入狼群的方案。

保留常见例句。

Nearly all the students arrived before eight o'clock.

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几乎所有学生都在八点前到了。

nearly all 是几乎全部。

adv.差点;几乎

表示某事差一点发生。

常见表达nearly missednearly forgotnearly fell

I nearly missed the bus because I left home late.

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我因为出门晚差点错过公交。

nearly missed 是差点错过。

She nearly forgot to bring her ID card.

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她差点忘记带身份证。

nearly forgot 是差点忘记。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

almost
几乎;差不多
The work is almost done. almost 与 nearly 大多可互换。
not quite
还不完全
The answer is not quite right. 强调未完全达到。
exactly
正好;准确地
The box weighs exactly ten kilos. 与将近但不到相对。
far from
远非
The problem is far from easy. 对应 not nearly 语气。

词族线索 / 同组词

near
近;接近
The exam is near. nearly 来自 near + -ly。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

near + -ly -> nearly,表示 almost;not nearly 是固定反向短语。

near
近;接近
The exam is near.
not nearly
远非;绝不是
The job is not nearly as easy as it looks.
almost
几乎
The work is almost done.

非派生记忆线索

near -> nearby
附近位置
There is a quiet park nearby.
near -> nearly
接近数量或程度
Nearly all students arrived early.
near / next contrast
靠近与紧挨着
The bank is next to the post office.

词族导图

near 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
044

next

[nekst] · adj. / adv. / n. [sing.] · Page 201

nearest in place or order, or the one after this one

最近的,紧挨着的;下一个的;随后;其次;下一个

联想

next 表示相邻或顺序上的下一个。要注意 next to 在空间上比 near 更近;next door 是隔壁;in the next place 是其次、然后。它与 near 是相邻/顺序对照,不是普通 near 派生词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最近的;紧挨着的;下一个的

表示空间上隔壁或顺序/时间上的下一个。

常见表达next doornext tonext weekthe next train

The next train leaves in ten minutes.

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下一班火车十分钟后发车。

the next train 是下一班火车。

My aunt lives next door, so we often have dinner together.

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我姑妈住在隔壁,所以我们经常一起吃晚饭。

next door 是在隔壁。

adv.随后;紧接着;其次

表示下一步或列举顺序。

常见表达what happened nextnext, add waterin the next place

First read the passage; next, answer the questions.

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先读文章;接着回答问题。

next 作副词。

In the next place, we should think about cost.

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其次,我们应该考虑成本。

in the next place 是重点短语。

n. [sing.]下一个人或事物

单独作名词,指下一个。

常见表达the nextwhat comes nextwho is next

Please wait here until the next is called.

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请在这里等到下一个被叫到。

the next 指下一个人。

No one knows what comes next in the story.

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没人知道故事接下来会发生什么。

what comes next 是接下来发生什么。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

following
接下来的
The following day was sunny. 对应顺序上的 next。
nearest
最近的
The nearest hospital is five minutes away. 对应空间最近。
previous
前一个的
Read the previous page again. 与下一个相对。
last
上一个;最后的
Last week was busy. 在时间顺序上可与 next 对照。
near
靠近;接近
The shop is near the station. 记忆线索辨析:next to 比 near 更近。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

next 是相邻/顺序词;与 near 在空间接近义上相关,但不是普通派生。

next to
紧挨着;在……旁边
The bank is next to the post office.
next door
在隔壁
My aunt lives next door.
in the next place
其次;然后
In the next place, we should think about cost.

非派生记忆线索

near -> nearby
附近位置
There is a quiet park nearby.
near -> nearly
接近数量或程度
Nearly all students arrived early.
near / next contrast
靠近与紧挨着
The bank is next to the post office.

词族导图

near 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
045

universe

['ju:nivɜ:s] · n. [the ~] · Page 202

all space and everything that exists in it

宇宙;天地万物

联想

universe 的记忆线索线索是 uni(one) + verse(turn):转成一个整体,就是宇宙整体。学习时保留 the universe 和 be the centre of sb.'s universe;advertise/conversation/version 只是 vert/vers 转向词根线,不是 universe 的普通派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [the ~]宇宙;天地万物

所有空间和其中的一切,通常用 the universe。

常见表达the universeexplore the universestudy the universe

Scientists use powerful telescopes to study the universe.

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科学家用强大的望远镜研究宇宙。

the universe 通常带 the。

Many children first become interested in science by looking at pictures of the universe.

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许多孩子最初通过看宇宙图片对科学产生兴趣。

pictures of the universe 是宇宙图片。

phr.某人生活的中心

be the centre/center of someone's universe 表示某人最重视的人或事。

常见表达be the centre of someone's universethe center of his universe

For the little boy, his grandmother was the centre of his universe.

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对那个小男孩来说,祖母是他生活的中心。

保留记忆线索搭配。

Basketball used to be the center of his universe.

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篮球过去曾是他生活的中心。

center of one's universe 是生活中心。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cosmos
宇宙
The documentary describes the history of the cosmos. cosmos 较正式。
space
太空;空间
The rocket went into space. space 是太空或空间,不等于整个 universe。
world
世界
The world faces many shared problems. world 更常指地球或人类社会。
version
版本;说法;型号
This is the latest version of the app. vers=turn 词根记忆线,不是 universe 的普通派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

universal
普遍的;通用的
The need for clean water is universal. universal 是 universe 的形容词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

uni(one) + verse(turn) -> universe;本组其他 vers/vert 词多为词根记忆线,不能都当 universe 的现代词族。

universal
普遍的;通用的
The need for clean water is universal.
cosmos
宇宙
The documentary describes the cosmos.
the centre of one's universe
某人生活的中心
Basketball used to be the center of his universe.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
046

universal

[,ju:ni'vɜ:sl] · adj. · Page 202

shared by all people or useful in many places

普遍的;全体的;共同的;全世界的;通用的

联想

universal 是 universe 的形容词线:从“整个宇宙/全体”引出普遍、全世界、通用。它比 general 更强调适用于所有人或所有地方。

意思、用法与例句

adj.普遍的;全体共同的;全世界的

大家共有、普遍存在或全世界范围内的。

常见表达universal problemuniversal needuniversal valuesuniversal sign

Smiling is often described as a universal sign of welcome.

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微笑常被称为表示欢迎的普遍信号。

universal sign 是普遍信号。

The need for clean water is universal, not limited to one country.

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对清洁饮水的需求是普遍的,并不局限于一个国家。

universal 表示普遍存在。

adj.通用的;广泛适用的

工具、规则、方法等在很多地方都适用。

常见表达universal ruleuniversal tooluniversal designuniversal access

There is no universal rule that works for every student.

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没有一条适用于每个学生的通用规则。

universal rule 是通用规则。

The new charger has a universal design for many devices.

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这种新充电器采用适用于多种设备的通用设计。

universal design 是通用设计。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

common
常见的;共同的
Clean water is a common need. common 更日常,不一定全体适用。
worldwide
全世界的
The story became a worldwide success. 强调全球范围。
general
一般的;普遍的
The general rule is easy to understand. general 可表示一般性,弱于 universal。
local
当地的
The local rule only applies here. 与全世界/普遍相对。
limited
有限的
The offer is limited to members. 与广泛适用相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

universe
宇宙
Scientists study the universe. universal 是 universe 的形容词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

universe -> universal;注意 universal 可表示普遍全体,也可表示通用。

universe
宇宙
Scientists study the universe.
universally
普遍地
The rule is not universally accepted.
universal access
普遍可获得
Universal access to education matters.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
047

advertise

星标

['ædvətaiz] · v. · Page 202

to tell the public about a product, job, event, or need

为……做广告;登广告征求

联想

advertise 是星标词,记忆线索 ad(to)+vert(turn)+-ise:把人的注意力转向某物。重点搭配有 advertise a product 和 advertise for staff/volunteers。相关词 ad、advertisement、advertising 都应掌握。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.为……做广告;宣传

把产品、服务、活动或信息告诉公众。

常见表达advertise a productadvertise a saleadvertise onlineadvertise on TV

The shop advertised its summer sale on the school notice board.

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商店在学校公告栏上宣传夏季促销。

advertise a sale 是宣传促销。

The museum advertised the new exhibition on local radio.

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博物馆在地方广播上宣传新展览。

advertise an exhibition 是宣传展览。

vi.登广告征求

advertise for 后接需要的人或物。

常见表达advertise for staffadvertise for volunteersadvertise for a teacher

The club advertised for volunteers to help with the book fair.

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俱乐部登广告征集志愿者帮助书展。

advertise for volunteers 是登广告征志愿者。

The school advertised for a music teacher last month.

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学校上个月登广告招聘音乐老师。

advertise for a teacher 是招聘。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

promote
促销;推广
The company promoted its new phone. promote 更宽,可指推广或促进。
publicize
宣传;公布
The city publicized the new rules. 更正式,强调让公众知道。
announce
宣布
They announced the result online. announce 是发布消息,不一定是广告。
hide
隐藏
The company hid the problem. 与让公众知道相对。
universe
宇宙
Scientists study the universe. 同在 vers/vert 转向词根图里,非普通词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

advertisement
广告
The advertisement appeared in a magazine. advertise 的名词。
advertising
广告活动;广告业
Online advertising can be expensive. advertise 的 -ing 名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ad(to) + vert(turn) + -ise -> advertise,把注意力转向某物;与 universe/conversation/version 是 vers/vert 词根线。

advertisement
广告
The advertisement appeared in a magazine.
advertising
广告活动;广告业
Online advertising can be expensive.
ad
广告
I saw an ad for a summer camp.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
048

conversation

星标

[,kɒnvə'seiʃn] · n. [C] / [U] · Page 202

an informal talk between people

非正式谈话,交谈

联想

conversation 是星标词,记忆线索 con(together)+vers(turn)+-ation:你说我说,话轮相互转换。核心搭配是 have/hold/carry on a conversation with sb.,注意它偏非正式谈话。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C] / [U]非正式谈话;交谈

两人或多人之间自然交流。

常见表达have a conversationhold a conversationcarry on a conversationconversation with

We had a long conversation about how to protect the river.

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我们就如何保护河流进行了一次长谈。

have a conversation 是谈话。

It is hard to carry on a conversation in a very noisy room.

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在非常吵的房间里很难继续交谈。

carry on a conversation 是继续谈话。

n. [C]别人谈话;交谈内容

可指某次谈话或谈话内容。

常见表达others' conversationsjoin a conversationstart a conversation

We can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while trying to focus.

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当我们想集中注意力时,很难不被别人的谈话吸引。

保留常见例句语境。

A friendly question can start a conversation with a new classmate.

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一个友好的问题可以开启与新同学的交谈。

start a conversation 是开启谈话。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

talk
谈话;交谈
We had a short talk after class. talk 更泛,可正式可非正式。
chat
闲聊
They had a chat after lunch. chat 更轻松随意。
discussion
讨论
The discussion focused on safety. discussion 更有主题和目的。
silence
沉默
A long silence followed. 与交谈相对。
monologue
独白
The play begins with a monologue. conversation 是多人话轮,monologue 是一人独白。
universe
宇宙
The universe is huge. 同记忆线索 vers 转向图,非普通词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

converse
交谈
They conversed quietly. conversation 的动词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con(together) + vers(turn) + -ation -> conversation,话轮相互转换;与 universe 是词根图关系。

converse
交谈
They conversed quietly.
conversational
谈话式的;会话的
The book uses a conversational style.
conversation with
与……谈话
I had a conversation with my teacher.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
049

version

星标

['vɜ:ʃn] · n. [C] · Page 202

a particular form, account, or model of something

版本;说法;变体,型号

联想

version 是星标词,vers=turn + -ion:同一内容转化成一种表达形式。它可指软件/书籍版本、某人对事件的说法,也可指产品型号或变体。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]版本

书、软件、电影、文本等的一种形式。

常见表达a new versionthe latest versionthe English versionan updated version

The new version of the app is easier for students to use.

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这个应用的新版本更方便学生使用。

new version 是新版本。

I read the English version of the story first.

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我先读了这个故事的英文版。

English version 是英文版本。

n. [C]说法

某人对事件的描述或解释。

常见表达my version of the storydifferent versions of what happenedhis version

His version of the accident was different from mine.

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他对事故的说法和我的不同。

version of the accident 是对事故的说法。

The police listened to both versions of the story.

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警方听取了双方对这件事的说法。

different versions 是不同说法。

n. [C]变体;变种;型号

产品、设计、歌曲、菜品等的一种变体。

常见表达a smaller versiona modern versiona cheap version

The company made a smaller version of the camera for students.

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公司为学生制作了这款相机的小型版本。

version 可指型号。

This song is a modern version of an old folk song.

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这首歌是一首老民歌的现代改编版。

modern version 是现代版。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

edition
版本;版次
The second edition has more examples. edition 常指书刊版次。
form
形式
Water can take the form of ice. form 更泛。
account
说法;叙述
Her account of the event was clear. 只对应说法义。
original
原版;原作
The original story was much shorter. 与改编版本相对。
variation
变体;变化
There are many variations of the game. 与变体义相关。
universe
宇宙
Scientists study the universe. vers=turn 词根线,不是 universe 现代词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

vers(turn) + -ion -> version,同一内容转化出的一种表达形式。

version of
……的版本/说法
His version of the accident was different.
edition
版次;版本
The second edition has more examples.
variation
变体;变化
There are many variations of the game.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
050

diverse

星标

[dai'vɜ:s] · adj. · Page 202

varied and different from one another

多种多样的;不同的;相异的

联想

diverse 是星标形容词,di- 加强 + verse(turn) 表示转向多样。常修饰 cultures、interests、subjects、backgrounds、groups。diverse 与 diversity 是真词族。

意思、用法与例句

adj.多种多样的;不同的

强调包含许多不同种类、背景或形式。

常见表达diverse culturesdiverse interestsdiverse backgroundsa diverse group

Our class is diverse, with students from several provinces.

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我们班很多元,学生来自几个省份。

a diverse class/group 是多元群体。

The library offers books on diverse subjects, from history to art.

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图书馆提供从历史到艺术的多种主题书籍。

diverse subjects 是多种主题。

Students with diverse interests can all find activities at the festival.

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兴趣不同的学生都能在节日活动中找到项目。

diverse interests 是不同兴趣。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

varied
多样的
The program offers varied activities. varied 强调种类变化多。
various
各种各样的
We discussed various ideas. various 常放名词前。
different
不同的
People have different needs. different 更基础,diverse 更强调多样组合。
similar
相似的
The two plans are similar. 与不同相对。
uniform
一致的;统一的
The houses look uniform. 与多样相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

diversity
多样性;差异
There is a need for greater diversity and choice in education. diverse 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

di- + verse(turn) -> diverse,多方向转开形成多样;diversity 是名词。

diversity
多样性;差异
Cultural diversity makes the school festival more interesting.
diversely
多样地
The word is used diversely in different fields.
diverse backgrounds
不同背景
Students come from diverse backgrounds.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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051

diversity

[dai'vɜ:səti] · n. [U] / [C] · Page 202-203

the state of having many different kinds, or a difference

多样性;差异性,不同点

联想

diversity 是 diverse 的名词。不可数时表示整体多样性;可数时可表示一个差异或不同点。常见例句强调 greater diversity and choice in education。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]多样性

包含许多不同种类、文化、背景或选择。

常见表达cultural diversitybiological diversitygreater diversitydiversity and choice

There is a need for greater diversity and choice in education.

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教育方面需要更加多元化和更多选择。

保留常见例句。

Cultural diversity makes the school festival more interesting.

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文化多样性让学校节日更有趣。

cultural diversity 是文化多样性。

n. [C] / [U]差异性;不同点

强调不同群体、观点或环境之间的差异。

常见表达a diversity of viewsdiversity amongdiversity of experience

The team welcomed a diversity of views before making the plan.

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团队在制定计划前欢迎不同观点。

a diversity of views 是多种观点。

The forest is known for its diversity of birds and flowers.

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这片森林以鸟类和花卉的多样性闻名。

diversity of birds and flowers 是种类多样。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

variety
多样;种类
The store offers a wide variety of books. variety 更常指种类多。
range
范围;一系列
The course covers a range of topics. 强调范围广。
difference
差异
There are clear differences between the two plans. 只对应差异义。
sameness
相同;单一
Sameness can make the design boring. 与多样相对。
uniformity
一致性;统一性
Too much uniformity can limit creativity. 与多样性相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

diverse
多种多样的
The class is diverse. diversity 是 diverse 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

diverse + -ity -> diversity,表示多样性或差异性。

diverse
多种多样的
The class is diverse.
variety
多样;种类
The store offers a wide variety of books.
diversity and choice
多样性和选择
Education needs diversity and choice.

非派生记忆线索

uni + vers
转成一个整体
The universe is all space and everything in it.
vert / vers
转向、转换
Advertise turns attention toward something.
diverse -> diversity
多样到多样性
Diversity and choice matter in education.

词族导图

universe 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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052

satisfy

星标

['sætisfai] · vt. · Page 203

to please someone or meet a need, demand, or condition

使满意;使满足;满足要求

联想

satisfy 是星标动词,核心是“让人或需要得到满足”。常见宾语有人、need、demand、curiosity、requirement。后面的 satisfied/satisfying/satisfactory 都来自它,但对象不同。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使满意;使满足

让人、顾客或好奇心得到满足。

常见表达satisfy customerssatisfy curiositysatisfy someone's hunger

The clear explanation satisfied most students' curiosity.

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清楚的解释满足了大多数学生的好奇心。

satisfy curiosity 是满足好奇心。

This small meal will not satisfy a hungry runner after training.

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这顿小餐不能让训练后的饥饿跑步者满足。

satisfy hunger 是满足饥饿。

vt.满足要求或条件

达到标准、要求、需求或条件。

常见表达satisfy a needsatisfy a demandsatisfy a requirementsatisfy a condition

The plan satisfies the basic needs of students who live far away.

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这个计划满足了住得远的学生的基本需求。

satisfy a need 是满足需求。

Your answer must satisfy all the conditions in the question.

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你的答案必须满足题目中的所有条件。

satisfy a condition 是满足条件。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

please
使高兴;使满意
The result pleased the whole team. 对应让人满意。
meet
满足;达到
The room meets our needs. 常接 need, demand, standard。
fulfil/fulfill
满足;实现
The program fulfills an important need. 较正式,英美拼写不同。
disappoint
使失望
The ending disappointed many readers. 与使满意相对。
dissatisfy
使不满意
Poor service dissatisfied the customers. 直接反义但较少见。

词族线索 / 同组词

satisfaction
满意;满足
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction. 名词。
satisfied
满意的;满足的
She was satisfied with the result. 人感到满意。
satisfying
令人满意的;令人满足的
The story has a satisfying ending. 事物带来满足感。
satisfactory
够好的;合格的
The work was satisfactory but not excellent. 达到可接受标准。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

satisfy 是动词核心;satisfaction 是名词,satisfied 写人的感受,satisfying 写事物带来的满足,satisfactory 写达到可接受标准。

satisfaction
满意;满足
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied
满意的;满足的
She was satisfied with the result.
satisfying
令人满意的
The story has a satisfying ending.
satisfactory
够好的;合格的
The work was satisfactory but not excellent.
dissatisfied
不满意的
Some customers were dissatisfied with the delay.

非派生记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction
动词到名词
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied / satisfying
人满意 vs 事物令人满意
She felt satisfied after a satisfying day.
satisfactory
达标、够好
The work was satisfactory but not outstanding.

词族导图

satisfy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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053

satisfaction

星标

[,sætis'fækʃn] · n. [C] / [U] · Page 203

a feeling of pleasure because something is good enough or a need is met

满意;满足;满足感

联想

satisfaction 是星标名词。重点短语 to one's satisfaction 表示使某人满意,with satisfaction 表示满意地;还可说 a sense of satisfaction。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]满意;满足

对结果、工作或服务感到满意。

常见表达with satisfactionto one's satisfactionsatisfaction with

She looked at the clean classroom with satisfaction.

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她满意地看着干净的教室。

with satisfaction 是重点短语。

The problem was finally solved to everyone's satisfaction.

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这个问题终于被解决到大家都满意。

to one's satisfaction 是使某人满意。

n. [C] / [U]满足感;成就感

完成某事或帮助他人后产生的满足感。

常见表达a sense of satisfactiongreat satisfactionjob satisfaction

Helping the old man cross the road gave her a sense of satisfaction.

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帮助老人过马路给了她一种满足感。

a sense of satisfaction 是满足感。

Good feedback from students brings teachers real satisfaction.

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学生的好反馈给老师带来真正的满足。

satisfaction 可作不可数名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pleasure
愉快;满意
He smiled with pleasure. 更泛的愉快。
contentment
满足;满意
She felt contentment after a quiet day. 较书面,表示安稳满足。
fulfillment
成就感;满足
Work can bring a sense of fulfillment. 偏实现价值后的满足。
dissatisfaction
不满
Dissatisfaction with the service grew. 直接反义。
disappointment
失望
The result caused disappointment. 与满意感相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

satisfy
使满意;满足
The plan satisfies students' needs. 动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction;注意 to one's satisfaction 和 with satisfaction。

satisfy
使满意;满足
The plan satisfies students' needs.
satisfied
满意的
She was satisfied with the result.
dissatisfaction
不满
Dissatisfaction with the service grew.

非派生记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction
动词到名词
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied / satisfying
人满意 vs 事物令人满意
She felt satisfied after a satisfying day.
satisfactory
达标、够好
The work was satisfactory but not outstanding.

词族导图

satisfy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
054

satisfied

['sætisfaid] · adj. · Page 203

pleased because a need, hope, or expectation has been met

满意的;满足的

联想

satisfied 写人的感受,记忆线索提示 satisfied 表示人感到满意,如 a satisfied smile。最常见结构是 be satisfied with。

意思、用法与例句

adj.满意的;满足的

人对结果、服务、答案或自己完成的事感到满意。

常见表达be satisfied withfeel satisfieda satisfied smilesatisfied customers

The teacher was satisfied with our careful experiment report.

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老师对我们细致的实验报告感到满意。

be satisfied with 是对……满意。

After finishing the long run, he felt tired but satisfied.

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跑完长跑后,他很累但很满足。

feel satisfied 是感到满足。

A satisfied smile appeared on her face when the problem was solved.

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问题解决后,她脸上露出了满意的微笑。

a satisfied smile 是记忆线索辨析里的搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pleased
高兴的;满意的
I am pleased with your progress. 常接 with。
content
满足的;满意的
He felt content with a simple life. 更强调内心满足。
dissatisfied
不满意的
Some students were dissatisfied with the food. 直接反义。
unhappy
不高兴的
She was unhappy with the answer. 语气更泛。
satisfying
令人满意的
The work was satisfying. satisfied 写人,satisfying 写事物。
satisfactory
够好的;合格的
The repair work was satisfactory. satisfactory 写标准够好,不一定让人很满足。

词族线索 / 同组词

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity. 过去分词形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

satisfied 是 satisfy 的过去分词形容词,主语多为人或表情。

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity.
satisfaction
满意;满足
She looked with satisfaction.
dissatisfied
不满意的
Some students were dissatisfied with the food.

非派生记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction
动词到名词
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied / satisfying
人满意 vs 事物令人满意
She felt satisfied after a satisfying day.
satisfactory
达标、够好
The work was satisfactory but not outstanding.

词族导图

satisfy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
055

satisfying

['sætisfaiiŋ] · adj. · Page 203

giving a pleasant feeling because it meets a need or ends well

令人满意的;令人满足的

联想

satisfying 写事物或经历“让人满足”。记忆线索说它常暗示得到所需后令人喜悦,如 a satisfying ending。它比 satisfactory 更强调情感上的满足。

意思、用法与例句

adj.令人满意的;令人满足的

故事、工作、饭菜、答案或经历让人觉得满足。

常见表达a satisfying endingsatisfying worka satisfying mealdeeply satisfying

The novel has a satisfying ending that answers the main question.

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这部小说有一个令人满意的结尾,回答了主要问题。

a satisfying ending 是记忆线索辨析里的搭配。

Helping younger students with English was tiring but satisfying.

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帮助低年级学生学英语很累,但让人满足。

satisfying work 是让人满足的工作。

After the hike, a bowl of hot noodles was deeply satisfying.

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徒步之后,一碗热面让人特别满足。

satisfying 可写需要被满足。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rewarding
有回报的;值得的
Teaching can be rewarding. 强调做完后有价值感。
fulfilling
令人满足的
Volunteering was fulfilling. 强调内在满足。
pleasing
令人愉快的
The design is pleasing. 更泛,偏悦目或令人高兴。
disappointing
令人失望的
The ending was disappointing. 与令人满意相对。
unsatisfying
不能令人满意的
The answer felt unsatisfying. 直接反义。
satisfied
满意的
She felt satisfied. satisfied 写人。
satisfactory
够好的;合格的
The work was satisfactory. satisfactory 更像达标,不一定令人愉悦。

词族线索 / 同组词

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity. satisfying 是 satisfy 的现在分词形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

satisfying 是现在分词形容词,主语多为事情、经历、结尾、工作。

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity.
satisfaction
满意;满足
She felt satisfaction after finishing.
unsatisfying
不能令人满意的
The answer felt unsatisfying.

非派生记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction
动词到名词
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied / satisfying
人满意 vs 事物令人满意
She felt satisfied after a satisfying day.
satisfactory
达标、够好
The work was satisfactory but not outstanding.

词族导图

satisfy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
056

satisfactory

[,sætis'fæktəri] · adj. · Page 203

good enough to be accepted, though not necessarily excellent

令人满意的;够好的;合适的

联想

satisfactory 写“达到要求、还可以、合格”。记忆线索明确说它常暗示还可以更好:The work is satisfactory but not outstanding. 这点要和 satisfying 区分。

意思、用法与例句

adj.令人满意的;够好的;合适的

结果、工作、进展或解释达到可接受标准,但不一定优秀。

常见表达a satisfactory resultsatisfactory progressbe satisfactorysatisfactory but not outstanding

The work is satisfactory but not outstanding.

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工作做得还可以,但不出色。

保留记忆线索辨析例句。

Her work is satisfactory, but she can make it stronger with more examples.

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她的作业合格,但可以用更多例子加强。

satisfactory 暗示还可更好。

The repair was not satisfactory, so we called the shop again.

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维修结果不令人满意,所以我们又给商店打了电话。

not satisfactory 是不合格/不满意。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

acceptable
可接受的
The answer is acceptable. 对应够好、可接受。
adequate
足够的;合格的
The room is adequate for two people. 常表示够用但不出色。
good enough
够好的
The plan is good enough for now. 口语化表达。
excellent
优秀的
Her speech was excellent. satisfactory 不等于优秀。
unsatisfactory
不能令人满意的;不合格的
The report was unsatisfactory. 直接反义。
poor
差的
The answer was poor. 与合格相对。
satisfying
令人满足的
The meal was satisfying. satisfying 更强调情感满足。

词族线索 / 同组词

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity. satisfactory 与 satisfy 同词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

satisfactory 表示达到满意/合格标准,常暗示不是 outstanding。

satisfy
使满意;满足
The answer satisfied her curiosity.
unsatisfactory
不令人满意的;不合格的
The report was unsatisfactory.
satisfactory standard
合格标准
The work reached a satisfactory standard.

