词族 14 · Unit 14
逐词完整资料，适合在分组学习后复习核心用法、例句和必要辨析。
联想 use 作动词读 /ju:z/，作名词读 /ju:s/。先记“把东西用于某目的”，再分出耗费 use up、状态 in use/out of use、用途/效用 of use，以及句型 It's no use/good doing。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 用；使用
把工具、方法、语言或资源用于某个目的。
常见表达 use a tool use English use sth. for make use of
Please use a clean notebook for your lab notes.
查看翻译和讲解 请用一本干净的笔记本记录实验笔记。
use sth. for。
We should make use of the school library.
查看翻译和讲解 我们应该利用学校图书馆。
make use of。
vt. 耗费；用完
消耗时间、钱、纸张、能源等资源。
常见表达 use energy use time use up use up all
We used up all the paper while making posters.
查看翻译和讲解 做海报时我们把纸都用完了。
use up。
The machine uses less electricity than the old one.
查看翻译和讲解 这台机器比旧机器耗电更少。
use electricity。
n. [U,sing.] / n. [C,U] 使用；用途；效用
使用这个动作、正在使用的状态，或某物能发挥的用途。
常见表达 in use out of use of use It's no use/good doing
The old bridge is still in use after careful repairs.
查看翻译和讲解 仔细维修后，这座旧桥仍在使用。
in use。
It is no use arguing if nobody checks the facts.
查看翻译和讲解 如果没人核查事实，争论也没用。
It's no use doing。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The writer employed simple words.
employ 比 use 更正式。
Apply the rule to a new sentence.
apply 强调把规则或方法用于具体场景。
Do not waste water.
waste 是没有好好使用。
Misuse of medicine can be dangerous.
misuse 是错误使用，abuse 是更严重的滥用或虐待。
She is used to speaking English in class.
be used to doing 是习惯于，不等于 used to do。
词族线索 / 同组词
This chart is useful for remembering the new words.
useful 是形容词，表示有用。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 use 是本组核心：useful=有用的，useless=无用/差劲的，user=使用者，abuse=ab-偏离+use，表示滥用。used① 是 use 的过去分词形容词；used②/used to 是语法重点。
This chart is useful for remembering the new words.
A broken compass is useless for finding the way.
Each user chooses a safe password.
The report warned against abuse of power.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 useful = full of use。注意搭配 useful for sth./doing 和 useful to sb.；It is useful to do sth. 是记忆线索句型。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 有用的；有益的
对做事、学习、解决问题有帮助。
常见表达 useful for useful to It is useful to be of use
This chart is useful for remembering the new words.
查看翻译和讲解 这张图表对记新词有用。
useful for doing。
It is useful to review mistakes before the next test.
查看翻译和讲解 下次考试前复习错题是有用的。
It is useful to do。
The advice was useful to new students.
查看翻译和讲解 这条建议对新生有帮助。
useful to sb.。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her notes were helpful before the exam.
helpful 更强调帮助人；useful 强调用途。
The course gives practical skills.
practical 强调实际可用。
The talk gave us valuable advice.
valuable 强调价值，不一定只指用途。
The broken key is useless.
useless 是直接反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 use + -ful = full of use，有用的。of use 可近似 useful。
We should make use of the school library.
It is useless to complain without a solution.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 useless = use + -less。它既可说东西没有用 useless for，也可说人不擅长 useless at；It is useless to do sth. 表示做某事没用。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 无用的
不能帮助达到目的，没有用途。
常见表达 useless for useless without of no use It is useless to
A broken compass is useless for finding the way.
查看翻译和讲解 坏指南针对找路没有用。
useless for。
It is useless to complain without offering a solution.
查看翻译和讲解 不提出解决办法只抱怨是没用的。
It is useless to do。
adj. 差劲的；不擅长的
某人在某事上很差或完全不擅长。
常见表达 useless at feel useless be useless with
I am useless at drawing maps, but I can write the report.
查看翻译和讲解 我画地图很差，但我能写报告。
useless at。
He feels useless with machines.
查看翻译和讲解 他觉得自己摆弄机器很差。
useless with。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The answer was unhelpful.
unhelpful 强调不能帮人。
The ticket is worthless now.
worthless 更强调价值为零。
The old method was ineffective.
ineffective 强调没有效果。
This tool is useful.
useful 是直接反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 use + -less = without use。注意 useless at 表示“不擅长”。
The advice was useful to new students.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 used① 读 /ju:zd/，是 use 的过去分词形容词，表示已经被用过或二手的。它和 used② /ju:st/ 的“习惯于”不同。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 用过的；旧的；二手的
物品已经被别人拥有或使用过。
常见表达 a used car used books used clothes buy used
My cousin bought a used bike and fixed it himself.
查看翻译和讲解 我表哥买了一辆二手自行车并自己修好了。
used bike。
The library sells used books to raise money.
查看翻译和讲解 图书馆出售旧书来筹款。
used books。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She bought a second-hand desk.
second-hand 与 used① 接近。
The shop sells pre-owned phones.
pre-owned 是较委婉的商业说法。
He bought a new bike.
new 与 used① 相反。
The notebook is unused.
unused 是没有被用过。
She is used to early classes.
used② 读 /ju:st/，是表语形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 used① 是 use 的过去分词作形容词，保留 /z/ 音。
We can reuse the glass bottles.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 user = use + -er，表示使用某物的人。它常见于 app user、Internet user、phone user，也可指某设备或系统的使用者。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 用户；使用者
使用产品、服务、网站、系统或工具的人。
常见表达 app user Internet users phone user user name
The app asks each user to choose a safe password.
查看翻译和讲解 这个应用要求每位用户选择安全密码。
each user。
Internet users should protect their personal information.
查看翻译和讲解 互联网用户应保护个人信息。
Internet users。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Consumers want safe products.
consumer 强调购买或消费。
The shop has many customers.
customer 强调购买关系。
The machine operator checked the screen.
operator 强调操作机器的人。
The maker designed the tool.
maker 制造，user 使用。
The provider offers the service.
provider 提供，user 使用。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 use + -er = user，使用者。user name / username 是常见技术词。
Choose a username that is easy to remember.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 abuse 来自 ab-偏离 + use：把权力、药物、语言或关系用偏、用坏。它不等于普通 use，而是带有伤害、错误或不公正的负面含义。
意思、用法与例句
vt. / n. [U,sing.] 滥用
错误或过度使用权力、药物、资源等。
常见表达 abuse power abuse trust drug abuse abuse of power
Leaders must not abuse their power.
查看翻译和讲解 领导者不能滥用权力。
abuse power。
The program teaches students about the danger of drug abuse.
查看翻译和讲解 这个项目教学生了解药物滥用的危险。
drug abuse。
n. [U] / vt. 辱骂；虐待
用语言伤害别人，或对人/动物进行残酷对待。
常见表达 verbal abuse child abuse animal abuse abuse sb.
Online verbal abuse can hurt young people deeply.
查看翻译和讲解 网络辱骂会深深伤害年轻人。
verbal abuse。
The law protects children from abuse.
查看翻译和讲解 法律保护儿童免受虐待。
child abuse。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Do not misuse public money.
misuse 偏错误使用；abuse 更强调伤害或越界。
Mistreatment of animals is wrong.
mistreatment 接近虐待义。
The comment was an insult.
insult 是一次侮辱；verbal abuse 可持续或严重。
Proper use of tools keeps people safe.
proper use 与 abuse 的滥用相反。
The child needs care and protection.
care 与虐待方向相反。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 ab- 表示偏离，abuse 是偏离正确 use 的滥用。不要把 abuse 当作中性“使用”。
Misuse of medicine can be dangerous.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 usually 是 usual 的副词，放在一般动词前、be 动词或助动词后，表示大多数情况下如此，但不是 always。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 通常地；一般地；经常地
说明某事在多数情况下发生。
常见表达 usually do usually at not usually usually be
I usually walk to school unless it rains hard.
查看翻译和讲解 除非下大雨，我通常步行上学。
usually walk。
The museum is usually closed on Mondays.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆通常周一闭馆。
usually + be。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She normally gets up at six.
normally 接近 usually。
Generally, students finish in one hour.
generally 偏总体情况。
He often reads after dinner.
often 可比 usually 弱。
She rarely eats fast food.
rarely 与 usually 频率相反。
He always checks his work.
always 比 usually 绝对。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 usual + -ly = usually。usual 是形容词，usually 是副词。
The bus arrived at the usual time.
It is unusual for him to be late.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 usual 是形容词，表示某人、某时间或某情境中平常会出现的状态。as usual 是记忆线索重点，表示像平常一样、照例。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 通常的；平常的
对某人或某情况来说正常、常见。
常见表达 as usual the usual way usual time usual place
Dad made tea as usual after dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 爸爸像往常一样晚饭后泡茶。
as usual。
The bus arrived at the usual time this morning.
查看翻译和讲解 今天早上公交车按平常时间到了。
usual time。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This is a normal day.
normal 强调符合正常标准。
She follows a regular schedule.
regular 强调规律性。
This is a common mistake.
common 强调很多见。
The weather is unusual today.
unusual 是反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 usual -> usually；un- + usual = unusual。
I usually walk to school.
The bird has an unusual mark.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 unusual = un- + usual，表示不像平常那样。它可指天气、想法、行为、颜色等不常见或出乎意料。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 特别的；不寻常的
不常见、出乎意料或不同于平常。
常见表达 an unusual idea unusual weather unusual for unusual color
The bird has an unusual blue mark on its head.
查看翻译和讲解 这只鸟头上有一个不寻常的蓝色斑点。
unusual mark。
It is unusual for him to be late without calling.
查看翻译和讲解 他迟到却不打电话，这很不寻常。
It is unusual for sb. to do。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Snow is rare in this city.
rare 强调少见。
The plant is uncommon here.
uncommon 接近 unusual。
The team made an unexpected decision after the meeting.
unexpected 强调出乎意料。
The bus arrived at the usual time.
usual 是直接反义词。
It was an ordinary day.
ordinary 与特别/不寻常相反。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 un- + usual = unusual，否定前缀表示不平常。
The museum is usually closed on Mondays.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 used② 读 /ju:st/，只作表语，核心结构是 be/get/become used to + n./doing。它表示已经习惯，不是“过去常常”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. [predicative] 习惯于……的
因为经历过很多次而觉得某事正常、不陌生。
常见表达 be used to doing be used to sth. get used to become used to
New students soon get used to the school timetable.
查看翻译和讲解 新生很快适应学校作息。
get used to。
She is used to speaking English in class now.
查看翻译和讲解 她现在习惯在课堂上说英语。
be used to doing。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He is accustomed to early mornings.
accustomed 较正式。
She is familiar with the city.
familiar with 强调熟悉。
He is unused to cold weather.
unused to 与 used② 相反。
My grandfather used to walk to school.
used to do 是过去常常，后接动词原形。
This knife is used to cut bread.
be used to do 是被动用途，不是习惯。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 used② 是表语形容词，to 是介词，后接名词或 -ing。要和 used to do、be used to do 三结构分开。
My grandfather used to walk to school.
This knife is used to cut bread.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 used to do 表示过去常常做、现在通常不这样了。它后接动词原形，不接 -ing；疑问和否定常见 did you use to / didn't use to。它和 be used to doing 完全不同。
意思、用法与例句
modal phr. 过去常常做某事
过去经常发生或过去的状态，现在已经改变。
常见表达 used to do used to be didn't use to Did you use to
My grandfather used to walk five kilometers to school.
查看翻译和讲解 我爷爷过去常常走五公里去上学。
used to do。
This street used to be quiet before the new market opened.
查看翻译和讲解 新市场开业前，这条街过去很安静。
used to be。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She once lived in a small town.
once did 更泛；used to 强调过去习惯或状态。
The building was formerly a school.
formerly 是副词。
He no longer plays football.
no longer 强调现在不再。
She is used to speaking English.
be used to doing 是习惯于。
This knife is used to cut bread.
be used to do 是被动用途。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 used to 是固定情态短语。to 后接动词原形；be used to 中 to 是介词，后接名词或 doing。
She is used to speaking English in class.
This knife is used to cut bread.
词族导图 use 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 land 的核心画面是“地面/陆地”。名词可指土地、国家、与海相对的陆地；动词表示船上岸、人登陆或飞机降落。by land 是“由陆路”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 土地；地面
指可耕种、建造或拥有的土地。
常见表达 farm land a piece of land on the land protect the land
Farmers worked the land after the spring rain.
查看翻译和讲解 春雨过后，农民在土地上劳作。
work the land。
The village planted trees to protect the land from floods.
查看翻译和讲解 村里种树保护土地免受洪水侵害。
protect the land。
n. [C] / n. [U] 国家；陆地
可指国家，也可指与海洋相对的陆地。
常见表达 a foreign land reach land by land land and sea
The story is about a boy from a faraway land.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事讲的是一个来自遥远国度的男孩。
land = country。
After two days at sea, the sailors finally reached land.
查看翻译和讲解 在海上航行两天后，水手们终于到达陆地。
land 与 sea 对比。
v. 上岸；登陆；降落
船、人、飞机或物体到达陆地或地面。
常见表达 land safely land on the island land in Beijing land the plane
The plane landed safely despite the heavy rain.
查看翻译和讲解 尽管下着大雨，飞机还是安全降落了。
land safely。
The rescue team landed on the island before dark.
查看翻译和讲解 救援队天黑前登上了岛。
land on。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The bag fell to the ground.
ground 强调脚下表面；land 可指大片土地或陆地。
Good soil helps plants grow.
soil 强调可种植的泥土。
He visited a small country in Europe.
country 是现代常用国家词；land 可带文学色彩。
The ship moved from land to sea.
sea 与陆地义相反。
The plane took off at noon.
飞机 land 是降落，take off 是起飞。
词族线索 / 同组词
Many people miss their homeland while abroad.
home + land，强调归属感。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 land 是本组核心：home/mother + land 表示祖国或家乡；island 是水中陆地；mainland 是与岛屿相对的大陆；landscape 是眼前土地景观；landslide 是土地/山体滑落。
Many people miss their homeland while abroad.
The island is surrounded by clear water.
The ferry connects the island with the mainland.
Heavy rain caused a landslide near the road.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 homeland = home + land，强调“有归属感的土地”。可指祖国，也可指家乡，比 country 更有感情。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 祖国；家乡
一个人出生、成长或强烈归属的国家/地方。
常见表达 return to one's homeland leave one's homeland miss one's homeland defend the homeland
Many people miss their homeland while studying abroad.
查看翻译和讲解 许多人在国外学习时想念祖国或家乡。
miss one's homeland。
The old man returned to his homeland after many years away.
查看翻译和讲解 离开多年后，那位老人回到了故土。
return to one's homeland。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They sang songs for the motherland.
motherland 更庄重、更有爱国情感。
She wrote about her native land.
native land 强调出生或来源。
He represented his home country.
home country 更中性。
She studied abroad for two years.
abroad 是离开本国后的地点方向。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 home + land = homeland，有家的土地。和 motherland 都可译祖国，但 homeland 也可偏家乡。
The story is about a boy from a faraway land.
They promised to serve the motherland.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 island 中 s 不发音。它的记忆画面是“水中孤地”：四周是水，中间是一块 land。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 岛；岛屿
四面环水的一块陆地。
常见表达 on an island a small island island country island of
The island is surrounded by clear blue water.
查看翻译和讲解 这座岛四周环绕着清澈的蓝色海水。
surrounded by water。
They spent the summer on a small island near the coast.
查看翻译和讲解 他们在海岸附近的一座小岛上度过夏天。
on an island。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The poem describes a quiet isle.
isle 更文学或地名化。
The ferry goes from the island to the mainland.
mainland 是与岛屿相对的大陆。
Asia is the largest continent.
continent 比 island 大得多。
The boat sailed into the open sea.
open sea 是水域，不是陆地。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 island 可按记忆线索记为“水中孤地”。同组 mainland 与 island 构成地理对比。
After two days at sea, the sailors reached land.
The ferry connects the island with the mainland.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 mainland = main + land，指主要陆地，常和 island 对比。记忆线索标 [the ~]，英语里常说 the mainland。
意思、用法与例句
n. [the ~] 大陆
相对于岛屿的主要陆地区域。
常见表达 the mainland from the mainland to the mainland mainland China
The ferry connects the island with the mainland.
查看翻译和讲解 渡轮把这座岛和大陆连接起来。
island 与 mainland。
Fresh water is brought from the mainland every week.
查看翻译和讲解 淡水每周从大陆运来。
from the mainland。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Australia is both a country and a continent.
continent 是大洲或大陆块；mainland 是相对岛屿说的主陆地。
The island is far from the mainland.
island 与 mainland 对比。
Several offshore islands can be seen from the beach.
offshore island 是离岸岛，不是主陆地。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 main + land = mainland，主要陆地。与 island 是本组最核心的空间对比。
The island is surrounded by water.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 motherland = mother + land，像母亲一样有情感归属的国家。它比 homeland 更庄重、更常带爱国情感。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 祖国
带尊敬和感情说自己的国家。
常见表达 love one's motherland serve the motherland return to the motherland for the motherland
They promised to serve the motherland after graduation.
查看翻译和讲解 他们承诺毕业后服务祖国。
serve the motherland。
The poem expresses love for the motherland.
查看翻译和讲解 这首诗表达了对祖国的热爱。
love for the motherland。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Many people miss their homeland while abroad.
homeland 可指祖国或家乡；motherland 更庄重。
The word fatherland is used in some cultures.
fatherland 与 motherland 都偏正式/情感化。
She returned to her native country.
native country 更中性。
He travelled to a foreign country.
foreign country 不是自己的国家。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 mother + land = motherland，感情上像母亲一样的国家。与 homeland 同义接近，但语气更庄重。
The story is about a faraway land.
He returned to his homeland.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 landscape = land + scape，可想成“一片土地呈现出来的景观”。名词既可指自然风景，也可指风景画；动词是美化景观。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 风景；景色
某地区可见的自然或城市景观。
常见表达 mountain landscape urban landscape beautiful landscape change the landscape
Increased population has transformed the landscape.
查看翻译和讲解 人口增加改变了景观。
常见例句。
The mountain landscape looks different in winter.
查看翻译和讲解 冬天的山地景色看起来不同。
mountain landscape。
n. [C] 风景画
以自然景色为主题的画。
常见表达 paint a landscape landscape painting a famous landscape
The museum keeps several old landscape paintings.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆收藏了几幅古老的风景画。
landscape painting。
vt. 美化……的景观
通过种树、设计花园等改善户外区域。
常见表达 landscape a garden landscape the park well-landscaped
The school plans to landscape the yard with trees and flowers.
查看翻译和讲解 学校计划用树木和花草美化院子。
landscape 作动词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The scenery along the river is beautiful.
scenery 多作不可数，强调自然风景。
The room has a view of the lake.
view 强调从某处看到的景色。
It was a peaceful country scene.
scene 可指景象或事件场面。
We stayed indoors during the storm.
landscape 通常指户外大范围景观。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 land + scape 表示土地呈现出的外观。不要把 landscape 只背成“风景”，还要记风景画和美化景观的动词义。
The village planted trees to protect the land.
The hotel has a well-landscaped garden.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 landslide = land + slide，先记“土地/山体滑下来”的滑坡；再扩展到选举中一方像滑坡一样压倒性获胜。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 塌方；滑坡
大量泥土或岩石突然从山坡滑落。
常见表达 cause a landslide landslide warning after a landslide block the road
The heavy rain was responsible for the landslide.
查看翻译和讲解 山体滑坡归因于那场大雨。
cause of a landslide。
A landslide blocked the mountain road after the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 暴风雨后，一场滑坡堵住了山路。
landslide blocks road。
n. [C] 压倒性胜利
选举或竞争中一方取得极大优势。
常见表达 a landslide victory win by a landslide landslide election win
The young mayor won the election by a landslide.
查看翻译和讲解 那位年轻市长以压倒性优势赢得选举。
win by a landslide。
The team did not just win; it was a landslide victory.
查看翻译和讲解 这支队伍不只是赢了，而是压倒性胜利。
landslide victory。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The mudslide damaged several houses.
mudslide 更强调泥土和水。
A rockfall closed the path.
rockfall 更强调石块掉落。
The party won a sweeping victory.
sweeping victory 是选举/比赛义近义。
The team had a narrow win by only one point.
narrow win 与 landslide victory 相反。
Trees can help keep a slope stable.
stable slope 与滑坡风险相反。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 land + slide = landslide，土地滑落。由自然灾害义转到选举结果义：优势大到像山体滑落一样不可阻挡。
The land became soft after days of rain.
The box began to slide down the hill.
词族导图 land 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 peace 的三条高考常用线：心里/环境平静，国家之间没有战争，人与人之间和睦。记忆线索搭配 at peace、in peace、keep the peace、make peace 都要分清语境。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 平静；安宁
安静、不被打扰，或心里平和。
常见表达 in peace at peace peace and quiet inner peace
After the exam, she sat by the lake and enjoyed the peace.
查看翻译和讲解 考试后，她坐在湖边享受宁静。
peace = quietness。
Please let the old man rest in peace.
查看翻译和讲解 请让那位老人安静地休息。
in peace。
n. [U,sing.] 和平
没有战争或暴力冲突的状态。
常见表达 at peace keep the peace make peace peace talks
The two countries have been at peace for many years.