非派生记忆线索

satisfy -> satisfaction
动词到名词
The problem was solved to everyone's satisfaction.
satisfied / satisfying
人满意 vs 事物令人满意
She felt satisfied after a satisfying day.
satisfactory
达标、够好
The work was satisfactory but not outstanding.

词族导图

satisfy 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
057

league

[li:g] · n. [C] · Page 203-204

an association of teams or people, a level, or an old distance unit

联盟,同盟;联合会,联赛;等级,级别,水平;里格

联想

league 可用 lig=bind 记“捆绑成联盟”。它不只指体育联赛,还可指联盟/同盟、水平级别;源例句 not in her league 是水平不在同一档。religion 只是 lig 捆绑记忆线,不是 league 的普通派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]联盟;同盟;联合会;联赛

由队伍、国家、学校或组织组成的联盟或联赛。

常见表达a football leaguejoin a leaguethe league tablea league of schools

Our school team joined the city basketball league this year.

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我们校队今年加入了城市篮球联赛。

basketball league 是篮球联赛。

Several schools formed a league to share science resources.

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几所学校组成联盟共享科学资源。

league 可指联盟。

n. [C]等级;级别;水平

用于比较能力、水平或档次。

常见表达in a different leaguenot in someone's leagueout of one's league

When it comes to cooking, I'm not in her league.

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说到做饭,我的水平远比不上她。

保留常见例句。

The new player is in a different league from most beginners.

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这名新队员和大多数初学者不在一个水平。

in a different league 是水平不同。

n. [C]里格

旧时距离单位,现代考试中主要识别即可。

常见表达a league as an old unitthree leagues away

In the old story, the village was three leagues away.

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在那个古老故事里,村庄在三里格之外。

league 可作旧距离单位。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

association
协会;联盟
The association supports young writers. 对应联盟/联合会义。
division
级别;组别
The team moved to a higher division. 对应联赛级别。
level
水平;级别
Her skill is at a high level. 对应水平义。
individual
个人;单个
The prize went to an individual player. 与联盟/集体相对。
colleague
同事
My colleague helped me prepare the report. 记忆线索 col+league 共同联结线,现代 meaning 按同事掌握。
religion
宗教;宗教信仰
The museum has an exhibition about religion. 记忆线索把 religion 原义理解为精神捆绑,作为 lig 记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

lig = bind:league 是捆绑成联盟;colleague 是共同工作的人;religion 是记忆线索精神捆绑记忆线,不能当 league 的普通词族。

colleague
同事
My colleague helped me prepare the report.
league table
联赛排名表
The team rose in the league table.
out of one's league
超出某人水平
The job felt out of his league at first.

非派生记忆线索

lig = bind
捆绑、联结线
A league binds teams together.
religion -> religious
宗教名词到形容词
The town holds a religious festival.
league / religion
记忆线而非普通词族
Religion can be remembered as a spiritual binding in the source map.

词族导图

league 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
058

colleague

星标

['kɒli:g] · n. [C] · Page 203

a person who works with you

同事,同僚

联想

colleague 是星标词,col-/com- 表示一起,league 表示联结:一起工作的人就是同事。它比 friend 更强调工作关系。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]同事;同僚

和你在同一单位、机构或项目中工作的人。

常见表达a work colleagueformer colleaguecolleagues at schoola senior colleague

My mother discussed the new plan with her colleagues at the hospital.

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我妈妈和医院同事讨论了新计划。

colleagues at the hospital 是医院同事。

A good colleague helps you solve problems instead of blaming you.

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好同事会帮你解决问题,而不是责怪你。

colleague 强调工作关系。

A former colleague invited him to join the research team.

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一位前同事邀请他加入研究团队。

former colleague 是前同事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

co-worker
同事
A co-worker shared the report with me. 更口语,强调共同工作。
workmate
同事;工友
He had lunch with his workmates. 英式或较口语。
teammate
队友
My teammate passed me the ball. team 中同伴,不一定是工作同事。
stranger
陌生人
A stranger asked for directions. 与认识的同事相对。
league
联盟;联赛;水平
The team joined the city league. 记忆线索同根联结线,不是同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

col-/com- + league -> colleague,一起联结工作的人。

league
联盟;联赛;水平
The team joined the city league.
co-worker
同事
A co-worker shared the report with me.
former colleague
前同事
A former colleague invited him to join the team.

非派生记忆线索

lig = bind
捆绑、联结线
A league binds teams together.
religion -> religious
宗教名词到形容词
The town holds a religious festival.
league / religion
记忆线而非普通词族
Religion can be remembered as a spiritual binding in the source map.

词族导图

league 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
059

religion

星标

[ri'lidʒən] · n. [U] / [C] · Page 204

belief in and worship of a god or gods, or a particular system of such belief

宗教信仰;宗教

联想

religion 是星标名词。不可数时表示宗教信仰这个领域;可数时表示某一种宗教。记忆线索把原义解释为精神上的捆绑,这只是记忆线;religious 才是真词族形容词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]宗教信仰

宗教信仰这个领域或信仰自由。

常见表达freedom of religionstudy religionreligion and art

The country protects people's freedom of religion.

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这个国家保护人们的宗教信仰自由。

freedom of religion 是宗教信仰自由。

The museum has an exhibition about art and religion in ancient times.

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博物馆有一个关于古代艺术与宗教的展览。

religion 可作不可数名词。

n. [C]宗教

某一种具体宗教。

常见表达world religionsa major religiondifferent religions

Students learned about several world religions in history class.

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学生在历史课上学习了几种世界宗教。

world religions 是世界宗教。

Respecting different religions is part of respecting different cultures.

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尊重不同宗教是尊重不同文化的一部分。

religion 可数时表示某种宗教。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

faith
信仰
Faith can give people strength. faith 更偏个人信仰。
belief
信念;信仰
Her belief helped her through hard times. belief 更泛,可宗教也可非宗教。
atheism
无神论
Atheism is not a religion in the usual sense. 与有神信仰相对。
disbelief
不信;怀疑
He shook his head in disbelief. 只在 belief 语境中对照。
league
联盟;联赛
The team joined a league. 记忆线索 lig=bind 记忆线,不是现代词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

religious
宗教的;虔诚的
The town holds a religious festival. religion 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

religion 与 religious 是真词族;与 league 共享记忆线索 lig=bind 记忆线,但现代用法分开。

religious
宗教的;虔诚的
The town holds a religious festival.
faith
信仰
Faith can give people strength.
freedom of religion
宗教信仰自由
Freedom of religion is protected.

非派生记忆线索

lig = bind
捆绑、联结线
A league binds teams together.
religion -> religious
宗教名词到形容词
The town holds a religious festival.
league / religion
记忆线而非普通词族
Religion can be remembered as a spiritual binding in the source map.

词族导图

league 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
060

religious

[ri'lidʒəs] · adj. · Page 204

connected with religion, or strongly believing in a religion

宗教的;虔诚的

联想

religious 是 religion 的形容词,分两条:religious belief/festival/building 是宗教相关;a religious person/family 是虔诚的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.宗教的

与宗教活动、信仰、建筑、节日有关。

常见表达religious beliefreligious festivalreligious buildingreligious art

The town holds a religious festival every spring.

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这个小镇每年春天举行宗教节日。

religious festival 是宗教节日。

Some religious buildings are also important works of art.

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一些宗教建筑也是重要艺术作品。

religious buildings 是宗教建筑。

adj.虔诚的

形容人或家庭认真信奉宗教。

常见表达a religious persona religious familydeeply religious

Her grandmother is deeply religious and visits the temple every week.

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她祖母非常虔诚,每周都去寺庙。

deeply religious 是非常虔诚。

He grew up in a religious family but chose his own path later.

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他在一个虔诚的宗教家庭长大,但后来选择了自己的道路。

religious family 可指虔诚家庭。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

faith-based
基于信仰的
The group runs a faith-based school. 常修饰机构或活动。
spiritual
精神的;心灵的
The song has spiritual meaning. 可宗教也可非宗教。
secular
世俗的;非宗教的
The school is secular. 宗教语境中的自然反义。
nonreligious
非宗教的
The event was nonreligious. 直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

religion
宗教;宗教信仰
The museum studies religion and art. religious 是 religion 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

religion -> religious;注意 connected with religion 和 deeply believing 两条义。

religion
宗教;宗教信仰
The museum studies religion and art.
religiously
虔诚地;认真地
She attends services religiously.
secular
世俗的;非宗教的
The school is secular.

非派生记忆线索

lig = bind
捆绑、联结线
A league binds teams together.
religion -> religious
宗教名词到形容词
The town holds a religious festival.
league / religion
记忆线而非普通词族
Religion can be remembered as a spiritual binding in the source map.

词族导图

league 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
061

refuse

星标

[ri'fju:z] v.; ['refju:s] n. · v. / n. [U] · Page 204

to say no or not accept; waste material that is thrown away

拒绝,不肯;废弃物,垃圾

联想

refuse 是星标多义词,动词读 [ri'fju:z],表示拒绝;名词读 ['refju:s],表示废弃物、垃圾。记忆线索把 refuse 和 confuse 放在 fuse=pour 记忆图中,但现代意思分开:refuse 是 say no,confuse 是 mix up / make unclear。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.拒绝;不肯

表示不接受请求、建议、帮助或拒绝做某事。后面常接 to do、名词宾语,也可接双宾语。

常见表达refuse to dorefuse an offerrefuse a requestrefuse someone help

He refused to copy his friend's homework even under pressure.

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即使有压力,他也拒绝抄朋友的作业。

refuse to do 表示拒绝做某事。

The manager refused our request for a longer break.

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经理拒绝了我们延长休息时间的请求。

refuse a request 是拒绝请求。

The guard refused the visitor entry because he had no ticket.

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因为访客没有票,保安拒绝让他进入。

refuse someone something 表示拒绝给予某人某物。

n. [U]废弃物;垃圾

正式或环保语境中指生活、工业等废弃物,通常不可数。

常见表达household refuserefuse collectionindustrial refuse

The city collects household refuse early every morning.

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城市每天清晨收集生活垃圾。

household refuse 是生活垃圾。

Industrial refuse must be treated before it reaches the river.

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工业废弃物在进入河流前必须处理。

industrial refuse 是工业废弃物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

decline
婉拒;谢绝
She declined the invitation politely. 比 refuse 更委婉,常用于邀请、提议。
reject
拒绝;否决
The committee rejected the plan. 语气更强,可用于计划、申请、观点。
accept
接受
He accepted the offer after thinking about it. 动词义 refuse 的直接反义。
confuse
使困惑;混淆
Do not confuse the two addresses. 共享记忆线索 fuse 记忆线,但不是同义词或普通派生。
confused
困惑的;混乱的
Several students looked confused after the change. 与 refuse 只共享记忆图,现代用法按 confused 单独掌握。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

fuse = pour 是记忆线;refuse 的现代核心是拒绝或垃圾,confuse 是混在一起导致困惑。

refusal
拒绝;回绝
His refusal surprised the team.
refusing
拒绝的动作
Refusing unfair rules can be a brave choice.
household refuse
生活垃圾
Household refuse should be sorted before collection.

非派生记忆线索

fuse = pour
泼、流、注的记忆线
Several ideas can be fused into one plan.
refuse / confuse
共享 fuse 记忆线但现代词义不同
Do not confuse refuse with confuse.
confuse -> confused
动词到形容词
The sudden change confused many students.

词族导图

refuse / confuse / confused 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
062

confuse

星标

[kən'fju:z] · vt. · Page 204

to make someone unable to understand, or to mix one thing with another

使困惑,把……弄糊涂;使更难理解;混淆

联想

confuse 是星标动词,记忆线索给出 con- + fuse:流到一起、混在一起,所以引出两条高频义:让人困惑、把 A 和 B 混淆。confuse...with... 是本词最该掌握的结构。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使困惑;把……弄糊涂

让某人看不懂、想不明白,宾语通常是人、读者、学生等。

常见表达confuse readersconfuse studentsbe confused by

Too many numbers in one chart may confuse readers.

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一张图表里数字太多可能会让读者困惑。

confuse readers 是让读者困惑。

The sudden change in the timetable confused many students.

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时间表突然改变让许多学生摸不着头脑。

change confused students 表示变化让学生困惑。

vt.使更难理解;把事情弄复杂

使解释、计划或局面更不清楚。

常见表达confuse the issueconfuse the situationconfuse the matter

His long explanation only confused the issue.

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他冗长的解释反而把问题弄得更复杂。

confuse the issue 是把问题弄复杂。

Adding another rule at the last minute will confuse the situation.

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最后一刻再加一条规则会让局面更混乱。

confuse the situation 是使局面更难懂。

vt.混淆;把……混同

把两个相似的人、事物、词或概念错当成彼此。

常见表达confuse A with Bconfuse one word with anotherconfuse facts with opinions

Do not confuse the word recorder with recording.

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不要把 recorder 这个词和 recording 混淆。

记忆线索相关学习场景中可用 confuse A with B。

Some students confuse facts with opinions in reading tasks.

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一些学生在阅读题中把事实和观点混淆。

confuse facts with opinions 是高考阅读常见语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mix up
弄混
I mixed up the two dates. 较口语,常用于把两个信息弄混。
puzzle
使困惑
The strange ending puzzled the class. 强调让人费解。
clarify
澄清;讲清楚
The teacher clarified the rule with an example. 与 make unclear 相对。
distinguish
区分
Children learn to distinguish fact from opinion. 与 confuse A with B 相对。
refuse
拒绝;垃圾
She refused the offer politely. 共享 fuse 记忆线,但现代意思不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

confused
困惑的;混乱的
Several students looked confused after the change. confused 是 confuse 的过去分词形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- + fuse = 流到一起、混在一起;现代用法落到使困惑和把 A 与 B 混淆。

confused
困惑的;混乱的
Several students looked confused after the change.
confusion
困惑;混淆
The new rule caused some confusion.
confusing
令人困惑的
The instructions were confusing at first.

非派生记忆线索

fuse = pour
泼、流、注的记忆线
Several ideas can be fused into one plan.
refuse / confuse
共享 fuse 记忆线但现代词义不同
Do not confuse refuse with confuse.
confuse -> confused
动词到形容词
The sudden change confused many students.

词族导图

refuse / confuse / confused 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
063

confused

[kən'fju:zd] · adj. · Page 204

unable to understand clearly, or not organized clearly

困惑的,糊涂的;混乱的,难懂的

联想

confused 是 confuse 的形容词,分两条:人感到 confused,是不明白;计划、说明、信息 confused,是混乱难懂。注意 confusing 表示“令人困惑的”,confused 表示“感到困惑的”或“混乱的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.困惑的;糊涂的

形容人不明白、不确定,常与 feel、look、become 连用。

常见表达feel confusedlook confusedbe confused by/about

Several students looked confused after the timetable changed.

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时间表改变后,几个学生看起来很困惑。

look confused 形容人的状态。

I was confused by the two similar street names.

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两个相似的街名把我弄糊涂了。

be confused by 表示被某事弄糊涂。

adj.混乱的;难懂的

形容说明、计划、信息缺乏条理,让人难以理解。

常见表达a confused messageconfused instructionsa confused plan

The instructions were confused, so several students made the same mistake.

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说明很混乱,所以几个学生犯了同样的错误。

confused instructions 是混乱难懂的说明。

The report gave a confused picture of what had happened.

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这份报告对发生的事情说得很混乱。

confused picture 表示信息呈现混乱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

puzzled
困惑的
She looked puzzled by the question. 多形容人对某事不解。
uncertain
不确定的
He was uncertain about the next step. 强调拿不准,不一定是被弄糊涂。
clear
清楚的;明白的
Her answer was clear and simple. 与混乱难懂相对。
certain
确定的
I am certain about the date. 与人的不确定、糊涂状态相对。
confusing
令人困惑的
The map was confusing at first. confusing 修饰造成困惑的事物,confused 修饰感到困惑的人或混乱的内容。

词族线索 / 同组词

confuse
使困惑;混淆
The sudden change confused many students. confused 是 confuse 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

confuse -> confused;-ed 形容词常写人的感受,也可写信息本身混乱。

confuse
使困惑;混淆
The sudden change confused many students.
confusion
困惑;混淆
The new rule caused some confusion.
confusing
令人困惑的
The instructions were confusing at first.

非派生记忆线索

fuse = pour
泼、流、注的记忆线
Several ideas can be fused into one plan.
refuse / confuse
共享 fuse 记忆线但现代词义不同
Do not confuse refuse with confuse.
confuse -> confused
动词到形容词
The sudden change confused many students.

词族导图

refuse / confuse / confused 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
064

shut

[ʃʌt] · v. (shut, shut) · Page 204

to close something, or stop being open or operating

关上,关闭;关门,停止营业

联想

shut 的过去式和过去分词仍是 shut。先抓“关上”这个动作,再扩展到机器、商店、工厂停止运转。重点列出 shut down / shut off / shut out / shut up;shuttle 只是记忆线,不是 shut 的普通派生词。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.关上;关闭

关闭门、窗、眼睛、书等,也可不及物表示关上。

常见表达shut the doorshut the windowshut one's eyes

Please shut the window before the rain comes in.

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雨进来之前请把窗户关上。

shut the window 是关窗。

The door shut quietly behind him.

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门在他身后轻轻关上了。

shut 可不及物。

vi. / vt.关门;停止营业;关闭系统

商店、工厂、机器或服务停止开放、营业或运转。

常见表达shut downshut off the machineshut for the holiday

The factory shut down for a week to repair its machines.

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工厂停工一周来维修机器。

shut down 是停工、关闭。

Remember to shut off the computer before you leave.

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离开前记得关掉电脑。

shut off 常用于机器、水、电等。

phr. v.排斥在外;住嘴;关闭商店

重点列出的短语动词要按语境识别,shut up 对人说常显得粗鲁。

常见表达shut someone outshut upshut up shop

The high wall shut out most of the noise from the road.

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高墙挡住了路上的大部分噪音。

shut out 可表示挡住或排斥。

The small shop shuts up at seven in the evening.

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这家小店晚上七点关门。

shut up 可表示关店;让人住嘴时语气粗鲁。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

close
关闭
Close the door quietly, please. close 更通用、更中性。
turn off
关掉
Turn off the lights before you leave. 用于灯、电器、机器等。
open
打开;开门营业
The library opens at nine. 与 shut 的关闭义相对。
start
启动;开始运转
The engine started at once. 与 shut down 的停止运转相对。
shuttle
班车;往返运送;穿梭往返
A shuttle bus carries students from the station to the campus. 记忆线索把 shut 原义和梭子穿梭相连,现代用法不要当普通词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

shut 与 shuttle 的记忆线来自门闩、梭子和穿梭联想;现代教学中按 root-memory/link 处理。

shutdown
关闭;停工
The shutdown lasted three days.
shutter
百叶窗;快门
The camera shutter opened quickly.
shutout
排除在外;零封
The team won by a shutout.

非派生记忆线索

shut / shuttle
记忆线而非普通词族
A shuttle bus moves back and forth after the doors are shut.
back and forth
shuttle 的核心方向感
The shuttle runs back and forth all day.

词族导图

shut / shuttle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
065

shuttle

星标

['ʃʌtl] · n. [C] / vt. / vi. · Page 204

a vehicle or service that travels regularly between two places; to carry or travel back and forth

往返航班或班车;往返运送;穿梭往返

联想

shuttle 是星标词,核心是 back and forth。名词是定点往返的班车或航班;及物动词是往返运送人或物;不及物动词是人在两地之间穿梭。常见例句是 bus shuttles passengers back and forth。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]往返班车;往返航班

固定在两个地点之间往返的交通服务或车辆。

常见表达shuttle busairport shuttleshuttle service

A shuttle bus carries students from the station to the campus.

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一辆班车把学生从车站送到校园。

shuttle bus 是往返班车。

The airport shuttle leaves every twenty minutes.

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机场班车每二十分钟发一班。

airport shuttle 是机场往返交通。

vt.往返运送

车辆、服务或人把乘客、物资在两地之间来回运送。

常见表达shuttle passengersshuttle visitorsshuttle supplies

A bus shuttles passengers back and forth from the station to the terminal.

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一辆公共汽车在火车站和航站楼之间往返运送旅客。

保留常见例句。

During the festival, volunteers shuttled visitors between the two parks.

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节日期间,志愿者在两个公园之间往返运送游客。

shuttle visitors between A and B。

vi.穿梭往返

人在两地或多项任务之间来回移动。

常见表达shuttle between A and Bshuttle back and forth

She shuttles between school and the hospital to look after her father.

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她在学校和医院之间来回奔波照顾父亲。

shuttle between A and B 是在两地穿梭。

Couriers shuttled back and forth across the busy square.

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快递员在繁忙的广场上来回穿梭。

shuttle back and forth 是来回穿梭。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

transport
运输;运送
The trucks transport food to the city. 更宽泛,不一定往返。
carry
运送;携带
The bus carries workers to the factory. 强调带人或物移动。
ferry
渡运;来回运送
Small boats ferry people across the river. 可表示来回运送,常见于水路或固定路线。
stay
停留
He stayed at home all weekend. 与穿梭往返的移动状态相对。
shut
关上;关闭
Please shut the window before the rain comes in. 记忆线相连,但现代意思不同。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

shuttle 的现代核心是 back and forth;与 shut 只保留记忆线,不当普通派生。

shuttle bus
往返班车
A shuttle bus carries students to the campus.
airport shuttle
机场往返交通
The airport shuttle leaves every twenty minutes.
back and forth
来回地
The bus moves back and forth all day.

非派生记忆线索

shut / shuttle
记忆线而非普通词族
A shuttle bus moves back and forth after the doors are shut.
back and forth
shuttle 的核心方向感
The shuttle runs back and forth all day.

词族导图

shut / shuttle 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
066

country

['kʌntri] · n. [C] / [the ~] / [U] · Page 204-205

a nation, rural land, or country music

国家;乡下,乡村;乡村音乐

联想

country 有三条高频义:国家、the country 乡下、country music 乡村音乐。记忆线索把 country 放入 counter/contra 记忆图,是因为原义含 set against another;现代教学中只有 countryside 是直接复合词,其余 counter/contra 线按源图记忆。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]国家;祖国

指国家、全国范围或某人的祖国。

常见表达all over the countryserve one's countrya foreign country

People all over the country watched the final match on TV.

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全国各地的人都在电视上看了决赛。

保留记忆线索 all over the country 搭配。

She hopes to serve her country as a doctor.

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她希望作为医生服务自己的国家。

serve one's country 可指为国服务。

n. [the ~]乡下;乡村

the country 指城镇以外的乡村地区。

常见表达live in the countrycountry lifemove to the country

My grandparents live in the country and grow vegetables.

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我的祖父母住在乡下种菜。

the country 表示乡下。

Country life is quieter but less convenient than city life.

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乡村生活更安静,但没有城市生活方便。

country life 是乡村生活。

n. [U]乡村音乐

country music 是美国乡村音乐风格。

常见表达country musica country singercountry songs

He learned to play country music on an old guitar.

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他用一把旧吉他学习演奏乡村音乐。

country music 是乡村音乐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nation
国家
The nation celebrated its independence. 对应国家义,比 country 更正式。
state
国家;州
The state signed a new agreement. 国家义较正式,也可指州。
city
城市
Many young people move from the country to the city. 只与乡下义形成对照。
counter①
相反地;逆向地
His behavior runs counter to the school rule. 源图 counter/contra 记忆线,不是 country 的普通派生。
contrast
对比;差异
The article contrasts city life with country life. 源图 against/opposite 线,不是 country 的同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

countryside
农村;乡下
The countryside is quiet at night. country + side 的直接复合词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

country -> countryside 是直接复合;counter/contra/control/controversy 只保留记忆线索“against/opposite”记忆线。

countryside
乡下;农村
The countryside is quiet at night.
country music
乡村音乐
He learned country music on guitar.
countrywide
全国范围的
The campaign became countrywide.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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067

countryside

['kʌntrisaid] · n. [the ~] · Page 205

land outside towns and cities, especially fields and villages

农村,乡下

联想

countryside 是 country + side,指城镇以外的田野、村庄和自然乡村地区。它通常不用复数,常写 the countryside 或 in the countryside。

意思、用法与例句

n. [the ~]农村;乡下;乡村地区

指城市以外的田野、村庄、自然环境。

常见表达in the countrysidebeautiful countrysidecountryside lifethe surrounding countryside

The countryside is quiet at night except for the sound of insects.

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乡下夜晚很安静,除了虫鸣声。

the countryside 是乡村地区。

Many families visit the countryside to enjoy fresh air on weekends.

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许多家庭周末去乡下呼吸新鲜空气。

visit the countryside 是去乡下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rural area
农村地区
The village lies in a rural area. 更说明性,常用于正式语境。
village
村庄
The village is surrounded by fields. village 是具体村庄,countryside 是区域。
city
城市
The city is crowded during rush hour. 与乡村地区相对。
urban area
城市地区
Urban areas often have more public transport. 正式对照词。

词族线索 / 同组词

country
国家;乡下;乡村音乐
My grandparents live in the country. country + side 构成 countryside。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

country + side -> countryside。

country
国家;乡下
My grandparents live in the country.
rural
农村的;乡村的
Rural schools need better transport.
countryside life
乡村生活
Countryside life can be peaceful.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
068

counter①

['kauntə(r)] · adv. · Page 205

against or opposite to something

相反地,逆向地

联想

counter① 在本单元是副词/词根线,不是“柜台”。核心搭配是 run counter to,表示违背、与……相反。它是后面 encounter、contrary、contrast、control 等 against/opposite 线的入口。

意思、用法与例句

adv.相反地;逆向地;违背

常在 run/go counter to 中表示与规则、建议、期望相反。

常见表达run counter togo counter tocounter to advicecounter to expectations

His behavior runs counter to the school rule about honesty.

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他的行为违反了学校关于诚实的规定。

run counter to 是违背、相反。

The plan went counter to the advice of local doctors.

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这个计划与当地医生的建议相反。

go counter to 表示与……相反。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

against
反对;违背
The decision went against our wishes. run counter to 接近 go against。
opposite to
与……相反
His answer was opposite to mine. 强调方向或立场相反。
in line with
与……一致
The rule is in line with safety advice. 与 run counter to 相对。
consistent with
与……一致
Her story is consistent with the facts. 正式对照。
encounter
遭遇;偶遇
We encountered a number of difficulties. en + counter 记忆线,现代义是遇到。
contrary
相反的;相反事实
Contrary to my fear, the test was simple. 同属 against/opposite 线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

counter/contra = against, opposite;注意 counter① 不是柜台义。

encounter
遭遇;偶遇
We encountered difficulties.
contrary
相反的;相反事实
Contrary to my fear, the test was simple.
run counter to
违背;与……相反
His behavior runs counter to the rule.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
069

encounter

[in'kauntə(r)] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 205

to meet or experience something, often unexpectedly; an unexpected meeting

遭遇;偶遇

联想

encounter 记忆线索拆 en- + counter:使相对,即面对面遇到。它既可作动词 encounter difficulties,也可作名词 a chance encounter。遇到困难、问题、陌生人都常见。

意思、用法与例句

vt.遭遇;遇到

多指意外遇到困难、问题、危险或人。

常见表达encounter difficultiesencounter problemsencounter a stranger

We encountered a number of difficulties in the first week.

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我们在第一周遇到了很多困难。

保留常见例句。

On the way to the museum, we encountered heavy rain.

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去博物馆的路上,我们遇到了大雨。

encounter 可接困难、天气等。

n. [C]偶遇;遭遇

一次意外的相遇或经历。

常见表达a chance encountera brief encounteran encounter with

A chance encounter with an old teacher changed his study plan.

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一次与旧老师的偶遇改变了他的学习计划。

chance encounter 是偶遇。

Her first encounter with public speaking made her nervous.

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她第一次接触公开演讲时很紧张。

encounter with 可指一次经历。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

meet
遇见
I met an old friend on the train. meet 更普通,可有计划也可偶然。
come across
偶然遇到;发现
I came across an old photo. 较口语,强调偶然。
face
面对
The team faced a serious problem. 遇到困难时接近 encounter。
avoid
避免
Careful planning helped us avoid delays. 与遭遇困难相对。
counter①
相反地;逆向地
The plan went counter to advice. en + counter 的记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

en- + counter = 使相对,面对面遇到。

encounter difficulties
遭遇困难
We encountered difficulties in the first week.
a chance encounter
偶遇
A chance encounter changed his plan.
counter①
相反地;逆向地
The plan ran counter to advice.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
070

contrary

星标

['kɒntrəri] · adj. / n. [the ~] · Page 205

opposite to what has been said, expected, or believed

相反的,相对立的;截然不同的;相反事实

联想

contrary 是星标词,核心是“相反”。三组短语必须分清:contrary to... = 与……相反;on the contrary = 正相反;to the contrary = 相反的证据/说法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.相反的;相对立的;截然不同的

与预期、说法或事实相反。

常见表达contrary tocontrary opinionscontrary evidence

Contrary to my fear, the speech was easy to understand.

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与我的担心相反,这场演讲很容易听懂。

contrary to 是与……相反。

The two witnesses gave contrary accounts of the accident.

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两名目击者对事故给出了相互矛盾的说法。

contrary accounts 是相反说法。

n. [the ~]相反的事实或情况

常用于 on the contrary 和 evidence to the contrary。

常见表达on the contraryto the contraryevidence to the contrary

I do not dislike math; on the contrary, I enjoy solving problems.

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我并不讨厌数学;正相反,我喜欢解题。

on the contrary 是正相反。

Unless there is evidence to the contrary, we should trust the report.

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除非有相反证据,否则我们应该相信这份报告。

evidence to the contrary 是相反证据。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

opposite
相反的
They walked in opposite directions. 更通用,可指方向、位置、意义相反。
conflicting
冲突的;矛盾的
The reports gave conflicting details. 强调信息互相冲突。
same
相同的
We reached the same answer. 与相反义相对。
consistent
一致的
Her story is consistent with the facts. 与 conflicting/contrary 相对。
counter①
相反地;逆向地
His behavior runs counter to the rule. 同属 counter/contra 反向线。
contrast
对比;差异
The article contrasts city life with country life. 都围绕 opposite/against。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contra/counter = against, opposite。

on the contrary
正相反
On the contrary, I enjoy solving problems.
contrary to
与……相反
Contrary to my fear, the speech was easy.
contradict
反驳;相矛盾
The facts contradict his story.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
071

contrast

[kən'trɑ:st] v.; ['kɒntrɑ:st] n. · v. / n. [C,U] · Page 205

a clear difference, or to compare things to show differences

对比;差异,差别;对照物

联想

contrast 动词读 [kən'trɑ:st],名词读 ['kɒntrɑ:st]。它不是普通 compare:contrast 强调差异。重点短语 by/in contrast、contrast A with B、in contrast to/with 都要掌握。

意思、用法与例句

v.对比;把……与……相对比

把两者放在一起突出差异。

常见表达contrast A with Bcontrast city life with country life

The article contrasts life in a small town with life in a big city.

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这篇文章把小镇生活和大城市生活作对比。

contrast A with B。

The teacher contrasted the two poems to show their different moods.

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老师对比两首诗以展示它们不同的情绪。

contrast 作动词。

n. [C,U]差异;差别;对照

明显差异,或形成对照的人/物。

常见表达by contrastin contrasta sharp contrastin contrast to/with

The cool forest was a sharp contrast to the hot city streets.

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凉爽的森林与炎热的城市街道形成鲜明对比。

a sharp contrast to。

City life is fast; by contrast, country life is often slower.

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城市生活节奏快;相比之下,乡村生活通常更慢。

by contrast 是相比之下。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

difference
差异
There is a big difference between the two plans. difference 更普通;contrast 强调对照出来的差异。
comparison
比较
The comparison helped us choose a plan. comparison 可比较相同和不同;contrast 偏不同。
similarity
相似点
The similarity between the two stories is clear. 与差异义相对。
match
匹配;相配
The colors match well. 与形成对照相反。
contrary
相反的;相反事实
Contrary to my fear, the test was easy. 同属 contra 反向线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contra + st/stand = 站在对面,对照出差异。

by/in contrast
相比之下
By contrast, country life is slower.
in contrast to/with
与……对比
In contrast with the city, the village is quiet.
contrast A with B
把 A 与 B 对比
The article contrasts two ways of life.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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072

control

星标

[kən'trəul] · vt. / n. [U] · Page 205

to direct or limit something, or the power to do so

掌握,控制,支配

联想

control 是星标词,既是动词也是不可数名词。记忆线索给出 in control of、take control of、under control、out of control;self-control 是自制力。不要把 control 当成 country 的普通词族,它只是 contr- against 记忆线的一员。

意思、用法与例句

vt.控制;支配;限制

对人、机器、情绪、时间、局面施加管理或限制。

常见表达control a machinecontrol one's angercontrol spendingcontrol the situation

Students should learn to control their time instead of wasting it online.

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学生应该学会管理时间,而不是把时间浪费在网上。

control one's time 是管理时间。

The new rule helps control traffic near the school gate.

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新规定有助于控制校门口的交通。

control traffic 是管控交通。

n. [U]控制;掌握;支配

控制权或受控状态。

常见表达in control oftake control ofunder controlout of control

The pilot kept the plane under control during the storm.

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暴风雨中,飞行员让飞机保持受控。

under control 是处于控制之下。

When the fire spread, the situation quickly got out of control.

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火势蔓延时,局面很快失控。

out of control 是失去控制。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

manage
管理;控制
She manages her time well. 更强调安排和处理。
direct
指挥;指导
The teacher directed the students to the hall. 强调指挥方向。
limit
限制
We should limit screen time. 对应控制数量或范围。
lose control
失去控制
The car lost control on the icy road. 与 be in control 相对。
release
释放;放开
He released the bird. 只在控制/束缚语境中相关,不作为 control 的通用反义词。
counter①
相反地;逆向地
His behavior runs counter to the rule. 记忆线索 contr- 记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contr- + rol/roll:可用阻止自由滚动帮助记 control。

self-control
自制力
Good self-control helps students stay focused.
controller
控制器;管理者
The controller checks the machine.
under control
受控制
The fire is now under control.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
073

controversy

['kɒntrəvɜ:si] · n. [C,U] · Page 205-206

public disagreement or debate about an issue

争论,争议

联想

controversy 来自 contr(o)=against + vers=turn:观点来回对立。它可数或不可数,常见 cause controversy、controversy over/about、a matter of controversy。controversial 是对应形容词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]争论;争议

围绕公共议题、决定或做法产生的争论。

常见表达cause controversypublic controversycontroversy over/abouta matter of controversy

The new road caused controversy because it would cut through farmland.

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新道路引发争议,因为它将穿过农田。

cause controversy 是引发争议。

There is still controversy over how much homework students should have.

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学生应该有多少作业仍有争议。

controversy over/about。

The policy became a matter of controversy in the town.

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这项政策成了镇上的争议问题。

a matter of controversy。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

debate
辩论;讨论
The debate lasted for two hours. 可中性地指讨论;controversy 更强调争议。
dispute
争端;争论
The dispute was finally settled. 可指具体争端。
agreement
一致;同意
The two sides reached an agreement. 与争议相对。
consensus
共识
There is growing consensus on the need for change. 正式对照词。
contrast
对比;差异
By contrast, the second plan was simple. controversy 的 contr/vers 线与 contrast 的 against 线相关。

词族线索 / 同组词

controversial
有争议的
The decision to close the old library was controversial. controversy 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contr(o)=against + vers=turn + -y:对立观点来回转。

controversial
有争议的
The decision was controversial.
controversially
有争议地
The rule was introduced controversially.
controversy over/about
关于……的争议
There is controversy over homework.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
074

controversial

星标

[,kɒntrə'vɜ:ʃl] · adj. · Page 206

causing strong disagreement or debate

引起争论的,有争议的

联想

controversial 是星标形容词,修饰 decision、issue、plan、topic、policy 等容易引发争论的事物。常见例句 Although controversial... 要保留,但还要补足更自然的学校和公共议题语境。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有争议的;引起争论的

形容决定、问题、政策、话题等引发强烈不同意见。

常见表达a controversial decisioncontroversial issueremain controversialhighly controversial

The decision to close the old library was controversial.

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关闭旧图书馆的决定引起了争议。

controversial decision。

Using phones in class remains a controversial issue among teachers.

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课堂上使用手机在教师中仍是一个有争议的问题。

controversial issue。

Although controversial, there are many valid reasons to do so.

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虽然这样做有争议,但仍有许多正当理由。

保留常见例句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

debatable
有待讨论的
Whether this plan will work is debatable. 可讨论但不一定引发强烈争议。
disputed
有争议的
The result remains disputed. 强调未达成一致。
accepted
被接受的;公认的
The method is widely accepted. 与有争议相对。
uncontroversial
无争议的
The change was uncontroversial. 直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

controversy
争论;争议
The new road caused controversy. controversial 是 controversy 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

controversy -> controversial;-al 形容词表示“有……性质的”。

controversy
争论;争议
The new road caused controversy.
controversially
有争议地
The rule was introduced controversially.
uncontroversial
无争议的
The change was uncontroversial.

非派生记忆线索

country -> countryside
直接复合词
The countryside is quiet at night.
counter/contra = against
相反、对立记忆线
His behavior runs counter to the rule.
controversy -> controversial
名词到形容词真词族
The decision was controversial.

词族导图

country 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
075

sell

星标

[sel] · v. (sold, sold) · Page 206

to give something to someone for money; to be available or bought

出售,售卖;有……出售;有销路,被售出

联想

sell 是星标动词,过去式和过去分词都是 sold。先学主动出售,再学被动式的“有售”和不及物的“卖得好/被售出”。sell out 是卖完,sell off 是卖掉或廉价出售。

意思、用法与例句

vt.出售;售卖

把物品或服务卖给别人以换取金钱。

常见表达sell sth. to sb.sell sth. for $10sell goods online

The students sold handmade cards to raise money for charity.

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学生们出售手工卡片为慈善筹款。

sold 是 sell 的过去式。

The farmer sells fresh fruit at the market every morning.

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这位农民每天早上在市场上卖新鲜水果。

sell goods at the market。

v.有……出售;有销路;被售出

商店有商品出售,或商品卖得快、卖得好。

常见表达sell wellsell quicklybe sold in shops

This kind of notebook sells well at the school store.

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这种笔记本在学校商店很有销路。

sell well 是卖得好。

Tickets for the concert sold out within two hours.

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音乐会门票两小时内售罄。

sell out 是卖完。

phr. v.卖掉;廉价出售;售罄

sell off 强调卖掉库存或低价处理;sell out 强调卖完。

常见表达sell off old stocksell out of ticketsbe sold out

The shop sold off old coats at the end of winter.

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冬末这家店低价处理旧款外套。

sell off 可指廉价处理。

By noon, the bakery had sold out of bread.

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到中午,面包店的面包已经卖完了。

sell out of 后接售罄的商品。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

trade
交易;买卖
The two towns trade fruit and rice. trade 更强调交换或贸易。
offer for sale
拿出来出售
They offered the old bike for sale. 强调供出售状态。
buy
购买
She bought a notebook from the shop. 买卖动作方向相反。
purchase
购买
The school purchased new computers. 较正式的 buy。

词族线索 / 同组词

sale
出售;销售;减价;销量
The old bike is for sale. sell 的名词。
seller
卖方;卖者
The seller answered our questions. 记忆线索 related word。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sell -> sale / seller / sales-;注意 sell 的过去式和过去分词都是 sold。

sale
出售;销售;减价;销量
The old bike is for sale.
seller
卖方;卖者
The seller answered our questions.
best-seller
畅销书;畅销产品
The novel became a best-seller.

非派生记忆线索

sell -> sale
动词到名词
The old bike is for sale.
sales-
销售相关复合词前半部分
A salesperson answered the phone.
seller / best-seller
记忆线索相关词
The novel became a best-seller.

词族导图

sell 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
076

sale

星标

[seil] · n. [C,U] / [-s] · Page 206

selling, a discount event, the number sold, or a sales department

出售,销售;大减价;销量;销售部

联想

sale 是星标名词,义项多但都围绕销售。for sale 是待售;on sale 可表示上市/出售,也可表示减价;sales 作复数可表示销量,也可表示销售部。常见例句 street sales of newspapers 是街头售卖。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]出售;销售

出售行为或销售活动。

常见表达for saleon salesale of goodsstreet sales

The old bike is for sale, but it needs a new tire.

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这辆旧自行车待售,但需要换新轮胎。

for sale 是待售。

Street sales of newspapers became common in many eastern cities.

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报纸街头售卖在许多东部城市变得常见。

改写常见例句,保留 street sales of newspapers。

n. [C]大减价;廉价出售

商店低价促销活动。

常见表达on salea summer saleat half price

Winter coats are on sale at half price this week.

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冬季外套本周半价促销。

on sale 可表示减价。

The bookstore is having a summer sale.

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书店正在进行夏季大减价。

a summer sale 是夏季促销。

n. [-s]销量;销售部

sales 可表示卖出的数量或公司销售部门。

常见表达sales ofincrease saleswork in sales

Sales of electric bikes rose quickly this year.

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今年电动自行车销量快速上升。

sales of 是……的销量。

My cousin works in sales for a sports company.

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我表哥在一家体育公司做销售。

work in sales 是在销售部门工作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

selling
销售;出售
Online selling has grown quickly. 更强调销售行为。
discount
折扣
The store offers a discount to students. 只对应减价义。
purchase
购买
The purchase was recorded online. 与出售方向相对。
full price
原价;全价
I paid full price for the coat. 只与减价义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

sell
出售;售卖
The farmer sells fruit at the market. sale 是 sell 的名词。
salesman
男售货员;销售员
The salesman explained the price. sales- 职业名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sell -> sale;sales 可表示销量或销售部,也作为 salesgirl/salesman/saleswoman 的前半部分。

sell
出售;售卖
The farmer sells fruit at the market.
sales
销量;销售部
Sales rose quickly this year.
sales assistant
售货员;销售助理
The sales assistant answered my question.

非派生记忆线索

sell -> sale
动词到名词
The old bike is for sale.
sales-
销售相关复合词前半部分
A salesperson answered the phone.
seller / best-seller
记忆线索相关词
The novel became a best-seller.

词族导图

sell 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
077

salesgirl

['seilzgɜ:l] · n. [C] · Page 206

a girl or young woman who works in a shop selling things

女售货员

联想

salesgirl 要特别注意来自 sale's / sales-,不可漏写 s。现代英语更常用 sales assistant / shop assistant,但读懂 salesgirl 仍有必要。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]女售货员

在商店售货的女孩或年轻女性;现代更中性说法是 sales assistant。

常见表达a helpful salesgirlask the salesgirlsalesgirl in a shop

The salesgirl helped me choose a notebook for my brother.

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女售货员帮我给弟弟挑选笔记本。

salesgirl 指女售货员。

A polite salesgirl showed the customer where the umbrellas were kept.

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一位礼貌的女售货员告诉顾客雨伞放在哪里。

注意 salesgirl 中有 s。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sales assistant
售货员;销售助理
The sales assistant helped me find the right size. 更现代、更中性。
shop assistant
店员;售货员
The shop assistant answered my question. 英式常见说法。
customer
顾客
The customer paid at the counter. 买卖关系中角色相对。
buyer
买方;买主
The buyer checked the price carefully. 与销售人员角色相对。
saleswoman
女售货员;女销售员
The saleswoman wrapped the gift carefully. 同类职业词,saleswoman 更泛。

词族线索 / 同组词

sale
出售;销售;减价
The old bike is for sale. sales- 来自 sale/sell 词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sales + girl;记忆线索提示不可漏写 sales 中的 s。

sale
出售;销售;减价
The old bike is for sale.
salesman
男售货员;销售员
The salesman explained the price.
saleswoman
女售货员;女销售员
The saleswoman wrapped the gift.

非派生记忆线索

sell -> sale
动词到名词
The old bike is for sale.
sales-
销售相关复合词前半部分
A salesperson answered the phone.
seller / best-seller
记忆线索相关词
The novel became a best-seller.

词族导图

sell 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
078

salesman

['seilzmən] · n. [C] · Page 206

a man whose job is selling goods or services

男售货员;男销售员

联想

salesman 是 sales + man,指男性售货员或销售员。它比 seller 更像职业身份;seller 可以只是卖方。现代中性表达可用 salesperson 或 sales representative。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]男售货员;男销售员

以销售商品或服务为工作的人,强调职业。

常见表达a car salesmandoor-to-door salesmanexperienced salesman

The salesman explained the different prices of the two phones.

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男销售员解释了两部手机的不同价格。

salesman 是男性销售员。

A good salesman listens to customers before suggesting a product.

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优秀的销售员会先听顾客需求,再推荐产品。

salesman 强调职业销售。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sales representative
销售代表
A sales representative visited our school. 更正式、更中性。
seller
卖方;卖者
The seller agreed to lower the price. seller 不一定是职业销售员。
customer
顾客
The customer asked for a receipt. 买卖关系中角色相对。
buyer
买方;买主
The buyer compared two models. 与销售方相对。
saleswoman
女售货员;女销售员
The saleswoman wrapped the gift carefully. 同类职业词。

词族线索 / 同组词

sale
出售;销售;减价
The old bike is for sale. sales- 来自 sale/sell 词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sales + man;sales- 表示销售相关。

saleswoman
女售货员;女销售员
The saleswoman wrapped the gift.
salesperson
销售人员
A salesperson answered the phone.
sales representative
销售代表
A sales representative visited our school.

非派生记忆线索

sell -> sale
动词到名词
The old bike is for sale.
sales-
销售相关复合词前半部分
A salesperson answered the phone.
seller / best-seller
记忆线索相关词
The novel became a best-seller.

词族导图

sell 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
079

saleswoman

['seilzwʊmən] · n. [C] · Page 206

a woman whose job is selling goods or services

女售货员;女销售员

联想

saleswoman 是 sales + woman,指女性售货员或销售员。和 salesgirl 相比,saleswoman 更泛、更成人化;现代中性表达也可用 salesperson 或 sales assistant。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]女售货员;女销售员

以销售商品或服务为工作的女性。

常见表达a saleswoman in a storeask a saleswomanexperienced saleswoman

The saleswoman wrapped the gift carefully for the customer.

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女售货员仔细地为顾客包装礼物。

saleswoman 指女性销售人员。

My aunt worked as a saleswoman before she became a manager.

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我姑姑成为经理前做过女销售员。

work as a saleswoman。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sales assistant
售货员;销售助理
The sales assistant helped me find the right size. 更中性,常用于商店。
seller
卖方;卖者
The seller answered our questions. seller 更宽泛,不一定是职业。
customer
顾客
The customer paid at the counter. 买卖关系中角色相对。
buyer
买方;买主
The buyer checked the price. 与销售方相对。
salesgirl
女售货员
The salesgirl helped me choose a notebook. 同类职业词,salesgirl 更偏女孩或年轻女性。

词族线索 / 同组词

sale
出售;销售;减价
The old bike is for sale. sales- 来自 sale/sell 词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

sales + woman;sales- 表示销售相关。

salesgirl
女售货员
The salesgirl helped me choose a notebook.
salesman
男售货员;男销售员
The salesman explained the price.
salesperson
销售人员
A salesperson answered the phone.

非派生记忆线索

sell -> sale
动词到名词
The old bike is for sale.
sales-
销售相关复合词前半部分
A salesperson answered the phone.
seller / best-seller
记忆线索相关词
The novel became a best-seller.

词族导图

sell 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
080

short

星标

[ʃɔ:t] · adj. · Page 206-207

not long or tall; not enough; lasting only a little time

矮的;短的;缺乏的;短暂的

联想

short 是星标多义形容词:人可以 short 矮,东西或时间可以 short 短,be short of 表示缺少。记忆线索还提醒高中阶段要认识 short/shortly 的“不久、短时间”线。

意思、用法与例句

adj.矮的;短的

形容人的身高、物体长度、文字篇幅或时间不长。

常见表达a short boya short storya short timeshort hair

The movie is short, but it tells a moving story.

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这部电影很短,但讲了一个动人的故事。

short 可表示时间或篇幅短。

He is shorter than most players on the basketball team.

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他比篮球队大多数队员矮。

short 可表示身高矮。

adj.缺乏的;不足的

be short of 表示缺少某物。

常见表达be short of moneybe short of timebe short of chairs

We are short of chairs, so two students need to share a bench.

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我们缺椅子,所以两个学生需要共用一条长凳。

be short of 是缺少。

The team was short of time before the final report.

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最终报告前,团队时间不足。

short of time 是时间不够。

phr.固定短语

重点短语 in short、for short、cut...short 要按整块理解。

常见表达in shortfor shortcut sth. short

In short, the plan is useful but too expensive.

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总之,这个计划有用但太贵。

in short 是简而言之。

His full name is Benjamin, but we call him Ben for short.

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他的全名是 Benjamin,但我们简称他 Ben。

for short 是简称。

The bell cut the discussion short.

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铃声打断了讨论。

cut...short 是打断、使提前结束。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brief
短暂的;简短的
The teacher gave a brief introduction. 对应时间或文字短。
low
低的;矮的
The wall is low enough to climb over. 只在高度语境中接近。
lacking
缺少的
The plan is lacking in detail. 对应 short of。
long
长的;长久的
It was a long meeting. 与长度或时间短相对。
tall
高的
The tall boy stood at the back. 只与身高矮相对。
enough
足够的
We have enough chairs now. 与 short of 相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

short 的核心是“不长/不足/短时间”,派生出 shortage、shortcoming、shorts、shortly。

shortage
不足;缺少
The dry summer caused a water shortage.
shortcoming
短处;缺点
The plan's main shortcoming is its cost.
shorts
短裤
He wore shorts for practice.
shortly
不久
The meeting will begin shortly.

非派生记忆线索

short core
短、不足、短时间
The meeting was short.
shortage / shortcoming
不足 vs 缺点
A shortage is not the same as a shortcoming.
shortly
short 的时间副词线
The meeting will begin shortly.

词族导图

short 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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081

shortage

['ʃɔ:tidʒ] · n. [C,U] · Page 206

a situation in which there is not enough of something

不足,缺少

联想

shortage 是 short 的名词,表示某物不足,常用 a shortage of。它写情况,不写人的缺点;人的缺点用 shortcoming。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]不足;缺少

资源、人员、食物、住房等不够的情况。

常见表达a shortage of waterfood shortagelabor shortagehousing shortage

The dry summer caused a shortage of drinking water in the village.

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干旱的夏天导致村里饮用水短缺。

a shortage of water。

Many small companies face a shortage of skilled workers.

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许多小公司面临熟练工人短缺。

labor/worker shortage。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lack
缺乏
A lack of sleep can affect memory. lack 可作名词或动词,更宽泛。
deficiency
不足;缺乏
A vitamin deficiency can make people tired. 较正式,常用于营养、系统不足。
surplus
过剩;盈余
The farm produced a surplus of apples. 与不足相对。
plenty
大量;充足
There is plenty of food for everyone. 与 shortage 相对。
shortcoming
短处;缺点
The plan's main shortcoming is its cost. shortage 是物资不足,shortcoming 是缺点。

词族线索 / 同组词

short
短的;不足的
We are short of chairs. shortage 来自 short。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

short + -age -> shortage,表示不足的状态。

short
短的;不足的
We are short of chairs.
shortcoming
短处;缺点
The plan has shortcomings.
a shortage of
……的短缺
There is a shortage of water.

非派生记忆线索

short core
短、不足、短时间
The meeting was short.
shortage / shortcoming
不足 vs 缺点
A shortage is not the same as a shortcoming.
shortly
short 的时间副词线
The meeting will begin shortly.

词族导图

short 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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082

shortcoming

星标

['ʃɔ:tkʌmiŋ] · n. [C, often pl.] · Page 207

a weakness or fault in someone or something

短处,缺点

联想

shortcoming 是星标名词,常用复数 shortcomings。它不是物资短缺,而是人、计划、系统的缺点;记忆线索搭配 have shortcomings 要保留。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, often pl.]短处;缺点

人、计划、制度或物品的不足之处。

常见表达have shortcomingsovercome shortcomingsmain shortcomingpersonal shortcomings

The plan's main shortcoming is that it costs too much.

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这个计划的主要缺点是成本太高。

main shortcoming 是主要缺点。

Knowing your shortcomings is the first step toward improving yourself.

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了解自己的缺点是提升自我的第一步。

shortcomings 常用复数。

Every method has its shortcomings, so we need to choose carefully.

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每种方法都有缺点,所以我们需要仔细选择。

have shortcomings 是记忆线索搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

weakness
弱点;缺点
His main weakness is careless writing. 可写人的弱点或方案弱点。
fault
缺点;错误
The machine has a serious fault. 可指错误或故障。
strength
长处;优点
Patience is one of her strengths. 与短处相对。
advantage
优势;优点
The plan has one clear advantage. 与计划缺点相对。
shortage
不足;缺少
The village faced a water shortage. shortage 是物资不足,不是人的缺点。

词族线索 / 同组词

short
短的;不足的
The meeting was short. shortcoming 来自 short + coming。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

short + coming -> shortcoming,字面像“不足之处”。

short
短的;不足的
The meeting was short.
shortage
不足;缺少
The village faced a water shortage.
have shortcomings
有缺点
Every method has its shortcomings.