查看翻译和讲解 这两个国家已经和平相处多年。
at peace。
Local leaders worked hard to keep the peace.
查看翻译和讲解 当地领导努力维护和平与秩序。
keep the peace。
n. [U] 和睦
人与人之间没有争吵，关系恢复友好。
常见表达 make peace with live in peace peace between friends
After the argument, the two friends made peace.
查看翻译和讲解 争吵后，两个朋友和好了。
make peace。
The neighbors learned to live in peace with each other.
查看翻译和讲解 邻居们学会了彼此和睦相处。
live in peace。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The sea was calm in the morning.
calm 多形容状态或人；peace 是名词。
Music brought harmony to the room.
harmony 强调关系协调。
The war ended after five years.
war 与和平义相反。
They avoided conflict by talking calmly.
conflict 可指战争或争执。
Pacific
太平洋的；用于 the Pacific Ocean They crossed the Pacific Ocean by ship.
Pacific 的历史原义有平静/太平，但现代本单元主要作太平洋专名，不等于 peace。
词族线索 / 同组词
The village was quiet and peaceful.
peaceful 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 peace -> peaceful，加 -ful 成形容词。Pacific 与 peace 有记忆线索“平静/太平”的记忆线，但现代学习时主要掌握 Pacific Ocean。
The village was quiet and peaceful.
They crossed the Pacific Ocean by ship.
词族导图 peace / peaceful / Pacific 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 peaceful = peace + -ful。既可形容生活、地方、夜晚很安宁，也可形容国家、示威、解决方式没有暴力。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 平静的；安宁的
安静、放松，没有打扰。
常见表达 a peaceful life peaceful village peaceful night peaceful afternoon
He had a peaceful life in the small town.
查看翻译和讲解 他在小镇过着平静的生活。
常见例句。
We spent a peaceful afternoon beside the lake.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在湖边度过了一个宁静的下午。
peaceful afternoon。
adj. 和平的；非暴力的
没有战争或暴力，靠对话解决问题。
常见表达 peaceful protest peaceful solution peaceful country peaceful talks
Students called for a peaceful solution to the problem.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们呼吁用和平方式解决问题。
peaceful solution。
The people joined a peaceful protest in the city center.
查看翻译和讲解 人们参加了市中心的和平示威。
peaceful protest。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The child became calm again.
calm 可形容人或局面；peaceful 更强调无打扰或无暴力。
The room was quiet.
quiet 强调没有声音。
They chose nonviolent action.
nonviolent 强调不用暴力。
The film has violent scenes.
violent 与和平义相反。
The street was noisy at night.
noisy 与平静环境相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
The two friends made peace.
peace 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 peace + -ful = peaceful，充满 peace 的状态。注意 peaceful 可讲环境安静，也可讲政治/社会非暴力。
The countries have been at peace for years.
词族导图 peace / peaceful / Pacific 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 Pacific 现代最重要用法是 the Pacific Ocean“太平洋”。记忆线索补充原义“平静的、太平的”只是帮助记忆，不要把 Pacific 当成 ordinary adjective 来随便替换 peaceful。
意思、用法与例句
adj. / n. [proper] 太平洋的；太平洋
作专名或专名形容词，指世界最大的大洋及相关地区。
常见表达 the Pacific Ocean Pacific islands Pacific coast across the Pacific
They crossed the Pacific Ocean by ship.
查看翻译和讲解 他们乘船横渡太平洋。
the Pacific Ocean。
Many Pacific islands are famous for clear water and coral reefs.
查看翻译和讲解 许多太平洋岛屿以清澈海水和珊瑚礁闻名。
Pacific islands。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The Pacific Ocean covers a huge area.
Pacific 常在 the Pacific Ocean 中出现。
The Atlantic Ocean lies between Europe and America.
Atlantic 是另一个大洋名，考试中常作地理对比。
The village was quiet and peaceful.
peaceful 是普通形容词；Pacific 主要是专名。
The city is far inland.
inland 与太平洋沿岸/海洋语境对比。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 Pacific 与 peace/pacific 的“平静、太平”有记忆线；本册核心仍是 Pacific Ocean。五大洋表达中要区分 Pacific、Atlantic、Indian、Arctic、Antarctic。
The two countries made peace.
The Atlantic Ocean is smaller than the Pacific.
词族导图 peace / peaceful / Pacific 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 shell 的核心是“外面保护里面的硬壳”。可指海贝/蛋/坚果等自然外壳，也可指机器、建筑或物体的外壳。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 壳
动物、蛋、坚果等外面的硬保护层。
常见表达 a hard shell an egg shell a turtle shell break a shell
A turtle can pull its head back inside its shell.
查看翻译和讲解 乌龟能把头缩回壳里。
animal shell。
Be careful not to drop pieces of egg shell into the bowl.
查看翻译和讲解 小心别把蛋壳碎片掉进碗里。
egg shell。
n. [C] 外壳
物体外层的硬壳或保护结构。
常见表达 outer shell metal shell plastic shell shell of a building
The phone has a strong outer shell to protect the screen.
查看翻译和讲解 这部手机有坚固的外壳来保护屏幕。
outer shell。
Only the shell of the old factory was left after the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 火灾后，那座旧工厂只剩外壳。
building shell。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The book has a plastic cover.
cover 更泛，shell 通常更硬、更外层。
The camera case is waterproof.
case 可指可拆外套或盒子。
The corn husk was dry.
husk 多用于植物外皮。
The inside of the shell is smooth.
inside 与外壳位置相反。
She collected seashells on the beach.
sea + shell，是海边贝壳。
Trees sheltered us from the rain.
shelter 与 shell 有保护语义联想，但现代不是 shell 的普通派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 sea + shell = seashell，海贝壳。shelter 只按保护语义和形近联想复习，不把它当 shell 的严格派生词。
She collected seashells on the beach.
The bus stop gave us shelter from the rain.
词族导图 shell / seashell / shelter 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 seashell = sea + shell，字面就是“海里的壳/海边贝壳”。它是具体名词，不要和 shell 的所有外壳义混用。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 海贝壳
海洋小动物留下的贝壳，常在海滩上捡到。
常见表达 collect seashells on the beach a small seashell seashell necklace
The children collected seashells on the beach.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们在海滩上捡海贝壳。
collect seashells。
She made a necklace from tiny seashells.
查看翻译和讲解 她用小海贝壳做了一条项链。
seashell necklace。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The crab hid inside its shell.
seashell 是 shell 的具体海洋场景。
Beach shells come in many colors.
beach shell 是解释性说法。
He picked up a smooth pebble.
pebble 是石头，不是贝壳。
A living sea animal may leave a shell behind.
seashell 通常指留下的壳。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 sea + shell = seashell。与 shell 的关系是真正复合词；与 shelter 只是同图复习。
The wind blew from the sea.
The crab has a hard shell.
词族导图 shell / seashell / shelter 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 shelter 的核心不是“壳”，而是“挡住危险/风雨，给人安全处”。名词有抽象庇护、住处、具体庇护所；动词常见 shelter sb. from sth. 和 shelter from sth.。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 遮蔽；庇护；住处
保护人免受天气、危险或无家可归的状态。
常见表达 provide shelter seek shelter take shelter under the shelter of
The trees provided shelter from the strong wind.
查看翻译和讲解 这些树为人们挡住了强风。
provide shelter from。
After the storm, many families needed food and shelter.
查看翻译和讲解 暴风雨后，许多家庭需要食物和住所。
food and shelter。
n. [C] 庇护处；避难所
可供人躲避危险或暂住的具体地方。
常见表达 build a shelter animal shelter bus shelter emergency shelter
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
查看翻译和讲解 工作人员为家园被毁的幸存者建起避难处。
常见例句。
We waited for the rain to stop in a bus shelter.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在公交候车亭里等雨停。
bus shelter。
vt. / vi. 掩蔽；庇护；躲避
保护某人免遭伤害，或自己躲避风雨/危险。
常见表达 shelter sb. from shelter from shelter under be sheltered from
The wall sheltered the garden from the cold wind.
查看翻译和讲解 这堵墙保护花园免受冷风侵袭。
shelter sth. from。
People sheltered from the rain under a shop roof.
查看翻译和讲解 人们在商店屋檐下躲雨。
shelter from。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Children need protection from danger.
protection 更泛，shelter 常和地点或天气危险相关。
The school became a refuge during the flood.
refuge 更正式，强调逃离危险后的安全处。
We ran for cover when it began to rain.
cover 可指遮挡；shelter 更强调安全和庇护。
Exposure to cold can be dangerous.
exposure 是没有遮蔽保护。
The shelter kept people away from danger.
shelter 的目的常是远离 danger。
The plants grew well in a sheltered corner.
sheltered 是过去分词形容词。
The turtle stayed inside its shell.
shell 是硬外壳；shelter 是保护或安全处，不是同义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 shelter 与 shell 在本图中按“保护/遮蔽”联想。重点记 shelter...from... 和 under the shelter of...，再扩展 sheltered。
The plants grew well in a sheltered corner.
A shell protects what is inside.
词族导图 shell / seashell / shelter 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 stick 的核心画面是“贴住、插住、卡住”。过去式和过去分词都是 stuck。名词是细长木棍/枝条；stick to 是坚持、遵守、继续做。
意思、用法与例句
v. 粘；贴
用胶水、胶带等让东西贴在表面上。
常见表达 stick on stick to the wall stick a stamp on stick together
She stuck a note on the classroom door.
查看翻译和讲解 她把一张便条贴在教室门上。
stick on。
The glue was too weak, so the paper would not stick.
查看翻译和讲解 胶水太弱了，所以纸粘不住。
stick 不及物。
vt. / vi. 刺；插；伸出
把尖东西插入，或一部分向外伸出。
常见表达 stick a pin into stick out stick one's head out stick into
Do not stick a knife into the desk.
查看翻译和讲解 不要把刀插进桌子里。
stick into。
A red flag was sticking out of the sand.
查看翻译和讲解 一面红旗从沙子里伸出来。
stick out。
vi. 卡住；钉住
物体动不了，像被卡住或固定住。
常见表达 get stuck be stuck in stick in the mud the door sticks
Our car got stuck in the mud after the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 雨后我们的车陷在泥里了。
get stuck。
The old door sticks when the weather is wet.
查看翻译和讲解 天气潮湿时这扇旧门会卡住。
door sticks。
phr. v. stick to：坚持；遵守；继续做
不轻易改变计划、规则或正在做的事。
常见表达 stick to a plan stick to the rules stick to doing stick with
If we stick to the plan, we can finish before Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 如果我们坚持按计划做，周五前就能完成。
stick to a plan。
Drivers must stick to the traffic rules.
查看翻译和讲解 司机必须遵守交通规则。
stick to rules。
n. [C] 枝条；棒；棍；球棍；手杖
细长木条或类似形状的工具。
常见表达 a walking stick a hockey stick a wooden stick dry sticks
The old man walked with a wooden stick.
查看翻译和讲解 那位老人拄着一根木手杖走路。
walking stick。
The children picked up dry sticks for the campfire.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们捡干树枝来生篝火。
sticks = branches。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Attach the label to the box.
attach 较正式，stick 更口语和具体。
Paste the picture into your notebook.
paste 常指用浆糊/软件粘贴。
Insert the card into the machine.
insert 更正式，stick into 更口语。
The key is stuck in the lock.
stuck 是 stick 的过去分词和形容词。
Separate the two pieces of paper.
separate 与粘在一起相反。
Do not give up too early.
give up 与 stick to 的坚持义相反。
He can eat noodles with chopsticks.
chopsticks 是一双细棒状餐具。
She bought a pair of black stockings.
stocking 与 stick/stock 有记忆线索词源记忆线，现代不是 stick 的普通派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 stick 本体要先掌握 stuck 和 stick to。chopsticks 是 chop + sticks 的餐具词；stocking 按记忆线索 stock/stick 同源记忆“树干覆盖物”转为长筒袜，不作为现代同义派生。
The key is stuck in the lock.
He can eat noodles with chopsticks.
She bought a pair of black stockings.
词族导图 stick / chopsticks / stocking 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 chopsticks 永远按复数常用，因为一双筷子有两根。重点搭配 disposable chopsticks 和 chopsticks rest。
意思、用法与例句
n. [pl.] 筷子
用来夹食物的一双细长餐具。
常见表达 a pair of chopsticks use chopsticks disposable chopsticks chopsticks rest
Can you use chopsticks to pick up noodles?
查看翻译和讲解 你会用筷子夹面条吗？
use chopsticks。
The restaurant no longer offers disposable chopsticks.
查看翻译和讲解 这家餐馆不再提供一次性筷子。
disposable chopsticks。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Chopsticks are eating sticks used in many Asian countries.
eating sticks 是解释性说法。
Forks and bowls are tableware.
tableware 是上位词。
She used a fork for the salad.
fork 是另一种餐具，不是严格反义。
Use a spoon for soup.
spoon 是用途不同的餐具。
The children picked up dry sticks.
chopsticks 中 sticks 指细棒形状。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 chopsticks 可理解为 chop + sticks，现代重点是成对餐具。常见量词结构是 a pair of chopsticks。
The old man walked with a wooden stick.
词族导图 stick / chopsticks / stocking 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 stocking 常用复数 stockings。记忆线索把 stock 与 stick 的古义“树干/树桩”联系起来，帮助记“覆盖腿部的长袜”，但现代学习时它就是 clothing，不要和 stick 的粘贴义混。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C, usually pl.] 长筒袜
覆盖脚和腿的长袜，常见于女式穿着，也可在 Christmas stocking 中指圣诞袜。
常见表达 a pair of stockings silk stockings wear stockings Christmas stocking
She wore black stockings with her school uniform.
查看翻译和讲解 她穿校服时配了黑色长筒袜。
wear stockings。
Children put small gifts into a Christmas stocking.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们把小礼物放进圣诞袜里。
Christmas stocking。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He changed his wet socks.
sock 更泛，stocking 通常更长更薄。
The shop sells hosiery and gloves.
hosiery 是正式集合词。
She wore warm tights in winter.
tights 是连裤袜，结构不同。
She went out with bare legs in summer.
bare leg 与穿长筒袜相反。
The key was stuck in the lock.
stick 只是记忆线索词源记忆线，不是 stocking 的现代近义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 stocking 与 stock/stick 的古义联系只用于记忆。现代词义按 clothing 掌握：a pair of stockings、wear stockings、Christmas stocking。
She bought a pair of stockings.
Children hang Christmas stockings by the bed.
词族导图 stick / chopsticks / stocking 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grand 本义是宏伟、壮丽或重大；放在家庭称谓前时表示“隔一代”的亲属关系，如 grandfather、grandchild。不要把亲属词里的 grand 理解成“宏伟的爷爷”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 宏伟的；壮丽的
规模大、外观令人印象深刻。
常见表达 a grand building a grand hotel grand scenery look grand
The old theatre still looks grand after repairs.
查看翻译和讲解 修缮后，这座老剧院仍显得宏伟。
grand = impressive。
They walked through the grand hall of the museum.
查看翻译和讲解 他们穿过博物馆宏伟的大厅。
grand hall。
adj. 重大的；盛大的
计划、活动或场合很重要或规模很大。
常见表达 a grand plan a grand opening grand idea grand event
The city prepared a grand opening for the new library.
查看翻译和讲解 这座城市为新图书馆准备了盛大的开幕式。
grand opening。
His grand plan sounded exciting but difficult.
查看翻译和讲解 他的宏大计划听起来令人兴奋但很难。
grand plan。
prefix in family words 亲属称谓中表示隔一代
用于家庭成员词前，表示祖辈或孙辈关系。
常见表达 grandfather grandmother grandparent grandchild
Grand can appear before family words to show one generation apart.
查看翻译和讲解 grand 可放在亲属词前表示隔一代。
usage note。
A grandchild is the child of your son or daughter.
查看翻译和讲解 grandchild 是你的儿子或女儿的孩子。
grandchild。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The palace is magnificent.
magnificent 比 grand 更强调壮丽。
The speech was impressive.
impressive 更泛。
It was an important decision.
important 更常用。
The room was plain but clean.
plain 与宏伟华丽相反。
It was an ordinary day.
ordinary 与重大/盛大相反。
Her grandson visits every weekend.
grandson 是男性孙辈。
His granddaughter loves science.
granddaughter 是女性孙辈。
Each grandchild wrote a card.
grandchild 不分性别。
My grandfather taught me to fish.
grandfather 是正式称谓。
My grandmother told us stories.
grandmother 是正式称谓。
My grandparents are sweet to me.
grandparent 是 grandfather/grandmother 的上位词。
Grandpa made breakfast for us.
grandpa 是 grandfather 的口语称呼。
Grandma baked a cake.
grandma 是 grandmother 的口语称呼。
Granny smiled and waved.
granny 更亲昵，常用于家人称呼。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand 可作形容词“宏伟/重大”，也可在亲属词中表示隔一代。grandpa、grandma、granny 是口语称呼；grandparent/grandchild 是不分性别的上位词。
Her grandson visits every weekend.
His granddaughter loves science.
Each grandchild wrote a card.
My grandfather taught me to fish.
My grandmother told us stories.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
Grandpa made breakfast for us.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandson = grand + son，男性孙辈；中文根据父系/母系可译孙子或外孙。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 孙子，外孙
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's grandson have a grandson visit one's grandson young grandson
Her grandson visits every weekend.
查看翻译和讲解 她的孙子/外孙每个周末来看她。
male grandchild。
The old man taught his grandson to plant trees.
查看翻译和讲解 那位老人教他的孙子/外孙种树。
grandson。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Each grandchild wrote a card.
grandchild 不分性别。
His granddaughter loves science.
granddaughter 是女性孙辈。
A grandparent is one generation above a parent.
grandparent 是相对的祖辈角色。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 granddaughter = grand + daughter，女性孙辈；中文根据父系/母系可译孙女或外孙女。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 孙女，外孙女
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's granddaughter have a granddaughter visit one's granddaughter young granddaughter
His granddaughter loves science and drawing.
查看翻译和讲解 他的孙女/外孙女喜欢科学和绘画。
female grandchild。
My grandmother keeps a photo of every granddaughter.
查看翻译和讲解 我奶奶/外婆保存着每个孙女/外孙女的照片。
granddaughter。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Each grandchild wrote a card.
grandchild 不分性别。
Her grandson visits every weekend.
grandson 是男性孙辈。
Grandparents often care for grandchildren.
grandparent 是相对的祖辈角色。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandchild 不分性别，指儿子或女儿的孩子；复数是 grandchildren。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 孙子或孙女，孙辈
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's grandchild grandchildren care for a grandchild visit a grandchild
Each grandchild wrote a card for their grandparents.
查看翻译和讲解 每个孙辈都给祖父母写了一张卡片。
grandchild。
She has one grandchild in Beijing and two in Shanghai.
查看翻译和讲解 她有一个孙辈在北京，两个在上海。
one grandchild。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her grandson visits every weekend.
grandson 是男性 grandchild。
His granddaughter loves science.
granddaughter 是女性 grandchild。
A grandparent may have several grandchildren.
grandparent 与 grandchild 是相对关系。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandfather 是正式称谓，指父亲或母亲的父亲；口语常说 grandpa。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 祖父，爷爷，外公
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's grandfather my grandfather grandfather and grandmother grandfather's story
My grandfather taught me to fish when I was young.
查看翻译和讲解 我小时候，爷爷/外公教我钓鱼。
grandfather。
Her grandfather told stories about the old village.
查看翻译和讲解 她的爷爷/外公讲老村庄的故事。
grandfather's stories。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Grandpa made breakfast for us.
grandpa 是口语称呼。
My grandmother told us stories.
grandmother 是女性祖辈。
A grandparent is a grandfather or grandmother.
grandparent 是上位词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandmother 是正式称谓，指父亲或母亲的母亲；口语常说 grandma 或 granny。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 祖母，奶奶，外婆
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's grandmother my grandmother grandmother and grandfather grandmother's kitchen
My grandmother told us stories after dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 晚饭后，奶奶/外婆给我们讲故事。
grandmother。
Her grandmother makes the best noodles in the family.
查看翻译和讲解 她的奶奶/外婆做家里最好吃的面条。
grandmother。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Grandma baked a cake.
grandma 是口语称呼。
Granny smiled and waved.
granny 更亲昵。
My grandfather taught me to fish.
grandfather 是男性祖辈。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandparent 是 grandfather 或 grandmother 的上位词，常用复数 grandparents。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C, often pl.] 祖父母，外祖父母
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 one's grandparents visit grandparents live with a grandparent grandparent and grandchild
My grandparents are sweet to me.
查看翻译和讲解 我的祖父母/外祖父母对我很和蔼。
常见例句。
Many students visit their grandparents during the holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生假期去看望祖父母/外祖父母。
visit grandparents。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
My grandfather taught me to fish.
grandfather 是男性 grandparent。
My grandmother told us stories.
grandmother 是女性 grandparent。
Grandparents often care for grandchildren.
grandchild 是相对的孙辈角色。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
035
aunt
▶ /ɑːnt/ · noun
the sister of your father or mother, or the wife of your uncle
姑母；姨母；舅妈等（统称）
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 姑母；姨母；舅妈等（统称）
the sister of your father or mother, or the wife of your uncle
常见表达 visit my aunt aunt and uncle my favourite aunt
My aunt sent me a postcard from her new city.