非派生记忆线索

short core
短、不足、短时间
The meeting was short.
shortage / shortcoming
不足 vs 缺点
A shortage is not the same as a shortcoming.
shortly
short 的时间副词线
The meeting will begin shortly.

词族导图

short 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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083

shorts

[ʃɔ:ts] · n. [pl.] · Page 207

short trousers that end above or near the knees

短裤

联想

shorts 永远按复数形式学,表示短裤,常说 a pair of shorts。不要把它当成 short 的普通复数“短的东西”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [pl.]短裤

到膝盖附近或以上的裤子,词形常复数。

常见表达a pair of shortswear shortssports shortssummer shorts

He wore shorts and a T-shirt for the football practice.

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他穿短裤和 T 恤参加足球训练。

shorts 是短裤。

Pack a pair of shorts if you are going to the beach.

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如果你要去海边,带上一条短裤。

a pair of shorts。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

short trousers
短裤
Short trousers are useful in hot weather. 解释性近义。
long trousers
长裤
He wore long trousers for the interview. 与短裤相对。
jeans
牛仔裤
She wore jeans to school. 同属衣物,不是反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

short
短的;矮的
The story is short. shorts 来自 short 的短义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

short + -s -> shorts,复数形式表示短裤。

short
短的;矮的
The story is short.
a pair of shorts
一条短裤
Pack a pair of shorts.
sports shorts
运动短裤
He wore sports shorts.

非派生记忆线索

short core
短、不足、短时间
The meeting was short.
shortage / shortcoming
不足 vs 缺点
A shortage is not the same as a shortcoming.
shortly
short 的时间副词线
The meeting will begin shortly.

词族导图

short 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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084

shortly

['ʃɔ:tli] · adv. · Page 207

soon or in a short time

不久;很快

联想

shortly 来自 short 的时间线,意思是不久、很快。要注意初中 long 可表示长和长久,高中要认识 short 也能走时间短线。

意思、用法与例句

adv.不久;很快

表示很短时间之后或之前,常用于通知、叙述。

常见表达shortly aftershortly beforearrive shortlybegin shortly

The meeting will begin shortly, so please take your seats.

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会议马上开始,请就座。

begin shortly 是很快开始。

Shortly after lunch, the students returned to the lab.

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午饭后不久,学生们回到实验室。

shortly after 是……后不久。

The notice was posted shortly before the exam.

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通知在考试前不久贴出。

shortly before 是……前不久。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

soon
很快;不久
The bus will arrive soon. 更口语和常用。
before long
不久以后
Before long, the rain stopped. 通常指不久以后。
later
后来;稍后
We can discuss it later. 只在时间靠后语境中对照。
long afterward
很久以后
The truth came out long afterward. 与 shortly 的短时间相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

short
短的;短暂的
The speech was short. shortly 来自 short 的时间义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

short + -ly -> shortly,表示短时间内。

short
短的;短暂的
The speech was short.
shortly after
……后不久
Shortly after lunch, they returned.
shortly before
……前不久
The notice was posted shortly before the exam.

非派生记忆线索

short core
短、不足、短时间
The meeting was short.
shortage / shortcoming
不足 vs 缺点
A shortage is not the same as a shortcoming.
shortly
short 的时间副词线
The meeting will begin shortly.

词族导图

short 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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085

people

['pi:pl] · n. [pl.] / [the ~] / [C] · Page 207

human beings, the public, or a nation/ethnic group

人,人们;人民;民族

联想

people 记忆线索明确提醒两种数:复数意义 people 人们、the people 人民;单数意义 a people 是一个民族。popular 和 population 走 popul=people 真词族;pop② 的“砰/突然出现”只是同形词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [pl.]人;人们

复数意义,指许多人。

常见表达many peopleyoung peopleordinary people

Many people choose bikes for short trips around the city.

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许多人在城市短途出行时选择自行车。

people 作复数意义。

Young people often learn new technology quickly.

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年轻人通常能很快学会新技术。

young people 是年轻人。

n. [the ~]人民;公众

the people 表示人民、公众。

常见表达the peoplelisten to the peopleserve the people

The mayor promised to listen to the people before making a decision.

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市长承诺在作决定前听取人民意见。

the people 是人民/公众。

A good law should protect the rights of the people.

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好的法律应保护人民的权利。

the rights of the people。

n. [C]民族

单数 a people 表示一个民族,复数 peoples 表示多个民族。

常见表达a peopledifferent peoplesthe Chinese people

The Chinese people have a long history of invention and learning.

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中华民族有悠久的发明和学习历史。

the Chinese people 可指中华民族/中国人民。

The book describes the traditions of several peoples in the north.

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这本书描述了北方几个民族的传统。

peoples 可指多个民族。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

persons
人;个人
Only two persons may enter at a time. 较正式,常用于规则。
the public
公众
The garden is open to the public. 对应 the people 的公众义。
individual
个人
Each individual has a different opinion. people 强调整体或多人,individual 强调单个。
pop②
砰;突然出现
A message popped up on the screen. 同形词,不是 people 词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

popular
大众的;流行的;受欢迎的
The bike tour is popular with visitors. popular 源自 popul=people。
population
人口数量
The population of the city has grown. population 是 people 相关名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

popul = people;people/popular/population 真相关,pop② 是同形异义词。

popular
大众的;流行的;受欢迎的
The bike tour is popular with visitors.
population
人口数量
The city has a large population.
the people
人民;公众
The leader listened to the people.

非派生记忆线索

popul = people
people/popular/population 线
Popular means liked by many people.
pop① / pop②
同形不同义
Pop music is different from a loud pop.
population large/small
人口多少搭配
The city has a large population.

词族导图

people 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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086

popular

星标

['pɒpjələ(r)] · adj. · Page 207

liked by many people, common among ordinary people, or easy for ordinary readers

大众的,流行的;受欢迎的;通俗的

联想

popular 是星标词,popul=people + -ar。三条义项要分清:popular music 是流行的,be popular with/among 是受欢迎的,popular science 是通俗的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.大众的;流行的

很多人喜欢或使用,常修饰文化、音乐、活动等。

常见表达popular musicpopular culturepopular monuments

Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C.

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参加一次有导游的自行车旅行,参观华盛顿特区一些最受欢迎的纪念碑。

保留常见例句。

Pop music is popular among many teenagers.

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流行音乐在许多青少年中很受欢迎。

popular among。

adj.受欢迎的

受到某类人喜爱,常用 be popular with/among。

常见表达be popular with studentspopular among visitors

The new reading corner is popular with younger students.

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新的阅读角很受低年级学生欢迎。

be popular with。

This small museum is popular among visitors in summer.

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这座小博物馆夏天很受游客欢迎。

be popular among。

adj.通俗的

面向普通大众,容易理解。

常见表达popular sciencepopular historypopular books

Popular science books can make hard ideas easier to understand.

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通俗科学书能让难懂的概念更容易理解。

popular science 是通俗科学。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

well-liked
受欢迎的
The teacher is well-liked by students. 对应受欢迎义。
common
常见的;普遍的
Online payment is common now. 对应大众/普遍义。
unpopular
不受欢迎的
The rule was unpopular with students. 直接反义。
rare
罕见的
This bird is rare in winter. 只与 common/popular 的普遍义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

people
人们;人民;民族
Many people joined the event. popular 源自 popul=people。
pop①
流行的;流行音乐
My sister listens to pop music. pop① 是 popular 的缩略线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

popul = people + -ar = of people。

pop①
流行的;流行音乐
My sister listens to pop music.
popularity
受欢迎;流行
The sport gained popularity.
population
人口数量
The city has a large population.

非派生记忆线索

popul = people
people/popular/population 线
Popular means liked by many people.
pop① / pop②
同形不同义
Pop music is different from a loud pop.
population large/small
人口多少搭配
The city has a large population.

词族导图

people 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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087

pop①

[pɒp] · adj. / n. [U] · Page 207

popular in style, especially music or art

流行的,通俗的;流行音乐

联想

pop① 是 popular 的短词线,主要用于 pop music、pop song、pop art、pop culture。它和 pop② 同形不同义,不能混为一组真词族。

意思、用法与例句

adj.流行的;通俗的

修饰音乐、艺术、文化等大众流行风格。

常见表达pop musicpop artpop culture

The poster uses bright colors from pop art.

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这张海报使用了波普艺术中的鲜艳色彩。

pop art 是波普艺术/流行艺术。

Pop culture changes quickly with the internet.

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流行文化随着互联网快速变化。

pop culture 是流行文化。

n. [U]流行音乐;流行乐曲

常指流行音乐。

常见表达listen to popplay poppop song

My sister listens to pop music while she exercises.

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我姐姐锻炼时听流行音乐。

pop music 是流行音乐。

The school band played pop at the festival.

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学校乐队在节日活动中演奏了流行音乐。

pop 可作不可数名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mainstream
主流的
The singer moved into mainstream pop. 常用于文化、音乐主流。
classical
古典的
She studies classical music. 与 pop music 风格对照。
pop②
砰;突然出现
The balloon made a loud pop. 同形不同义,不是 popular 词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

popular
大众的;流行的;受欢迎的
The song is popular with students. pop① 是 popular 的短词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pop① 是 popular 的短词线;只用于流行文化/音乐/艺术语境。

popular
大众的;流行的;受欢迎的
The song is popular with students.
pop music
流行音乐
She listens to pop music.
pop culture
流行文化
Pop culture changes quickly.

非派生记忆线索

popul = people
people/popular/population 线
Popular means liked by many people.
pop① / pop②
同形不同义
Pop music is different from a loud pop.
population large/small
人口多少搭配
The city has a large population.

词族导图

people 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
088

pop②

[pɒp] · n. [C] / vi. · Page 207

a short sharp sound, or to appear suddenly

砰;突然出现

联想

pop② 是同形异义词,和 popular/pop① 的流行义不同。名词是砰的一声;动词常见 pop up,表示突然出现、冒出来。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]砰的一声

短促清脆的声音,如气球爆开。

常见表达a loud popwith a pop

The balloon made a loud pop and everyone laughed.

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气球砰的一声响,大家都笑了。

a loud pop 是砰的一声。

We heard a pop when the bottle opened.

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瓶子打开时我们听到砰的一声。

pop 作名词。

vi.突然出现;冒出来

突然出现,尤其 pop up。

常见表达pop uppop into one's headpop out

A message popped up on the screen during the online class.

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网课期间屏幕上突然弹出一条消息。

pop up 是突然出现。

An idea popped into her head while she was walking home.

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她走回家时突然想到一个主意。

pop into one's head。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bang
砰的一声
The door closed with a bang. 对应声音义,bang 更响。
appear suddenly
突然出现
A problem appeared suddenly. 对应 pop up。
disappear
消失
The message disappeared after a minute. 与出现义相对。
pop①
流行的;流行音乐
My sister listens to pop music. 同形不同义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pop② 是拟声/突然出现线,不属于 popul=people 词族。

pop up
突然出现;弹出
A message popped up on the screen.
a pop
砰的一声
The balloon made a loud pop.
pop①
流行音乐/流行的
She listens to pop music.

非派生记忆线索

popul = people
people/popular/population 线
Popular means liked by many people.
pop① / pop②
同形不同义
Pop music is different from a loud pop.
population large/small
人口多少搭配
The city has a large population.

词族导图

people 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
089

population

星标

[,pɒpju'leiʃn] · n. [C,U] · Page 207

the number of people living in a place

人口,人口数量

联想

population 是星标名词,核心是某地人口数量。要特别注意说明人口多或少不用 many/few,而用 large/small。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]人口;人口数量

某地生活的人口总量。

常见表达the population ofa large populationa small populationpopulation growth

The population of the city has grown quickly in ten years.

查看翻译和讲解

这座城市的人口十年内快速增长。

the population of。

A small island cannot support a very large population.

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小岛无法承载非常多的人口。

人口多用 large population。

The town has a small population but a long history.

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这个镇人口少,但历史悠久。

人口少用 small population。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

residents
居民
Local residents supported the plan. residents 是居住者,不直接表示数量。
inhabitants
居民
The island has about five thousand inhabitants. inhabitants 指居民人数。
popular
流行的;受欢迎的
The song is popular with students. 同属 popul=people 线。
empty area
无人区;空地
The empty area has no permanent residents. 只作人口语境对照。

词族线索 / 同组词

people
人们;人民;民族
Many people joined the event. population 是 people 相关名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

popul = people + -ation -> population,人口总量。

people
人们;人民;民族
Many people joined the event.
populous
人口稠密的
It is a populous city.
population growth
人口增长
Population growth is slowing.

非派生记忆线索

popul = people
people/popular/population 线
Popular means liked by many people.
pop① / pop②
同形不同义
Pop music is different from a loud pop.
population large/small
人口多少搭配
The city has a large population.

词族导图

people 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
090

prison

星标

['prizn] · n. [C,U] · Page 207

a place where criminals are kept, or the state of being kept there

监狱,看守所;监禁

联想

prison 是星标词,记忆线索给出 pris(e)=抓取、捕获。先学监狱地点,再学监禁状态;be in prison / go to prison 一般不用 the。comprise、enterprise 只是 prise 词根记忆线,不是 prison 的普通派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]监狱;看守所

关押犯人的地方。

常见表达send sb. to prisonescape from prisona prison cell

The thief was sent to prison for five years.

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小偷被判入狱五年。

send sb. to prison。

The story begins when a prisoner escapes from prison at night.

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故事从一名囚犯夜里越狱开始。

escape from prison 是越狱。

n. [U]监禁;坐牢

被关押的状态,常用于 in prison/out of prison。

常见表达be in prisongo to prisonout of prisonput sb. in prison

She is in prison, awaiting trial.

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她正在拘押候审中。

保留常见例句;in prison 不用 the。

After three years in prison, he decided to start a new life.

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坐牢三年后,他决定开始新生活。

in prison 表示服刑/被监禁。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

jail
监狱;拘留所
He spent a night in jail. 更口语,美式常见。
freedom
自由
Freedom is a basic human need. 与监禁状态相对。
release
释放
The prisoner was released last year. 与被关押相对。
comprise
包含;由……组成
The committee comprises teachers and parents. 共享 prise 抓取记忆线,不是普通 prison 词族。
enterprise
进取心;事业;企业
The family enterprise started as a small shop. 共享 prise 抓取记忆线,不是 prison 的派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

prisoner
囚犯;犯人
The prisoner wrote letters to his family. prison 的人名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pris(e)=抓取、捕获;prison/prisoner 是真词族,comprise/enterprise 是词根记忆线。

prisoner
囚犯;犯人
The prisoner wrote letters to his family.
imprison
监禁;关押
The law can imprison serious criminals.
in prison
在狱中;坐牢
She is in prison awaiting trial.

非派生记忆线索

pris(e)=grasp/capture
抓取、捕获记忆线
Prison holds captured people.
prison/prisoner
监狱真词族
A prisoner is kept in prison.
comprise/enterprise
prise 词根迁移
Comprise and enterprise share the source root-memory line.

词族导图

prison 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
091

prisoner

['priznə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 208

a person kept in prison or captured by an enemy

囚犯,犯人;俘虏

联想

prisoner 是 prison 的人名词,既可指囚犯,也可指战俘或被俘者。常见 prisoner of war、take prisoner。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]囚犯;犯人;俘虏

被关在监狱中或被敌方俘获的人。

常见表达a political prisonerprisoner of wartake prisoner

The prisoner wrote letters to his family every month.

查看翻译和讲解

这名囚犯每月给家人写信。

prisoner 是囚犯。

During the war, many soldiers were taken prisoner.

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战争期间,许多士兵被俘。

take prisoner 是俘虏某人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

captive
俘虏;被囚禁者
The captives were freed at night. 强调被抓住、被控制。
inmate
囚犯;被收容者
The prison has space for 400 inmates. 较正式,可指监狱或机构内人员。
free person
自由人
A free person can choose where to live. 与被监禁者相对。
guard
看守;警卫
The guard opened the prison gate. 监狱场景中的相对角色,不是严格反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

prison
监狱;监禁
She is in prison awaiting trial. prisoner 来自 prison。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

prison + -er -> prisoner。

prison
监狱;监禁
She is in prison awaiting trial.
prisoner of war
战俘
The soldiers became prisoners of war.
take prisoner
俘虏
Many soldiers were taken prisoner.

非派生记忆线索

pris(e)=grasp/capture
抓取、捕获记忆线
Prison holds captured people.
prison/prisoner
监狱真词族
A prisoner is kept in prison.
comprise/enterprise
prise 词根迁移
Comprise and enterprise share the source root-memory line.

词族导图

prison 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
092

comprise

[kəm'praiz] · vt. · Page 208

to include parts, or to be made up of parts

包含,包括;构成,组成

联想

comprise 记忆线索拆 com- + prise:抓到一起。它有两种方向:整体 comprises 部分,或部分 comprise 整体。日常更稳妥写 The group comprises five members / Five members comprise the group。

意思、用法与例句

vt.包含;包括

整体包含若干部分。

常见表达the group comprisescomprise several partsbe comprised of

The committee comprises teachers, parents, and two students.

查看翻译和讲解

委员会包括教师、家长和两名学生。

整体 comprises 部分。

The course is comprised of reading, listening, and speaking practice.

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这门课程由阅读、听力和口语练习组成。

be comprised of 常见,按考试识别即可。

vt.构成;组成

若干部分组成一个整体。

常见表达parts comprise the wholemembers comprise a team

Four small villages comprise the new town.

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四个小村庄组成了这座新镇。

部分 comprise 整体。

These chapters comprise the first part of the book.

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这些章节构成了本书第一部分。

comprise 可表示构成。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

include
包括
The price includes breakfast. include 更常用、更宽泛。
consist of
由……组成
The team consists of ten students. consist of 方向固定:整体 consists of 部分。
contain
包含
The box contains old photos. 可指容器或内容包含。
exclude
排除;不包括
The price excludes lunch. 与 include/comprise 相对。
prison
监狱;监禁
She is in prison awaiting trial. 共享 prise 抓取记忆线。
enterprise
事业;企业;进取心
The family enterprise started as a small shop. 共享 prise 抓取记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

com- + prise = 抓到一起;表示包含或组成。

include
包括
The price includes breakfast.
component
组成部分
Each component has a role.
prise root
抓取、合到一起记忆线
The parts are grasped together as one whole.

非派生记忆线索

pris(e)=grasp/capture
抓取、捕获记忆线
Prison holds captured people.
prison/prisoner
监狱真词族
A prisoner is kept in prison.
comprise/enterprise
prise 词根迁移
Comprise and enterprise share the source root-memory line.

词族导图

prison 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
093

enterprise

星标

['entəpraiz] · n. [U] / [C] · Page 208

initiative, a difficult project, or a business organization

进取心,事业心;艰巨事业;企业,公司

联想

enterprise 是星标词,记忆线索 enter + prise:进去抓取。它有三条义项:不可数的进取心,可数的重大事业/项目,可数的企业/公司。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]进取心;事业心

愿意尝试困难事情、主动开创的精神。

常见表达show enterpriselack enterprisecourage and enterprise

The camping project needed both courage and enterprise.

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这次露营项目既需要勇气,也需要进取心。

enterprise 作不可数名词。

She showed enterprise by starting a reading club at school.

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她在学校创办读书会,表现出进取心。

show enterprise。

n. [C]艰巨而重大的事业;项目

困难、重要、需要投入的事业或项目。

常见表达a difficult enterprisea new enterprisea joint enterprise

Building the bridge was a huge enterprise for the small town.

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建这座桥对这个小镇来说是一项巨大工程。

enterprise 可指重大事业。

n. [C]企业;公司

商业组织或公司。

常见表达private enterprisea business enterprisefamily enterprise

The family enterprise started as a small fruit shop.

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这家家族企业最初是一家小水果店。

enterprise 可指企业。

Private enterprise has created many local jobs.

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私营企业创造了许多本地工作岗位。

private enterprise。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

initiative
主动性;进取心
The project needs initiative. 对应不可数进取心。
company
公司
The company sells sports equipment. 对应企业义,更普通。
business
商业机构;生意
Her business grew quickly. 可指企业或生意。
idleness
懒散;无所事事
Idleness will not solve the problem. 只与进取心语境相对。
prison
监狱;监禁
She is in prison awaiting trial. 共享 prise 抓取记忆线,不是同义或普通派生。
comprise
包含;组成
The course comprises three parts. 共享 prise 词根线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

enter + prise = 进去抓取;引申为主动开拓、事业和企业。

enterprising
有进取心的
An enterprising student started the project.
private enterprise
私营企业
Private enterprise created jobs.
business enterprise
企业;商业项目
The business enterprise expanded.

非派生记忆线索

pris(e)=grasp/capture
抓取、捕获记忆线
Prison holds captured people.
prison/prisoner
监狱真词族
A prisoner is kept in prison.
comprise/enterprise
prise 词根迁移
Comprise and enterprise share the source root-memory line.

词族导图

prison 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
094

dictionary

['dikʃənri] · n. [C] · Page 208

a book or digital tool that explains words

词典,字典

联想

dictionary 是词典/字典,属于 dict/dic“说、词、示意”线。diction、dictation 是更近的“用词/听写”线;addict、contradict、indicate、predict 是同根记忆迁移,不能都当 dictionary 的普通派生。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]词典;字典

解释词义、读音、用法的纸质或电子工具。

常见表达look up a word in a dictionarybilingual dictionaryonline dictionary

Use a dictionary to check the pronunciation of a new word.

查看翻译和讲解

用字典查新词的发音。

dictionary 用来查词。

The online dictionary gives examples as well as meanings.

查看翻译和讲解

在线词典不仅给出词义,还给出例句。

online dictionary。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wordbook
词汇书;字典
The wordbook lists useful phrases. 较宽泛,不如 dictionary 标准。
addict
成瘾者;入迷的人
He is addicted to online games. 记忆线索 ad+dict 记忆线,不是词典派生。
contradict
反驳;相矛盾
The new evidence contradicted the story. contra+dict 相反地说。
predict
预测;预料
Sales were lower than predicted. pre+dict 预先说。

词族线索 / 同组词

diction
措辞;吐字
The speaker's clear diction helped the audience. 都在 dict/dic 词语线内。
dictation
口述;听写
We have English dictation every Monday. dictation 是听写/口述。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dict/dic = say, word, show;dictionary/diction/dictation 是词语和口述线,其他词保留 root-memory。

diction
措辞;吐字
The speaker's clear diction helped the audience.
dictation
口述;听写
We have English dictation every Monday.
definition
释义;定义
A dictionary gives definitions.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

dictionary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
095

diction

['dikʃn] · n. [U] · Page 208

word choice and clarity of pronunciation

措辞,用词;吐字

联想

diction 是不可数名词,既可指写作/演讲的措辞,也可指说话吐字是否清楚。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]措辞;用词

写作或说话时选择词语的方式。

常见表达formal dictionpoetic dictioncareful diction

Poets choose diction carefully to create a special feeling.

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诗人谨慎选择措辞来营造特殊感受。

diction 是用词。

Simple diction helps younger readers understand the guide quickly.

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简单的措辞帮助低年级读者快速理解指南。

simple diction 是简单措辞。

n. [U]吐字;发音清晰度

说话时发音是否清楚。

常见表达clear dictionpoor diction

The speaker's clear diction made the lecture easy to follow.

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演讲者吐字清楚,使讲座容易听懂。

clear diction 是吐字清楚。

Actors practise diction so every word can be heard.

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演员练习吐字,以便每个词都能被听清。

practise diction。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

word choice
用词选择
Good word choice makes writing clear. 只对应措辞义。
pronunciation
发音
Her pronunciation is clear. 只对应吐字义。
mumbling
含糊地说话
Mumbling made his answer hard to hear. 与 clear diction 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word. 同在 dict 词语线。
dictation
听写;口述
We have English dictation every Monday. 同在 dict 口述线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dict = say;diction 是说/写时的用词和吐字。

dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word.
dictation
听写;口述
We have English dictation every Monday.
diction problem
吐字或措辞问题
Poor diction made the speech unclear.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

dictionary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
096

addict

['ædikt] · n. [C] · Page 208

a person who cannot stop using or doing something, or is very keen on it

成瘾者;对……入迷的人

联想

addict 可用 ad- + dict:对着某事总说、津津乐道,引申为酷爱或成瘾。要分 serious addiction 和较轻的“入迷者”两种语气。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]吸毒成瘾者;瘾君子

对毒品等有严重依赖的人,语气强。

常见表达a drug addicta recovering addict

The story is about a young addict who tries to rebuild his life.

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这个故事讲一个年轻成瘾者努力重建生活。

addict 可指严重成瘾者。

The centre helps drug addicts return to normal life.

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这个中心帮助吸毒成瘾者回归正常生活。

drug addict。

n. [C]对……入迷的人

较轻语气,表示非常喜欢某事。

常见表达a game addictinternet addicta book addict

Some students call themselves book addicts because they read every day.

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一些学生自称书迷,因为他们每天都读书。

book addict 语气较轻。

A game addict may spend too many hours online.

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游戏迷可能会在网上花太多时间。

game addict。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dependent person
依赖者
A dependent person may need medical help. 对应严重依赖义。
enthusiast
爱好者
A music enthusiast collects old records. 只对应轻度入迷,不是毒瘾义。
casual user
偶尔使用者
A casual user plays the app only once a week. 与成瘾者对照。
dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word. 共享 dict 记忆线,不是普通词族。

词族线索 / 同组词

addicted
上瘾的;入迷的
He became addicted to online games. addict 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ad- + dict = 对着说、反复说,引申为沉迷。

addicted
上瘾的;入迷的
He became addicted to online games.
addiction
成瘾;入迷
Addiction can harm health.
a book addict
书迷
A book addict reads every day.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

dictionary 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
097

addicted

[ə'diktid] · adj. · Page 208

unable to stop using or doing something; very keen on something

上瘾的;入迷的

联想

addicted 的核心结构是 be addicted to。to 后接名词或 -ing,既可写严重上瘾,也可写对读书、故事等入迷。

意思、用法与例句

adj.上瘾的

无法停止使用或做某事,常带负面。

常见表达be addicted to drugsbe addicted to online gamesbecome addicted to

He became addicted to online games and slept only a few hours a night.

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他沉迷网络游戏,每晚只睡几个小时。

be addicted to games。

People who are addicted to drugs need professional help.

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吸毒成瘾的人需要专业帮助。

addicted to drugs。

adj.入迷的

非常喜欢某事,语气可较轻。

常见表达addicted to readingaddicted to a story

Many readers are addicted to the writer's exciting stories.

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许多读者对这位作家的精彩故事着迷。

addicted to stories。

She is addicted to reading before bed.

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她睡前读书读得入迷。

addicted to reading。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

dependent
依赖的
He became dependent on the medicine. 对应严重依赖义。
hooked
着迷的;上瘾的
The game is so fun that many players are hooked. 较口语。
free from
摆脱……的
He is now free from the bad habit. 与成瘾状态相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

addict
成瘾者;入迷的人
The story is about a young addict. addicted 的名词人。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

addict -> addicted;核心结构 be addicted to。

addict
成瘾者;入迷的人
The story is about a young addict.
addiction
成瘾;入迷
Addiction can harm health.
be addicted to
沉溺于;对……入迷
He is addicted to reading.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

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098

contradict

星标

[,kɒntrə'dikt] · vt. · Page 208

to say the opposite of something, or to be inconsistent with it

反驳,驳斥;与……矛盾

联想

contradict 是星标词,contra- + dict = 相反地说。它可以写人反驳某人,也可以写证据、事实与说法矛盾。

意思、用法与例句

vt.反驳;驳斥

说出相反观点来反驳某人或观点。

常见表达contradict someonecontradict an authorcontradict a statement

Finally he even encouraged me to contradict the authors I'd read.

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最后,他甚至鼓励我反驳我读过的那些作者。

保留常见例句。

It is rude to contradict a teacher without giving a reason.

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没有理由就反驳老师是不礼貌的。

contradict someone。

vt.与……矛盾;抵触

事实、证据、说法之间不一致。

常见表达contradict the factscontradict evidencecontradict oneself

The new evidence contradicted the driver's story.

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新证据与司机的说法相矛盾。

evidence contradicted story。

His second answer contradicted his first one.

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他的第二个回答与第一个相矛盾。

contradict 表示前后矛盾。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

deny
否认
He denied breaking the window. deny 是否认,contradict 是说法相反或矛盾。
refute
反驳;驳斥
The scientist refuted the false report. 较正式。
confirm
证实
The test confirmed the result. 与反驳/矛盾相对。
support
支持
The facts support her claim. 与 contradict a claim 相对。
dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word. 共享 dict 说/词记忆线。

词族线索 / 同组词

contradictory
矛盾的;不一致的
The witnesses gave contradictory descriptions. contradict 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contra- + dict = 相反地说。

contradictory
矛盾的;不一致的
The witnesses gave contradictory descriptions.
contradiction
矛盾;反驳
There is a contradiction in his story.
contradict oneself
自相矛盾
He contradicted himself twice.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

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099

contradictory

[,kɒntrə'diktəri] · adj. · Page 208

saying or showing opposite things that cannot both be true

矛盾的,抵触的,不一致的

联想

contradictory 是 contradict 的形容词,常修饰 statements、evidence、descriptions、reports。

意思、用法与例句

adj.矛盾的;不一致的

两种说法、证据或行为互相冲突,不能同时为真。

常见表达contradictory statementscontradictory evidenceseem contradictory

The two witnesses gave contradictory descriptions of the thief.

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两名目击者对小偷给出了互相矛盾的描述。

contradictory descriptions。

His words and actions are contradictory, so people do not trust him.

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他的言行矛盾,所以人们不信任他。

words and actions are contradictory。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conflicting
冲突的;矛盾的
The reports gave conflicting details. 强调互相冲突。
inconsistent
不一致的
His answers were inconsistent. 强调不一致。
consistent
一致的
Her story is consistent with the facts. 直接对照。
matching
匹配的;一致的
The two records are matching. 只在信息一致语境中对照。

词族线索 / 同组词

contradict
反驳;相矛盾
The new evidence contradicted the story. contradict 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

contradict -> contradictory。

contradict
反驳;相矛盾
The new evidence contradicted the story.
contradiction
矛盾
There is a contradiction in his story.
contradictory evidence
相互矛盾的证据
The case included contradictory evidence.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

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100

dictation

[dik'teiʃn] · n. [U] / [C,U] · Page 208

saying words for someone to write down, or a school spelling exercise

口述;听写

联想

dictation 来自 dict“说”。不可数时可指口述;课堂里常指听写,可数或不可数。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]口述

一个人说,另一个人记录。

常见表达take dictationdictation from a manager

The secretary took dictation while the manager read the letter aloud.

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经理朗读信件时,秘书做口述记录。

take dictation 是听写/记录口述。

n. [C,U]听写

课堂中听老师读词句并写下来。

常见表达have a dictationEnglish dictationdictation exercise

We have an English dictation every Monday morning.

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我们每周一早上有英语听写。

English dictation。

The dictation exercise helped students remember new words.

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听写练习帮助学生记住新词。

dictation exercise。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oral transcription
口述记录
Oral transcription requires careful listening. 对应口述记录义。
silent reading
默读
Silent reading gives students time to think. 与听写/口述活动对照。

词族线索 / 同组词

dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word. 同在 dict 词语线。
diction
措辞;吐字
The speaker's clear diction helped the audience. 同在 dict 说话线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

dict = say;dictation 是说出来让别人写。

dictionary
词典;字典
Use a dictionary to check a word.
diction
措辞;吐字
The speaker's clear diction helped the audience.
take dictation
做口述记录
The secretary took dictation.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

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101

indicate

星标

['indikeit] · vt. · Page 208-209

to point out, show, or be a sign of something

指出,指示;表明,示意;显示,标示

联想

indicate 是星标词,记忆线索 in- + dic“言、示” + -ate。它不等于 predict;indicate 是显示/表明现在的信息,predict 是预测未来。

意思、用法与例句

vt.指出;指示;标示

用手势、标记、表格等指出选择或方向。

常见表达indicate a choiceindicate directionindicate clearly

Forms will be available for students to indicate their choices and return to school.

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学校和网上会提供表格,让学生标注选择后交回学校。

保留常见例句。

Please indicate your choice by raising your hand.

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请举手示意你的选择。

indicate a choice。

vt.表明;显示;示意

某个迹象显示某种情况。

常见表达indicate thatdata indicatesigns indicate

Dark clouds indicate that rain may come soon.

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乌云表明可能很快会下雨。

indicate that。

The survey indicates a growing interest in science clubs.

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调查显示学生对科学社团越来越感兴趣。

survey indicates。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

show
显示;表明
The chart shows a clear change. 更常用。
point out
指出
The teacher pointed out the mistake. 对应指出义。
suggest
暗示;表明
The signs suggest a change in weather. 语气较弱,表示迹象提示。
hide
隐藏
The trees hide the road. 与显示/指出相对。
predict
预测;预料
Sales were lower than predicted. 同属 dic/dict 说/示线,但不是 indicate 的普通词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in- + dic = say/show inside;indicate 是指出或显示。

indicator
指标;指示器
Price can be an indicator of quality.
indication
迹象;表明
There was no indication of danger.
predict
预测;预料
Sales were lower than predicted.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

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102

predict

星标

[pri'dikt] · vt. · Page 209

to say what you think will happen in the future

预言,预测,预料

联想

predict 是星标词,pre- + dict = 预先说。它和 prediction 是真词族;常见例句 Sales were lower than predicted 要保留。

意思、用法与例句

vt.预测;预料

根据经验或信息说未来可能发生什么。

常见表达predict the resultpredict thatbe predicted tolower than predicted

Sales were five percent lower than predicted.

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销售额比预期低了 5%。

保留常见例句。

The report predicts that more people will use electric cars.

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报告预测更多人将使用电动汽车。

predict that。

Scientists cannot predict every earthquake exactly.

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科学家无法准确预测每一次地震。

predict earthquake。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

forecast
预测;预报
The radio forecast heavy rain. 常用于天气、经济等。
expect
预期;预计
We expect the train to arrive soon. 更日常,表示预期。
look back
回顾
The article looks back at last year. 与面向未来的预测相对。
indicate
显示;指出
The data indicate a clear change. 同属 dic/dict 线,但不是同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

prediction
预言;预测
His prediction about the match was almost correct. predict 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pre- + dict = say before。

prediction
预言;预测
His prediction about the match was almost correct.
predictable
可预测的
The ending was predictable.
unpredictable
不可预测的
Weather can be unpredictable.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

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103

prediction

[pri'dikʃn] · n. [C,U] · Page 209

a statement about what may happen in the future

预言,预测

联想

prediction 是 predict 的名词,可数时是一条预测,不可数时指预测这一行为。常用 make a prediction、prediction about。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]预言;预测

关于未来可能发生的事的说法。

常见表达make a predictionweather predictionprediction aboutcorrect prediction

His prediction about the match was almost correct.

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他对比赛的预测几乎正确。

prediction about。

Weather predictions help farmers decide when to cut the wheat.

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天气预报帮助农民决定何时收割小麦。

weather predictions。

It is hard to make a prediction without enough information.

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没有足够信息很难作出预测。

make a prediction。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

forecast
预测;预报
The forecast warned of snow. 常用于天气等。
expectation
预期
The result met our expectations. 偏人的期待或预期。
record of the past
过去记录
The record of the past helps us learn. prediction 面向未来。

词族线索 / 同组词

predict
预测;预料
The report predicts a change. prediction 是 predict 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

predict -> prediction。

predict
预测;预料
The report predicts a change.
predictable
可预测的
The ending was predictable.
weather prediction
天气预报
Weather predictions help farmers.

非派生记忆线索

dict/dic = say/show
说、词、示意线
Predict means say before.
addict/addicted
成瘾真词族
He is addicted to games.
contradict/contradictory
反说和矛盾线
The reports were contradictory.
predict/prediction
预测真词族
His prediction was correct.

词族导图

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104

tire

星标

['taiə(r)] · v. · Page 209

to make or become tired or bored

使疲劳;使厌倦

联想

tire 是星标动词,可表示身体疲劳,也可表示厌倦。重点短语 tire of 和 tire out 要掌握;retire 只是 re+tire 的记忆线,现代按退休/退出掌握。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.使疲劳;变累

让人身体或精神疲劳,也可表示人变累。

常见表达tire easilytire someone outbe tired out

Long hours of screen time can tire your eyes.

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长时间看屏幕会让眼睛疲劳。

tire your eyes 是使眼睛疲劳。

The long walk tired the children out.

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长途步行把孩子们累坏了。

tire out 是使疲劳不堪。

vt. / vi.使厌倦;厌倦

对重复或无趣的事感到厌烦。

常见表达tire of somethingnever tire of doingtire of hearing

She never tires of listening to her grandfather's travel stories.

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她听爷爷的旅行故事从不厌倦。

never tire of doing。

Readers may tire of a story if nothing changes.

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如果情节没有变化,读者可能会厌倦一个故事。

tire of 是厌倦。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exhaust
使筋疲力尽
The race exhausted the runners. 比 tire 程度更强。
wear out
使疲惫不堪
The long trip wore us out. 口语,强调累坏。
bore
使厌烦
The repeated questions bored the class. 只对应厌倦义。
refresh
使恢复精神
A short rest refreshed everyone. 与疲劳义相对。
retire
退休;退出;离开
Jim has retired but still remembers his students. 记忆线索 re+tire 记忆线,现代不是 fatigue 义普通派生。

词族线索 / 同组词

tired
疲劳的;厌倦的
Everyone felt tired after the hike. tire 的 -ed 形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tire -> tired / tiring / tiresome 是疲劳/厌倦真词族;retire 只保留记忆线。

tired
疲劳的;厌倦的
Everyone felt tired after the hike.
tiring
令人疲劳的
The climb was tiring.
tiresome
令人厌倦的
Checking every number is tiresome.

非派生记忆线索

tired vs tiring
感到累 vs 令人累
I am tired because the trip is tiring.
tiring vs tiresome
身体疲劳 vs 心理厌烦
The climb was tiring; the repeated forms were tiresome.
retire
退休/退出线
Jim has retired from teaching.

词族导图

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105

tired

星标

['taiəd] · adj. · Page 209

needing rest, or bored with something

疲劳的;厌倦的,厌烦的

联想

tired 是被动意义/感受状态,写人或动物感到累、感到厌倦。注意 tired of 表示厌烦,tired from/after 表示因……疲劳。

意思、用法与例句

adj.疲劳的

人感到累、需要休息。

常见表达feel tiredlook tiredtired from worktired after

After the long hike, everyone felt tired but happy.

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长途徒步后,大家很累但很开心。

feel tired 是感到累。

She looked tired after preparing for the exam all night.

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整晚备考后,她看起来很疲惫。

look tired。

adj.厌倦的;厌烦的

对重复或不喜欢的事感到烦。

常见表达be tired ofget tired oftired of hearing

I am tired of hearing the same excuse every day.

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我厌倦了每天听同一个借口。

be tired of。

The class got tired of the long, repeated instructions.

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全班都厌烦了冗长重复的说明。

get tired of。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exhausted
筋疲力尽的
She was exhausted after the race. 程度比 tired 强。
weary
疲倦的;厌倦的
He felt weary after the long meeting. 较书面。
bored
厌烦的
The students were bored by the slow film. 只对应厌倦义。
energetic
精力充沛的
The children were energetic after lunch. 与疲劳状态相对。
fresh
精神饱满的
A short sleep made her feel fresh. 与 tired 相对。
tiring
令人疲劳的
The climb was tiring. tired 写人的感受;tiring 写事物令人累。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tire + -ed -> tired,常表示人的感受。

tire
使疲劳;使厌倦
The long walk tired the children out.
tiring
令人疲劳的
The climb was tiring.
tired of
厌倦……
I am tired of the same excuse.

非派生记忆线索

tired vs tiring
感到累 vs 令人累
I am tired because the trip is tiring.
tiring vs tiresome
身体疲劳 vs 心理厌烦
The climb was tiring; the repeated forms were tiresome.
retire
退休/退出线
Jim has retired from teaching.

词族导图

tire 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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106

tiring

['taiəriŋ] · adj. · Page 209

making you feel tired

令人疲劳的

联想

tiring 是主动意义:事情、工作、旅程让人累。和 tired 对照:I am tired because the journey is tiring.

意思、用法与例句

adj.令人疲劳的

形容活动、工作、旅程等让人疲劳。

常见表达a tiring journeytiring workfind something tiring

The climb was tiring, but the view from the top was worth it.

查看翻译和讲解

爬山很累,但山顶的景色很值得。

climb was tiring。

Listening carefully for two hours can be tiring for young children.

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认真听两个小时对小孩来说会很累。

activity can be tiring。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

exhausting
令人筋疲力尽的
The race was exhausting. 程度更强。
demanding
费力的;要求高的
The task was demanding. 强调要求高、耗精力。
relaxing
令人放松的
The music was relaxing. 与 tiring 相对。
easy
容易的;不费力的
The walk was easy. 与费力疲劳相对。
tired
疲劳的;厌倦的
Everyone felt tired after the hike. tiring 写事物;tired 写人感受。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tire + -ing -> tiring,主动意义“令人累”。

tire
使疲劳
The long walk tired the children out.
tired
疲劳的
Everyone felt tired.
tiresome
令人厌倦的
The job was tiresome.

非派生记忆线索

tired vs tiring
感到累 vs 令人累
I am tired because the trip is tiring.
tiring vs tiresome
身体疲劳 vs 心理厌烦
The climb was tiring; the repeated forms were tiresome.
retire
退休/退出线
Jim has retired from teaching.

词族导图

tire 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
107

tiresome

['taiəsəm] · adj. · Page 209

annoying because it is boring or repeated

令人厌倦的,讨厌的

联想

tiresome 是主动意义,但重点不是身体累,而是事情重复、无聊、麻烦,让人厌烦。

意思、用法与例句

adj.令人厌倦的;讨厌的

形容重复、无聊或麻烦的事让人厌烦。

常见表达a tiresome jobtiresome rulestiresome questions

Checking every number by hand is a tiresome job.

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手工核对每个数字是一项令人厌烦的工作。

tiresome job。

His tiresome questions made the meeting last much longer.

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他那些烦人的问题让会议持续更久。

tiresome questions。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

annoying
烦人的
The noise was annoying. 更常用、更宽泛。
tedious
乏味冗长的
Filling in the forms was tedious. 强调长而无聊。
interesting
有趣的
The story was interesting. 与令人厌倦相对。
pleasant
令人愉快的
The walk was pleasant. 只在体验语境中对照。
tiring
令人疲劳的
The climb was tiring. tiring 偏身体/精力累;tiresome 偏厌烦。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

tire + -some -> tiresome,表示容易使人厌倦的。

tire
使厌倦
Readers may tire of a slow story.
tired of
厌倦……
I am tired of the same excuse.
tedious
乏味冗长的
The work was tedious.

非派生记忆线索

tired vs tiring
感到累 vs 令人累
I am tired because the trip is tiring.
tiring vs tiresome
身体疲劳 vs 心理厌烦
The climb was tiring; the repeated forms were tiresome.
retire
退休/退出线
Jim has retired from teaching.

词族导图

tire 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
108

retire

星标

[ri'taiə(r)] · v. / vi. · Page 209

to stop working because of age, or to leave a job, position, place, or activity

退休,退职;退出;离开;撤退

联想

retire 是星标词,可用 re- + tire“累回家中”帮助记忆。现代用法按 retire from 退休/退出、retire to bed 离开去睡、army retired 撤退掌握;retired、retirement 是高频扩展。

意思、用法与例句

vi. / vt.退休;退职

因年龄或职业阶段停止工作,也可指使某人退休。

常见表达retire from teachingretire as managerretire at sixtybe retired

Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time spent with his students.

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吉姆已经退休了,但他仍记得和学生们一起度过的快乐时光。

保留常见例句。

My grandfather retired from teaching at the age of sixty.

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我祖父六十岁时从教师岗位退休。

retire from teaching。

vi.退出;离开;撤退

从比赛、职位、房间或战斗中离开。

常见表达retire from a raceretire to bedretire from the room

After the final game, the famous player decided to retire.

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最后一场比赛后,那位著名运动员决定退役。

运动员 retire 可表示退役。

Feeling unwell, she retired to bed early.

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她感觉不舒服,早早去睡了。

retire to bed 是离开去睡。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stop working
停止工作;退休
He stopped working at sixty. 只对应退休义。
withdraw
退出;撤出
The team withdrew from the race. 对应退出义。
continue working
继续工作
She continued working after sixty. 与退休义相对。
join
加入
He joined the team last year. 与退出语境相对。
tire
使疲劳;使厌倦
The long walk tired the children out. 记忆线,不当普通 tired family。

词族线索 / 同组词

retired
退休的
A retired teacher visited our school. retire 的形容词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- + tire 是记忆线索记忆法;现代重点是 retire from、retired、retirement。

retired
退休的
A retired teacher visited our school.
retirement
退休
He plans to travel after retirement.
retire from
从……退休/退出
She retired from teaching.

非派生记忆线索

tired vs tiring
感到累 vs 令人累
I am tired because the trip is tiring.
tiring vs tiresome
身体疲劳 vs 心理厌烦
The climb was tiring; the repeated forms were tiresome.
retire
退休/退出线
Jim has retired from teaching.

词族导图

tire 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
109

pre-

[pri(:)] · prefix · Page 209

a prefix meaning before in time or order

先于,在……前

联想

pre- 是前缀,表示 before。记忆线索给出 pre-war 战前和 post-war 战后;它是本组的前置记忆线,但 prior/primary/primitive 不是每个都能当作 pre- 的普通派生词。

意思、用法与例句

prefix先于;在……前

加在词前表示某事发生在另一事之前。

常见表达pre-warpre-exampre-schoolpre-reading

The museum shows photos of the town from the pre-war years.

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博物馆展示了这个城镇战前年代的照片。

pre-war 是战前的。

Our teacher gave us a pre-exam checklist to reduce stress.

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老师给了我们一份考前清单来减轻压力。

pre-exam 是考前的。

Pre-reading questions help students understand a difficult article.

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阅读前问题帮助学生理解难文章。

pre-reading 是阅读前的。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

before
在……之前
Finish the form before Friday. pre- 是前缀,before 是独立词。
post-
在……之后
Post-war rebuilding took many years. post- 是 after 的前缀对照。
prior
在前的;优先的
Prior to the trip, students must hand in a form. 共享 before/earlier 语义线,不是普通 pre- 派生。
primary
主要的;最初的;小学的
The primary reason is safety. 共享 first/early 语义线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pre- = before;与 post- = after 对照。

pre-war
战前的
The town kept several pre-war buildings.
post-war
战后的
Post-war rebuilding took years.
pre-exam
考前的
The pre-exam checklist helped us.

非派生记忆线索

pre- vs post-
前 vs 后
Pre-war means before the war; post-war means after the war.
prior -> priority
在前到优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
primary / primitive
first/early 语义线
Primary stage and primitive tools both point to early ideas.

词族导图

pre 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
110

prior

['praiə(r)] · adj. · Page 209

earlier in time or more important in order

在前的,优先的

联想

prior 可表示时间在前或顺序优先。要注意 prior to 后接名词或动名词,相当于 before,但更正式。

意思、用法与例句

adj.在前的;先前的

发生在某事之前,常与 knowledge、experience、agreement 搭配。

常见表达prior knowledgeprior experienceprior agreement

Prior experience with maps helped her win the race.

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先前使用地图的经验帮助她赢得比赛。

prior experience 是先前经验。

Students with prior knowledge of the topic read the article faster.

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对主题有先前了解的学生读文章更快。

prior knowledge。

phr.prior to:在……之前

正式表达,to 后接名词或动名词。

常见表达prior to the tripprior to leavingprior to the meeting

Prior to the trip, every student must hand in a permission form.

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旅行前,每位学生都必须提交许可表。

prior to 后接名词。

Prior to leaving school, she checked the classroom lights.

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离校前,她检查了教室的灯。

prior to 后可接动名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

previous
先前的
Previous experience helped him. 较常用。
earlier
较早的
An earlier train leaves at seven. 强调时间更早。
later
后来的;较晚的
A later report changed the result. 与时间在前相对。
following
随后的
The following day was sunny. 与 prior/previous 对照。
pre-
前缀:在……前
Pre-war means before the war. 共享 before 语义线。

词族线索 / 同组词

priority
优先事项
Safety is our top priority. prior 到 priority 的真词族。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

prior 表示 before/earlier,引出 priority。

priority
优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
prior to
在……之前
Prior to leaving, she checked the lights.
prior knowledge
先前知识
Prior knowledge helped the students.

非派生记忆线索

pre- vs post-
前 vs 后
Pre-war means before the war; post-war means after the war.
prior -> priority
在前到优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
primary / primitive
first/early 语义线
Primary stage and primitive tools both point to early ideas.

词族导图

pre 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
111

priority

[prai'ɒrəti] · n. [C] · Page 210

something that should be dealt with first

优先考虑的事

联想

priority 来自 prior 的优先线,表示最该先处理的事。记忆线索给 priority seats,要理解为优先座。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]优先事项;优先考虑的事

需要先处理、先照顾或更重要的事情。

常见表达top prioritygive priority tomake something a priority

Safety is our top priority during the school trip.

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安全是我们校外旅行中的首要任务。

top priority 是首要任务。

The city should give priority to clean drinking water.

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这座城市应优先考虑清洁饮用水。

give priority to。

n. [C]优先权;优先座

优先使用、优先照顾的权利或座位。

常见表达priority seatspriority service

Priority seats should be offered to older people and parents with babies.

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优先座应让给老人和带婴儿的父母。

priority seats 是记忆线索搭配。

Patients with serious injuries receive priority service.

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伤势严重的病人会得到优先服务。

priority service。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

first concern
首要关切
Food safety is a first concern. 解释性近义。
main task
主要任务
Finishing the bridge is the main task. 只在任务语境接近。
minor matter
小事;次要事项
The color of the cover is a minor matter. 与优先事项相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

prior
在前的;优先的
Prior to the meeting, read the report. priority 来自 prior。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

prior -> priority,表示排在前面的事。

prior
在前的;优先的
Prior to the meeting, read the report.
top priority
首要任务
Safety is our top priority.
priority seats
优先座
Priority seats are near the door.

非派生记忆线索

pre- vs post-
前 vs 后
Pre-war means before the war; post-war means after the war.
prior -> priority
在前到优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
primary / primitive
first/early 语义线
Primary stage and primitive tools both point to early ideas.

词族导图

pre 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
112

primary

星标

['praiməri] · adj. · Page 210

main, earliest, or connected with early schooling

主要的,最重要的;最初的;小学教育的

联想

primary 是星标词,三条义项都常见:primary reason 是主要原因;primary stage 是最初阶段;primary school 是小学。

意思、用法与例句

adj.主要的;最重要的

最重要、最核心。

常见表达primary reasonprimary goalprimary concern

The primary reason for the rule is to keep students safe.

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这条规则的主要原因是保护学生安全。

primary reason。

Our primary goal is to finish the project before Friday.

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我们的首要目标是在周五前完成项目。

primary goal。

adj.最初的;初级的

发展或过程的早期阶段。

常见表达primary stageprimary levelprimary cause

The project is still in its primary stage.

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这个项目仍处于初始阶段。

primary stage 是初始阶段。

Doctors tried to find the primary cause of the illness.

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医生试图找出疾病的最初原因。

primary cause。

adj.小学教育的;初等教育的

与小学或初等教育有关。

常见表达primary schoolprimary educationprimary students

My brother started primary school when he was six.

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我弟弟六岁开始上小学。

primary school 是记忆线索搭配。

Primary education builds basic reading and math skills.

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初等教育建立基本阅读和数学能力。

primary education。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

main
主要的
The main problem is time. 对应主要义。
chief
首要的
The chief aim is safety. 较正式。
elementary
初等的;基础的
The course teaches elementary skills. 对应初等教育或基础义。
secondary
次要的;中等教育的
Money is a secondary concern. 与 primary 的主要义或教育义对照。
minor
次要的
It is only a minor problem. 与主要义相对。
pre-
前缀:在……前
Pre-reading questions help students. 共享 early/first 语义线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

primary 走 first/main/early 线,与 pre-/prior 有语义联系。

primary school
小学
My brother started primary school at six.
primary education
初等教育
Primary education builds basic skills.
primarily
主要地
The club is primarily for beginners.

非派生记忆线索

pre- vs post-
前 vs 后
Pre-war means before the war; post-war means after the war.
prior -> priority
在前到优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
primary / primitive
first/early 语义线
Primary stage and primitive tools both point to early ideas.

词族导图

pre 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
113

primitive

星标

['primətiv] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 210

very simple, old, or from an early stage of development

原始的,远古的;发展水平低的;早期艺术家或作品

联想

primitive 是星标词,主要掌握形容词:primitive tools/society 是原始的,primitive conditions 是简陋的。名词艺术家/作品义较专业,识别即可。

意思、用法与例句

adj.原始的;远古的

来自很早的发展阶段。

常见表达primitive toolsprimitive societyprimitive people

Early humans used primitive tools made of stone.

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早期人类使用石头制成的原始工具。

primitive tools。

The museum shows how primitive people made fire.

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博物馆展示原始人如何生火。

primitive people。

adj.发展水平低的;简陋的

设备、条件、方法简单落后。

常见表达primitive conditionsprimitive methodsprimitive equipment

The camp was beautiful, but the living conditions were primitive.

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营地很美,但生活条件很简陋。

primitive conditions。

The village used a primitive method to carry water.