查看翻译和讲解 我的姨妈从她的新城市给我寄来一张明信片。
my aunt 指一位女性长辈亲属。
We will have dinner with my aunt and uncle on Sunday.
查看翻译和讲解 星期天我们要和我的姨妈、姨父一起吃晚饭。
aunt and uncle 是常见并列搭配。
aunt 是英语中对多种女性亲属关系的统称；具体亲属关系需要结合家庭关系说明。
036
brother
▶ /ˈbrʌðə(r)/ · noun
a male person who has the same parents, or one parent, as you
兄弟；兄或弟
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. 兄弟；兄或弟
a male person who has the same parents, or one parent, as you
常见表达 an older brother a younger brother
My brother helps me with my maths homework.
查看翻译和讲解 我哥哥（弟弟）帮我做数学作业。
My brother helps me
The two brothers shared one bicycle when they were young.
查看翻译和讲解 这两兄弟小时候共用一辆自行车。
The two brothers
可说 older brother、younger brother；brother 前通常用物主代词或冠词。
037
cousin
▶ /ˈkʌzn/ · n. [C]
a child of your aunt or uncle
堂（表）兄弟姐妹；远亲
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 堂（表）兄弟姐妹；远亲
a child of your aunt or uncle
常见表达 my cousin first cousin cousin brother
My cousin is studying engineering in Manchester.
查看翻译和讲解 我的表弟正在曼彻斯特学工程。
cousin
We visit our cousins every summer holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 我们每年暑假都去看堂（表）兄弟姐妹。
cousin
Cousin does not itself distinguish a maternal from a paternal relative.
038
nephew
▶ /ˈnefjuː/ · n.
the son of your brother or sister
侄子；外甥
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. 侄子；外甥
the son of your brother or sister
常见表达 my young nephew uncle and nephew
My nephew learned to ride a bike last week.
查看翻译和讲解 我侄子上周学会了骑自行车。
My nephew
The uncle and nephew built a kite together.
查看翻译和讲解 叔侄两人一起做了一只风筝。
uncle and nephew
A nephew is a male child of your brother or sister.
039
niece
▶ /niːs/ · n.
the daughter of your brother or sister
侄女；外甥女
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. 侄女；外甥女
the daughter of your brother or sister
常见表达 my niece a young niece visit a niece
My niece starts primary school this autumn.
查看翻译和讲解 我侄女今年秋天上小学。
My niece
We bought a picture book for our little niece.
查看翻译和讲解 我们给小侄女买了一本图画书。
our little niece
与 nephew 相对，指兄弟姐妹的女儿。
040
sister
▶ /ˈsɪstə(r)/ · n. [C]
a girl or woman who has the same parents as you
姐姐；妹妹
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 姐姐；妹妹
a girl or woman who has the same parents as you
常见表达 older sister younger sister
My older sister is teaching me to drive.
查看翻译和讲解 我姐姐正在教我开车。
older sister
Nina and her sister walk to school together.
查看翻译和讲解 妮娜和她妹妹一起步行上学。
her sister
英语不在 sister 本身区分姐姐和妹妹，可用 older/younger 说明。
041
uncle
▶ /ˈʌŋkl/ · n.
the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt
叔叔；伯父；舅舅；姑父；姨父
学习关联：在亲属关系图中比较祖辈、同辈和晚辈的称呼。
意思、用法与例句
n. 叔叔；伯父；舅舅；姑父；姨父
the brother of your mother or father, or the husband of your aunt
常见表达 my uncle Uncle Ben
My uncle taught me how to ride a bike.
查看翻译和讲解 我叔叔教我骑自行车。
My uncle taught
Uncle Ben is coming for dinner tonight.
查看翻译和讲解 本叔叔今晚会来吃饭。
Uncle Ben
称呼时可大写，如 Uncle Ben。
联想 grandpa 是 grandfather 的口语、亲切称呼；正式写作或介绍关系时可用 grandfather。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 爷爷，外公
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 my grandpa Grandpa visit grandpa grandpa's house
Grandpa made breakfast for us on Sunday.
查看翻译和讲解 周日爷爷/外公给我们做了早饭。
Grandpa as a name-like address。
I called my grandpa to ask about the old photo.
查看翻译和讲解 我打电话给爷爷/外公询问那张老照片。
my grandpa。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
My grandfather taught me to fish.
grandfather 更正式。
Grandma baked a cake.
grandma 是女性口语称呼。
My grandparents are sweet to me.
grandparent 是上位词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 grandma 是 grandmother 的口语、亲切称呼；正式写作或介绍关系时可用 grandmother。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 奶奶，外婆
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 my grandma Grandma visit grandma grandma's cooking
Grandma baked a cake for my birthday.
查看翻译和讲解 奶奶/外婆为我的生日烤了一个蛋糕。
Grandma as a name-like address。
We visit grandma every winter holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 我们每个寒假都去看奶奶/外婆。
visit grandma。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
My grandmother told us stories.
grandmother 更正式。
Granny smiled and waved.
granny 更亲昵。
Grandpa made breakfast for us.
grandpa 是男性口语称呼。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 granny 是 grandmother 的亲昵称呼，语气比 grandmother 更口语、更家庭化。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 奶奶，姥姥，外婆
表示隔一代的家庭成员关系，中文要根据父系/母系和口语场景灵活翻译。
常见表达 my granny Granny visit granny granny's stories
Granny smiled and waved from the window.
查看翻译和讲解 奶奶/外婆从窗边微笑着挥手。
Granny as a name-like address。
The children loved listening to granny's stories.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们喜欢听奶奶/外婆讲故事。
granny's stories。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
My grandmother told us stories.
grandmother 更正式。
Grandma baked a cake.
grandma 也很口语。
Grandpa made breakfast for us.
grandpa 是男性口语称呼。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 grand- 用于亲属称谓前，表示隔一代关系；grandpa/grandma/granny 是更口语、更亲切的称呼。
Grand can appear before family words.
My grandparents are sweet to me.
词族导图 grand 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 school 作可数名词是学校；作不可数名词常指上学、受教育这件事。after school 是放学后，leave school 可指离校、毕业或退学，要看语境。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 学校
学生学习的地方或机构。
常见表达 primary school middle school at school school rules
Our school has a new science lab this year.
查看翻译和讲解 我们学校今年有了新的科学实验室。
school = place。
The school rules ask everyone to be on time.
查看翻译和讲解 校规要求每个人准时。
school rules。
n. [U] 上学；受教育
作为活动或阶段的上学，不强调某一所学校。
常见表达 go to school be at school after school leave school
Many students play basketball after school.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生放学后打篮球。
after school。
He left school at sixteen and later returned to study.
查看翻译和讲解 他十六岁离校，后来又回来学习。
leave school。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She studies music at an academy.
academy 更正式或专门。
The campus is quiet during the holiday.
campus 是学校场地，不等于 school 本身。
Education can change a person's future.
education 是教育过程或事业。
He studies at home on weekends.
home 与学校地点对比，不是严格反义。
He put the dictionary into his schoolbag.
school + bag。
She won a full scholarship.
scholarship 是学习资助，不是学校本身。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school 是本组核心。schoolbag/schoolboy/schoolgirl/school-leaver/schoolmate 是透明复合词；scholar/scholarship 走学习、学问、奖学金线，和 school 同属学习语义场。
He put the dictionary into his schoolbag.
I met an old schoolmate on the train.
The scholar studied ancient poems.
She won a full scholarship.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
046
kindergarten
▶ /ˈkɪndəɡɑːtn/ · n. [C,U]
a class or school for young children before they begin primary school
幼儿园；学前班
学习关联：把学校、学生与学习阶段放在同一场景中理解，不表示全部同源。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 幼儿园；学前班
a class or school for young children before they begin primary school
常见表达 start kindergarten a kindergarten teacher kindergarten children
Her younger brother will start kindergarten in September.
查看翻译和讲解 她的弟弟九月将上幼儿园。
start kindergarten
The kindergarten teacher organised a painting activity.
查看翻译和讲解 幼儿园老师组织了一项绘画活动。
kindergarten teacher
Kindergarten refers to early education before primary school. The exact starting age varies by country.
047
nursery
▶ /ˈnɜːsəri/ · n. [C]
a place where young children are cared for or begin learning; a place where young plants are grown and sold
托儿所；幼儿园；苗圃；植物培育场
学习关联：把学校、学生与学习阶段放在同一场景中理解，不表示全部同源。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 托儿所；幼儿园
a place where young children are cared for or begin learning
常见表达 nursery school go to nursery nursery teacher
Her son goes to nursery every weekday morning.
查看翻译和讲解 她儿子每个工作日早上去幼儿园。
goes to nursery
The nursery teacher read the children a story.
查看翻译和讲解 幼儿园老师给孩子们读了一个故事。
nursery teacher
In British English, nursery often refers to early-childhood education or care.
n. [C] 苗圃；植物培育场
a place where young plants are grown and sold
常见表达 plant nursery tree nursery visit a nursery
We bought two rose bushes from a local nursery.
查看翻译和讲解 我们从当地苗圃买了两棵玫瑰灌木。
local nursery
The school visited a tree nursery in spring.
查看翻译和讲解 学校春天参观了一处树苗圃。
tree nursery
A plant nursery sells or raises young plants; context makes this different from a children’s nursery.
048
pupil
▶ /ˈpjuːpəl/ · n. [C]
a child who is taught at a school, especially a primary school; the dark circular opening in the centre of the eye that lets light in
小学生；中小学生；瞳孔
学习关联：把学校、学生与学习阶段放在同一场景中理解，不表示全部同源。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 小学生；中小学生
a child who is taught at a school, especially a primary school
常见表达 primary-school pupils a pupil in Class 6 pupil behaviour
The pupils planted trees in the school garden.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们在校园花园里种了树。
The pupils planted trees
Each pupil received a map before the museum visit.
查看翻译和讲解 参观博物馆前，每位学生都领到了一张地图。
Each pupil received
BrE 中 pupil 常指中小学学生；大学通常用 student。
n. [C] 瞳孔
the dark circular opening in the centre of the eye that lets light in
常见表达 the pupil of the eye dilated pupils pupils react to light
In bright light, the pupil of the eye becomes smaller.
查看翻译和讲解 在强光下，眼睛的瞳孔会变小。
the pupil of the eye
The doctor checked whether both pupils reacted to light.
查看翻译和讲解 医生检查两侧瞳孔是否都对光有反应。
both pupils reacted to light
此义为生物学义项，注意不是“学生”。
049
student
▶ /ˈstjuːdnt/ · n.
a person who is learning at a school, college, or university
学生
学习关联：把学校、学生与学习阶段放在同一场景中理解，不表示全部同源。
意思、用法与例句
n. 学生
a person who is learning at a school, college, or university
常见表达 a student of an exchange student
Each student received a map of the campus.
查看翻译和讲解 每位学生都收到一张校园地图。
each student
She is a student of biology at the university.
查看翻译和讲解 她是这所大学的生物学学生。
a student of biology
a student of + 学科，表示“某学科的学生”。
联想 schoolbag = school + bag，学生装书、本子和学习用品的包。美式英语中 backpack 更常见，但 schoolbag 更直接强调学生用途。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 书包
学生带去学校、装书和文具的包。
常见表达 carry a schoolbag put sth. in a schoolbag heavy schoolbag pack a schoolbag
He put the dictionary into his schoolbag.
查看翻译和讲解 他把词典放进书包。
put into。
A heavy schoolbag can hurt a child's back.
查看翻译和讲解 沉重的书包可能伤到孩子的背。
heavy schoolbag。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She carries a blue backpack.
backpack 强调背包样式。
His book bag is under the desk.
book bag 更口语。
The bag is full of books.
bag 是上位词。
A suitcase is used for travel.
suitcase 用于旅行，不是上学装书。
Our school has a new lab.
schoolbag 是 school + bag。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school + bag = schoolbag，透明复合词。
Many students play basketball after school.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 schoolboy = school + boy，通常指中小学阶段的男生，不是大学生。和 schoolgirl 是性别对比，不必硬当真正反义词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 中小学男生
在学校读书的男孩，常指中小学年龄。
常见表达 a young schoolboy schoolboys and schoolgirls schoolboy uniform schoolboy days
The schoolboy waited for the bus with his classmates.
查看翻译和讲解 那个男生和同学一起等公交。
schoolboy。
Many schoolboys joined the football club after class.
查看翻译和讲解 许多男生课后加入了足球社。
schoolboys。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The male student answered the question.
male student 更泛。
The boy pupil read aloud.
pupil 常用于小学生。
The schoolgirl won a prize.
schoolgirl 是性别对比。
The teacher checked the homework.
teacher 是学校里的成人角色。
The school opens at eight.
schoolboy 是 school + boy。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school + boy = schoolboy。与 schoolgirl 是性别对比，和 student/pupil 是范围差异。
The schoolgirl won a prize for her drawing.
Our school has a new lab.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 schoolgirl = school + girl，通常指中小学阶段的女生。和 schoolboy 是性别对比，不是需要硬造反义的普通词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 中小学女生
在学校读书的女孩，常指中小学年龄。
常见表达 a young schoolgirl schoolboys and schoolgirls schoolgirl uniform schoolgirl days
The schoolgirl won a prize for her drawing.
查看翻译和讲解 那个女生因为绘画获奖了。
schoolgirl。
Several schoolgirls helped clean the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 几个女生帮忙打扫教室。
schoolgirls。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The female student gave a short speech.
female student 更泛。
The girl pupil read the story.
pupil 常用于小学生。
The schoolboy waited for the bus.
schoolboy 是性别对比。
The teacher checked the homework.
teacher 是学校里的成人角色。
The school opens at eight.
schoolgirl 是 school + girl。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school + girl = schoolgirl。与 schoolboy 是性别对比，和 student/pupil 是范围差异。
The schoolboy waited for the bus.
Our school has a new lab.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 school-leaver = school + leaver，字面是离开学校的人。英式英语常指刚中学毕业、准备就业或继续选择道路的年轻人。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 中学毕业生；离校生
刚完成中学教育、准备就业或继续学习的年轻人。
常见表达 a recent school-leaver school-leavers jobs for school-leavers school-leaver programme
The company offers training for school-leavers.
查看翻译和讲解 这家公司为中学毕业生提供培训。
training for school-leavers。
Many school-leavers need advice before choosing a job.
查看翻译和讲解 许多离校生在择业前需要建议。
school-leavers。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The graduate found a job in July.
graduate 更泛，可指大学毕业生。
A former student returned to give a talk.
former student 不一定刚毕业。
Current students can use the library.
current student 与 school-leaver 状态对比。
He left school at sixteen.
school-leaver 来自 leave school。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school-leaver 是 school + leaver，注意连字符和英式语境。
He left school at sixteen.
Some students leave school and start work.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 schoolmate = school + mate，mate 是伙伴，所以 schoolmate 是同校的人。它可指现在同学，也可指过去同校的校友；classmate 更强调同班。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 同学；校友
与你同校或曾经同校的人，不一定同班。
常见表达 an old schoolmate meet a schoolmate former schoolmate schoolmates and classmates
I met an old schoolmate on the train.
查看翻译和讲解 我在火车上遇到一位老同学。
old schoolmate。
Her schoolmates helped her prepare for the speech.
查看翻译和讲解 她的同学们帮她准备演讲。
schoolmates。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
My classmate sits next to me.
classmate 更强调同班。
Fellow students shared their notes.
fellow student 较正式。
He wrote to an old schoolfellow.
schoolfellow 更英式/较旧。
The teacher gave feedback.
teacher 是学校角色对比，不是反义。
They went to the same school.
schoolmate 是同校伙伴。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 school + mate = schoolmate，同校伙伴。classmate = class + mate，同班伙伴。
My classmate sits next to me.
They went to the same school.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 scholar 不等于普通 student。它强调学问深、研究某领域的人；也可在部分语境中指获得奖学金的学生，但本册核心是学者、有学问的人。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 学者；有学问的人
长期研究或精通某学科的人。
常见表达 a history scholar a famous scholar young scholar scholar of
The scholar spent years studying ancient poems.
查看翻译和讲解 那位学者花多年研究古诗。
scholar。
A young scholar gave a talk about local history.
查看翻译和讲解 一位年轻学者做了关于地方史的讲座。
young scholar。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The academic published a new paper.
academic 更强调高校或学术职业。
The researcher collected data.
researcher 强调研究工作。
The expert explained the problem clearly.
expert 强调专业能力。
A beginner needs simple examples.
beginner 与学者的知识水平对比。
She won a full scholarship.
scholarship 与学习资助相关，不是 scholar 本人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 scholar 走“学问/学习”线；scholarship = scholar + -ship，在本册核心义为奖学金。
She won a full scholarship.
Education begins at school.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 scholarship 在高考中核心是奖学金，常见 full scholarship。它不是 scholar 本人，而是给学生继续学习的资助或奖励。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 奖学金
因成绩、需要或特长而获得的学习资助。
常见表达 win a scholarship apply for a scholarship full scholarship scholarship student
She won a full scholarship to study science.
查看翻译和讲解 她获得全额奖学金去学习科学。
full scholarship。
Many students apply for scholarships before university.
查看翻译和讲解 许多学生上大学前申请奖学金。
apply for scholarships。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The study grant covered his books.
study grant 与 scholarship 接近。
The award helped pay for school.
award 更泛。
Financial aid helped her finish college.
financial aid 更泛，可含贷款。
The tuition fee is high.
tuition fee 是要支付的费用，scholarship 是资助。
词族线索 / 同组词
The scholar studied ancient poems.
scholar 是人，scholarship 是钱或奖项。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 scholar + -ship = scholarship。本册核心义为奖学金，重点搭配 full scholarship、apply for/win a scholarship。
The scholar studied ancient poems.
She won a full scholarship.
词族导图 school 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 strong 不只表示人强壮。它可形容身体力量、材料坚固、团队/国家强大、观点坚定，也可形容风、味道、感情等强烈。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 强壮的；有力的
人或身体有力量，或动作力量大。
常见表达 strong body strong arms strong man strong enough to
He is a very strong man.
查看翻译和讲解 他很强壮。
常见例句。
You need strong legs to climb this hill.
查看翻译和讲解 爬这座山需要强壮的双腿。
physical strength。
adj. 坚固的；强大的
材料结实，组织、国家、队伍或论据有力量。
常见表达 strong bridge strong team strong argument strong economy
The bridge is strong enough for heavy trucks.
查看翻译和讲解 这座桥足够坚固，可以承载重型卡车。
strong bridge。
Her strong argument helped protect the river from pollution.
查看翻译和讲解 她有力的论证帮助保护这条河免受污染。
strong argument。
adj. 坚定的；强烈的
态度坚定，或味道、风、感情等程度强。
常见表达 strong opinion strong will strong wind strong tea
The team has a strong will to win.
查看翻译和讲解 这支队伍有强烈的求胜意志。
strong will。
The strong wind made it hard to ride a bike.
查看翻译和讲解 强风让骑车变得困难。
strong wind。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The engine is powerful.
powerful 强调力量或影响力。
The chair feels firm.
firm 强调不松动或态度坚定。
The heat was intense.
intense 强调程度高。
The old rope was weak.
weak 是 strong 最常见反义词。
The glass is fragile.
fragile 与坚固义相反。
The soup has a mild taste.
mild 与强烈义相反。
词族线索 / 同组词
He is a man of great strength.
strength 是名词。
Exercise can strengthen your legs.
strengthen 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 strong -> strength 名词；strength + -en -> strengthen 动词，-en 表示 make/become。
He is a man of great strength.
Exercise can strengthen your legs.
词族导图 strong / strength / strengthen 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 strength 是 strong 的名词。它既可说身体力气，也可说一个人的优点、团队实力、材料/信号强度和内心坚强。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U,sing.] 力量；力气
身体或物体能用出的力量。
常见表达 physical strength great strength build strength lose strength
He is a man of great strength.
查看翻译和讲解 他很有力气。
常见例句。
Swimming helps build strength in the arms.
查看翻译和讲解 游泳有助于增强手臂力量。
build strength。
n. [C] 优点；优势
一个人、计划或团队擅长的方面。
常见表达 a strength one's strengths strengths and weaknesses main strength
Careful listening is one of her strengths.
查看翻译和讲解 认真倾听是她的优点之一。
one of her strengths。
The report lists the plan's strengths and weaknesses.
查看翻译和讲解 报告列出了这个计划的优点和缺点。
strengths and weaknesses。
n. [U] 实力；强度；坚强
组织的整体能力、信号/风/材料的强度，或内心承受困难的能力。
常见表达 team strength signal strength strength of wind inner strength
The coach believes in the strength of the whole team.
查看翻译和讲解 教练相信整支队伍的实力。
team strength。
She showed great inner strength after the accident.
查看翻译和讲解 事故后她表现出强大的内心力量。
inner strength。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The machine has enough power.
power 更泛，可指动力、权力或能力。
Speed is our advantage.
advantage 对应 strength 的优点/优势义。
The firmness of the ground matters.
firmness 强调坚固或稳定。
We must know our weaknesses.
weakness 与 strength 多义相对。
The price is a disadvantage.
disadvantage 对应优势义。
词族线索 / 同组词
He is a very strong man.
strong 是形容词。
Exercise can strengthen your legs.
strengthen 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 strong 变名词时拼写和读音变化为 strength /streŋθ/。常见搭配 strengths and weaknesses。
Exercise can strengthen your legs.