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村子用一种简陋的方法运水。

primitive method。

n. [C]早期艺术家或原始派作品

艺术史专业义,考试中多识别。

常见表达a primitiveprimitive art

The gallery keeps several primitives from early European art.

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画廊收藏了几件欧洲早期艺术作品。

primitive 可作艺术名词,识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ancient
古代的
Ancient walls still stand in the city. 只对应年代久远,不一定简陋。
simple
简单的;简陋的
They used a simple tool. 对应简陋义。
modern
现代的
Modern machines save time. 与原始/古老相对。
advanced
先进的
The hospital uses advanced equipment. 与发展水平低相对。
primary
主要的;最初的;小学的
The project is in its primary stage. 共享 early/first 语义线,不是普通派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

primitive 走 earliest/original/basic 线,与 pre-/primary 有早期语义联系。

primitive tools
原始工具
Early humans used primitive tools.
primitive conditions
简陋条件
The living conditions were primitive.
primitive art
早期/原始艺术
The gallery shows primitive art.

非派生记忆线索

pre- vs post-
前 vs 后
Pre-war means before the war; post-war means after the war.
prior -> priority
在前到优先事项
Safety is our top priority.
primary / primitive
first/early 语义线
Primary stage and primitive tools both point to early ideas.

词族导图

pre 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
114

public

星标

['pʌblik] · adj. / n. [the ~] · Page 210

open to everyone or connected with ordinary people

公共的,公开的;公众

联想

public 是星标词,先分形容词和名词:public transport 是公共交通,public information 是公开信息;the public 指公众。记忆线索给 in public,要记作当众、公开地。

意思、用法与例句

adj.公共的;公众的

供大家使用或与公众有关。

常见表达public transportpublic placepublic librarypublic safety

It is not polite to speak loudly on public transport.

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在公共交通工具上大声说话是不礼貌的。

public transport 是公共交通。

The new public library is open until nine on Fridays.

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新的公共图书馆周五开放到九点。

public library 是公共图书馆。

adj.公开的;当众的

不是私下的,大家可以知道或看到。

常见表达public informationpublic meetingmake something publicin public

The school made the exam timetable public on Monday.

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学校周一公布了考试时间表。

make...public 是公布。

She is nervous when she has to speak in public.

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她不得不当众讲话时会紧张。

in public 是记忆线索搭配。

n. [the ~]公众;大众

普通民众或社会大众。

常见表达the publicbe open to the publicserve the public

The garden is open to the public every weekend.

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这个花园每个周末向公众开放。

the public 指公众。

Doctors worked hard to protect the public during the heat wave.

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热浪期间医生努力保护公众。

protect the public。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

private
私人的;私下的
This is a private letter. 与 public 的公共/公开义相对。
open
公开的;开放的
The meeting is open to parents. open 可对应开放或公开,public 更强调面向公众。
republic
共和国
France is a republic with an elected president. 记忆线索按公共事务/公共财产记忆,不是 public 的普通同义词。
pub
酒馆;酒吧
They stopped at a village pub for lunch. pub 缩略自 public house。

词族线索 / 同组词

publish
出版;发表;公布
The team will publish the results online. publish 来自 make public 的构词线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

public = people / open to the people;publish = make public;pub = public house 的缩写。

publish
出版;发表;公布
The team will publish the results online.
publication
出版物;发表
The article is ready for publication.
public house / pub
酒馆;酒吧
Pub is short for public house.

非派生记忆线索

public -> publish
公开到公布/出版
The team will publish the results.
public house -> pub
缩写线
Pub is short for public house.
public -> republic
公共事务记忆线
France is a republic.

词族导图

public 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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115

publish

星标

['pʌbliʃ] · vt. · Page 210

to print, release, or make information available to people

出版,发行;发表,公布

联想

publish 是星标动词,记忆线索记忆 publ(ic)+-ish = make public。它既可指出版书报,也可指发表文章、公布结果或信息。

意思、用法与例句

vt.出版;发行

把书、报纸、杂志等印刷或正式发行。

常见表达publish a bookpublish a novelpublish a magazine

The writer hopes to publish her first novel next year.

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这位作家希望明年出版她的第一部小说。

publish a novel。

Our class published a small magazine about local history.

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我们班出版了一本关于地方历史的小杂志。

publish a magazine。

vt.发表;公布

把文章、报告、结果或信息公开给别人看。

常见表达publish an articlepublish the resultspublish onlinepublish a report

The newspaper will publish the interview tomorrow morning.

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报纸明天上午会刊登这篇采访。

publish an interview。

The science team published the results on its website.

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科研团队在网站上公布了结果。

publish the results。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

print
印刷;刊印
The newspaper printed the story. print 强调印出来,publish 强调正式发表或发行。
release
发布;发行
The company released a report. release 可用于报告、电影、消息;publish 常用于书面内容。
announce
宣布
They announced the date of the match. announce 可口头宣布,publish 更偏书面公开。
keep private
保密;不公开
They kept the details private. 与 make public / publish 对照。

词族线索 / 同组词

public
公共的;公开的;公众
The garden is open to the public. publish = make public。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

publ(ic)+-ish = make public。

public
公共的;公开的;公众
The garden is open to the public.
publisher
出版商
The publisher accepted the book.
publication
出版;出版物
The report is ready for publication.

非派生记忆线索

public -> publish
公开到公布/出版
The team will publish the results.
public house -> pub
缩写线
Pub is short for public house.
public -> republic
公共事务记忆线
France is a republic.

词族导图

public 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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116

republic

[ri'pʌblik] · n. [C] · Page 210

a country whose head is not a king or queen and whose leaders are usually elected

共和国

联想

republic 是国家制度词,记忆线索从 public 的公共事务线记:国家由公众或代表治理,不由国王/女王世袭统治。高考中会遇到 the People's Republic of China 这样的固定称谓。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]共和国

国家元首不是国王或女王,领导人通常由选举或代表制度产生。

常见表达a republicbecome a republica republic with an elected presidentthe People's Republic of China

France is a republic with an elected president.

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法国是一个有民选总统的共和国。

a republic with an elected president。

The country became a republic after years of political change.

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多年政治变化后,这个国家成为共和国。

become a republic。

Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China.

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北京是中华人民共和国的首都。

固定国名识别。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

monarchy
君主制国家
A monarchy has a king or queen. 与 republic 的国家制度对照。
kingdom
王国
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. kingdom 强调君主/王国,republic 强调共和国。
state
国家;州
The state passed a new law. state 更宽泛,不等于 republic。
public
公共的;公众
The garden is open to the public. 记忆线索公共事务记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

res publica 原意接近公共事务;本项目只用作记忆线,不展开拉丁细节。

public
公共的;公众
The garden is open to the public.
republican
共和国的;共和主义者
The country has a republican system.
the People's Republic
人民共和国
The People's Republic is part of an official country name.

非派生记忆线索

public -> publish
公开到公布/出版
The team will publish the results.
public house -> pub
缩写线
Pub is short for public house.
public -> republic
公共事务记忆线
France is a republic.

词族导图

public 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
117

pub

[pʌb] · n. [C] · Page 210

a place, especially in Britain, where people buy drinks and often food

酒馆,酒吧

联想

pub 是 public house 的缩写,记忆线索把它放在 public 组。对高中学习者来说,掌握英式语境里的酒馆、酒吧即可,不要把它和普通 restaurant 混同。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]酒馆;酒吧

尤指英国常见的提供饮品、有时也提供食物的地方。

常见表达a village pubgo to the pubpub foodpublic house

Tourists stopped at a village pub after the long walk.

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长途步行后,游客们在一家乡村酒馆停留。

a village pub。

The old pub near the river serves simple meals at lunchtime.

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河边那家老酒馆午餐时供应简单饭食。

pub food / serves meals。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bar
酒吧
They met at a small bar near the station. bar 更泛;pub 常带英式公共酒馆语境。
restaurant
餐馆
The restaurant serves family dinners. restaurant 重点是吃饭,pub 重点是饮品和社交空间。
public house
酒馆;酒吧
Pub is short for public house. pub 的来源。
public
公共的;公众
Public transport is open to everyone. pub 来自 public house,不等于 public 的形容词义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pub = public house 的缩写。

public house
酒馆;酒吧
Pub is short for public house.
pub food
酒馆食物
The pub food was simple but warm.
pub owner
酒馆老板
The pub owner welcomed the walkers.

非派生记忆线索

public -> publish
公开到公布/出版
The team will publish the results.
public house -> pub
缩写线
Pub is short for public house.
public -> republic
公共事务记忆线
France is a republic.

词族导图

public 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
118

strict

星标

[strikt] · adj. · Page 210

requiring rules or standards to be followed carefully

严格的,严厉的;严谨的

联想

strict 是星标词,记忆线索给 be strict about sth. 和 be strict with sb.:with 接人,about 接事。它还可表示标准、方法严谨。

意思、用法与例句

adj.严格的;严厉的

对人、规则或要求不放松。

常见表达be strict with sb.be strict about sth.strict rulesstrict discipline

Our coach is strict about arriving on time for practice.

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我们的教练对按时训练要求严格。

strict about 接事情。

The teacher is strict with students but always fair.

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这位老师对学生严格,但一直很公正。

strict with 接人。

adj.严谨的;精确的

按高标准或准确规则执行。

常见表达strict controlstrict methodstrict standardstrict safety checks

The lab follows strict safety checks before every experiment.

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实验室每次实验前都遵循严格的安全检查。

strict checks 强调严谨。

A strict method helped the team avoid mistakes.

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严谨的方法帮助团队避免错误。

strict method。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

firm
坚定而严格的
A firm rule helped everyone stay safe. firm 比 strict 语气稍宽。
severe
严厉的
The punishment was severe. severe 语气更重,常写惩罚、天气、问题。
lenient
宽容的;不严格的
A lenient teacher gives students more chances. 与 strict with/about 对照。
relaxed
宽松的
The club has relaxed rules. 与 strict rules 对照。
district
地区;区域
His home is in a pleasant suburban district. 记忆线索 di- + strict 记忆线,不是现代 strict 的同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

restrict
限制;限定
The sign restricts visitors to the main road. strict/restrict 共享限制线,restrict 是动词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

strict 原义有 bind/tighten 的限制线;restrict / restriction 是限制真词族,district 保留记忆线。

restrict
限制;限定
The sign restricts visitors to the main road.
restriction
限制;限制规定
There is an age restriction on this film.
strictly
严格地;严谨地
Mobile phones are strictly forbidden here.

非派生记忆线索

strict -> restrict
严格/限制线
Strict rules can restrict behavior.
restrict -> restriction
动词到名词
There is an age restriction.
district
记忆线索划定区域记忆线
His home is in a suburban district.

词族导图

strict 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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119

district

星标

['distrikt] · n. [C] · Page 210

an area of a city, town, or country with a particular use or administration

(行政或管辖)区,地区,区域

联想

district 是星标名词,常见例句是 suburban district。它强调一个城市、城镇或国家里的区域,可按行政、学校、商业或居住功能划分。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地区;区域;行政区

城市、城镇或国家中有特定功能或管辖范围的一片区域。

常见表达suburban districtbusiness districtschool districtshopping district

His home is in a pleasant suburban district.

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他家在宜人的郊区。

保留常见例句语境。

The new hospital will serve the whole district.

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新医院将服务整个地区。

whole district。

Many offices are in the city's business district.

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许多办公室位于这座城市的商业区。

business district。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

area
地区;区域
This area is quiet at night. area 更泛,district 常有功能或行政边界。
region
地区;区域
The region is famous for tea. region 往往范围更大。
zone
地带;区域
This is a no-parking zone. zone 常按用途或规则划定。
strict
严格的;严谨的
The teacher is strict with students. 记忆线,不是同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

district 按记忆线索 di- + strict 记忆为划定的区域;现代用法按 area/district 掌握。

suburban district
郊区
His home is in a pleasant suburban district.
business district
商业区
Many offices are in the business district.
school district
学区
The family moved to a better school district.

非派生记忆线索

strict -> restrict
严格/限制线
Strict rules can restrict behavior.
restrict -> restriction
动词到名词
There is an age restriction.
district
记忆线索划定区域记忆线
His home is in a suburban district.

词族导图

strict 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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120

restrict

[ri'strikt] · vt. · Page 210

to limit what someone can do or what can happen

限制,限定;束缚,妨碍

联想

restrict 是限制动作,记忆线索图有 restricted area 标志。重点搭配是 restrict access、restrict freedom、restrict sb./sth. to...。

意思、用法与例句

vt.限制;限定

通过规则、条件或边界限制某人能做什么或某事能发生到什么程度。

常见表达restrict accessrestrict freedomrestrict visitors to an arearestrict the number of

The sign restricts visitors to the main road.

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标志规定游客只能走主路。

restrict sb. to an area。

The library restricts access to rare books to protect them.

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图书馆限制珍贵书籍的借阅以保护它们。

restrict access to。

vt.束缚;妨碍

使发展、活动或选择受到限制。

常见表达restrict growthrestrict creativityrestrict movement

Too many rules may restrict children's creativity.

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太多规则可能会束缚孩子的创造力。

restrict creativity。

Heavy traffic restricted the movement of emergency vehicles.

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拥堵交通妨碍了急救车辆通行。

restrict movement。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

limit
限制
The rule limits the number of visitors. limit 更通用,restrict 常强调规则或权力造成的限制。
control
控制;管制
The city controls traffic near the school. control 可管控,restrict 偏限制范围或行为。
allow
允许
The ticket allows visitors to enter the museum. 与 restrict access 对照。
free
使自由;释放
The new rule freed students to choose more courses. 与束缚/限制对照。
strict
严格的;严谨的
Strict rules can restrict behavior. 共享限制线。

词族线索 / 同组词

restriction
限制;限制规定
There is an age restriction on this film. restrict 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

re- + strict,按记忆线索理解为拉回、限制。

restriction
限制;限制规定
There is an age restriction on this film.
restricted
受限制的;禁止进入的
This is a restricted area.
restrictive
限制性的
The school changed a restrictive rule.

非派生记忆线索

strict -> restrict
严格/限制线
Strict rules can restrict behavior.
restrict -> restriction
动词到名词
There is an age restriction.
district
记忆线索划定区域记忆线
His home is in a suburban district.

词族导图

strict 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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121

restriction

[ri'strikʃn] · n. [U] / [C] · Page 210

a limit or rule that controls what is allowed

限制,约束;限制规定,限制法规

联想

restriction 是 restrict 的名词。不可数时表示限制状态;可数时是一条具体限制规定,常用 restriction on sth. 或 age/travel/speed restrictions。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]限制;约束

表示被限制的状态或限制本身。

常见表达without restrictionunder restrictionfreedom from restriction

Children need space to play without unnecessary restriction.

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孩子需要没有不必要限制的空间玩耍。

不可数 restriction。

The plan cannot work well under such heavy restriction.

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在如此严格的限制下,这个计划无法很好运转。

under restriction。

n. [C]限制规定;限制法规

一条具体规则,说明什么被限制。

常见表达restriction on sth.age restrictiontravel restrictionsspeed restriction

There is an age restriction on this film.

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这部电影有年龄限制。

restriction on。

Travel restrictions were reduced after the storm passed.

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风暴过后,旅行限制减少了。

travel restrictions。

Drivers must follow the speed restrictions near the school.

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司机必须遵守学校附近的限速规定。

speed restrictions。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

limit
限制
There is a limit on the number of visitors. limit 更宽泛;restriction 常指规则性限制。
rule
规定
The school has a rule about phones. rule 是规定,restriction 是限制性规定。
freedom
自由
Freedom of choice is important. 与限制状态对照。
permission
许可
You need permission to enter. permission 是允许,restriction 是限制。

词族线索 / 同组词

restrict
限制;限定
The library restricts access to rare books. restriction 是 restrict 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

restrict -> restriction,动词到名词。

restrict
限制;限定
The library restricts access to rare books.
restricted
受限制的
This is a restricted area.
restrictive
限制性的
The rule is too restrictive.

非派生记忆线索

strict -> restrict
严格/限制线
Strict rules can restrict behavior.
restrict -> restriction
动词到名词
There is an age restriction.
district
记忆线索划定区域记忆线
His home is in a suburban district.

词族导图

strict 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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122

close①

星标

[kləuz] · v. / n. [sing.] · Page 211

to shut, stop operating, or bring something to an end

关,关闭;倒闭,停业;结束,终止

联想

close① 读 [kləuz],是动作“关/结束”;记忆线索给 close down 和 come/draw to a close。它和 close② [kləus] 的“近”发音不同。

意思、用法与例句

v.关;关闭

把门、窗、眼睛、书等关上或合上。

常见表达close the doorclose the windowclose your eyesclose a book

Please close the door quietly when you leave the room.

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离开房间时请轻轻关门。

close the door。

She closed her eyes and listened to the rain.

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她闭上眼睛听雨声。

close one's eyes。

v.倒闭;停业

商店、工厂或机构停止营业。

常见表达close downclose a shopbe closed for repairs

The small shop closed down after the owner moved away.

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店主搬走后,这家小店停业了。

close down 是记忆线索搭配。

The museum is closed for repairs this month.

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博物馆本月因维修关闭。

be closed for repairs。

v. / n. [sing.]结束;终止

使会议、活动、文章等结束;a close 是结束。

常见表达close a meetingcome to a closedraw to a closebring sth. to a close

The chairperson closed the meeting at five o'clock.

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主席五点结束了会议。

close a meeting。

The concert came to a close with a song everyone knew.

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音乐会以一首人人熟悉的歌结束。

come to a close。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

shut
关上
Please shut the gate. shut 更直接;close 更通用正式。
open
打开;开放
Open the window for some fresh air. 与关/关闭相对。
conclude
结束;推断;达成
The speaker concluded his talk with a story. 共享 clud/clus 结束线,但 conclude 还有推断/达成义。
include
包括;包含
The price includes breakfast. in- + clude 是关在里面的词根记忆线。
close②
近的;亲密的;势均力敌的
The supermarket is close to our school. close① 读 klouz,close② 读 klous。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

close① = shut/end;clud/clus 词根线帮助记 include/exclude/conclude。

closed
关闭的;不营业的
The office is closed on Sundays.
closure
关闭;结束
The closure of the road caused delays.
conclude
结束;推断
The speaker concluded his talk with a story.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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123

include

星标

[in'klu:d] · vt. · Page 211

to have someone or something as part of a whole

包括,包含

联想

include 是星标词,可用 in- + clude:关在里面。它常接清单、价格、活动内容;被动 be included 也常见。

意思、用法与例句

vt.包括;包含

整体中包含某人或某物。

常见表达include examplesinclude breakfastinclude in the pricebe included

The price includes breakfast and a ticket to the museum.

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价格包括早餐和一张博物馆门票。

include breakfast。

Your essay should include at least two examples from the text.

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你的作文应包含至少两个来自文本的例子。

include examples。

Service is included in the price.

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服务费包含在价格中。

be included in。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

contain
包含;含有
This drink contains too much sugar. contain 强调里面有;include 强调整体列表中包括。
involve
涉及;包含
The project involves three classes. involve 偏涉及活动或人员。
exclude
排除;不包括
The price excludes drinks. include 的直接反向。
close①
关;结束
Please close the door. 按 clude = close 记忆,不是现代同义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

in- + clude = close inside,把某物关在整体里面。

including
包括
The group has ten students, including two beginners.
included
包括在内的
Lunch is included in the ticket price.
inclusive
包容的;包含的
The club tries to be inclusive.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

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124

exclude

[ik'sklu:d] · vt. · Page 211

to leave someone or something out

把……排斥在外;不包括

联想

exclude 来自 ex- + clude:关在外面。它可表示不包括,也可表示把人排除在活动外;记忆线索图是 closed door。

意思、用法与例句

vt.不包括;排除

把某项从名单、范围或可能性中排除。

常见表达exclude drinksexclude a possibilityexclude sth. from a list

The ticket price excludes drinks.

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票价不包括饮料。

exclude drinks。

The police cannot exclude the possibility of an accident.

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警方不能排除事故的可能性。

exclude a possibility。

vt.把……排斥在外

不让某人加入活动、群体或机会。

常见表达exclude sb. from sth.be excluded fromexclude quiet students

Do not exclude quiet students from group discussions.

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不要把安静的学生排除在小组讨论之外。

exclude sb. from。

No one should be excluded from the school trip because of money.

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不应有人因为钱而被排除在校外旅行之外。

be excluded from。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leave out
遗漏;排除
Do not leave out important facts. leave out 可指无意遗漏,exclude 常更有意或制度化。
omit
省略;遗漏
The report omitted one detail. omit 偏省略信息。
include
包括;包含
The price includes breakfast. 直接反义。
admit
准许进入;接纳
The club admitted ten new members. 与排斥在外语境对照。
close①
关;结束
Please close the door. ex- + clude 是关在外面的词根记忆线。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

ex- + clude = close outside,把某人/某物关在外面。

excluded
被排除的
Some students felt excluded.
exclusive
专属的;排外的
The hotel has an exclusive beach.
exclusion
排除;排斥
Exclusion from the team hurt him.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
125

conclude

星标

[kən'klu:d] · v. / vt. · Page 211

to end, to decide after thinking, or to reach an agreement

终止,结束;断定,推断出;达成,订立

联想

conclude 是星标词,既能表示结束,也能表示根据证据得出结论,还能表示达成协议。记忆线索给 conclude...from... 和 conclude with...。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.终止;结束

活动、讲话、文章等结束,或以某内容收尾。

常见表达conclude withconclude a speechconclude a meeting

The speaker concluded his talk with a short story.

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演讲者以一个短故事结束讲话。

conclude with 是记忆线索搭配。

The meeting concluded after two hours of discussion.

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会议讨论两小时后结束。

conclude 可不及物。

vt.断定;推断出

根据证据、事实或观察得出判断。

常见表达conclude fromconclude thatconclude from the evidence

From the footprints, we concluded that someone had entered the garden.

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从脚印来看,我们推断有人进过花园。

conclude that。

Scientists concluded from the data that the river was getting cleaner.

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科学家从数据推断这条河正在变得更干净。

conclude from。

vt.达成;订立

正式达成协议、交易或安排。

常见表达conclude an agreementconclude a dealconclude a treaty

The two sides concluded an agreement after long talks.

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双方经过长时间谈判后达成协议。

conclude an agreement。

The company hopes to conclude the deal this week.

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公司希望本周达成这笔交易。

conclude a deal。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finish
完成;结束
We finished the lesson early. finish 更口语通用;conclude 更正式。
infer
推断
We inferred the answer from the clues. infer 只对应推断义。
begin
开始
The show began at eight. 与结束义对照。
close①
关;结束
The concert came to a close. 共享 close/end 词根线。

词族线索 / 同组词

conclusion
结束;结论
We reached a conclusion after the test. conclude 的名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

con- + clude = close together / bring to an end,引出结束和推断完成。

conclusion
结束;结论
We reached a conclusion after the test.
inconclusive
无定论的
The test result was inconclusive.
conclusive
结论性的;确凿的
They found conclusive evidence.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
126

conclusion

星标

[kən'klu:ʒn] · n. [C, often sing.] · Page 211

an ending or a decision reached after thinking

结束;结论,推论

联想

conclusion 是 conclude 的名词,要注意 come to / draw / reach a conclusion 和 in conclusion。它既可表示结束,也可表示结论。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, often sing.]结束;结尾

活动、文章或故事的最后部分。

常见表达at the conclusion ofbring sth. to a conclusionthe conclusion of a story

At the conclusion of the speech, the students asked questions.

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演讲结束时,学生们提了问题。

at the conclusion of。

The conclusion of the story surprised every reader.

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故事的结尾让每位读者都惊讶。

conclusion of a story。

n. [C]结论;推论

根据证据或思考得出的判断。

常见表达come to a conclusiondraw a conclusionreach a conclusion

We drew the conclusion that plants need enough light to grow well.

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我们得出结论:植物需要足够的光才能生长良好。

draw a conclusion。

Do not reach a conclusion before you check all the facts.

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核查所有事实前不要下结论。

reach a conclusion。

phr.in conclusion:最后

用于文章或讲话最后总结。

常见表达in conclusion

In conclusion, small daily habits can lead to big changes.

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最后,小的日常习惯可以带来大的变化。

in conclusion。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ending
结尾;结束
The ending of the film was sad. 只对应结束/结尾义。
result
结果
The result of the test was clear. result 偏结果,conclusion 偏判断或收尾。
beginning
开始;开头
The beginning of the story is funny. 与结尾义相对。
question
问题;疑问
The question remained open. 与已得结论形成对照,不是严格反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

conclude
结束;推断;达成
The speaker concluded his talk with a story. 动词到名词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

conclude -> conclusion,动词到名词。

conclude
结束;推断;达成
The speaker concluded his talk with a story.
conclusive
结论性的;确凿的
The evidence was conclusive.
inconclusive
无定论的
The report was inconclusive.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
127

close②

[kləus] · adj. · Page 211

near in distance, relationship, attention, or competition

接近的,靠近的;亲密的;仔细的;势均力敌的

联想

close② 读 [kləus],是形容词“近”。重点列出空间近、关系亲密、仔细小心和比赛势均力敌四义,不能和 close① [kləuz] 的动词义混。

意思、用法与例句

adj.接近的;靠近的

空间或时间上离得近。

常见表达close toclose byclose at hand

The supermarket is close to our school.

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超市离我们学校很近。

close to。

Help was close at hand when the child fell.

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孩子摔倒时,帮助就在身边。

close at hand。

adj.亲密的

人与人关系亲近。

常见表达a close frienda close relationshipbe close to sb.

She is still close to her primary school friends.

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她仍然和小学朋友很亲近。

be close to sb.。

A close friend will tell you the truth kindly.

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亲密的朋友会善意地告诉你真相。

a close friend。

adj.仔细的;小心的

认真注意细节。

常见表达a close lookclose attentionclose reading

Take a close look at the map before you choose the road.

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选路前仔细看地图。

a close look。

The poem needs close reading.

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这首诗需要仔细阅读。

close reading。

adj.势均力敌的;接近的

比分、结果或竞争非常接近。

常见表达a close gamea close racea close match

The final match was close, and either team could have won.

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决赛势均力敌,任何一队都可能获胜。

a close match。

It was a close race until the last minute.

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比赛直到最后一分钟都很胶着。

a close race。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

near
近的
The station is near our school. near 对应空间近;close 还可写关系、注意、比赛。
careful
仔细的
A careful check found the mistake. 只对应 close look/reading。
far
远的
The village is far from the city. 与空间近相对。
distant
遥远的;疏远的
They became distant after graduation. 可对空间或关系。
close①
关;结束
Please close the door. close② 读 klous,close① 读 klouz。

词族线索 / 同组词

closely
接近地;紧密地;仔细地
Look closely at the picture. 形容词到副词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

close② = near;与 close① 的 shut/end 义按发音和词性分开。

closely
接近地;紧密地;仔细地
Look closely at the picture.
closeness
亲密;接近
Their closeness helped the team.
close-up
特写
The film begins with a close-up of a face.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
128

close③

[kləus] · adv. · Page 211

near in position or distance

近,靠近

联想

close③ 也是 [kləus],作副词,表示靠近。记忆线索给 close on/to 和 get close (to),注意它和 closely 的仔细地/紧密地不完全一样。

意思、用法与例句

adv.近;靠近

修饰动作,表示位置或距离近。

常见表达stand closeget close tostay closeclose to

The children stood close together to keep warm.