词族导图 strong / strength / strengthen 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 strengthen = strength + -en，-en 有 make/become 的意思。它可加强肌肉、关系、规则、信心、证据或能力。
意思、用法与例句
v. 加强；增强
让身体、关系、制度、能力、信心等更强，也可表示它们变强。
常见表达 strengthen muscles strengthen friendship strengthen rules strengthen confidence strengthen one's ability
Regular exercise can strengthen your legs.
查看翻译和讲解 规律锻炼能增强腿部力量。
strengthen muscles。
The two schools worked together to strengthen their friendship.
查看翻译和讲解 两所学校合作以加强友谊。
strengthen friendship。
The new evidence strengthened his argument.
查看翻译和讲解 新证据增强了他的论点。
strengthen an argument。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Workers reinforced the wall.
reinforce 常用于结构、规则或观点。
Practice improves your listening.
improve 更泛，不一定是变强。
The course builds up students' confidence.
build up 强调逐步增强。
Lack of sleep can weaken memory.
weaken 是直接反向。
The plan reduces waste.
reduce 只在数量/程度上相反，不如 weaken 精确。
词族线索 / 同组词
Swimming helps build strength.
strength 是名词。
The bridge is strong.
strong 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 strength + -en = strengthen，-en 表示 make/become。类似 shorten、widen，但不要乱套到所有形容词。
The bridge is strong enough for trucks.
Swimming helps build strength.
词族导图 strong / strength / strengthen 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 teacher = teach + -er，是从事教学的人。instructor/educator/tutor 都可接近，但 tutor 更偏一对一辅导或大学导师，不是 teacher 的普通派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 教师；老师
在学校或课程中教学生的人。
常见表达 English teacher class teacher teacher training a strict teacher
Our English teacher asks us to read aloud every morning.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的英语老师要求我们每天早上朗读。
English teacher。
The class teacher called the parents after the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 班主任会后给家长打了电话。
class teacher。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The swimming instructor showed us the movement.
instructor 常用于课程、技能或训练。
A good educator cares about students.
educator 更正式。
He was my tutor at university.
tutor 更偏个人辅导或导师。
The student asked a question.
student 是学习角色，不是普通反义词。
词族线索 / 同组词
She teaches English at a middle school.
teach 是动词。
Language teaching needs patience.
teaching 是名词或动名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 teach + -er = teacher；teaching 是教学；tutor 属同一教学语义场，但不是 teach 的直接派生。
She teaches English at a middle school.
Language teaching needs patience.
He was my tutor at university.
词族导图 teacher 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 teach 的过去式和过去分词都是 taught。它既可指教某科，也可教某人做某事、教导某人一个道理。
意思、用法与例句
v. / vt. 教书；教某科/技能
把知识、学科或技能教给学生。
常见表达 teach English teach math teach sb. sth. teach sb. to do
She teaches English at a middle school.
查看翻译和讲解 她在一所中学教英语。
teach a subject。
My father taught me to ride a bike.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲教我骑自行车。
teach sb. to do。
vt. 教导；教育
让人明白规则、道理或经验。
常见表达 teach a lesson teach sb. about teach sb. that be taught to
The accident taught us a lesson about safety.
查看翻译和讲解 这次事故给我们上了一课，让我们重视安全。
teach a lesson。
Children should be taught to respect others.
查看翻译和讲解 应该教育孩子尊重他人。
be taught to。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The coach instructed us to warm up first.
instruct 更正式或偏指导步骤。
The program trains young nurses.
train 强调技能训练。
Schools educate children for the future.
educate 更广，指系统教育。
Students learn from mistakes.
learn 是学生动作，与 teach 构成角色对比。
词族线索 / 同组词
Our teacher helped us.
teacher 是人。
Teaching takes patience.
teaching 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 teach -> teacher / teaching。过去式和过去分词 taught 要单独记。
My father taught me to ride a bike.
词族导图 teacher 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
062
learn
▶ /lɜːn/ · vt.
to gain knowledge or a skill, or to discover information
学习；学会；得知
学习关联：从 teach（教）对照 learn（学），区分教学双方的动作。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 学习；学会；得知
to gain knowledge or a skill, or to discover information
常见表达 learn a skill learn about sth learn from mistakes
We learned about recycling in science class.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在科学课上学习了回收利用知识。
learned about recycling
She learned to swim during the summer holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 她在暑假学会了游泳。
learned to swim
Learn can be followed by a noun, about, or from.
063
learning
▶ /ˈlɜːnɪŋ/ · n. [U]
the process of gaining knowledge or skills
学习；学问
学习关联：从 teach（教）对照 learn（学），区分教学双方的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 学习；学问
the process of gaining knowledge or skills
常见表达 active learning learning process learning from experience
Active learning helps students remember new ideas.
查看翻译和讲解 主动学习帮助学生记住新知识。
Active learning
Learning from experience can build confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 从经验中学习能够建立信心。
Learning from experience
Learning is uncountable when it means the process of gaining knowledge or skill.
联想 teaching 可作名词“教学”，也可看作 teach 的动名词。它强调教学活动、方法、经验或职业。
意思、用法与例句
n. / gerund 教学
教师帮助学生学习的工作、方法或活动。
常见表达 teaching method language teaching teaching experience go into teaching
Good teaching helps students ask better questions.
查看翻译和讲解 好的教学能帮助学生提出更好的问题。
teaching as activity。
She has ten years of teaching experience.
查看翻译和讲解 她有十年的教学经验。
teaching experience。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Clear instruction saves time.
instruction 更正式。
Education is important for every child.
education 范围更广。
The training lasted two weeks.
training 偏技能训练。
Learning happens best with practice.
learning 是学生侧活动。
词族线索 / 同组词
She teaches English.
teach 是动词。
The teacher checked the homework.
teacher 是人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 teach + -ing = teaching，既可作动名词，也常作普通名词“教学”。
The teacher checked the homework.
词族导图 teacher 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tutor 与 teacher 同属教学语义场。它常指大学导师/助教或一对一家庭教师；作动词时是给某人辅导。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 助教；导师；家庭教师
在大学指导学生的人，或课外一对一辅导的老师。
常见表达 university tutor private tutor math tutor personal tutor
He was my tutor at university.
查看翻译和讲解 他是我大学时的导师。
常见例句。
Her parents found a math tutor before the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前，她父母给她找了一位数学家教。
math tutor。
vt. 给……当家庭教师；辅导
私下或一对一地教某人。
常见表达 tutor a child tutor sb. in be tutored by tutor students
A college student tutored him in physics twice a week.
查看翻译和讲解 一名大学生每周两次辅导他物理。
tutor sb. in。
She tutors younger children after school.
查看翻译和讲解 她放学后辅导低年级孩子。
tutor 作动词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A private teacher helped him with piano.
private teacher 强调私教。
The instructor explained the rule.
instructor 更偏课程/训练。
Her mentor gave career advice.
mentor 更强调长期指导。
The student asked for help.
student 是被辅导角色。
Our teacher asks us to read aloud.
teacher 更泛，tutor 更偏辅导或导师。
She teaches English.
tutor 是一类教学方式。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tutor 不是 teach 的直接派生；它与 teacher/teach 属同一教学语义场。注意既可作名词，也可作动词。
Our teacher asks us to read aloud.
My father taught me to ride a bike.
词族导图 teacher 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 straight 的根义是“直”。形容词是线、路、身体直；副词可表示笔直地/径直地，也可表示说话坦率直接。它和 strait 同音，但 strait 是海峡。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 直的
线、路、身体等不弯曲。
常见表达 straight line straight road straight hair stand straight
Draw a straight line from A to B.
查看翻译和讲解 从 A 到 B 画一条直线。
straight line。
The road is straight for the next two kilometers.
查看翻译和讲解 接下来两公里这条路是直的。
straight road。
adv. 笔直地；径直；直接
沿直线或不绕路地去某处/做某事。
常见表达 go straight look straight ahead come straight home straight to
Go straight until you see the post office.
查看翻译和讲解 一直往前走，直到看见邮局。
go straight。
After school, he came straight home.
查看翻译和讲解 放学后，他径直回家。
come straight home。
adv. / adj. 坦率地；直截了当的
说话或回答直接、诚实，不绕弯。
常见表达 straight answer talk straight tell sb. straight be straight with sb.
Please give me a straight answer.
查看翻译和讲解 请给我一个直截了当的回答。
straight answer。
She told him straight that the plan was too risky.
查看翻译和讲解 她直截了当地告诉他这个计划风险太大。
tell sb. straight。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We took a direct bus to the museum.
direct 强调不绕路或不间接。
Be honest about your mistake.
honest 强调真实不欺骗。
The wire is still unbent.
unbent 只用于形状。
The path is curved.
curved 与直的相反。
His answer was indirect.
indirect 与直接义相反。
A dishonest answer causes trouble.
dishonest 与坦率诚实义相反。
Ships pass through the strait every day.
strait 与 straight 同音形近，但意思是狭窄海峡。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 straight 的根义是直；strait 与它同音并有记忆线索“狭/拉直”的记忆线，但现代词义是海峡。二者要按易混词而不是真正同义词族来学。
Ships pass through the strait every day.
词族导图 straight / strait 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 strait 和 straight 同音，但 strait 少了 gh，意思是“狭窄海峡”。记忆线索提示 strait 比 channel 更狭窄，要把它作为地理名词掌握。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 海峡
两片陆地之间狭窄的海水通道。
常见表达 a narrow strait cross the strait Taiwan Strait the Strait of Dover
Ships pass through the strait every day.
查看翻译和讲解 船只每天穿过这条海峡。
through the strait。
The Taiwan Strait lies between Taiwan and the mainland.
查看翻译和讲解 台湾海峡位于台湾和大陆之间。
Taiwan Strait。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The English Channel is a busy waterway.
channel 也可译海峡/水道，通常比 strait 更宽或更泛。
This waterway connects two lakes.
waterway 是泛称。
A strait is a narrow sea passage.
这是 strait 的解释性 cue。
Draw a straight line from A to B.
straight 与 strait 同音形近，但不是海峡。
The ferry goes back to the mainland.
mainland 是海峡两侧可能相关的陆地，不是反义词。
The boat stopped in a quiet bay.
bay 是海湾，形状和功能不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 strait 与 straight 同音。记忆线索说 strait 比 channel 更狭窄；现代核心是地理名词，如 Taiwan Strait。
Please give me a straight answer.
The English Channel is a busy waterway.
词族导图 straight / strait 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tell 的过去式/过去分词是 told。它不只是“告诉”：tell sb. to do 是吩咐，tell from 是区分，can tell 是看得出。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 告诉；讲；说
把信息、故事或事实告诉别人。
常见表达 tell sb. sth. tell sb. about tell a story tell the truth
Please tell me the truth about what happened.
查看翻译和讲解 请告诉我事情真相。
tell sb. sth. / tell the truth。
Grandma used to tell us stories before bed.
查看翻译和讲解 奶奶/外婆过去常在睡前给我们讲故事。
tell a story。
vt. 吩咐；命令
要求某人做某事。
常见表达 tell sb. to do tell sb. not to do be told to do
The doctor told him to rest for two days.
查看翻译和讲解 医生吩咐他休息两天。
tell sb. to do。
We were told not to use phones during the test.
查看翻译和讲解 考试期间我们被告知不要用手机。
be told not to do。
vt. / v. 说明；显示；辨别；看出
事实显示某事，或人能分辨差异、看出结果。
常见表达 tell from tell the difference can tell time will tell
Can you tell the twins from each other?
查看翻译和讲解 你能分辨这对双胞胎吗？
tell A from B。
The dark clouds tell us that rain is coming.
查看翻译和讲解 乌云说明快要下雨了。
tell = show。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please inform us of any change.
inform 更正式。
She said hello.
say 只强调说出话，不一定有听者。
The officer ordered them to stop.
order 比 tell sb. to do 更强硬。
I recognized her voice.
recognize 对应 can tell / tell from。
He tried to hide the truth.
hide 与告诉真相相反。
Do not confuse the two words.
confuse 与辨别义相反。
The book is full of old tales.
tale 与 tell stories 相关，但不是 tell 的直接派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
Retell the story in your own words.
re- + tell = tell again。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tell -> retell，re- 表示 again。tale 是故事/叙述，与 tell stories 属同一故事语义场；tell-told-told 要单独记。
Retell the story in your own words.
The book is full of old tales.
The teacher told us to wait.
词族导图 tell / retell / tale 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 retell = re- + tell，re- 表示 again。课堂里常见 retell the story / retell in one's own words。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 重讲；复述
把读过、听过或发生过的内容再讲一遍。
常见表达 retell a story retell the text retell in one's own words retell what happened
The teacher asked the students to retell the story they had just read.
查看翻译和讲解 老师要求学生们复述他们刚读的故事。
常见例句。
Try to retell the text in your own words.
查看翻译和讲解 试着用自己的话复述课文。
retell in one's own words。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He recounted the trip in detail.
recount 更正式。
Please repeat the last sentence.
repeat 可机械重复，retell 更像复述内容。
Summarize the passage in three sentences.
summarize 是压缩要点，不是完整复述。
I forgot the ending of the story.
忘记后无法复述，但不是严格反义。
The tale has a surprising ending.
tale 常是被复述的内容类型。
词族线索 / 同组词
Grandma told us stories.
retell 是 re- + tell。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 re- + tell = retell，重新讲、再讲。常用于故事、课文、经历。
He told the story clearly.
词族导图 tell / retell / tale 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tale 是名词“故事/叙述”，常见 fairy tale、old tale。tell tales 在记忆线索里是固定搭配，表示打小报告，不是普通的 tell stories。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 故事；叙述
传统的、想象性的或口头讲述的故事。
常见表达 fairy tale old tale tall tale a tale of
The old tale is about a brave girl and a dragon.
查看翻译和讲解 这个古老故事讲的是一个勇敢女孩和一条龙。
old tale。
Children often enjoy a fairy tale before sleep.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们常喜欢睡前听童话。
fairy tale。
phr. tell tales：打小报告
向别人报告他人的小错，常带不赞成语气。
常见表达 tell tales tell tales about sb. stop telling tales
Nobody likes a child who always tells tales about classmates.
查看翻译和讲解 没人喜欢总是打同学小报告的孩子。
tell tales。
The teacher asked them to solve the problem instead of telling tales.
查看翻译和讲解 老师让他们解决问题，而不是打小报告。
tell tales contrast。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This story has a happy ending.
story 最常用最泛。
The legend explains the mountain's name.
legend 强调传统传说。
The narrative follows one family.
narrative 更正式。
Check the facts before you believe the tale.
fact 与虚构/传闻故事对比。
The report gives exact numbers.
report 更正式、事实性更强。
Grandma told us stories.
tale 是可被 tell 的故事内容。
Retell the tale in your own words.
retell 是再讲故事。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tale 与 tell stories 有语义联系，但现代学习时 tale 是独立名词，不作为 tell 的直接派生。固定搭配 tell tales = 打小报告。
Retell the tale in your own words.
词族导图 tell / retell / tale 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 man 最常用是成年男性；也可泛指人或人类，但 mankind/man 泛指人类在现代正式表达中有时偏旧，可用 human beings 或 humankind 更中性。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 男人；成年男子
成年男性。
常见表达 a young man an old man a man of substance men and women
A young man offered his seat to an older passenger.
查看翻译和讲解 一位年轻男子把座位让给了年长乘客。
adult male。
The story is about a man of substance in a small town.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事讲的是小镇上一位有钱有势的男人。
collocation。
n. [C] / n. [U] 人；人类
可泛指人或人类；现代中性表达常用 human beings / humankind。
常见表达 man and nature the history of man human beings humankind
The passage discusses the relationship between man and nature.
查看翻译和讲解 这篇文章讨论人与自然的关系。
man = human beings。
Many writers now use humankind instead of mankind.
查看翻译和讲解 许多作者现在用 humankind 代替 mankind。
modern neutral wording。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An adult male answered the question.
adult male 是解释性说法。
Every human being needs clean water.
human being 比泛指 man 更中性。
Humankind depends on the natural world.
humankind 是现代更中性的“人类”。
A woman led the research team.
woman 是成年女性，与 man 的成年男性义对比。
A child needs help crossing the road.
child 是年龄对比，不是所有 man 义的反义。
The businessman opened a small factory.
business + man。
The chairman opened the meeting.
chair + man，现代可用 chair/chairperson。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 man 可构成 businessman、chairman、policeman；woman 可构成 businesswoman、chairwoman、policewoman。现代职业称谓常用中性表达，如 businessperson、chair/chairperson、police officer。
A woman led the research team.
The businessman opened a small factory.
The chairman opened the meeting.
A policeman helped direct traffic.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
072
fisherman
▶ /ˈfɪʃəmən/ · noun
a person who catches fish, especially as a job
渔民；捕鱼的人
学习关联：fisherman（渔民）由 fish + man 构成，man 表示‘人’。
意思、用法与例句
n. 渔民；捕鱼的人
a person who catches fish, especially as a job
常见表达 a local fisherman fishermen at sea a fishing boat
The local fisherman checked the nets before sunrise.
查看翻译和讲解 当地渔民在日出前查看了渔网。
local fisherman 指当地从事捕鱼的人。
During the storm, the fishermen returned to the harbour early.
查看翻译和讲解 暴风雨期间，渔民们早早返回了港口。
fishermen 是 fisherman 的复数。
复数是 fishermen。fisherwoman 专指捕鱼的女性；在性别不特指的现代语境中，可按语境用 fisher 或 person who fishes。
073
man-made
▶ /ˌmæn ˈmeɪd/ · adjective
made by people rather than formed naturally
人造的；非天然形成的
学习关联：man-made（人造的）由 man（人）+ made 构成。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 人造的；非天然形成的
made by people rather than formed naturally
常见表达 man-made materials a man-made structure a man-made lake
The science centre displays both natural rocks and man-made materials.
查看翻译和讲解 科技馆展示了天然岩石和人造材料。
man-made 与 natural 构成清晰对照。
The island has a man-made bridge linking it to the mainland.
查看翻译和讲解 这座岛有一座连接大陆的人造桥。
连字符形式放在名词前作定语。
作形容词时通常保留连字符：man-made materials；也可用于表语，如 The lake is man-made.
074
man-made lake
▶ /ˌmæn ˈmeɪd leɪk/ · noun
a lake created by people rather than by natural processes
人工湖；人造湖
学习关联：man-made lake（人工湖）以 man-made（人造的）中的 man（人）为构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. phr. 人工湖；人造湖
a lake created by people rather than by natural processes
常见表达 a large man-made lake beside a man-made lake man-made lakes for water storage
A man-made lake was built to store water for the nearby towns.
查看翻译和讲解 为给附近城镇蓄水，人们修建了一座人工湖。
a man-made lake 是单数可数用法。
In summer, families walked around the man-made lake in the park.
查看翻译和讲解 夏天，许多家庭绕着公园里的人工湖散步。
the man-made lake 指语境中那一座特定的湖。
这是可数名词短语：a man-made lake；复数为 man-made lakes。
075
postman
▶ /ˈpəʊstmən/ · noun
a man whose job is to deliver letters and parcels
邮递员（传统说法）
学习关联：postman（邮递员）由 post + man（人）构成。
意思、用法与例句
n. 邮递员（传统说法）
a man whose job is to deliver letters and parcels
常见表达 the local postman a postman's round a postman delivered the letters
The postman left the parcel with our neighbour when nobody was home.
查看翻译和讲解 家里没人时，邮递员把包裹交给了我们的邻居。
postman 指负责投递信件和包裹的男性。
The notice used postal worker instead of postman as a neutral job title.
查看翻译和讲解 通知中用 postal worker 代替 postman，作为中性的职业称谓。
对比 postman 与更中性的 postal worker。
postman 是传统的男性职业称呼；性别不特指或需更中性时，可按语境说 postal worker。
联想 woman 指成年女性；复数 women 读音和拼写都要注意。泛指女性时可作不可数或集合概念，职业表达优先用 woman + role 或中性职业词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 成年女子；妇女
成年女性。
常见表达 a young woman an old woman a woman of substance men and women
A young woman gave a clear speech about science.
查看翻译和讲解 一位年轻女性做了清晰的科学演讲。
adult female。
She became a woman of substance through years of hard work.
查看翻译和讲解 多年努力后，她成了一位有钱有势的女性。
collocation。
n. [U] / plural women 女性；妇女群体
泛指女性群体或女性身份。
常见表达 women in science women's rights women and men support women
The article introduces several women in science.
查看翻译和讲解 这篇文章介绍了几位科学界女性。
women in science。
The club works to support women in business.
查看翻译和讲解 这个俱乐部致力于支持商界女性。
women in business。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An adult female joined the team.
adult female 是解释性说法。
The lady at the desk smiled.
lady 更礼貌或较正式。
A female person checked the list.
解释性表达，日常少用。
A man waited near the gate.
man 与 woman 的成年性别义对比。
The girl carried a red schoolbag.
girl 是年龄对比。
The businesswoman started an online store.
business + woman。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 woman 可构成 businesswoman、chairwoman、policewoman。注意 woman/women 的拼写和读音变化。
A young man offered his seat.
The businesswoman started an online store.
The chairwoman led the discussion.
A policewoman helped the lost child.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 businessman = business + man，强调男性商人/企业家。现代中性表达可用 businessperson、business owner 或 entrepreneur。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 男商人；男企业家
从事商业，尤其经营或管理企业的男性。
常见表达 successful businessman local businessman business owner businessman from Shanghai
The local businessman opened a small factory.