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孩子们站得很近以保暖。

stand close together。

Do not get too close to the edge of the river.

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不要太靠近河边。

get close to。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

near
靠近
Come near and look at the screen. near 更通用;close 强调距离很近。
far away
远离
The village lies far away from the city. 与靠近相对。
closely
仔细地;紧密地
Look closely at the picture. closely 常表示仔细地或紧密地,不能替换所有 close 副词用法。

词族线索 / 同组词

close②
近的;亲密的;势均力敌的
The supermarket is close to our school. 形容词和副词同源同音。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

close③ 是 close② 的副词用法,重点区分 close / closely。

close②
近的;亲密的
The supermarket is close to our school.
closely
仔细地;紧密地
Look closely at the picture.
get close to
接近
Do not get too close to the edge.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
129

closely

['kləusli] · adv. · Page 211

carefully, with a strong connection, or very near

接近地;紧密地;仔细地

联想

closely 是 close② 的副词扩展,但高考常考 look closely、work closely with、be closely connected。它不只是“靠近地”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.仔细地

认真看、听、观察或检查。

常见表达look closelywatch closelylisten closelycheck closely

Look closely at the picture and you will see a small bird.

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仔细看这幅图,你会看到一只小鸟。

look closely。

The nurse watched the patient closely through the night.

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护士整夜仔细观察病人。

watch closely。

adv.紧密地;密切地

关系、合作、联系很紧。

常见表达work closely withclosely connectedclosely related

The science club works closely with the local museum.

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科学社团和当地博物馆密切合作。

work closely with。

Health is closely connected with daily habits.

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健康与日常习惯密切相关。

closely connected with。

adv.接近地

位置、程度或相似性接近。

常见表达closely followclosely matchclosely resemble

The second runner followed closely behind the leader.

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第二名选手紧紧跟在领先者后面。

follow closely。

The two reports closely match each other.

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两份报告彼此高度吻合。

closely match。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

carefully
仔细地
Read the question carefully. 只对应 look/watch/check closely。
tightly
紧紧地
Hold the rope tightly. 只对应紧密义,不能替换所有 closely。
carelessly
粗心地
He answered carelessly and made mistakes. 与仔细地相对。
loosely
松散地
The papers were loosely tied. 与紧密地相对。
close③
靠近
The children stood close together. close 副词偏距离近,closely 常偏仔细/紧密。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

close② -> closely,副词扩展;注意 close 和 closely 的搭配差异。

close②
近的;亲密的;仔细的
The poem needs close reading.
close③
近;靠近
Stand close together.
closely related
密切相关
The two topics are closely related.

非派生记忆线索

clud/clus = close
关入/关出/结束线
Include, exclude, and conclude use the clud/clus root.
conclude -> conclusion
动词到名词
We reached a conclusion.
close① vs close②
读音和义项不同
Close the door; the school is close to home.
close③ vs closely
副词搭配不同
Stand close; look closely.

词族导图

close 已有导图,可在独立图片中复习同组词。

打开词族导图
130

aid

星标

[eid] · n. [U] / n. [C] / vt. · Page 212

help, support, or a device that helps someone do something

援助,帮助;辅助设备;援助,帮助

联想

aid 是星标词,先分不可数帮助、可数辅助设备和动词帮助。financial aid 是经济援助,first aid 是急救,hearing aid 是助听器;作动词时比 help 更正式。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]援助;帮助

不可数名词,表示给处于困难中的人、地区或项目的帮助、资金或物资。

常见表达first aidfinancial aidforeign aidsend aid towith the aid of

The Red Cross sent aid to families after the flood.

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洪水后,红十字会向受灾家庭送去援助。

send aid to。

Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends.

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教授不是训练有素的护士、经济援助专家,也不是你最好的朋友。

保留常见例句语境,financial aid 是经济援助。

The boy learned basic first aid at school.

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这个男孩在学校学习了基本急救。

first aid 是急救。

n. [C]辅助设备;辅助物

可数名词,表示帮助人完成某事或改善功能的设备、工具或材料。

常见表达a hearing aida walking aidteaching aidsvisual aids

A hearing aid helped the old man follow the conversation.

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助听器帮助老人听懂谈话。

hearing aid 是辅助设备。

Pictures and maps are useful teaching aids in a history class.

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图片和地图是历史课上有用的教学辅助工具。

teaching aids。

vt.援助;帮助

及物动词,表示帮助某人做成某事,语气比 help 更正式。

常见表达aid sb. in doing sth.aid sb. with sth.aid developmentaid recovery

The new road will aid the development of nearby villages.

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这条新路将帮助附近村庄发展。

aid development。

Volunteers aided doctors in caring for the injured.

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志愿者协助医生照顾伤者。

aid sb. in doing sth.。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

help
帮助
Can you help me carry this box? help 最常用;aid 更正式,常见于援助、资金、设备或正式文本。
assistance
帮助;协助
Please ask a teacher for assistance. assistance 是名词,语气正式。
support
支持;支援
The program supports students from poor families. support 可长期支持,aid 常强调具体援助。
hinder
阻碍
Heavy rain hindered the rescue work. 与 aid recovery/development 的帮助义相对。
harm
伤害;损害
The smoke can harm children's health. harm 是造成伤害,aid 是提供帮助。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

aid 不需要强行扩展派生词族;本词重点放在名词/动词用法和固定搭配,不把常见短语误标成派生词。

非派生记忆线索

first aid
急救
The boy learned first aid at school.
financial aid
经济援助
Many students need financial aid.
hearing aid
助听器
A hearing aid helped him hear better.

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131

amount

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[ə'maunt] · n. [C, U] / vi. · Page 212

a quantity or sum, or to add up to or mean something

数量,数额;金额;合计,总共达;等于,意味着

联想

amount 是星标词,名词表示数量、数额或金额;动词只在 amount to 里常见,分“合计达到”和“等于/意味着”。注意 amount of 多接不可数名词,number of 多接可数复数。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]数量;数额

表示某物的多少,尤其常和不可数名词或抽象名词搭配;大量可说 a large amount of。

常见表达a large amount oflarge amounts ofa small amount ofthe amount of time/work

These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation.

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这些动物吃掉了大量植被。

保留常见例句语境,large amounts of 后接 vegetation。

A large amount of plastic waste enters the river each year.

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每年都有大量塑料垃圾进入这条河。

a large amount of 后接不可数名词。

We spent a small amount of time checking the answers.

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我们花了一小段时间检查答案。

amount of time。

n. [C, U]金额

表示钱的数额,常与 total、large、small 或具体费用搭配。

常见表达the total amounta large amount of moneypay the full amountthe amount of the bill

Please check the total amount before you pay the bill.

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付款前请核对总金额。

total amount。

The school raised a large amount of money for the new library.

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学校为新图书馆筹集了一大笔钱。

amount of money。

vi.amount to:合计;总共达

表示数字、费用或数量加起来达到某个总数。

常见表达amount to 200 yuanamount to several thousandamount to a total of

The cost of the books amounts to two hundred yuan.

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这些书的费用总共达二百元。

amount to + 金额。

Their donations amounted to a total of ten thousand yuan.

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他们的捐款总计一万元。

amount to a total of。

vi.amount to:等于;意味着

表示某事从效果或意义上等同于另一事,常用于较正式判断。

常见表达amount to failureamount to saying thatamount to a refusal

His silence amounted to a refusal.

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他的沉默等于拒绝。

amount to a refusal。

Changing the rule now would amount to starting the work again.

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现在改规则就等于重新开始这项工作。

amount to doing。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

quantity
数量
The quantity of water was carefully measured. quantity 较正式,可数不可数都可;amount 常搭配不可数或总量。
sum
总数;金额
The sum was written at the bottom of the bill. sum 更偏加总结果或金额。
total
总数;总额
The total reached 500 yuan. total 可作名词或形容词,amount 可指数量/金额。
number
数目
A large number of students joined the club. number of 常接可数复数;amount of 常接不可数名词。
shortage
短缺
The town had a shortage of clean water. 与 large amount / enough amount 的充足语境相对。
mean
意味着
His words mean that he agrees. 只对应 amount to 的“意味着/等于”义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

amount 不需要强行扩展派生词族;重点掌握 amount of、total amount 和 amount to 的两类动词义。

非派生记忆线索

a large amount of
大量
A large amount of plastic waste enters the river.
number of
可数名词数量
A large number of students joined the club.
amount to
合计/等于
The bill amounts to 200 yuan.

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132

attempt

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[ə'tempt] · vt. / n. [C, U] · Page 212

to try to do something difficult, or an effort to do it

试图,尝试,努力

联想

attempt 是星标词,比 try 更正式,常用于有难度或结果不确定的尝试。动词重点是 attempt to do;名词重点是 make an attempt、an attempt to do / at doing。

意思、用法与例句

vt.试图;尝试;努力做

动词,表示努力去做一件不容易的事,常用 attempt to do。

常见表达attempt to do sth.attempt a difficult taskattempt the climbattempt a rescue

Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.

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每年大约有4万人试图攀登非洲最高的山--乞力马扎罗山。

保留常见例句,attempt to climb。

The students attempted to solve the problem without using a calculator.

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学生们尝试不用计算器解决这个问题。

attempt to do。

Firefighters attempted a rescue before the building became too dangerous.

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消防员在建筑变得过于危险前尝试救援。

attempt + 名词。

n. [C, U]尝试;努力

名词,表示一次尝试或为完成某事付出的努力,常用 make an attempt。

常见表达make an attemptan attempt to do sth.an attempt at doing sth.on the first attempt

Her first attempt at making bread was not perfect, but it tasted good.

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她第一次尝试做面包并不完美,但味道不错。

attempt at doing。

The team made another attempt to reach the top before sunset.

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队伍在日落前又尝试了一次登顶。

make an attempt to do。

He passed the driving test on his second attempt.

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他第二次尝试通过了驾照考试。

on one's second attempt。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

try
尝试
Try again before you ask for help. try 最常用;attempt 更正式,常暗示任务困难。
effort
努力
The project required a lot of effort. effort 是努力本身,attempt 是一次尝试或尝试动作。
endeavor
努力;尝试
The team made every endeavor to finish on time. endeavor 更正式,识别即可。
give up
放弃
Do not give up after one mistake. 与继续尝试相对。
avoid
避免
He avoided answering the question. avoid 是避开去做,attempt 是努力去做。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

attempt 不需要强行扩展派生词族;重点掌握动词和名词搭配。

非派生记忆线索

attempt to do
试图做某事
They attempted to solve the problem.
make an attempt
做一次尝试
The team made another attempt.
on the first attempt
第一次尝试时
She passed on the first attempt.

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133

focus

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['fəukəs] · v. / n. [U, C] · Page 212

to give attention to something, make an image clear, or the main point of attention

聚焦,集中;调节焦距;重点;焦点,焦距

联想

focus 是星标词,既有注意力的“集中”,也有相机/眼睛的“聚焦”。高考最常见结构是 focus on;名词重点用 the focus of / main focus,摄影语境用 in focus / out of focus。

意思、用法与例句

v.集中;专注于

把注意力、精力或讨论集中在某件事上,常用 focus on。

常见表达focus on sth.focus attention onfocus efforts onfocus on positive choices

You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.

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你会想要继续专注于积极的选择。

保留常见例句,focus on positive choices。

Before choosing an answer, focus on the key words in the question.

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选择答案前,先关注题目中的关键词。

focus on。

The team focused its efforts on helping the old people in the village.

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团队把精力集中在帮助村里的老人上。

focus efforts on。

v.调焦;使聚焦

调节相机、眼睛或镜头,使图像清楚。

常见表达focus the camerafocus the lensfocus one's eyes onfocus clearly

She focused the camera on the bird before taking the photo.

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拍照前,她把相机对准那只鸟调焦。

focus the camera on。

After a few seconds, his eyes focused on the words on the screen.

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几秒后,他的眼睛聚焦到屏幕上的文字。

eyes focus on。

n. [U, C, often sing.]重点;中心

讨论、课程、计划或注意力的中心。

常见表达the main focusthe focus ofbring sth. into focusshift the focus to

The focus of the lesson is how to use evidence in writing.

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这节课的重点是如何在写作中使用证据。

the focus of。

The discussion shifted the focus from grades to learning habits.

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讨论把重点从分数转向学习习惯。

shift the focus。

n. [U]焦点;焦距

摄影或视觉中图像清楚的状态或焦点。

常见表达in focusout of focusbring into focussharp focus

The photo is out of focus, so we cannot read the sign.

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照片没对准焦,所以我们看不清标志。

out of focus。

The teacher adjusted the projector until the words were in focus.

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老师调整投影仪,直到文字清晰。

in focus。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

concentrate
集中注意力
It is hard to concentrate in a noisy room. concentrate 更偏人的注意力,focus 可用于注意力、讨论重点或镜头。
center on
集中于;以……为中心
The story centers on a brave girl. center on 对应重点围绕某事。
attention
注意力
Your attention should be on the road. attention 是名词线索,不是 focus 的同义动词。
distract
使分心
Noise can distract students from reading. 与 focus on 注意力集中相对。
blur
使模糊;模糊
The rain blurred the photo. 与 in focus / clear image 相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

focus 不需要强行扩展派生词族;重点掌握 focus on、the focus of、in/out of focus 等高频搭配。

focused
专注的;聚焦的
Stay focused during the exam.
unfocused
不集中的;没对准焦的
The photo looked unfocused.
focus on
集中于
Focus on the key words.

非派生记忆线索

attention focus
注意力集中
Focus on positive choices.
camera focus
相机对焦
The camera is out of focus.

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134

gain

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[gein] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 212

to get something useful, increase in amount, or receive a benefit

获得;增加;从……中受益;利益,好处

联想

gain 是星标词,核心不是普通 get,而是“得到有价值的东西”或“数量变多”。记忆线索给出 gain ... from ...,所以要同时会 gain experience/confidence、gain weight/speed、gain from advice,以及名词 personal gain / long-term gains。

意思、用法与例句

vt.获得;取得

通过学习、经历、努力或比赛得到经验、信心、支持、分数等有价值的东西。

常见表达gain experiencegain confidencegain supportgain three pointsgain trust

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.

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信任是我们从过去经历中获得的一种习得行为。

保留常见例句,gain ... from ... 表示从经历中获得。

Students gain confidence when they speak English in real situations.

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学生在真实情境中说英语时会获得信心。

gain confidence。

The team gained three points after winning the match.

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球队赢得比赛后得了三分。

gain points。

vt. / vi.增加;增长

数量、重量、速度、力量或优势变多;可作及物动词,也可不接宾语。

常见表达gain weightgain speedgain strengthgain by ten percentgain ground

The runner gained speed as he came near the finish line.

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接近终点时,那个跑步者加快了速度。

gain speed。

She gained two kilos during the winter holiday.

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寒假期间她重了两公斤。

gain weight/amount。

v.从……中受益

从某次活动、经历或建议中得到好处,常用 gain from。

常见表达gain from sth.gain a lot fromgain little fromgain from experience

Young readers can gain a lot from discussing a book with others.

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年轻读者能从和别人讨论一本书中受益很多。

gain from。

We gained useful ideas from the teacher's advice.

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我们从老师的建议中获得了有用的想法。

gain ... from ...。

n. [C, U]利益;好处;增加

作名词时可表示得到的好处、收益,也可表示数量上的增加。

常见表达a gain forno gainpersonal gainweight gainshort-term gains

There is no gain without hard work.

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没有努力就没有收获。

gain 作名词,表示收获或好处。

Regular reading brings long-term gains in vocabulary.

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经常阅读会给词汇量带来长期增长。

gains 表示长期收益/增长。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

get
得到
You can get help from your classmates. get 最普通;gain 更强调通过过程得到经验、信任、优势或收益。
obtain
获得;取得
You must obtain permission before using the lab. obtain 更正式,常接 permission/information 等;gain 更常接 experience/confidence/support。
earn
挣得;赢得
She earned respect through honest work. earn 强调靠努力应得,如 money/respect;gain 可表示逐渐获得信心、经验或优势。
increase
增加
The number of visitors increased in summer. increase 更直接表示数量增加;gain 常接 weight/speed/strength 或优势。
benefit
受益;好处
Students benefit from regular reading. benefit from 接近 gain from;benefit 也可作名词,gain 作名词更偏收益或增长。
lose
失去;减少
The team lost three points after the mistake. 与 gain points/support/confidence 相对。
reduce
减少
The plan helped reduce waste. 只对应 gain 的“增加”义,不对应“获得经验”。
loss
损失;减少
The company reported a loss last year. 与名词 gain 在利益/收益语境相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

gain 没有需要强行扩展的词根词族;复习重点是动词义、名词义和 gain from / gain weight / personal gain 等搭配。

gainful
有收益的;有报酬的
The program helps young people find gainful work.
gains
收益;好处;增长
Small daily habits can bring big gains.
gain from
从……中获得;受益于
Students gain from clear feedback.

非派生记忆线索

gain experience
获得经验
Volunteers gain experience by helping others.
gain weight
体重增加
He gained weight after eating too many snacks.
personal gain
个人利益
He made the choice for personal gain.

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135

level

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['levl] · n. [C, U] / adj. · Page 212-213

an amount, standard, grade, height, floor, or a flat/equal-height state

数量,程度;水平,标准;等级,级别;水平高度;楼层;平的,等高的

联想

level 的核心是“一条横线上的位置或程度”。这条线可以是噪音/水位的程度、能力水平、考试等级、海拔高度、楼层,也可以作形容词表示平的或等高的。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]数量;程度

某种可测量事物的多少或强弱,如噪音、污染、水位、压力等。

常见表达noise levelwater levelpollution levelat a high levelvarious levels of

The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants.

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研究人员测试了不同程度的噪音对参与者的影响。

保留常见例句,levels of noise 表示噪音程度。

The water level rose quickly after the heavy rain.

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大雨后水位迅速上升。

water level。

n. [C, U]水平;标准

能力、质量、教育或表现达到的水平。

常见表达English levelreading levelat a high levelreach a certain levelabove/below the level

This book is suitable for students at an intermediate level.

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这本书适合中等水平的学生。

at an intermediate level。

Her writing has reached a higher level this term.

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这学期她的写作达到了更高水平。

reach a higher level。

n. [C, U]等级;级别

考试、课程、游戏、职位或风险的等级。

常见表达beginner leveladvanced levelLevel 1risk leveldifferent levels of difficulty

The course has three levels: beginner, middle, and advanced.

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这门课程有三个级别:初级、中级和高级。

course levels。

The game becomes harder at each new level.

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游戏每升一级都会变难。

game level。

n. [C, U]水平高度;位置高度

某物所在的高度,尤其是与眼睛、海面或地面相比的位置。

常见表达at eye levelsea levelground levelabove sea levelbelow the level of

Place the screen at eye level to protect your neck.

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把屏幕放在与眼睛齐平的位置来保护颈部。

at eye level。

The town lies 800 meters above sea level.

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这个镇位于海拔 800 米处。

above sea level。

n. [C]楼层

建筑物中的一层,常用于商场、车站、停车场等场景。

常见表达on the lower levelthe top levelparking levelLevel 2go up one level

The children's books are on the lower level of the library.

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儿童书在图书馆的较低楼层。

level 表示楼层。

We parked the car on Level 2.

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我们把车停在二层。

Level 2。

adj.平的;等高的

表面平坦,或两个位置处在同一高度。

常见表达level grounda level roadkeep sth. levelbe level withmake sure it is level

We put the table on level ground before starting the experiment.

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开始实验前,我们把桌子放在平地上。

level ground。

Keep the camera level when you take the photo.

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拍照时保持相机水平。

keep sth. level。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

degree
程度
The degree of difficulty changes from task to task. degree 更抽象地说程度;level 常和 noise/water/pollution/skill 等具体指标连用。
standard
标准;水平
The school sets a high standard for writing. standard 偏标准要求;level 偏实际达到的水平。
grade
等级;年级;成绩
The test is divided by grade. grade 更常指年级、成绩或分级;level 更泛指级别。
height
高度
The height of the wall is two meters. height 强调高度数值;level 强调相对水平位置,如 eye level/sea level。
floor
楼层
The office is on the third floor. floor 是最普通的楼层;level 常见于商场、停车场或分层空间。
flat
平的
The road is flat and safe for bikes. flat 强调不弯曲不倾斜;level 强调保持水平或等高。
uneven
不平的
Be careful on the uneven road. 与 level ground / level road 相对。
higher/lower
更高/更低
The shelves should be lower for children. 与 level 的高低位置或等级变化相关,不是所有义项的反义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

level 不需要强行讲词根;高频价值在多义搭配。注意 level-headed 是形容词“冷静的”,与高度义不同。

level-headed
冷静明智的
A level-headed leader stays calm in a crisis.
leveled / levelled
被弄平的;保持水平的
The ground was leveled before the tents were put up.
sea level
海平面;海拔基准
The village is high above sea level.

非派生记忆线索

noise level
噪音程度
Noise levels were measured in the study.
at eye level
与眼睛齐平
Put the picture at eye level.
level ground
平地
Choose level ground for the tent.

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136

pace

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[peis] · n. [C, U] / v. / vt. · Page 213

speed or rhythm of movement/work, a step, or to walk or control speed

速度,步速;步伐,节奏;一步的距离;来回踱步;确定速度,调整节奏

联想

pace 的核心是“步子带出的速度和节奏”。名词可说运动速度、学习/生活节奏,也可数一步距离;动词 pace up and down 是来回踱步;pace yourself / pace the lesson 是控制节奏。

意思、用法与例句

n. [sing., U]速度;步速

人、车、工作或变化进行的速度,常和 fast/slow/steady 搭配。

常见表达at a pace ofat a fast paceat a steady pacepick up the paceslow the pace

Race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour burn many calories.

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竞走运动员以每小时六英里的速度运动,会消耗许多卡路里。

改写并保留常见例句的 at a pace of ... 结构。

The runners moved at a steady pace for the first five kilometers.

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前五公里,跑步者以稳定速度前进。

at a steady pace。

The class picked up the pace after everyone understood the rules.

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大家理解规则后,课堂进度加快了。

pick up the pace。

n. [sing., U]步伐;节奏

走路、工作、生活或学习的节奏,不一定只指快慢。

常见表达keep pace withthe pace of lifework at one's own paceset the pacechange the pace

Students can learn at their own pace on the online course.

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学生可以在网课中按自己的节奏学习。

at one's own pace。

Small shops find it hard to keep pace with changes in online shopping.

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小商店发现很难跟上网购变化的节奏。

keep pace with。

n. [C]一步的距离

走一步的距离,常用于数距离或描述移动。

常见表达take a pace forwarda few paces awaytwo paces behindstep back a pace

The guard stood a few paces away from the door.

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警卫站在离门几步远的地方。

a few paces away。

She took one pace forward before answering the question.

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回答问题前,她向前迈了一步。

take one pace forward。

v.来回踱步

因紧张、等待或思考而来回走动,常用 pace up and down / pace around。

常见表达pace up and downpace aroundpace the roompace nervously

He paced up and down outside the classroom before the speech.

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演讲前,他在教室外来回踱步。

pace up and down。

She paced the room while waiting for the phone call.

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等电话时,她在房间里来回走。

pace the room。

vt.确定速度;调整节奏

控制自己或活动的速度,避免太快或太慢。

常见表达pace yourselfpace the lessonpace the racepace one's workwell-paced

You need to pace yourself during the long exam.

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长时间考试中,你需要控制自己的节奏。

pace yourself。

A good teacher paces the lesson so that students can follow.

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好老师会把握课堂节奏,让学生跟得上。

pace the lesson。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

speed
速度
The car reduced its speed near the school. speed 更直接表示速度;pace 常带步速、节奏或进度感。
rate
速率;比率
The birth rate has changed in recent years. rate 更偏数字比率或变化速度;pace 更常写人、工作和移动。
rhythm
节奏
The song has a simple rhythm. rhythm 偏音乐或规律节奏;pace 偏行动、工作或生活的节奏。
step
一步;步骤
Take one step back. step 是动作或一步;pace 可指一步的距离。
stride
大步;步幅
He walked with long strides. stride 是大步或步幅,比 pace 更强调步子的长度和姿态。
standstill
停止;停滞
Traffic came to a standstill after the accident. 只与 pace 的移动/进展语境相对,不对应 pace yourself。
rush
匆忙做
Do not rush through the reading task. rush 是节奏过快;pace yourself 强调控制速度。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

pace 重点是搭配和多义,不需要强行词根化;well-paced 可形容文章、课程或活动节奏安排得好。

well-paced
节奏安排得好的
The story is well-paced and easy to follow.
fast-paced
节奏快的
Many students enjoy fast-paced games.
pace yourself
控制自己的节奏
Pace yourself during a long run.

非派生记忆线索

keep pace with
跟上……的节奏
Keep pace with new technology.
at one's own pace
按自己的节奏
Learn at your own pace.
pace up and down
来回踱步
He paced up and down nervously.

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137

plastic

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['plæstik] · n. [C, U] / adj. · Page 213

a synthetic material, a credit card, or something plastic-made or fake

塑料;信用卡;塑料制的;虚伪的

联想

plastic 先记“塑料”材料义,常见例句是 plastic polluting the oceans;作形容词是塑料制的;口语里 plastic 可指信用卡;形容笑容或态度时是“虚伪的、不真诚的”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]塑料

人工合成材料,常用于袋子、瓶子、包装和日用品;可数时可指不同种类的塑料。

常见表达plastic is pollutingplastic wastesingle-use plasticrecycled plasticdifferent plastics

You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans.

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你已经听说塑料正在污染海洋。

保留常见例句,plastic 作不可数材料名词。

Many countries are trying to reduce single-use plastic.

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许多国家正努力减少一次性塑料。

single-use plastic。

Some plastics can be recycled into new products.

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有些塑料可以被回收制成新产品。

plastics 可指不同塑料种类。

n. [U]信用卡

口语中可用 plastic 指信用卡或银行卡支付方式。

常见表达pay with plasticuse plasticaccept plasticcash or plastic

The small cafe does not accept plastic, so we paid in cash.

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这家小咖啡馆不收信用卡,所以我们付了现金。

plastic 作信用卡用法。

Some travelers prefer using plastic instead of carrying much cash.

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一些旅行者更喜欢用信用卡,而不是带很多现金。

using plastic。

adj.塑料制的

说明某物由塑料制成,常放在名词前。

常见表达a plastic bottleplastic bagsplastic toysplastic packaginga plastic chair

The child carried water in a blue plastic bottle.