查看翻译和讲解 当地那位男企业家开了一家小工厂。
local businessman。
A successful businessman should understand both people and markets.
查看翻译和讲解 成功的商人应理解人和市场。
successful businessman。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The entrepreneur built a new app.
entrepreneur 强调创业。
The business owner hired ten workers.
business owner 是中性表达。
A businessperson visited our school.
businessperson 不标明性别。
The businesswoman started an online store.
businesswoman 是性别对比。
Customers bought the new product.
customer 是交易中的另一角色，不是反义。
A young man offered his seat.
businessman 包含 man。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 business + man = businessman。现代需要性别中性时可用 businessperson、business owner、entrepreneur。
The businesswoman started an online store.
A businessperson visited our school.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
078
business
▶ /ˈbɪznəs/ · noun
work connected with producing, buying, or selling goods and services; a company or shop that sells goods or services; a matter that needs to be dealt with, or work that concerns someone
商业；生意；企业；商店；事务；职责
学习关联：business（商业、生意）是 businessman（商人）的透明构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. 商业；生意
work connected with producing, buying, or selling goods and services
常见表达 do business business activities
Her family does business with local farms.
查看翻译和讲解 她家与当地农场做生意。
does business with
The course introduces students to international business.
查看翻译和讲解 这门课程向学生介绍国际商务。
international business
作“商业/生意”义时常不可数；do business with ... 表示“与……做生意”。
n. 企业；商店
a company or shop that sells goods or services
常见表达 run a business a small business
Her family runs a small business near the station.
查看翻译和讲解 她家在车站附近经营一家小店。
runs a small business
The business opened a new branch last year.
查看翻译和讲解 这家企业去年开了一家新分店。
The business opened
作可数名词时，a business 指一家公司、商店等经营单位。
n. 事务；职责
a matter that needs to be dealt with, or work that concerns someone
常见表达 finish some business mind your own business
I have some business to finish before I leave.
查看翻译和讲解 我离开前还有些事要办。
some business to finish
That is none of your business.
查看翻译和讲解 那不关你的事。
none of your business
mind your own business 表示“少管闲事”；business 在此不是“企业”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
冻结书本词族证据将 business 与 busy 归入同一组；这不表示两词的所有词义可以互换。
联想 businesswoman = business + woman，强调女性商人/企业家。现代中性表达可用 businessperson、business owner 或 entrepreneur。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 女商人；女企业家
从事商业，尤其经营或管理企业的女性。
常见表达 successful businesswoman young businesswoman business owner businesswoman from Beijing
The businesswoman started an online store after college.
查看翻译和讲解 那位女企业家大学毕业后开了一家网店。
businesswoman。
A young businesswoman shared her experience with the class.
查看翻译和讲解 一位年轻女商人向全班分享了经验。
young businesswoman。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The entrepreneur built a new app.
entrepreneur 不标性别。
The business owner hired ten workers.
business owner 是中性表达。
A businessperson visited our school.
businessperson 不标明性别。
The businessman opened a small factory.
businessman 是性别对比。
A woman led the research team.
businesswoman 包含 woman。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 business + woman = businesswoman。现代需要性别中性时可用 businessperson、business owner、entrepreneur。
The businessman opened a small factory.
A businessperson visited our school.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 chairman 的复数是 chairmen。它可指主席/董事长/委员长，也可指会议主持人。现代中性表达常用 chair 或 chairperson。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 主席；董事长；主持人
领导会议、委员会或组织的人；传统上可带男性含义。
常见表达 chairman of the board committee chairman meeting chairman the chairman opened
The chairman opened the meeting with a short speech.
查看翻译和讲解 主席用简短讲话开始会议。
meeting chairman。
The chairman of the board answered questions from workers.
查看翻译和讲解 董事长回答了工人的问题。
chairman of the board。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The chair invited questions.
chair 是常用中性表达。
The chairperson led the meeting.
chairperson 是中性表达。
The club president gave a report.
president 依组织而定。
The chairwoman led the discussion.
chairwoman 是性别对比。
A committee member raised a question.
member 是组织角色对比，不是反义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 chair + man = chairman；复数 chairmen。现代中性表达优先考虑 chair / chairperson。
The chairwoman led the discussion.
The chairperson led the meeting.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 chairwoman 的复数是 chairwomen。它强调女性主席/主持人；现代中性表达同样可用 chair 或 chairperson。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 女主席；女主持人
领导会议、委员会或组织的女性。
常见表达 chairwoman of the committee meeting chairwoman company chairwoman the chairwoman led
The chairwoman led the discussion calmly.
查看翻译和讲解 女主席从容地主持了讨论。
chairwoman。
The company chairwoman announced a new plan.
查看翻译和讲解 公司女董事长宣布了一项新计划。
company chairwoman。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The chair invited questions.
chair 是常用中性表达。
The chairperson led the meeting.
chairperson 是中性表达。
The club president gave a report.
president 依组织而定。
The chairman opened the meeting.
chairman 是性别对比或传统用词。
A woman led the research team.
chairwoman 包含 woman。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 chair + woman = chairwoman；复数 chairwomen。现代中性表达可用 chair / chairperson。
The chairman opened the meeting.
The chairperson led the meeting.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 policeman = police + man，传统上指男警察。现代中性表达常用 police officer；policewoman 是女性对应词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 男警察
男性警察；现代可用 police officer 表示中性。
常见表达 traffic policeman brave policeman call a policeman police officer
A policeman helped direct traffic after the accident.
查看翻译和讲解 事故后，一名男警察帮助指挥交通。
traffic context。
The child asked a policeman for help near the station.
查看翻译和讲解 那个孩子在车站附近向一名男警察求助。
ask for help。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A male police officer checked the road.
解释性表达。
A police officer helped the lost child.
police officer 是中性表达。
The officer asked for my name.
officer 更泛。
A policewoman helped the lost child.
policewoman 是性别对比。
Civilians waited behind the line.
civilian 是警民角色对比，不是反义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 police + man = policeman。现代中性表达常用 police officer。
A policewoman helped the lost child.
A police officer helped the lost child.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
083
police
▶ /pəˈliːs/ · n. [pl.]
the official people whose job is to enforce the law
警察；警方
学习关联：police（警察；警方）是 policeman（男警察）的透明构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. [pl.] 警察；警方
the official people whose job is to enforce the law
常见表达 call the police the local police police officers
The police are looking for the missing boy.
查看翻译和讲解 警方正在寻找那个失踪的男孩。
The police are looking
Please call the police if you see anything unusual.
查看翻译和讲解 如果看到异常情况，请报警。
call the police
police 指警方时作复数概念，谓语通常用复数。
联想 policewoman = police + woman，指女警察。现代中性表达常用 police officer；policeman 是男性对应词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 女警察
女性警察；现代可用 police officer 表示中性。
常见表达 traffic policewoman brave policewoman call a policewoman police officer
A policewoman helped the lost child find her parents.
查看翻译和讲解 一名女警察帮助走失的孩子找到父母。
helped the child。
The policewoman explained the traffic rule to the driver.
查看翻译和讲解 那名女警察向司机解释了交通规则。
traffic rule。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A female police officer spoke to the class.
解释性表达。
A police officer helped the lost child.
police officer 是中性表达。
The officer asked for my name.
officer 更泛。
A policeman helped direct traffic.
policeman 是性别对比。
Civilians waited behind the line.
civilian 是警民角色对比，不是反义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 police + woman = policewoman。现代中性表达常用 police officer。
A policeman helped direct traffic.
A police officer helped the lost child.
词族导图 man 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 air 先记“空气”，再扩展到空中旅行和广播；a/an air of... 表示某种神态、气氛或印象。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 空气
人呼吸的气体，或室内外空气。
常见表达 fresh air clean air in the open air air pollution
Open the window and let in some fresh air.
查看翻译和讲解 打开窗户，让新鲜空气进来。
fresh air。
Children need time to play in the open air.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们需要在户外玩耍的时间。
in the open air。
n. [the ~] 空中；天空；广播中
天空或空中交通，也可指正在广播。
常见表达 by air in the air on air off air
The medicine was sent by air to save time.
查看翻译和讲解 这批药品通过空运寄出以节省时间。
by air。
The radio program is on air every evening.
查看翻译和讲解 这个广播节目每天晚上播出。
on air。
n. [sing.] 神态；感觉；印象
某人或某地给人的气质、样子或气氛。
常见表达 an air of confidence an air of mystery give an air of with an air of
During the interview, her calm voice gave an air of confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 面试中，她平静的声音给人一种自信的感觉。
an air of confidence。
The old house had an air of mystery.
查看翻译和讲解 这座老房子有一种神秘感。
an air of mystery。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The atmosphere in the room was relaxed.
atmosphere 可指空气层或气氛。
Birds flew across the sky.
sky 对应 the air 的空中义。
He spoke in a calm manner.
manner 对应 an air of... 的神态义。
Travel by land takes longer.
land 与 by air 在交通方式上对比。
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
air + craft。
A large aircraft will land at the airport.
air + port。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air 是本组核心：aircraft 航空器，airline 航空公司，airmail 航空邮件，airplane 飞机，airport 机场，airspace 领空。
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
The airline changed the flight time.
The letter was sent by airmail.
We travelled by airplane.
A large aircraft will land at the airport.
The plane entered national airspace.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
086
air conditioner
▶ /ˈeə kənˌdɪʃənə/ · noun
a machine that cools and controls the air in a room or building
空调设备；空调机
学习关联：air conditioner（空调）由 air（空气）+ conditioner 构成。
意思、用法与例句
n. (countable) 空调设备；空调机
a machine that cools and controls the air in a room or building
常见表达 turn on the air conditioner a wall-mounted air conditioner a portable air conditioner
There is an air conditioner above the classroom door.
查看翻译和讲解 教室门上方有一台空调机。
an air conditioner 指一台具体设备。
Please switch off the air conditioner when the room is empty.
查看翻译和讲解 房间没人时请关掉空调。
switch off the air conditioner 是关闭设备。
指一台具体设备，可数：an air conditioner / two air conditioners。不要与表示系统的 air conditioning 混用。
087
air conditioning
▶ /ˈeə kənˌdɪʃənɪŋ/ · noun
a system for cooling and controlling the air in a building or vehicle
空调系统；空气调节
学习关联：air conditioning（空调系统）以 air（空气）为构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. (uncountable) 空调系统；空气调节
a system for cooling and controlling the air in a building or vehicle
常见表达 central air conditioning air-conditioning system with air conditioning
The new science block has air conditioning in every laboratory.
查看翻译和讲解 新的科学楼每间实验室都装有空调系统。
have air conditioning 表示配有空调系统。
The air conditioning stopped working during the hottest afternoon.
查看翻译和讲解 最热的那个下午，空调系统坏了。
air conditioning 作不可数整体系统使用。
通常不可数：the building has air conditioning；不要说 an air conditioning。具体一台机器用 air conditioner。
联想 aircraft 单复数同形：one aircraft, two aircraft。它比 airplane 更泛，可包括飞机、直升机等航空器。
意思、用法与例句
n. [sing. = pl.] 飞机；航空器
能在空中飞行的交通工具，单复数同形。
常见表达 passenger aircraft military aircraft aircraft engine aircraft carrier
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
查看翻译和讲解 几架航空器在跑道附近等待。
plural aircraft。
A large passenger aircraft will land at the airport.
查看翻译和讲解 一架大型民航班机将降落在这个飞机场。
source sentence with airport。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The airplane took off on time.
airplane 更常指固定翼飞机，美式常用。
The plane landed safely.
plane 更口语。
A helicopter flew over the town.
helicopter 是 aircraft 的一种。
The ship crossed the sea.
ship 是水上交通工具。
Travel by air saves time.
aircraft = air + craft。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + craft = aircraft。注意单复数同形。
Travel by air saves time.
The airplane took off on time.
A large aircraft will land at the airport.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 airline = air + line，指经营航线的航空公司。它不是飞机本身，而是公司或服务系统。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 航空公司
提供航班、运送乘客或货物的公司。
常见表达 international airline airline ticket airline staff airline passenger
The airline changed the flight time because of bad weather.
查看翻译和讲解 由于天气不好，航空公司更改了航班时间。
airline as company。
She checked the airline ticket before leaving home.
查看翻译和讲解 出门前她检查了机票。
airline ticket。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The carrier added a new route.
carrier 更正式，可指航空承运人。
The flight company serves several cities.
解释性表达，不如 airline 常用。
Passengers arrived at the airport early.
airport 是航空公司的服务地点。
The railway links the two cities.
railway 是交通方式对比。
The goods were sent by air.
airline 来自 air + line。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + line = airline，原本可理解为航线公司。
The goods were sent by air.
Passengers arrived at the airport early.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 airmail = air + mail，指通过飞机寄送的邮件。它通常不可数，常见 send by airmail。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 航空邮件
经航空运输的邮件或邮件服务。
常见表达 send by airmail airmail letter airmail service by airmail
The letter was sent by airmail and arrived quickly.
查看翻译和讲解 这封信用航空邮件寄出，很快就到了。
by airmail。
Airmail service was faster than ordinary surface mail.
查看翻译和讲解 航空邮件服务比普通平邮更快。
airmail service。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Air post was expensive in the past.
air post 较少见。
The postal service delivers letters.
postal service 是上位词。
Surface mail takes longer.
surface mail 是运输方式对比。
Email arrives in seconds.
email 是电子方式，不是航空邮件。
The goods were sent by air.
airmail = air + mail。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + mail = airmail。注意通常不可数。
The goods were sent by air.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 airplane = air + plane，美式英语常用；英式更常见 aeroplane，日常也常说 plane。by airplane = 乘飞机。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 飞机
带机翼、由发动机推动的飞行交通工具；美式常用。
常见表达 by airplane board an airplane airplane ticket airplane window
We travelled by airplane for the first time.
查看翻译和讲解 我们第一次乘飞机旅行。
by airplane。
The child looked out of the airplane window.
查看翻译和讲解 那个孩子从飞机窗户往外看。
airplane window。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The plane landed safely.
plane 更常用口语。
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
aircraft 范围更广，且单复数同形。
The jet crossed the ocean.
jet 是飞机的一类。
We went there by train.
train 是交通方式对比。
Travel by air saves time.
airplane = air + plane。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + plane = airplane。美式英语常见；plane 更口语，aircraft 更正式、更泛。
Travel by air saves time.
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
The airplane landed at the airport.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 airport = air + port，可理解为空中交通的港口。它是飞机起降、乘客出发到达、办理登机的地方。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 机场；航空港；航空站
飞机起飞降落、乘客办理旅行事务的地方。
常见表达 at the airport international airport airport bus arrive at the airport
A large passenger aircraft will land at the airport.
查看翻译和讲解 一架大型民航班机将降落在这个飞机场。
常见例句。
We arrived at the airport two hours before the flight.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在航班起飞前两小时到达机场。
arrive at the airport。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The air terminal was crowded.
air terminal 更偏建筑或航站楼。
The small airfield served local flights.
airfield 通常较小。
The train station is near my home.
station 是铁路/公交等交通地点。
Ships waited in the harbor.
harbor 是船舶港口。
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
aircraft 在 airport 起降。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + port = airport，空中交通的港口。
Travel by air saves time.
Several aircraft waited near the runway.
The airline changed the flight time.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 airspace = air + space，指某国或某区域上方受管制的空域/领空。它通常不可数，常见 national airspace、controlled airspace。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 领空；空域
国家或机构管辖的天空区域。
常见表达 national airspace controlled airspace enter airspace leave airspace
The plane entered national airspace before noon.
查看翻译和讲解 这架飞机中午前进入该国领空。
national airspace。
Pilots must follow rules in controlled airspace.
查看翻译和讲解 飞行员在管制空域内必须遵守规则。
controlled airspace。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This sky area is closed to small aircraft.
解释性 cue。
The flight zone was closed during the storm.
flight zone 更泛。
The aircraft left territorial airspace.
更正式法律表达。
The plane was still on the ground.
ground 与空域位置对比。
Aircraft need permission to enter airspace.
aircraft 在 airspace 中飞行。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 air + space = airspace，空中空间/领空。通常不可数。
Travel by air saves time.
Aircraft need permission to enter airspace.
词族导图 air 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 Christmas 首字母大写，指 12 月 25 日的圣诞节，也可泛指圣诞节前后的节日期间；常见搭配是 at Christmas 和 on Christmas Day。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 圣诞节；圣诞节期间
作不可数名词，指圣诞节或圣诞节前后的节日期间。on Christmas Day 指当天，at Christmas 指节日期间。
常见表达 at Christmas on Christmas Day Christmas Eve Christmas tree
Many families visit relatives at Christmas.
查看翻译和讲解 许多家庭在圣诞节期间走亲访友。
at Christmas 指节日期间。
The museum will be closed on Christmas Day.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆将在圣诞节当天闭馆。
on Christmas Day 指 12 月 25 日当天。
Children decorated a Christmas tree in the school hall.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们在学校大厅装饰了一棵圣诞树。
Christmas 作定语。
节日名首字母大写；比较 at Christmas 与 on Christmas Day 的时间范围。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The holiday begins after the final exam.
holiday 是上位词；Christmas 是一个具体节日。
The church bells rang on Christmas Day.
Christmas Day 强调 12 月 25 日当天。
They sang songs on Christmas Eve.
Christmas Eve 是圣诞节前夜。
Christ is central to Christian belief.
Christmas 与 Christ 有词源和主题联系，但一个是节日，一个是人物称谓。
A Christian family may celebrate Christmas at church.
Christian 可作人或形容词；Christmas 是节日。
Christianity has influenced many Western holidays.
Christianity 是宗教名；Christmas 是相关节日。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 Christmas historically connects with Christ, but in everyday English it is learned as a fixed holiday name.
Christ is central to Christian belief.
A Christian family may celebrate Christmas at church.
Christianity has influenced many Western holidays.
词族导图 christmas 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 Muslim 首字母通常大写。作名词指“穆斯林、伊斯兰教信徒”；作形容词可放在名词前，如 Muslim culture、Muslim students。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 穆斯林；伊斯兰教信徒
可数名词，指信仰伊斯兰教的人。
常见表达 a Muslim Muslims around the world Muslim community
A Muslim from our class explained the festival in English.
查看翻译和讲解 我们班的一位穆斯林用英语介绍了这个节日。
a Muslim 作可数名词。
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
查看翻译和讲解 许多穆斯林去清真寺参加星期五礼拜。
Muslims 复数。
作名词时可数，复数为 Muslims。
adj. 穆斯林的；伊斯兰教的
形容词，放在名词前，表示与穆斯林或伊斯兰教相关。
常见表达 Muslim culture Muslim students Muslim family Muslim tradition
The reading passage describes Muslim culture in different countries.
查看翻译和讲解 这篇阅读文章描述了不同国家的穆斯林文化。
Muslim culture。
Muslim students shared their holiday customs with the class.
查看翻译和讲解 穆斯林学生向全班分享了他们的节日习俗。
Muslim 作形容词修饰 students。
作形容词时不加复数 -s，后面接名词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A follower of Islam may be called a Muslim.
解释性近义表达，Muslim 更简洁常用。
The museum has a hall of Islamic art.
Islamic 只作形容词；Muslim 可作名词或形容词。
The event welcomed Muslim and non-Muslim students.
non-Muslim 是直接对比，不把某个具体宗教硬当反义词。
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
mosque 是穆斯林礼拜的地点，不是人的称呼。
Older books may use the spelling Moslem.
记忆线索提示 Moslem 也可拼作 Moslem；现代常用 Muslim。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 记忆线索把 Muslim 与 mosque 按 Moslem 同源线索整理。英语学习中要把 person/adjective 和 building 分开，不把 mosque 当作 Muslim 的派生词。
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
Older books may use the spelling Moslem.
The museum has a hall of Islamic art.
词族导图 Muslim / mosque 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
096
Christ
▶ [kraist] · n. · Page 257
Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity
基督；耶稣基督
联想 Christ 通常出现在 Jesus Christ、Christ's teaching 等表达中，是专有名词；学习时重点把它和 Christian、Christianity 的词性区别开。
意思、用法与例句
n. 基督；耶稣基督
专有名词，指基督教信仰中的耶稣基督；常见于历史、文化、宗教和艺术语境。
常见表达 Jesus Christ Christ's teaching belief in Christ before Christ
Christ is central to Christian belief.
查看翻译和讲解 基督是基督教信仰的核心。
Christ 指人物称谓。
The history lesson mentioned art about the life of Christ.
查看翻译和讲解 历史课提到了关于基督生平的艺术。
life of Christ。
Christ 是人物称谓，不等于 Christian（基督徒/基督教的）或 Christianity（基督教）。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Jesus Christ is a common full form.
Jesus Christ 是完整常见称呼。
Christian students learned about different festivals.
Christian 是人或形容词。
Christianity is one of the world's major religions.
Christianity 是宗教名。
Christmas is celebrated in many countries.
Christmas 是相关节日，不是人物。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 Christ 是本组核心人物称谓：Christian 可指基督徒或基督教的，Christianity 指基督教，Christmas 指相关节日。
Christian students learned about different festivals.
Christianity is one of the world's major religions.
Christmas is celebrated in many countries.
词族导图 christmas 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 Christian 有两种高频用法：作名词指“基督徒”，作形容词指“基督教的”。看它后面有没有名词，可以快速判断用法。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 基督徒
可数名词，指信仰基督教的人。
常见表达 a Christian become a Christian Christian believer
A Christian from the community spoke about the festival.
查看翻译和讲解 社区里的一位基督徒谈到了这个节日。
a Christian。
Some Christians go to church on Sunday.
查看翻译和讲解 一些基督徒星期天去教堂。
Christians 作复数名词。
作名词时可数，复数 Christians。
adj. 基督教的
形容词，放在名词前，表示与基督教有关。
常见表达 Christian church Christian belief Christian tradition Christian music
The class learned about Christian traditions in Europe.
查看翻译和讲解 班级学习了欧洲的基督教传统。
Christian traditions。
A Christian church stands near the old square.
查看翻译和讲解 老广场附近有一座基督教教堂。
Christian church。
作形容词时不加复数 -s，后接名词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A Christian believer joined the discussion.
解释性近义表达，比 Christian 更长。
The school welcomes Christian and non-Christian students.
non-Christian 是直接对比，不指某个具体宗教。
The school held a secular concert.
secular 强调非宗教语境。
Christ is central to Christian belief.
Christ 是人物称谓；Christian 是人或形容词。
Christianity is one of the world's major religions.
Christianity 是宗教名，Christian 是人或形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 Christ + -ian -> Christian。-ian 常可表示“属于……的；从事/信奉……的人”。
Christ is central to Christian belief.
Christianity is one of the world's major religions.
The school welcomes Christian and non-Christian students.
词族导图 christmas 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 Christianity 是宗教名称，不可数；结尾 -ity 把 Christian 变成抽象名词，表示整个基督教信仰和传统。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 基督教
不可数名词，指以耶稣基督为核心的宗教、信仰和文化传统。
常见表达 history of Christianity spread of Christianity Christianity in Europe Christian faith
Christianity spread widely in Europe many centuries ago.
查看翻译和讲解 许多世纪以前，基督教在欧洲广泛传播。
spread of Christianity。
The museum shows how Christianity influenced art and music.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆展示了基督教如何影响艺术和音乐。
Christianity influenced...。
Christianity 是不可数宗教名；不要写成 a Christianity 表示“一个基督教”。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The book introduces Christian faith through stories.
Christian faith 更强调信仰层面。
Religion can influence culture and art.
religion 是上位词。
Atheism is a different position on belief in God.
atheism 是信仰立场对比，不是同类宗教名。
Christ is central to Christian belief.
Christ 是人物称谓。
Christian traditions appear in the reading passage.
Christian 是人或形容词，Christianity 是宗教名。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 Christian + -ity -> Christianity。-ity 把形容词/身份词变成抽象名词，表示性质、状态或体系。
Christ is central to Christian belief.
Christian traditions appear in the reading passage.
The book introduces Christian faith through stories.
词族导图 christmas 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 mosque 指穆斯林礼拜的建筑，常见 go to a mosque、pray at a mosque。它是地点，不是人；与 Muslim 的关系是同主题/记忆线索同源记忆线索。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 清真寺
可数名词，指穆斯林进行礼拜等宗教活动的建筑。
常见表达 go to a mosque pray at a mosque Friday mosque mosque courtyard
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
查看翻译和讲解 许多穆斯林去清真寺参加星期五礼拜。
go to a mosque。
The old mosque near the river has a quiet courtyard.
查看翻译和讲解 河边那座古老清真寺有一个安静的庭院。
mosque as a building。
mosque 是地点名词；不要和 Muslim（人/形容词）混淆。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims.
place of worship 是上位解释。
People entered the prayer hall quietly.
prayer hall 可在清真寺等建筑内。
A church is a Christian place of worship.
church 是另一类宗教建筑，不是反义词。
The temple stands on the hill.
temple 是另一类宗教建筑，不是反义词。
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
Muslim 指人或形容词；mosque 指建筑。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 记忆线索提示 mosque 与 Moslem/Muslim 有同源记忆线索；现代英语中 mosque 是建筑名词，Muslim 是人或形容词。
Many Muslims go to a mosque for Friday prayers.
A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims.
People entered the prayer hall quietly.
词族导图 Muslim / mosque 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bend 的核心是“变弯”。它可及物 bend the wire，也可不及物 the road bends；人弯腰用 bend down；短语 bend the truth 表示歪曲事实。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 使弯曲；使变弯
后面接具体物体，使它从直变弯。
常见表达 bend the wire bend one's knees bend a branch
Bend the wire slowly so it does not break.
查看翻译和讲解 慢慢把铁丝弯过来，免得它断掉。
bend + object。
The worker bent the branch away from the window.
查看翻译和讲解 工人把树枝弯离窗户。
bent 是 bend 的过去式。
vi. 弯曲；转弯；俯身
主语自己变弯、道路转弯，或人弯腰低身。
常见表达 bend down bend over the road bends bend to the left
She bent down to pick up the coin.
查看翻译和讲解 她弯下腰捡起硬币。
bend down。
The road bends sharply near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 这条路在河边急转弯。
road bends。
vt. 歪曲；扭曲
抽象用法，常见 bend the truth，表示不完全诚实地改动事实。
常见表达 bend the truth bend the rules
Never bend the truth in a report.
查看翻译和讲解 写报告时绝不要歪曲事实。
bend the truth。
The coach refused to bend the rules for one player.
查看翻译和讲解 教练拒绝为一名队员变通规则。
bend the rules。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The river curves through the valley.
curve 更强调形成曲线。
Straighten the paper before you put it in the file.
straighten 是 bend 的形状反向。
My chopsticks are bent.
bent 可作 bend 的过去式/过去分词，也可作形容词。
The players bowed to the audience.
bow① 是身体弯曲表示礼貌。
The archer raised his bow.
bow② 与弯曲形状有关，读音不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bend 是动作核心；bent 是它的过去式、过去分词和形容词。bow① 是身体弯下的动作；bow②、elbow、rainbow 按弓形/弯曲形状联想。
The players bowed to the audience.
The archer raised his bow.
He hurt his elbow during the game.
A rainbow appeared after the rain.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bent 最常见是“弯曲的”，也是 bend 的过去式和过去分词。be bent on doing sth. 是固定表达，表示“决心做某事”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 弯曲的
形容物体不直、被弄弯。
常见表达 a bent nail a bent wheel bent chopsticks
My chopsticks are bent.
查看翻译和讲解 我的筷子弯了。
常见例句。
The old bicycle wheel was bent after the crash.
查看翻译和讲解 撞车后旧自行车轮弯了。
bent wheel。
v-ed bend 的过去式和过去分词
表示过去把某物弯曲，或已经被弯曲。
常见表达 bent the wire bent down was bent
He bent the wire into a small circle.
查看翻译和讲解 他把铁丝弯成一个小圆圈。
bend 的过去式。
The sign was bent by the strong wind.
查看翻译和讲解 标牌被大风吹弯了。
过去分词。
adj. 决心要做某事
be bent on doing sth. 表示非常想做或决心做。
常见表达 be bent on doing sth. be bent on success
She is bent on finishing the project before Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 她决心在星期五前完成项目。
be bent on doing。
The team was bent on winning the final match.
查看翻译和讲解 这支队伍决心赢下决赛。
be bent on + n./doing。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The path is curved, not straight.
curved 只讲形状；bent 还可作动词过去式。
Draw a straight line across the page.
straight 是形状反向。
She is determined to pass the exam.
determined 对应 be bent on 的决心义。
Bend the wire slowly.
bent 是 bend 的过去式/过去分词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bend -> bent。注意 bent 既可作动词形式，也可作形容词。
She is bent on finishing the project.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bow① 读 [bau]，像 now 的 ow，表示鞠躬、低头或鞠躬礼。它和 bow② [bəu]“弓/蝴蝶结”同形不同音。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 鞠躬；欠身
不及物用法，常接 to sb. 表示向某人鞠躬。
常见表达 bow to sb. bow before sb. bow politely
The players bowed to the audience after the match.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛后队员们向观众鞠躬。
bow to sb.。
The actor bowed politely before leaving the stage.
查看翻译和讲解 演员礼貌地鞠躬后离开舞台。
bow politely。
vt. 低下；俯下
及物用法，常接 head，表示低头。
常见表达 bow one's head bow the head in silence
She bowed her head during the moment of silence.
查看翻译和讲解 默哀时她低下了头。
bow one's head。
He bowed his head to avoid the low doorway.
查看翻译和讲解 他低下头避开低矮的门框。
低头通过。
n. [C] 鞠躬礼
名词，指一次鞠躬动作。
常见表达 make a bow take a bow a deep bow
The singer took a bow after the final song.
查看翻译和讲解 最后一首歌后，歌手鞠躬致谢。
take a bow。
The student made a deep bow to the old teacher.
查看翻译和讲解 学生向老教师深深鞠了一躬。
make a bow。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She nodded to show agreement.
nod 通常是点头，不一定弯腰。
She bent down to pick up the coin.
bow① 是身体弯曲表达礼貌。
Stand upright when you speak.
与低头/俯身姿态相反。
The archer raised his bow.
同拼写，不同读音和意义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bow① [bau] 是动作/礼节；bow② [bəu] 是名词“弓/蝴蝶结”。用读音和搭配区分。
The archer raised his bow.
She bent down to pick up the coin.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bow② 读 [bəu]，像 low 的 ow。它作名词，常见 bow and arrow“弓箭”，也可指衣服、头发上的蝴蝶结。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 弓
射箭用的弯形武器，常和 arrow 连用。
常见表达 bow and arrow shoot with a bow raise a bow
The hunter raised his bow and pulled back the string.
查看翻译和讲解 猎人举起弓并拉开弦。
记忆线索情境改写。
In the story, the boy learned to shoot with a bow.
查看翻译和讲解 故事里，男孩学习用弓射箭。
shoot with a bow。
n. [C] 蝴蝶结
绳子、丝带或头饰打成的装饰性结。
常见表达 tie a bow hair bow a red bow
She tied the ribbon into a neat bow.
查看翻译和讲解 她把丝带打成一个整齐的蝴蝶结。
tie a bow。
The little girl wore a red bow in her hair.
查看翻译和讲解 小女孩头发上戴着红色蝴蝶结。
hair bow。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The arrow flew across the field.
bow and arrow 常成对出现。
She tied the ribbon into a bow.
蝴蝶结常由 ribbon 打成。
The players bowed to the audience.
同拼写，不同读音和意义。
A rainbow appeared after the rain.
rain + bow，可用“雨后的弓”记忆。
He hurt his elbow during the game.
elbow 与弯曲部位/形状联想。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bow② [bəu] 的“弓形”线索可帮助记 rainbow = rain + bow；elbow 也可按弯曲部位联想。
A rainbow appeared after the rain.
He hurt his elbow during the game.
The players bowed to the audience.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 elbow 先记身体部位“肘”。衣服的肘部也可叫 elbows；作动词时 elbow one's way 表示用肘挤过去。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 肘；衣服的肘部
手臂中间可弯曲的关节，也可指衣服对应的肘部位置。
常见表达 hurt one's elbow bend one's elbow worn at the elbows
He hurt his elbow during the basketball game.
查看翻译和讲解 他在篮球比赛中伤到了肘部。
body part。
The jacket was worn at the elbows.
查看翻译和讲解 这件夹克衫的肘部磨破了。
常见例句。
vt. 用肘推；挤过
用肘部推开人群或挤出路。
常见表达 elbow sb. aside elbow one's way through elbow through a crowd
The man elbowed his way through the crowd.
查看翻译和讲解 那名男子用肘在人群中挤出一条路。
elbow one's way。
Do not elbow others when you get on the bus.
查看翻译和讲解 上车时不要用肘推别人。
elbow 作动词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The elbow is an arm joint.
解释性近义表达。
She hurt her knee while running.
knee 是腿部关节，对比 elbow。
He pushed the door open.
push 更泛；elbow 强调用肘推。
The archer raised his bow.
记忆线索把 elbow 与 bow② 放在弯曲/弓形联想中。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 elbow 可按“手臂弯曲处”记忆；与 bow② 是记忆线索形状联想，不是普通派生关系。
The archer raised his bow.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 rainbow = rain + bow，记忆线索记成“雨后的弓”。重点抓 curved line of colors after rain，而不是把 bow② 的“弓”义硬套进句子。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 虹；彩虹
雨后天空中出现的弧形彩色光带。
常见表达 see a rainbow a rainbow appears rainbow colors after the rain
A rainbow appeared after the afternoon shower.
查看翻译和讲解 午后的阵雨后出现了一道彩虹。
rainbow appears。
The children painted a rainbow over the house.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们在房子上方画了一道彩虹。
paint a rainbow。
Sunlight and rain can create a rainbow in the sky.
查看翻译和讲解 阳光和雨水能在天空中形成彩虹。
science context。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The rainbow looked like a color arc over the lake.
解释性近义表达。
A prism can show a spectrum of colors.
spectrum 更科学，不等于日常彩虹。
The archer raised his bow.
rain + bow 是记忆线索记忆法，强调弧形。
The rain stopped before sunset.
rainbow 的 rain 部分提示雨后。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 rain + bow -> rainbow。bow 在这里按“弓形/弧形”帮助记忆，不表示真正的武器。
The rain stopped before sunset.
The archer raised his bow.
The rainbow looked like a color arc.
词族导图 bend 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 text 的核心是“写出来的文字”。在考试中常指课文/语篇；在文章结构中指正文；在手机语境中可指短信。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 课文；语篇；课本中的一段
可数名词，指阅读题、课本或文章中的一段文字。
常见表达 read the text answer questions about the text a short text
Read the text carefully before answering the questions.
查看翻译和讲解 答题前仔细阅读课文。
reading passage。
The teacher asked us to find the main idea of the text.
查看翻译和讲解 老师让我们找出这篇课文的主旨。
main idea of the text。
n. [U] 文本；正文
不可数时指文字内容，或图表、脚注以外的正文。
常见表达 the text of a speech main text plain text
The text of the speech was printed on one page.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲稿正文印在一页纸上。
text as written words。
The chart is useful, but the main text gives more detail.
查看翻译和讲解 图表有用，但正文提供了更多细节。
main text。
n. [C] 短信
可数名词，指手机短信或文字消息。
常见表达 send a text receive a text text message textspeak
I sent her a text about the meeting time.
查看翻译和讲解 我给她发了一条关于会议时间的短信。
send a text。
Textspeak can be too informal for school writing.
查看翻译和讲解 短信简写语对学校写作来说可能太不正式。
source related word textspeak。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The passage is about school life.
passage 常指阅读材料。
She left a message after class.
message 更泛；text 可专指文字短信。
You can guess the meaning from the context.
context = con- + text，强调围绕文字或事件的环境。
She wiped her face with a tissue.
记忆线索提示 tissue 是 text 的变体记忆线；现代义不是“文本”。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 text 原有“编织/文字”记忆线；context = con- + text，可理解为文字和信息相互编织成语境。tissue 只按记忆线索变体线索记忆，现代核心义是纸巾/组织。
You can guess the meaning from the context.
Textspeak can be too informal for school writing.
She wiped her face with a tissue.
词族导图 text / context / tissue 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
107
book
▶ /bʊk/ · noun / verb
a set of written or printed pages bound together for reading or recording information; to arrange in advance for a room, ticket, table, or journey
书；本子，簿册；预订；预约
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
n. 书；本子，簿册
a set of written or printed pages bound together for reading or recording information
常见表达 read a book a library book an exercise book
I borrowed a book about space from the school library.
查看翻译和讲解 我从学校图书馆借了一本关于太空的书。
borrow a book from 表示从某处借书。
Keep your notes in the blue exercise book.
查看翻译和讲解 把笔记记在那本蓝色练习本里。
exercise book 指练习本。
可数名词：a book；read a book 指读书，book 也可指登记用的簿册。
v. 预订；预约
to arrange in advance for a room, ticket, table, or journey
常见表达 book a ticket book a table book a room
We booked the train tickets online two weeks before the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 旅行前两周，我们在网上订了火车票。
book tickets 表示订票。
You should book a table if you want to eat there on Saturday.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你想周六去那里吃饭，应该先订桌。
book a table 表示预订餐桌。
book + 名词 表示预订；常见过去式和过去分词均为 booked。
学习关联：electronic textbook（电子教材）以 text（课文、文本）为核心构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. (countable) 电子教材；电子教科书
a textbook in electronic form, read on a screen or digital device
常见表达 download an electronic textbook an interactive electronic textbook use an electronic textbook
Each student can download the electronic textbook before the new term begins.
查看翻译和讲解 新学期开始前，每位学生都可以下载电子教材。
download an electronic textbook 表示下载电子教材。
The electronic textbook includes short videos and self-check questions.
查看翻译和讲解 这本电子教材包含短视频和自测问题。
electronic textbook 可作单数主语。
可数：an electronic textbook；e-textbook 是常见简写，但本卡保留冻结词形 electronic textbook。
109
read
▶ /riːd/ · vt. / vi.
to look at and understand written words; to understand signs or feelings, or guess what someone thinks
读；阅读；读懂；理解；解读；猜测
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 读；阅读；读懂
to look at and understand written words
常见表达 read a book read about sth read aloud
We read a short story in English class.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在英语课上读了一篇短篇故事。
read a short story
Please read the notice aloud to the group.
查看翻译和讲解 请把通知大声读给大家听。
read the notice aloud
现在式 read /riːd/，过去式和过去分词 read /red/。
vt. 理解；解读；猜测
to understand signs or feelings, or guess what someone thinks
常见表达 read the signs read a map read someone’s mind
She could read the signs of rain in the sky.
查看翻译和讲解 她能从天空的迹象判断要下雨。
read the signs
I cannot read your mind, so please explain.
查看翻译和讲解 我猜不出你的想法，请解释一下。
read your mind
不只指读文字，也可指解读信息或猜测想法。
110
reading
▶ /ˈriːdɪŋ/ · n. [U, C]
the activity of reading, or a piece of text to be read; an occasion when a text is read aloud
阅读；读物；宣读；朗读
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U, C] 阅读；读物
the activity of reading, or a piece of text to be read
常见表达 reading habit reading material a reading passage
Daily reading helps you build a larger vocabulary.
查看翻译和讲解 每天阅读有助于你扩大词汇量。
Daily reading helps
The teacher gave us a reading passage about space travel.
查看翻译和讲解 老师给了我们一篇关于太空旅行的阅读材料。
a reading passage
reading 作不可数名词指阅读活动；a reading 可指一篇读物或读本。
n. [C, sing.] 宣读；朗读
an occasion when a text is read aloud
常见表达 a poetry reading a public reading
The poet gave a reading at the library.
查看翻译和讲解 这位诗人在图书馆进行了朗读。
gave a reading
There was a public reading of the notice.
查看翻译和讲解 通知被公开宣读。
a public reading
a reading 可指一次公开朗读或宣读。
111
textbook
▶ /ˈtekstbʊk/ · noun
a book used for studying a subject at school or college
课本；教材
学习关联：textbook（课本）由 text（课文、文本）+ book 构成。
意思、用法与例句
n. 课本；教材
a book used for studying a subject at school or college
常见表达 a science textbook a textbook for beginners read the textbook
Our history textbook has a map at the start of each chapter.
查看翻译和讲解 我们的历史课本每章开头都有一幅地图。
textbook 常与学科名称连用。
The teacher asked us to read two pages of the textbook before class.
查看翻译和讲解 老师让我们课前阅读教材的两页。
read the textbook 是课堂学习中的常见搭配。
textbook 指供学习某学科使用的书；不要和 electronic textbook（电子教材）当作同一词条。
112
write
▶ /raɪt/ · vt. / vi.
to produce letters, words, or a text using a pen or keyboard; to send a letter or create written work
写；写信；写信；写作
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 写；写信
to produce letters, words, or a text using a pen or keyboard
常见表达 write a letter write down
Please write down the address.
查看翻译和讲解 请记下这个地址。
write down
I wrote a letter to my grandparents.
查看翻译和讲解 我给祖父母写了一封信。
wrote a letter
write down 表示把信息记下来。
vi. 写信；写作
to send a letter or create written work
常见表达 write to somebody write about
I will write to you when I arrive.
查看翻译和讲解 我到达后会写信给你。
write to you
write to 后接收信人；write about 后接主题。
113
writer
▶ /ˈraɪtə(r)/ · n.
a person who writes books, stories, or articles
作者；作家
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
n. 作者；作家
a person who writes books, stories, or articles
常见表达 a famous writer a travel writer
The famous writer spoke at our school.
查看翻译和讲解 这位著名作家在我们学校演讲。
famous writer
She hopes to become a travel writer.
查看翻译和讲解 她希望成为一名旅行作家。
travel writer
writer 可指文学作家，也可指某类文章的作者。
114
writing
▶ /ˈraɪtɪŋ/ · n. [U]
the activity of producing written work, written work itself, or a person’s handwriting
写作；文字；笔迹
学习关联：围绕 text（文本）学习阅读、书写与读物，属于使用场景关联。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 写作；文字；笔迹
the activity of producing written work, written work itself, or a person’s handwriting
常见表达 creative writing clear writing
Creative writing is her favourite class.
查看翻译和讲解 创意写作是她最喜欢的课。
Creative writing
His clear writing makes the report easy to read.