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那个孩子用一个蓝色塑料瓶装水。

plastic bottle。

Please put plastic bags in the recycling box.

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请把塑料袋放进回收箱。

plastic bags。

adj.虚伪的;不真诚的

形容笑容、态度或人显得假、不自然、不真诚。

常见表达a plastic smileplastic kindnesslook plasticsound plastic

His plastic smile made the apology sound unreal.

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他虚假的笑容让道歉听起来不真实。

plastic smile。

The welcome felt plastic because nobody really listened to us.

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这种欢迎让人觉得虚伪,因为没人真正听我们说话。

felt plastic。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

synthetic material
人工合成材料
Plastic is a common synthetic material. synthetic material 是上位表达;plastic 是具体材料。
polymer
聚合物
Many plastics are polymers. polymer 更偏化学术语,高中阅读中可作为相关线索,不必当核心同义词。
credit card
信用卡
You can pay with a credit card. plastic 指信用卡时是口语用法。
artificial
人造的;不自然的
The flowers looked artificial. artificial 可指人造或不自然;plastic 作虚伪义时更口语化。
fake
假的;虚伪的
Her smile looked fake. fake 更直接;plastic 常形容笑容、态度或场面虚假。
natural
自然的;天然的
The basket is made of natural materials. 与材料的人造义或虚伪义相对。
genuine
真诚的;真正的
His thanks sounded genuine. 与 plastic smile / plastic kindness 的虚伪义相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

plastic 的核心扩展是材料、环保、支付和虚伪评价四条语境线;不要把 metal 当作它的反义词,metal 只是另一种材料。

single-use plastic
一次性塑料
Single-use plastic causes waste.
recycled plastic
再生塑料
The bench is made from recycled plastic.
plastic smile
虚假的笑容
A plastic smile may hide real feelings.

非派生记忆线索

plastic waste
塑料垃圾
Plastic waste harms the ocean.
pay with plastic
用信用卡付款
Can I pay with plastic?
plastic packaging
塑料包装
Plastic packaging is common in shops.

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138

principle

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['prinsəpl] · n. [C, U] · Page 213

a basic rule, truth, or belief that guides action or judgment

原理,原则;道德原则,行为准则;信条,基本信念

联想

principle 是星标词,核心是“指导行动或判断的基本东西”。它可以是科学/演讲/做事的原理原则,也可以是人的道德准则,还可以是组织或计划坚持的基本信念。注意不要和 principal 混:principal 是校长或主要的。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]原理;原则

某个学科、方法、规则或技能背后的基本道理或基本原则。

常见表达basic principlegeneral principleprinciples of sciencethe principle behindmaster the principles

Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.

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你想成为优秀演说者吗?这里有一些你必须掌握的原则。

保留常见例句,principles 表示需要掌握的基本原则。

One important principle of science is to test ideas with evidence.

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科学的一个重要原则是用证据检验想法。

principle of science。

The same principle can be used to solve many different problems.

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同一原理可以用来解决许多不同问题。

same principle。

n. [C, usually pl.; U]道德原则;行为准则

指导一个人如何做正确事情的道德准则,常用复数 principles。

常见表达moral principlesagainst one's principlesstick to one's principlesa person of principleon principle

She refused the gift because it was against her principles.

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她拒绝那份礼物,因为这违背了她的原则。

against one's principles。

A person of principle does not lie for personal gain.

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有原则的人不会为了个人利益撒谎。

a person of principle。

n. [C]信条;基本信念

一个人、组织或计划长期相信并遵循的基本观点。

常见表达guiding principlecore principleprinciple of fairnessin principleaccept sth. in principle

Fairness is the guiding principle of the class rules.

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公平是班规的指导原则。

guiding principle。

The school agreed in principle to start a reading club.

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学校原则上同意开办阅读社团。

in principle。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rule
规则;原则
Follow the safety rules in the lab. rule 更具体,可由外部制定;principle 更基本,常解释为什么这样做。
law
规律;法律
The law of gravity explains why objects fall. law 在科学中是规律,在社会中是法律;principle 更宽,可指原理或准则。
belief
信念
Her belief in fairness guided her choice. belief 偏个人相信的观点;principle 偏指导行为的信念或准则。
value
价值观
Honesty is an important value. value 是价值观;principle 是根据价值观形成的行为准则。
standard
标准
The project meets a high standard. standard 偏评判标准;principle 偏基本原则。
principal
校长;主要的
The principal gave a speech on Monday. principal 和 principle 发音相近;principal 是人或形容词,principle 是原则。
exception
例外
There are a few exceptions to this rule. exception 与一般原则/规则相对,不适合所有 moral principle 语境。
self-interest
私利
He chose self-interest over fairness. 与 moral principles 形成语境对比,不是拼写反义词。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

principle 的高频价值在搭配和 principal 混淆辨析;principled 是真实形容词,表示有原则的。

principled
有原则的
She made a principled decision.
in principle
原则上;大体上
We agree in principle with the plan.
principal
校长;主要的
The principal reason was safety.

非派生记忆线索

basic principle
基本原则/原理
Learn the basic principles first.
moral principles
道德原则
He acted according to his moral principles.
against one's principles
违背某人的原则
Cheating is against her principles.

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139

rate

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[reit] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 213

speed, percentage, price, or to judge, grade, or deserve attention

速度,进度;比率,率;价格,费用;给……定级;值得,应得;评估,评价

联想

rate 的名词核心是“按某个标准算出来的数”:恢复速度、增长率、利率、房费都可用 rate。动词是评价/定级,如 rate sth. highly;还可见“值得、应得”,可用 rate a mention / rate attention。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]速度;进度

某事发生、发展或恢复的快慢,常用 at a ... rate。

常见表达at a rate ofat a faster rategrowth raterecovery ratedifferent rates

Patients who see tree branches may recover at a faster rate.

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能看到树枝的病人可能恢复得更快。

改写并保留常见例句,at a faster rate。

Plants grow at different rates in different kinds of soil.

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植物在不同土壤中的生长速度不同。

different rates。

The project moved forward at a steady rate.

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这个项目以稳定进度向前推进。

at a steady rate。

n. [C]比率;率

用数字或百分比表示的比例,常见 birth rate、interest rate、success rate。

常见表达birth rateinterest ratesuccess rateunemployment raterate of change

The success rate of the new method is high.

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这种新方法的成功率很高。

success rate。

A lower interest rate can make borrowing cheaper.

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较低的利率会让借款成本更低。

interest rate。

n. [C]价格;费用

某项服务、房间或工作按时间、人数或单位计算的价格。

常见表达room ratehourly ratedaily ratelower ratespecial rate

The hotel offers a lower rate for students during the holiday.

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假期里这家酒店给学生提供较低价格。

rate 表示价格/费用。

The guide charges an hourly rate.

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这位导游按小时收费。

hourly rate。

vt.给……定级;评价

根据质量、水平、安全性或适合程度给出等级或评价。

常见表达rate sth. highlybe rated asrate amongrate sth. five starsrate sth. suitable

The students rated the new library as the best place to study.

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学生们把新图书馆评为最佳学习场所。

rate ... as。

This film is rated suitable for children over twelve.

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这部电影被评定为适合 12 岁以上儿童观看。

be rated suitable。

Many readers rate the book highly because it is clear and useful.

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许多读者对这本书评价很高,因为它清楚且有用。

rate highly。

vt.值得;应得

表示某人或某事值得某种关注、评价或位置,常见 rate a mention / rate attention。

常见表达rate a mentionrate attentionrate as importantrate among the best

Her quick thinking rates a mention in the report.

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她的敏捷思考值得在报告中提一笔。

rate a mention。

The safety problem rates serious attention from the school.

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这个安全问题值得学校认真关注。

rate attention。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

speed
速度
The car reduced its speed near the school. speed 直接表示速度;rate 可表示发生或变化的速率。
pace
步速;进度
The class moved at a quick pace. pace 更有节奏和步伐感;rate 更常用于数字化的速度或变化率。
percentage
百分比
A small percentage of students chose music. percentage 是百分数;rate 常表示某类比例,如 birth rate / success rate。
ratio
比率;比例
The ratio of boys to girls is two to three. ratio 强调两数相比;rate 常带时间、数量变化或百分比语境。
fee
费用
The entrance fee is ten yuan. fee 是具体费用;rate 常指按时间、单位或类别计算的价格。
judge
评价;判断
Do not judge a person too quickly. judge 更宽;rate 常带等级、分数或排名。
rank
给……排名
The city ranks first in the survey. rank 强调排序;rate 强调评价或定级。
flat fee
固定费用
The club charges a flat fee for all members. flat fee 与按单位/时间计算的 rate 对比,不是 rate 的普通反义词。
ignore
忽视
The problem was ignored for too long. 只与 rate attention / judge 语境形成对比,不是名词 rate 的反义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

rating
评级;评分
The app has a high rating. rating 是 rate 的名词结果。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

rate 的高频扩展是 rating 和 rated;不要把 flat fee 或 ignore 强行当作所有义项的反义词。

rating
评级;评分
The hotel has a five-star rating.
rated
被评定为
The course is rated highly by students.
exchange rate
汇率
The exchange rate changed this week.

非派生记忆线索

at a faster rate
以更快速度/进度
The patient recovered at a faster rate.
interest rate
利率
Interest rates affect borrowing.
rate sth. highly
高度评价某物
Readers rate the guide highly.

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140

aware

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[ə'weə(r)] · adj. [predicative] · Page 213

knowing, noticing, or realizing that something exists or is true

意识到的,知道的;注意到的

联想

aware 是星标形容词,通常作表语:be aware of + 名词/动名词,be aware that/how/what + 从句。它强调已经知道、意识到或注意到某事。

意思、用法与例句

adj. [predicative]意识到的;知道的

常在 be / become / make sb. aware 后使用,表示知道某事实、情况或风险。

常见表达be aware ofbe aware thatbe aware how/what/whenmake sb. aware of

Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we are not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.

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每个人都能买外卖,但有时我们不知道自己能以多低的成本做出这份食物。

保留常见例句语境,aware how cheaply。

Drivers must be aware of children crossing the road.

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司机必须注意到过马路的孩子。

be aware of + 名词/动名词。

The poster made students aware that sleep affects memory.

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这张海报让学生意识到睡眠会影响记忆。

make sb. aware that。

adj. [predicative]注意到的;察觉到的

强调对周围情况、细节或变化保持注意。

常见表达be fully awarebecome aware ofremain aware ofenvironmentally aware

She became aware of a strange noise outside the window.

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她注意到窗外有奇怪的声音。

become aware of。

Good readers remain aware of small changes in a story.

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优秀读者会注意故事中的细微变化。

remain aware of。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conscious
意识到的;有意识的
She was conscious of the danger. conscious 可表示清醒或有意识;aware 更常指知道某事。
mindful
留心的;注意的
Be mindful of other people's feelings. mindful 更强调主动留心。
informed
了解情况的
An informed reader checks more than one source. informed 强调掌握信息,aware 强调意识到或注意到。
realize
意识到;认识到
I realized that I had made a mistake. realize 是动词,aware 是形容词。
notice
注意到
Did you notice the sign by the door? notice 是动作,aware 是状态。
unaware
未意识到的;不知道的
He was unaware of the risk. aware 的直接反义。
ignorant
不了解的;无知的
Many people were ignorant of the law. ignorant 语气更重,常指缺乏知识。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

aware 的真实扩展重点是 unaware / awareness / self-aware;不要把 realize、notice 这类近义动词当派生词。

unaware
未意识到的;不知道的
He was unaware of the risk.
awareness
意识;认识
The activity raised students' awareness of food waste.
self-aware
有自知之明的
A self-aware learner knows his own weak points.

非派生记忆线索

be aware of
意识到某事
Drivers must be aware of children.
be aware that/how
意识到某个事实或方式
We are not aware how cheaply we can cook.

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141

belong

星标

[bi'lɒŋ] · vi. · Page 213-214

to be owned by, be in the right place, or feel accepted in a group

属于;应在某处;适应,合得来

联想

belong 是星标不及物动词,不能直接接宾语。最重要结构是 belong to:This book belongs to me,不说 belong me。它还可表示东西应在某处,或人在群体中有归属感。

意思、用法与例句

vi.belong to:属于;是……成员

表示某物归某人或某机构所有,也表示某人属于某群体。

常见表达belong to sb.belong to a groupbelong to the schoolbelong to a club

The students feel that they belong to a particular group.

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学生们觉得他们属于一个特定的群体。

保留常见例句,belong to a group。

This dictionary belongs to the school library.

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这本词典属于学校图书馆。

belong to 表示归属。

Many teenagers want to belong to a team that respects them.

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许多青少年想属于一个尊重他们的团队。

belong to a team。

vi.应在某处;适合放在某处

表示某物或某人应该在合适的位置、类别或环境中。

常见表达belong inbelong onbelong withbelong here/there

These files belong in the top drawer.

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这些文件应该放在最上面的抽屉里。

belong in 表示应在某处。

This old photo belongs with the family letters.

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这张老照片应该和家书放在一起。

belong with。

vi.适应;合得来;有归属感

表示人在群体中感到被接纳、合得来或有归属感。

常见表达feel that one belongsfeel a sense of belongingfit inbelong at school

New students often need time to feel that they belong.

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新生常常需要时间才会觉得自己融入了集体。

feel that one belongs。

A kind class can help every student feel a sense of belonging.

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友善的班级能帮助每个学生产生归属感。

sense of belonging。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

be owned by
归……所有
The bike is owned by my brother. 只对应 belong to 的所有权义。
fit in
适应;融入
It takes time to fit in at a new school. 只对应人在群体中合得来。
be a member of
是……成员
She is a member of the school band. 对应 belong to a group/club。
own
拥有
My brother owns the bike. own 是及物动词,belong to 的主语是物。
be excluded
被排除在外
No student should be excluded from the activity. 与 feel that one belongs 相对。
be out of place
不合适;格格不入
The joke was out of place in a serious meeting. 与 belong in / fit in 相对。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

belong 的真实扩展重点是 belonging / belongings;搭配上要记住 belong 是不及物动词。

belonging
归属感;归属
A friendly class gives students a sense of belonging.
belongings
个人物品;财物
Please take all your belongings when you leave.
belong to
属于
This dictionary belongs to the school library.

非派生记忆线索

belong to vs own
属于 vs 拥有
The book belongs to me; I own the book.
belong in
应在某处
These files belong in the top drawer.

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142

bond

星标

[bɒnd] · n. [C] / v. · Page 214

a strong connection or agreement, or to join things or people closely

联系,纽带;黏合;债券;契约;牢固结合;建立亲密关系

联想

bond 是星标词,核心画面是“把人、物或责任连接在一起”。阅读中最常见是 a bond with/between 的联系纽带;也可指黏合、债券、契约,作动词表示牢固结合或建立亲密关系。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]联系;纽带

人与人、人与作品、群体之间的强联系或情感纽带。

常见表达a strong bonda close bonda bond with/betweenfamily bond

The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.

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重读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们当时的心理状态。

保留常见例句语境,bond with the work。

Reading together created a strong bond between the father and son.

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一起阅读在父子之间建立了强烈纽带。

a bond between A and B。

Shared goals can build a close bond among team members.

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共同目标能在队员之间建立亲密联系。

a close bond among。

n. [C]黏合;结合

物体之间因胶水、化学作用或其他力量形成的连接。

常见表达form a bondbreak a bondchemical bonda bond between materials

The glue forms a strong bond between the two pieces of wood.

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胶水在两块木头之间形成牢固黏合。

form a bond。

Heat can break the bond between some materials.

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热量能破坏某些材料之间的结合。

break a bond。

n. [C]债券;契约

金融中指债券;法律或正式语境中指契约、保证书等。

常见表达government bondsbuy bondssign a bonda legal bond

Some families buy government bonds as a safe investment.

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一些家庭购买政府债券作为安全投资。

government bonds。

The company signed a legal bond before the project began.

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项目开始前,公司签署了一份法律契约。

legal bond。

v.牢固结合;建立亲密关系

使物体结合,或让人与人之间建立亲近关系。

常见表达bond with sb.bond over sth.bond two materials togetherbond as a team

The children bonded with their new classmates during the camp.

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孩子们在营地中和新同学建立了亲密关系。

bond with sb.。

The repair worker bonded the two surfaces together with special glue.

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维修工用特殊胶水把两个表面黏合在一起。

bond materials together。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

connection
联系
There is a close connection between sleep and memory. connection 更宽泛,bond 更强调强联系或情感纽带。
tie
纽带;联系
Family ties can remain strong across distance. tie 常写社会或家庭联系。
link
联系;连接
The article explains the link between food and health. link 更中性,bond 更强。
separation
分离
Long separation weakened their friendship. 与联系/纽带相对。
break
打破;断开
Too much heat can break the bond. 与结合/黏合义相对。
bind
捆绑;使结合
The rules bind all members of the club. bind 是相关动词,不是 bond 的普通派生。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

bond 不需要强行扩展派生词族;重点按语境区分情感纽带、物理结合、债券/契约和动词用法。

非派生记忆线索

a bond with/between
联系;纽带
The story shows a bond between two friends.
government bonds
政府债券
Some families buy government bonds.
bond with sb.
与某人建立亲密关系
The children bonded with their new classmates.

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143

label

星标

['leibl] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 214

a tag with information, or to mark or describe someone or something

标签,标记;贴标签于;把……称为

联想

label 是星标词,先抓住“贴上信息”这个画面:名词是商品或衣物上的标签;动词可以是给瓶子、箱子、图片贴标签或标注;再延伸到抽象用法,把某人或某事称为某类,常带评价。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]标签;标记

贴在商品、衣物、药品或文件上的小标签,告诉人名称、成分、价格、用途或说明。

常见表达read the labelcheck the labela price labela name labela label attached to

Read the label before you take the medicine.

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服药前先读标签。

read/check the label 是生活高频搭配。

She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.

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她正试图想出一个标签贴在海狸鼠时装上,以表明它是环保的。

保留常见例句,a label to attach to ...。

The bottle has a clear label with the date and place of production.

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瓶子上有一个清楚的标签,标明生产日期和产地。

label 作可数名词。

vt.贴标签于;标注

把标签贴到物品上,或在图表、图片、地图上标出名称。

常见表达label a bottlelabel the boxeslabel the parts ofclearly labeledlabel sth. with

Please label the boxes before you move them to the new classroom.

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搬到新教室前,请先给这些箱子贴上标签。

label the boxes。

The teacher asked us to label the parts of the plant in the picture.

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老师让我们在图中标出植物各部分的名称。

label the parts of。

Each jar was labeled with the student's name.

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每个罐子都贴上了学生姓名标签。

be labeled with。

vt.把……称为;给……贴标签

给人、行为或事物下判断或分类,常带评价色彩;结构常为 label sb./sth. as ...。

常见表达label sb. as lazylabel sth. as dangerousbe labeled asavoid labeling peoplelabel it a success

It is unfair to label a quiet student as unfriendly.

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把一个安静的学生称为不友好是不公平的。

label sb. as ... 常含评价。

The local newspaper labeled the clean-up plan a success.

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当地报纸称这项清理计划是成功的。

label sth. a success。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

tag
标签;标牌
The shop put a price tag on the coat. tag 更口语,常指价格牌、姓名牌或小标签;label 更常指带说明信息的标签。
mark
标记;做记号
Mark the important sentences with a pen. mark 强调做记号;label 强调写上名称或说明。
name
命名;说出名称
Can you name the writer of this story? name 偏给出名字;label 偏贴标签或归类评价。
call
称呼;认为
People call the city a center of culture. call 更普通;label sb./sth. as 往往有分类或评价意味。
describe
描述
The report describes the problem clearly. describe 是说明特征;label 是给出名称、类别或判断。
mislabel
贴错标签;误称
The bottle was mislabeled, so no one used it. mislabel 是 label 的错误用法结果,不是普通反义词。
remove the label
撕掉标签
Remove the label before recycling the bottle. 只对应“贴标签”动作的反向操作。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

label 没有需要强行扩展的词根;重点掌握名词标签、动词标注和 label sb./sth. as ... 的评价用法。

labeled / labelled
贴有标签的;被称为……的
The boxes were clearly labeled.
labeling / labelling
贴标签;标注
Careful labeling makes the map easier to read.
mislabel
贴错标签;误称
Do not mislabel a student because of one mistake.

非派生记忆线索

read the label
读标签
Read the label before using the cleaner.
label sb. as
把某人称为……
Do not label him as lazy.
be labeled with
标有……
The bottle is labeled with a warning.

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144

property

星标

['prɒpəti] · n. [C, U] · Page 214

things owned, land or buildings, or a quality that something has

财产,资产,所有物;房地产;性质,特性

联想

property 的三条线要分开:人或机构拥有的东西是财产/所有物,土地房屋是房地产,科学说明文里的 property/properties 是性质或特性。记忆线索 Lost Property 是失物招领处,不是“丢失的房地产”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]财产;资产;所有物

某人、学校、公司或公共机构拥有的东西,既可指重要资产,也可指丢失物品。

常见表达private propertypublic propertyschool propertylost propertypersonal property

Call Lost Property during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.

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如果在昆士兰铁路服务中遗失物品,请在工作时间联系失物招领处。

保留常见例句,Lost Property 指失物招领处。

Please respect school property and keep the desks clean.

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请爱护学校财产,保持课桌整洁。

school property。

The fire destroyed much of the family's personal property.

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火灾毁掉了这家人的许多个人财物。

personal property。

n. [U]房地产

土地、房屋或商业建筑等不动产,也可指房地产市场。

常见表达property pricesbuy propertysell propertyproperty marketa piece of property

The family bought a small property near the lake.

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这家人在湖边买了一处小房产。

property 指房地产。

Property prices in the city rose quickly last year.

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去年这座城市的房价上涨很快。

property prices。

n. [C, usually pl.]性质;特性

物质、材料、数字或事物本身具有的特征,常见于科学说明文。

常见表达chemical propertyphysical propertyspecial propertyproperties of wateruseful properties

One property of metal is that it usually conducts heat well.

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金属的一个特性是通常导热性好。

property 表示物质性质。

Water has the special property of expanding when it freezes.

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水有一个特殊性质:结冰时会膨胀。

property of water。

The material has the useful property of staying dry in rain.

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这种材料有一个有用特性:下雨时能保持干燥。

useful property。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possession
所有物;拥有物
The phone is one of her most important possessions. possession 偏个人拥有物;property 可指个人、学校、公司或公共财产。
asset
资产
Good health is a valuable asset. asset 强调有价值的资产;property 可更泛指财产或房产。
real estate
房地产
He works in real estate. real estate 专指房地产;property 还可指财产或性质。
quality
品质;性质
A useful quality of glass is that it is transparent. quality 更泛;property 在科学语境中常指可观察或可测量的性质。
characteristic
特征;特性
One characteristic of good writing is clarity. characteristic 常指显著特征;property 常用于材料、物质或系统的性质。
ownership
所有权
Ownership of the house changed last year. ownership 是拥有关系;property 是被拥有的东西或房产。
public property
公共财产
The park benches are public property. 与 private property 在所有权上对比。
debt
债务
The family worked hard to pay off its debt. 只与 asset/property 的财务资产义形成对比,不对应性质义。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

property 不需要强行和 proper 合成词族讲;这里重点是所有权、房地产和性质三条高频语境。

property owner
房产/财产所有者
Property owners must keep the building safe.
property rights
财产权
The law protects property rights.
properties
性质;特性
The scientist studied the properties of the new material.

非派生记忆线索

Lost Property
失物招领处
Call Lost Property for items left on the train.
property market
房地产市场
The property market changed after the new policy.
chemical property
化学性质
Burning is a chemical property.

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145

muscle

星标

['mʌsl] · n. [C, U] · Page 214

body tissue for movement, or strength and influence

肌肉;体力;影响力

联想

muscle 先记身体里的“肌肉”,再向外延伸为“体力”和组织/公司的“实力、影响力”。常见例句是 oxygen gets to your muscles and brain,抽象用法常见 financial muscle / political muscle。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C, U]肌肉

身体中帮助骨骼运动的组织;可数时指某块肌肉,不可数时指肌肉量。

常见表达your musclesleg musclesbuild musclemuscle painoxygen to the muscles

If you exercise out of doors, more oxygen can get to your muscles and your brain.

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如果你在户外运动,更多氧气能到达你的肌肉和大脑。

改写并保留记忆线索语境,muscles 表示身体肌肉。

Swimming can build muscle without putting too much pressure on the knees.

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游泳可以锻炼肌肉,同时不会给膝盖太大压力。

build muscle。

He felt muscle pain after running for an hour.

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跑了一个小时后,他感到肌肉酸痛。

muscle pain。

n. [U]体力;力量

身体的力量或干体力活所需要的力气。

常见表达use muscleneed musclewith musclemuscle powernot just muscle

Moving the heavy table needs both planning and muscle.

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搬这张重桌子既需要计划,也需要体力。

muscle 作不可数名词,表示体力。

The job requires more skill than muscle.

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这项工作需要的技巧多于体力。

skill 与 muscle 对照。

n. [U]影响力;实力

机构、公司或群体的力量、资源或影响力,常见 political/financial muscle。

常见表达financial musclepolitical musclemarket muscleuse one's muscleeconomic muscle

The large company used its financial muscle to enter the new market.

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这家大公司利用其财力进入新市场。

financial muscle 表示财力/影响力。

Small groups may not have enough political muscle to change the law.

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小团体可能没有足够的政治影响力来改变法律。

political muscle。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strength
力量;体力
Regular exercise builds strength. strength 是一般力量;muscle 可指身体组织,也可引申为体力或实力。
power
力量;权力;影响力
The company has power in the market. power 更宽,可指权力、电力或能力;muscle 在 financial/political muscle 中偏资源和影响力。
tissue
身体组织
Muscle is a kind of body tissue. tissue 是组织的总称,不是 muscle 的近义词。
exercise
运动;锻炼
Exercise helps keep muscles healthy. exercise 是肌肉健康的常见语境。
weakness
虚弱;无力
After the illness, she felt weakness in her legs. 与 muscle 的体力/力量义相对,不是身体组织的反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

muscular
肌肉发达的;强壮的
He became more muscular after months of training. muscular 是形容词,描述人或身体部位强壮。

词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索

muscle 可扩展到 muscular 等真实词族;不要把 fat 当作 muscle 的反义词,fat 是脂肪/肥胖语境,不是肌肉的自然反义。

muscular
肌肉发达的;强壮的
The swimmer has strong, muscular arms.
muscle memory
肌肉记忆;熟练动作记忆
Practice builds muscle memory.
financial muscle
财力;经济实力
The company has financial muscle.

非派生记忆线索

build muscle
锻炼肌肉
Exercise can build muscle.
muscle pain
肌肉疼痛
Stretching can reduce muscle pain.
political muscle
政治影响力
The group lacks political muscle.

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