查看翻译和讲解 他清晰的文字使报告容易阅读。
clear writing
I could recognise her writing on the envelope.
查看翻译和讲解 我能认出信封上她的笔迹。
her writing
writing 作“写作活动”时通常不可数。
联想 context = con-（一起）+ text（编织/文字），像把前后文字和背景编在一起。理解词义、句意和事件时，都要看 context。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] / n. [U] 上下文；语境
围绕某个词或句子的前后文字，帮助判断意思。
常见表达 from the context in context out of context context clues
You can guess the word from its context.
查看翻译和讲解 你可以根据上下文猜出这个词。
from context。
His words sound rude when taken out of context.
查看翻译和讲解 他的话脱离语境后听起来很粗鲁。
out of context。
n. [C] / n. [U] 环境；背景
某事发生的社会、历史或现实背景。
常见表达 in the context of history social context cultural context
The policy should be understood in the context of history.
查看翻译和讲解 这项政策应放在历史背景中理解。
in the context of。
The story makes more sense in its cultural context.
查看翻译和讲解 把故事放在其文化背景中会更容易理解。
cultural context。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The background of the story is important.
background 强调背景信息。
The situation changed quickly.
situation 更泛。
A word in isolation can be hard to understand.
out of context 接近 in isolation。
Read the text carefully.
context 在 text 外加 con-，强调共同编织出的语境。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 con- can mean together; context can be remembered as pieces of text and situation woven together.
Use context clues to guess new words.
His words sound rude out of context.
词族导图 text / context / tissue 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tissue 先记生活中的纸巾，再记生物学中的组织。a tissue of lies 是固定搭配，表示“一派谎言”。可用 text 变体帮助记忆，但现代义要按纸/组织掌握。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] / n. [U] 纸巾；绵纸；薄纸
可数时指一张纸巾，不可数时指薄纸材料。
常见表达 facial tissue a piece of tissue soft tissue paper
She wiped off the sweat from her face with a piece of facial tissue.
查看翻译和讲解 她用一张面巾纸擦掉脸上的汗水。
常见例句。
Keep some tissues in your bag during the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 旅行时在包里放些纸巾。
tissues as countable pieces。
n. [U] 动植物组织
生物学中指构成动植物身体的细胞组织。
常见表达 plant tissue human tissue damaged tissue
Doctors studied the damaged tissue under a microscope.
查看翻译和讲解 医生在显微镜下研究受损组织。
body material。
The biology book shows pictures of plant tissue.
查看翻译和讲解 生物书展示了植物组织的图片。
plant tissue。
n. [sing.] 一派；一套（谎言等）
固定表达 a tissue of lies，表示许多谎言交织在一起。
常见表达 a tissue of lies
The story was a tissue of lies from beginning to end.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事从头到尾都是一派谎言。
collocation。
The witness's report turned into a tissue of lies.
查看翻译和讲解 证人的报告变成了一套谎言。
a tissue of lies。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She offered him a paper handkerchief.
paper handkerchief 是解释性近义表达。
The gift was wrapped in soft paper.
soft paper 更泛。
Body material was studied in the lab.
解释 tissue 的生物义。
Read the text carefully.
记忆线索提示 tissue 是 text 的变体记忆线；现代义不同。
The truth finally came out.
只在 a tissue of lies 中与 lies 形成对比。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tissue 按记忆线索作为 text 的变体记忆，但学生可直接掌握三条现代义：纸巾/薄纸、生物组织、a tissue of lies。
She wiped her face with a facial tissue.
The biology book shows plant tissue.
The story was a tissue of lies.
词族导图 text / context / tissue 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 day 既可指 24 小时的一天，也可指白天。它是 today、yesterday、daily、daybreak 等词的核心时间线。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 一天；一日
可数名词，指 24 小时的一天或某个日子。
常见表达 all day long one day day after day the first day
We spent the whole day cleaning the classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 我们花了一整天打扫教室。
whole day。
Day after day, the old man watered the young trees.
查看翻译和讲解 老人日复一日地给小树浇水。
collocation day after day。
n. [C] / n. [U] 白天；日间
与 night 相对，指有日光的时段。
常见表达 during the day by day day and night
Some animals sleep during the day and hunt at night.
查看翻译和讲解 有些动物白天睡觉，夜里捕猎。
day vs night。
The city looks different by day and by night.
查看翻译和讲解 这座城市白天和夜晚看起来不同。
by day。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The streets are quiet at night.
night 是 day 白天义的反向。
What is the date today?
date 更强调日历日期。
Daily exercise improves health.
daily 来自 day，表示每天发生。
We have a test today.
today 是 this day。
Yesterday's rain cooled the air.
yesterday 是 the day before today。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 day 是本组核心。daily = day + -ly；daybreak = day + break；everyday = every + day；today/yesterday 是具体时间；diary/dial 按记忆线索 day/time 记忆线索复习。
Daily exercise improves health.
The fishermen left at daybreak.
The article uses everyday English.
Yesterday's rain cooled the air.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
学习关联：weekday（工作日）由 week + day（天）构成。
意思、用法与例句
n. 工作日；周一至周五中的一天
a day from Monday to Friday, when people usually work or go to school
常见表达 on weekdays on a weekday a busy weekday
The sports centre opens earlier on weekdays.
查看翻译和讲解 体育中心在工作日开门更早。
on weekdays 表示“在工作日”。
The appointment must be on a weekday.
查看翻译和讲解 预约必须安排在工作日。
on a weekday 中 weekday 是介词后的名词。
weekday 作名词时常与 on、during 连用；它通常和 weekend 对照。
adj. 工作日的
happening or available on a weekday
常见表达 weekday timetable weekday service weekday evenings
The museum has a different weekday timetable in winter.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆冬季的工作日时刻表不同。
weekday timetable 中 weekday 作定语。
Weekday evenings are a good time for the study group to meet.
查看翻译和讲解 工作日晚上是学习小组见面的好时间。
weekday 可作定语修饰 evenings。
作定语时放在名词前，如 weekday timetable。
学习关联：weekend（周末）与 day（天）同属周时间概念；不是 day 的直接构词派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. 周末
Saturday and Sunday, when many people do not work or go to school
常见表达 at the weekend this weekend a quiet weekend
We often visit our grandparents at the weekend.
查看翻译和讲解 我们经常在周末去看望祖父母。
at the weekend 是常见英式搭配。
The school trip will take place this weekend.
查看翻译和讲解 学校旅行将在这个周末举行。
this weekend 前通常不用介词。
at the weekend 是常见英式表达；美式英语也常说 on the weekend。
adj. 周末的
happening or available at the weekend
常见表达 a weekend job weekend activities weekend visitors
He found a weekend job at a small bookshop.
查看翻译和讲解 他在一家小书店找到了一份周末工作。
weekend job 指只在周末做的工作。
The park offers weekend activities for families.
查看翻译和讲解 公园为家庭提供周末活动。
weekend activities 中 weekend 作定语。
作定语时放在名词前，如 weekend job。
联想 daily 可以作形容词 daily life，也可以作副词 review daily，还可以作名词 a daily“日报”。不要和 everyday 只作形容词混淆。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 每日的；日常的
放在名词前，表示每天发生或日常生活中的。
常见表达 daily life daily work daily exercise daily routine
New technology is changing our daily life.
查看翻译和讲解 新技术正在改变我们的日常生活。
example simplified。
Daily exercise helps students stay healthy.
查看翻译和讲解 每天锻炼有助于学生保持健康。
daily + noun。
adv. 每天
作副词，修饰动作，表示每天做某事。
常见表达 exercise daily check daily review daily
We review ten new words daily.
查看翻译和讲解 我们每天复习十个新单词。
daily as adverb。
The nurse checks the patient's temperature daily.
查看翻译和讲解 护士每天检查病人的体温。
check daily。
n. [C] 日报
可数名词，指每天出版的报纸。
常见表达 a local daily China Daily read a daily
She reads a local daily on the bus.
查看翻译和讲解 她在公交车上读一份当地日报。
daily as newspaper。
The school library keeps several English dailies.
查看翻译和讲解 学校图书馆保存着几份英文日报。
dailies plural。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The story uses everyday English.
everyday 只作形容词；daily 还可作副词和名词。
The club holds a weekly meeting.
weekly 是频率对比。
We spent the whole day outside.
daily 来自 day + -ly。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 day + -ly -> daily。-ly 在这里可构成形容词/副词；daily 还可转成名词“日报”。
We spent the whole day outside.
The story uses everyday English.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 daybreak = day + break，可理解为“白天破开黑夜”的时候，即黎明、破晓。常见 at daybreak。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 黎明；破晓
不可数名词，指天刚亮的时刻。
常见表达 at daybreak before daybreak from daybreak until daybreak
The fishermen left the harbor at daybreak.
查看翻译和讲解 渔民们黎明时离开港口。
at daybreak。
Birds began to sing before daybreak.
查看翻译和讲解 鸟儿在破晓前开始歌唱。
before daybreak。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We arrived at dawn.
dawn 更常见，daybreak 更有画面感。
The mountain looked golden at sunrise.
sunrise 强调太阳升起。
We returned before nightfall.
nightfall 是一天另一端的时间。
The first day of school was busy.
daybreak = day + break。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 day + break -> daybreak，像光线“破开”黑夜。
The first day of school was busy.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 everyday 是一个词，只作形容词，表示“日常的、普通的”。every day 是两个词，作时间状语，表示“每天”。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 日常的；普通的
放在名词前，表示日常使用或普通常见。
常见表达 everyday English everyday life everyday clothes everyday problems
He learned everyday English every day while he was in London.
查看翻译和讲解 他在伦敦时每天学习日常英语。
source contrast everyday / every day。
The passage describes everyday problems in city life.
查看翻译和讲解 这篇文章描述了城市生活中的日常问题。
everyday + noun。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The story is about ordinary family life.
ordinary 强调普通不特别。
Daily work can be tiring.
daily 可作形容词/副词/名词；everyday 只作形容词。
This is a special day for our school.
special 与 everyday 的普通义相反。
She reads English every day.
every day 两个词，作状语；everyday 一个词，作形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 every + day -> everyday。一个词是形容词；两个词 every day 是副词短语。
She reads English every day.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 today 可作副词“今天”，也可作名词“今天”。在句首 Today, ... 还常表示“如今、当前”。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 在今天
作副词，表示动作发生在今天。
常见表达 arrive today finish today meet today
We have a listening test today.
查看翻译和讲解 我们今天有听力测试。
today as adverb。
Please finish the form today.
查看翻译和讲解 请今天填完表格。
finish today。
n. [U] 今天；现在；当前
作名词表示今天，也可泛指当今时代。
常见表达 today's news today's world young people today
Today's news is about clean energy.
查看翻译和讲解 今天的新闻是关于清洁能源的。
today's。
Young people today use phones to study and communicate.
查看翻译和讲解 当今年轻人用手机学习和交流。
today = nowadays。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Nowadays, many students learn online.
nowadays 只指当今，不指今天这一天。
Yesterday's rain cooled the air.
yesterday 是 today 的前一天。
Tomorrow will be sunny.
tomorrow 是 today 的后一天。
Today has been a busy day.
today = this day。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 today = to + day，现代直接按 this day / present time 记。
Today has been a busy day.
Yesterday's rain cooled the air.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 yesterday 指“昨天”，可作副词，也可作名词或所有格 yesterday's。它和 today、tomorrow 组成基础时间对比。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 在昨天
作副词，表示动作发生在昨天。
常见表达 arrived yesterday finished yesterday called yesterday
I finished the report yesterday evening.
查看翻译和讲解 我昨天晚上完成了报告。
yesterday evening。
She called me yesterday to ask about the homework.
查看翻译和讲解 她昨天打电话问我作业的事。
called yesterday。
n. [U] 昨天；昨天的事
作名词或所有格，指昨天这一天或昨天发生的事。
常见表达 since yesterday yesterday's rain yesterday's game
Yesterday's rain made the road slippery.
查看翻译和讲解 昨天的雨让道路变滑。
yesterday's。
The problem has continued since yesterday.
查看翻译和讲解 这个问题从昨天起一直持续。
since yesterday。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We arrived the day before the meeting.
the day before 需要上下文确定是哪一天。
We have a test today.
today 是 yesterday 之后的一天。
Tomorrow will be sunny.
tomorrow 与 yesterday 分别在 today 两侧。
Yesterday was a quiet day.
yesterday 包含 day。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 yesterday 含 day，直接按 the day before today 记。
Yesterday was a quiet day.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 diary 可用 di(=day)+-ary 记忆，核心是把每天经历写下来。常见搭配 keep a diary、write in a diary、diary entry。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 日记；日记簿
记录个人每天经历、想法或安排的本子/记录。
常见表达 keep a diary write in a diary diary entry personal diary
She keeps a diary to record her school life.
查看翻译和讲解 她记日记来记录校园生活。
keep a diary。
His diary entry describes the first day of the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 他的日记条目描述了旅行的第一天。
diary entry。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He wrote the event in his journal.
journal 可更正式，也可指日志/期刊。
She wrote new words in her notebook.
notebook 是本子；diary 强调用来记录日常经历。
The public notice was posted on the wall.
diary 通常私人，public notice 是公开信息。
She writes about each day in her diary.
可用 di = day 帮助记 diary。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 记忆线索提示 di(=day)+-ary。学习时抓 daily experiences written in a personal record。
She writes about each day in her diary.
A diary often records daily life.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 dial 有时间工具义，也有电话义。名词可指日晷、钟面、表盘、拨号盘；动词 dial a number 表示拨电话号码。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 日晷；钟面；表盘；拨号盘
带数字或刻度、用来显示时间或输入号码的圆形面板。
常见表达 sundial clock dial watch dial telephone dial
The old clock has a white dial and black hands.
查看翻译和讲解 这只旧钟有白色表盘和黑色指针。
clock dial。
A sundial shows time by the shadow of the sun.
查看翻译和讲解 日晷通过太阳影子显示时间。
sundial。
v. 拨电话号码
输入电话号码以打电话。
常见表达 dial a number dial 110 dial the wrong number
Please dial this number if you need help.
查看翻译和讲解 如果需要帮助，请拨打这个号码。
dial a number。
He dialed the wrong number and apologized at once.
查看翻译和讲解 他拨错了号码并立刻道歉。
dialed。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The clock face was easy to read.
clock face 接近 dial 的表盘义。
Call me when you arrive.
call 更泛；dial 强调输入号码。
She hung up after the call.
hang up 是通话动作对比。
A sundial uses sunlight during the day.
dial 与 day 在记忆线索中按时间工具/日晷线索联系，不是普通派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dial 在记忆线索 day 组中按日晷/时间显示线索记忆；现代还要掌握 telephone dial 和 dial a number。
A sundial shows time by sunlight.
The clock dial was white.
词族导图 day 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
127
sit
▶ [sit] · vi. · Page 260
to rest on a seat, be located, or serve in an official role
坐；坐下；位于；任职
联想 sit 是不及物动词，过去式和过去分词都是 sat。先记 sit down / sit up，再扩展到“位于”和 sit on a committee 的任职义。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 坐；坐下
人或动物把身体放在椅子、地面等上面；不直接接宾语。
常见表达 sit down sit up sit by the window sit still
Please sit down and open your books.
查看翻译和讲解 请坐下并打开书。
sit down。
The child sat by the window and watched the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 那个孩子坐在窗边看雨。
sat 是 sit 的过去式。
vi. 位于；坐落
地点、建筑等处在某个位置。
常见表达 sit at the foot of sit on a hill sit beside
The village sits at the foot of a mountain.
查看翻译和讲解 村庄坐落在山脚下。
place + sits。
An old temple sits on the hill above the town.
查看翻译和讲解 一座古庙坐落在城镇上方的山上。
sit = be located。
vi. 任职；担任成员
在委员会、董事会等机构中担任职位。
常见表达 sit on a committee sit on the board sit in court
She sits on the student committee.
查看翻译和讲解 她在学生委员会任职。
sit on a committee。
Three judges sit in the court during the case.
查看翻译和讲解 案件审理期间三名法官在庭上任职。
sit in court。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please take a seat before the meeting begins.
sit 是不及物动词；seat 常作名词或及物动词。
Please stand when the teacher enters.
stand 是坐姿反向。
The museum is located near the river.
对应 sit 的地点义。
The morning session begins at nine.
session 与 sit 在记忆线索中按坐下开会的线索联系。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 sit 是本组核心动作。seat 是“坐的地方/使就座”；situate/situation 与位置相关；preside/president/resident/session 走 sid/sit“坐、位置、主持”记忆线。
The school is situated near a lake.
Please explain the situation.
The morning session begins at nine.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 seat 常作名词“座位/席位”；作动词时是及物动词，常见 seat oneself、be seated，也可表示场馆可容纳多少人。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 座位
可坐的地方，如车上、教室、剧场里的座位。
常见表达 take a seat book a seat a window seat no seats left
There were no seats left on the bus.
查看翻译和讲解 公交车上没有空座了。
seat 作名词。
She booked a window seat for the long flight.
查看翻译和讲解 她为长途航班订了一个靠窗座位。
window seat。
n. [C] 席位；职位
会议、委员会、议会等组织中的席位或资格。
常见表达 win a seat a seat on the council hold a seat
She won a seat on the school council.
查看翻译和讲解 她赢得了学生会的一个席位。
seat on a council。
The party lost several seats in the election.
查看翻译和讲解 该党在选举中失去了几个席位。
political seat。
vt. 使就座；可容纳
seat sb. / seat oneself / be seated 表示让人坐下；场所 seat 数字 表示可容纳。
常见表达 seat oneself be seated seat five hundred people
The professor seated himself among the students.
查看翻译和讲解 教授坐在学生中间。
教材例句改写，seat oneself。
The hall can seat five hundred people.
查看翻译和讲解 大厅可容纳五百人。
seat = have seats for。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The chair near the door is empty.
chair 是具体家具；seat 更泛，可指座位或席位。
Please sit down and open your books.
sit 不及物；seat 可及物。
The passengers had to stand.
只对座位/坐下义形成姿态对比。
She holds an important position.
对应 seat 的席位义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 seat 与 sit 同源线索明显，但用法不同：sit down；seat oneself / be seated。
Please be seated before the speech begins.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 situate 重点掌握被动形式 be situated in/near/on，描述建筑、城市或地点“位于、坐落于”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 使坐落于；把……置于
主动用法较正式，表示把某物安排在某个位置。
常见表达 situate sth. in situate sth. near situate sth. on
The designer situated the reading area near the window.
查看翻译和讲解 设计师把阅读区安排在窗边。
active situate。
They decided to situate the new library beside the park.
查看翻译和讲解 他们决定把新图书馆建在公园旁边。
situate + object。
v-ed / adj. 位于；坐落于
be situated 是最常见形式，用来说明地点位置。
常见表达 be situated in be situated near be well situated for
The school is situated near a quiet lake.
查看翻译和讲解 学校坐落在一个安静的湖边。
be situated near。
The hotel is well situated for visitors to the museum.
查看翻译和讲解 这家酒店位置很好，方便游客去博物馆。
well situated。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The guide located the town on the map.
locate 更常见，也可表示找到。
Place the plant near the window.
place 更日常。
The company is in a difficult situation.
situation 是名词，不是动词。
Workers moved the desks away from the door.
与安置在某地形成动作对比。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 situate -> situation。前者是动词“安置/使坐落”，后者是名词“位置/情况”。
Please explain the situation.
The school is situated near a lake.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 situation 最常见是“情况、形势”，也可保留“位置”义。常见 explain the situation、in a difficult situation、in a ... situation。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 情况；形势
某一时刻的条件、问题或局面。
常见表达 explain the situation current situation in this situation in a difficult situation
If you need more time, explain the situation to the professor.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你需要更多时间，就向教授说明情况。
教材例句改写。
The company is in a difficult situation this year.
查看翻译和讲解 这家公司今年处境困难。
in a difficult situation。
n. [C] 位置；地点条件
较正式或旧式用法，指地点或位置条件。
常见表达 a good situation the situation of a building
The house has a fine situation near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 这所房子位置很好，靠近河边。
position meaning。
The situation of the town made trade easier.
查看翻译和讲解 这个城镇的位置使贸易更方便。
location sense。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The road is in poor condition.
condition 偏状态或条件。
We need a plan for this problem.
只在困难局面中接近 situation。
The position of the school is convenient.
对应 situation 的位置义。
The solution came after a long discussion.
solution 不是 situation 的通用反义词，只与问题局面对比。
The school is situated near a lake.
situate 是相关动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 situate + -ion -> situation。动词位置线转成名词后，现代高频义是“情况、形势”。
The school is situated near a lake.
We are situated in a busy area.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 preside 记忆线索记忆 pre- + sid(e) = 坐在前面。现代用法重点是 preside over/at a meeting，表示主持或负责掌控流程。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 主持；负责
主持会议、听证会、仪式等正式活动。
常见表达 preside over a meeting preside at a hearing preside over a ceremony
The head teacher will preside over the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 班主任将主持这次会议。
preside over。
A judge presided at the hearing in the morning.
查看翻译和讲解 一名法官上午主持了听证会。
preside at。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Ms. Li chaired the meeting.
chair 作动词更常用；preside 更正式。
He led the discussion calmly.
lead 更泛。
Many parents attended the meeting.
attend 是参加，不是主持。
The president of the club welcomed new members.
president 是主持/领导角色名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 pre- + sid(e) = sit before。preside 表示坐在前面主持；president 是主持或领导的人。
The president welcomed new members.
presiding officer
主持人；会议主席 The presiding officer opened the meeting.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 president 指组织或国家的最高负责人。语境决定是国家总统/主席、公司总裁/董事长，还是协会、大学、俱乐部负责人。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 总统；国家主席
国家层面的最高领导人，具体译法看国家制度。
常见表达 president of a country the French president presidential speech
The president met students during the national science event.
查看翻译和讲解 总统在全国科学活动期间会见了学生。
country leader。
The president gave a short speech on television.
查看翻译和讲解 总统在电视上发表了简短讲话。
public speech。
n. [C] 总裁；董事长；会长；院长
公司、学校、社团等组织的负责人。
常见表达 company president club president university president president of
The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour.
查看翻译和讲解 董事长在商务会议上讲了近一个小时。
教材例句改写。
The president of the club welcomed new members.
查看翻译和讲解 俱乐部会长欢迎新成员。
president of a club。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A good leader listens carefully.
leader 更泛。
The chairperson opened the meeting.
chairperson 常用于会议或组织。
Every member can vote.
member 是组织普通成员，不是 president 的严格反义词。
The teacher presided over the meeting.
president 与 preside 属角色/动作关系。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 preside -> president。词尾 -ent 常形成执行某动作或具有某角色的人。
The teacher presided over the meeting.
The presidential speech was short.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 resident 来自“住在某处”的线索。它可指当地居民/住户，也可指住院医生；作形容词表示“居住的、常驻的”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 居民；房客；住户
住在某地的人。
常见表达 local resident city resident resident of
Local residents complained about the noise near the station.
查看翻译和讲解 当地居民抱怨车站附近的噪音。
local residents。
Every resident of the building received a safety notice.
查看翻译和讲解 楼里的每位住户都收到了安全通知。
resident of。
n. [C] 住院医生
医院中接受训练并工作的医生。
常见表达 resident doctor medical resident hospital resident
She is a resident doctor at the city hospital.
查看翻译和讲解 她是市医院的一名住院医生。
resident doctor。
The medical resident checked the patient after midnight.
查看翻译和讲解 那名住院医生午夜后检查了病人。
medical resident。
adj. 居住的；常驻的
说明某人或某物在某地长期居住或常驻。
常见表达 resident in resident artist resident population
The writer is resident in Shanghai for the year.
查看翻译和讲解 这位作家今年常住上海。
resident in。
The park protects its resident bird population.
查看翻译和讲解 这个公园保护当地常驻鸟类种群。
resident as adjective。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The island has few inhabitants.
inhabitant 更正式。
Visitors must sign in at the gate.
visitor 是短暂停留者，对比 resident。
The school is in a quiet residential area.
记忆线索相关词，常修饰 area。
The teacher presided over the meeting.
resident 与 preside 共享 sid/sit 记忆线，但现代意义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 re- + sid(e) 可按“坐下/居住在某处”记 resident。residential 是常见派生形容词。
The school is in a residential area.
His residence is near the school.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 session 指一段被安排出来的活动时间：会议、开庭、课程、训练都可以是一节/一场。常见 in session 和 out of session。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] / n. [U] 会议；开庭期；会期
机构、法庭或会议正在进行的一段时间。
常见表达 in session out of session court session parliament is in session
Parliament is in session this week.
查看翻译和讲解 议会本周开会。
in session。
The court session lasted until late afternoon.
查看翻译和讲解 庭审一直持续到下午很晚。
court session。
n. [C] 一场；一节；一段活动时间
课程、训练、咨询等一次安排好的时段。
常见表达 training session study session morning session question-and-answer session
The morning session begins at nine.
查看翻译和讲解 上午的课程九点开始。
morning session。
After school, we had a short study session in the library.
查看翻译和讲解 放学后，我们在图书馆进行了一小段学习。
study session。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The meeting starts at ten.
meeting 是具体会议；session 更强调一段安排好的时间。
The first period is English.
period 更泛。
We took a break after the session.
break 是活动之间的休息时段。
The judges sit in court.
session 与 sit 按坐下开会/开庭的线索联系。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 session 可按“坐下来进行的一段正式活动”记忆；注意它不是普通的 seat。
Parliament is in session this week.
The court is out of session today.
词族导图 sit 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 home 可作名词，也可作副词。go home / come home 中 home 前通常不用 to；feel at home 表示自在、不拘束。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 家；住所；家庭
一个人居住或有归属感的地方，也可指家庭。
常见表达 at home away from home make a home family home
I called home after arriving at the station.
查看翻译和讲解 到车站后我给家里打了电话。
home as family/place。
The volunteer made the children feel at home.
查看翻译和讲解 志愿者让孩子们感到自在。
feel at home。
n. [C,U] 家乡；故土
指出生、成长或有归属感的地方。
常见表达 return home leave home one's home village
After years abroad, he still called the small town home.
查看翻译和讲解 在国外多年后，他仍把那个小镇称作家乡。
home = native place。
Many birds return home in spring.
查看翻译和讲解 许多鸟在春天返回栖息地。
return home。
adv. 回家；到家；在家
作副词时表示朝家或在家，不再加 to。
常见表达 go home come home get home stay home
Let's go home before the rain starts.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在下雨前回家吧。
go home, no to。
She got home late after the school concert.
查看翻译和讲解 学校音乐会后她很晚到家。
get home。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Their house is near the river.
house 强调建筑；home 强调居住和归属。
My hometown is famous for oranges.
hometown 是出生或成长的地方。
He is away from home this week.
away from home 是离家在外。
The museum has a glass dome.
可用 home -> dome 形近/房屋记忆线，不是现代同义派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 home 是透明核心；hometown = home + town。dome 只按记忆线索 home -> dome 记忆线；domestic/dominate/domain 属 domin/domain 线，不能和 home 硬当同义词。
My hometown is famous for oranges.
She feels at home in the club.
Let's go home before dark.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
136
child
▶ /tʃaɪld/ · noun
a young human being, not yet an adult
儿童；小孩
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 儿童；小孩
a young human being, not yet an adult
常见表达 a young child children's books raise a child
Each child received a map at the entrance.
查看翻译和讲解 每个孩子在入口处领到了一张地图。
Each child
Her parents read to her when she was a child.
查看翻译和讲解 她小时候父母常给她读书。
was a child
复数是不规则形式 children；child 也可泛指自己的孩子。
137
childhood
▶ /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ · noun
the period when a person is a child
童年；儿童时期
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 童年；儿童时期
the period when a person is a child
常见表达 in childhood childhood memories a happy childhood
She spent her childhood near the sea.
查看翻译和讲解 她在海边度过了童年。
spent her childhood
He remembers a happy childhood with his grandparents.
查看翻译和讲解 他记得和祖父母一起度过的快乐童年。
a happy childhood
通常不可数，如 in childhood 或 spend one's childhood；但可以说 a happy/unhappy childhood，指某人经历的那段童年。
138
daughter
▶ /ˈdɔːtə/ · n. [C]
a female child of a parent
女儿
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 女儿
a female child of a parent
常见表达 my daughter an only daughter daughter of
Their daughter starts school this autumn.
查看翻译和讲解 他们的女儿今年秋天上学。
Their daughter
She is the daughter of a doctor.
查看翻译和讲解 她是一名医生的女儿。
daughter of
Daughter is countable.
139
family
▶ /ˈfæməli/ · n. [C]
a group of people related to each other, especially parents and children; a group of related things that share similar features
家庭；家人；一类；一组
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 家庭；家人
a group of people related to each other, especially parents and children
常见表达 family member family holiday run in the family
Her family meets for dinner every Sunday.
查看翻译和讲解 她的家人每周日聚在一起吃晚饭。
her family
A love of music runs in the family.
查看翻译和讲解 对音乐的热爱在这个家庭中代代相传。
run in the family
In British English, family can take a singular or plural verb depending on whether it is seen as one unit or as individual people.
n. [C] 一类；一组
a group of related things that share similar features
常见表达 a family of languages a family of products belong to the same family
Spanish and Italian belong to the same family of languages.
查看翻译和讲解 西班牙语和意大利语属于同一语系。
family of languages
The company sells a family of products for home use.
查看翻译和讲解 这家公司销售一系列家用产品。
a family of products
This sense groups related things; it does not by itself prove that two English words have the same origin.
140
father
▶ /ˈfɑːðə/ · n. [C]
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 父亲
a male parent
常见表达 father of two father and son become a father
Her father taught her how to repair a bicycle.
查看翻译和讲解 她的父亲教她怎样修自行车。
her father
He became a father while he was still at university.
查看翻译和讲解 他还在上大学时就当了父亲。
become a father
Father is the neutral word for a male parent; dad is more informal.
141
mother
▶ /ˈmʌðə/ · n. [C]
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 母亲；妈妈
a female parent
常见表达 my mother mother and father become a mother
My mother works at the hospital.
查看翻译和讲解 我母亲在医院工作。
My mother
My mother and father came to the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 我的爸爸妈妈来参加会议了。
My mother and father
Mother is countable.
142
parent
▶ /ˈpeərənt/ · n. [C]
a mother or father
父亲或母亲；家长
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 父亲或母亲；家长
a mother or father
常见表达 one of my parents a parent meeting a single parent
One of my parents will come to the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 我的一位家长会来参加会议。
One of my parents
The school held a meeting for parents.
查看翻译和讲解 学校为家长举行了会议。
a meeting for parents
parent 指父亲或母亲；parents 用复数时常指“父母”。
143
son
▶ /sʌn/ · n. [C]
a male child in relation to his parents
儿子
学习关联：围绕家庭关系认识成员和童年；区别 home 与 family。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 儿子
a male child in relation to his parents
常见表达 an only son son of
Their son starts secondary school this autumn.
查看翻译和讲解 他们的儿子今年秋天上中学。
Their son
He is the son of a local doctor.
查看翻译和讲解 他是一位当地医生的儿子。
son of
英语可用 only son 表示独子。
联想 hometown = home + town，指出生、成长或有强烈归属感的地方；常见 return to one's hometown。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C,U] 故乡；家乡
出生、成长或长期认同的地方。
常见表达 return to one's hometown visit one's hometown hometown food hometown memory
My hometown is famous for oranges.
查看翻译和讲解 我的家乡以橙子闻名。
hometown as place。
She visits her hometown every winter holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 她每年寒假都回家乡。
visit one's hometown。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
His birthplace is a small village.
birthplace 只强调出生地；hometown 可强调成长和归属。
She wrote about her native place.
native place 较正式。
He still calls the town home.
hometown 是 home + town。
She moved to a new city for college.
new city 是生活阶段对照，不是严格反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 home + town -> hometown。注意 home town 也可分写，但 hometown 是常见合写。
He still calls the town home.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 dome 指半球形屋顶或穹顶。可用 home -> dome 帮助记房屋结构，但 dome 现代义不是“家”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 圆屋顶；穹顶
建筑物顶部或室内天花板的半球形结构。
常见表达 glass dome under the dome dome roof the dome of a building
The museum has a large glass dome.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆有一个巨大的玻璃穹顶。
glass dome。
Light came through the dome above the hall.
查看翻译和讲解 光线从大厅上方的穹顶透进来。
dome above a hall。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The rounded roof was covered with glass.
解释 dome 的形状。
A small cupola stood above the church.
cupola 更建筑专业。
The house has a flat roof.
flat roof 是形状对比。
The family returned home before dark.
记忆线索 home -> dome 是记忆线索，不是同义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 dome 按记忆线索 home -> dome 形近/房屋结构记忆；现代学习时直接掌握 rounded roof。
The museum has a glass dome.
The rounded roof caught the sunlight.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 domestic 有三条常见义线：domestic flights 是国内航班；domestic work 是家务；domestic animals 是驯养动物。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 国内的；本国的
发生在本国范围内，和 foreign/international 对比。
常见表达 domestic flight domestic market domestic news domestic policy
Domestic flights are often cheaper than international flights.
查看翻译和讲解 国内航班通常比国际航班便宜。
domestic vs international。
The report focuses on domestic economic problems.
查看翻译和讲解 这份报告关注国内经济问题。
domestic problems。
adj. 家庭的；家用的
与家庭生活、家务或家用设备有关。
常见表达 domestic work domestic life domestic appliance
The course discusses how technology changes domestic life.
查看翻译和讲解 这门课讨论科技如何改变家庭生活。
domestic life。
Many domestic appliances save time in the kitchen.
查看翻译和讲解 许多家用电器能节省厨房时间。
domestic appliances。
adj. 驯养的
动物被人类饲养、驯化，与 wild 对比。
常见表达 domestic animals domestic cat domestic dog
Dogs and cats are common domestic animals.
查看翻译和讲解 狗和猫是常见的驯养动物。
domestic animals。
A domestic cat may still hunt small birds.
查看翻译和讲解 家猫仍可能捕猎小鸟。
domestic cat。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The national team won the match.
national 与国家相关；domestic 强调国内范围。
Household spending rose last year.
household 对应家庭/家用义。
Foreign visitors arrived in July.
foreign 与 domestic 国内义相反。
Wild animals should not be kept as pets.
wild 与 domestic 驯养义相反。
One company dominates the market.
domestic 与 dominate 有 domin/dom 记忆线，但现代义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 domestic 可按 domus/home 线记“家内/国内”；dominate/domain 走 domin“统治/范围”线。不要把三者互当同义词。
Domestic flights are often cheaper.
Dogs are domestic animals.
One company dominates the market.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 dominate 先记“支配、占主导”，再记高大建筑或山体“耸立于、俯视”某处。记忆线索 domin + -ate 是统治线。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 支配；控制；主宰
某人或事物有强控制力，或在局面中最突出。
常见表达 dominate the market dominate the conversation be dominated by dominate one's choices
One company dominates the local market.
查看翻译和讲解 一家公司主导着当地市场。
dominate the market。
Do not let fear dominate your choices.
查看翻译和讲解 不要让恐惧支配你的选择。
abstract control。
vt. 耸立于；俯视
高大物体位于某地上方，显得很突出。
常见表达 dominate the skyline dominate the valley tower dominates
The tall tower dominates the city skyline.
查看翻译和讲解 高塔耸立于城市天际线之上。
dominate the skyline。
A dark mountain dominates the valley below.
查看翻译和讲解 一座黑色山峰俯视着下面的山谷。
physical height。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The manager controls the budget.
control 更中性，dominate 强调强势主导。
The king ruled the country for years.
rule 常用于正式统治。
The two teams shared control of the game.
share 与 dominate 的独占主导形成对比。
This question belongs to the domain of biology.
domain 是范围/领域，dominate 是控制动作。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 domin(统治) + -ate -> dominate。domain 是相关名词，表示领域、范围或领地。
This question belongs to the domain of biology.
The dominant idea in the article is clear.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 domain 可指知识或活动领域，也可指领地/势力范围。现代英语还常见 Internet domain，表示网站域名。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 领域；范围
某种知识、活动、思想或责任所属的范围。
常见表达 domain of science in this domain public domain Internet domain
This question belongs to the domain of biology.
查看翻译和讲解 这个问题属于生物学领域。
domain of a subject。
The website uses a short domain name.
查看翻译和讲解 这个网站使用了一个简短的域名。
Internet domain。
n. [C] 领地；势力范围
某人、组织或国家控制或影响的区域。
常见表达 royal domain within one's domain outside one's domain
The forest was once part of the king's domain.
查看翻译和讲解 这片森林曾经是国王领地的一部分。
land/control sense。
The manager said hiring decisions were outside his domain.
查看翻译和讲解 经理说招聘决定不在他的职责范围内。
responsibility range。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Physics is an important field of science.
field 更常见，domain 更正式或技术化。
This area of study is growing fast.
area 更泛。
The army entered enemy territory.
territory 强调土地控制。
One company dominates the local market.
dominate 是动词；domain 是范围或领地。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 domain 与 dominate 共享 domin/domain 统治、范围线索；domain 是名词，dominate 是动词。
One company dominates the market.
The dominant language in the area changed.
词族导图 home 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 civil① 走 city/citizen 线，讲公民社会、平民和民事法律；不要和 civil②“有礼貌的”混。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 公民的；国民的
与公民身份、权利或公共社会有关。
常见表达 civil rights civil duty civil society
Students learned about civil rights in history class.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们在历史课上学习了公民权利。
civil rights。
Voting is an important civil duty in many countries.
查看翻译和讲解 在许多国家，投票是一项重要的公民义务。
civil duty。
adj. 平民的；民用的
与普通人、非军队或非军事用途有关。
常见表达 civil airport civil aviation civil use civilian life
The old airfield is now used for civil aviation.
查看翻译和讲解 这个旧机场现在用于民用航空。
civil aviation。
The army helped move civil supplies after the flood.
查看翻译和讲解 洪水后军队帮助转运民用物资。
civil supplies。
adj. 民事的
法律中指私人之间的权利、财产或合同问题，和 criminal 刑事对比。
常见表达 civil law civil court civil case
The case was handled in a civil court, not a criminal court.
查看翻译和讲解 这个案件由民事法院处理，而不是刑事法院。
civil vs criminal。
A civil case may involve money or property.
查看翻译和讲解 民事案件可能涉及金钱或财产。
civil case。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Every citizen has duties as well as rights.
citizen 是人；civil① 是形容词。
The army promised to protect civilians.
civilian 是非军人身份的人。
The plane was used for military training.
military 与 civil 的民用/平民义对比。
The case became a criminal case.
criminal 与 civil 的民事法律义对比。
Even when they disagreed, they stayed civil.
同形同音但义项不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 civil① 与 city/citizen 同源记忆，围绕公民社会和非军事/民事法律。civilian 是相关名词。
The army promised to protect civilians.
Students learned about civil rights.
The case was handled under civil law.
词族导图 civil 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 civilian 是人，指非军人、非战斗人员的普通平民。它不是 civil 的同义词，而是 civil① 平民/民用线上的名词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 平民；老百姓
不属于军队、警察或战斗人员的普通人。
常见表达 protect civilians civilian life civilian workers civilian population
The army promised to protect civilians during the rescue.
查看翻译和讲解 军队承诺在救援中保护平民。
protect civilians。
After ten years in the navy, he returned to civilian life.
查看翻译和讲解 在海军服役十年后，他回到了平民生活。
civilian life。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An ordinary person may not know military rules.
ordinary person 更泛。
The report counted every non-soldier as a civilian.
解释性 cue。
The soldier helped carry food.
soldier 与 civilian 是身份对比。
The airport is for civil use.
civil① 是形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 civil + -ian -> civilian。-ian 常可表示某类人。
The airport is for civil use.
He returned to civilian life.
词族导图 civil 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 civil② 讲人的态度和说话方式：remain civil、a civil reply。它和 civil① 的公民/民事义要分开记。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 文明的；有礼貌的
即使有分歧，也能保持礼貌、理性和尊重。
常见表达 remain civil civil reply civil conversation civil tone
Even when they disagreed, they stayed civil.
查看翻译和讲解 即使意见不同，他们仍保持礼貌。
remain civil。
A civil reply can calm an angry discussion.
查看翻译和讲解 礼貌的回复能让愤怒的讨论平静下来。
civil reply。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please be polite to the visitor.
polite 更日常。
The guide was courteous to everyone.
courteous 更正式。
His rude words hurt others.
rude 与 civil② 的礼貌义相反。
The case was handled in a civil court.
同形同音但义项不同。
Education can help civilize public behavior.
civilise/-ize 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 civil② -> civilise/-ize -> civilisation/-ization。这里走“文明/有教养”线，不走民事法律线。
Education can help civilize public behavior.
civilisation/-ization
文明；文明社会 Ancient civilization left many buildings.
词族导图 civil 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 civilise/civilize 是英美拼法差异，意思相同。它是动词，常用于社会、行为、教育影响等语境；现代写作要避免把它用于贬低某个群体。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 使文明；使有教养
让行为、社会或公共生活更有秩序、更有教育和礼貌。
常见表达 civilize society civilize behavior civilizing influence civilized society
Education can help civilize public behavior.
查看翻译和讲解 教育有助于改善公共行为，使其更文明。
civilize behavior。
Good laws can have a civilizing influence on public life.
查看翻译和讲解 良好的法律能对公共生活产生文明化影响。
civilizing influence。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Schools educate young people.
educate 更中性具体。
Reading can refine one's taste.
refine 更强调改进品味或行为。
They stayed civil during the argument.
civilise/-ize 是动词。
civilisation/-ization
文明；文明社会 Ancient Chinese civilization created many inventions.
civilisation/-ization 是名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 civil + -ise/-ize -> civilise/civilize。-ise/-ize 常形成“使……化”的动词。
civilised/civilized
文明的；有教养的 The debate remained civilized.
civilisation/-ization
文明；文明社会 Ancient civilization left records.
词族导图 civil 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 civilisation/civilization 是英美拼法差异。不可数时指“文明”这一状态；可数时可指某个文明体，如 ancient Chinese civilization。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 文明；文明社会
人类社会发展出的制度、文化、知识和生活方式。
常见表达 human civilization modern civilization the progress of civilization
Writing was an important step in the development of civilization.
查看翻译和讲解 文字是文明发展中的重要一步。
uncountable civilization。
Modern civilization depends on energy, transport, and communication.
查看翻译和讲解 现代文明依赖能源、交通和通信。
modern civilization。
n. [C] 文明体；文明古国
某一地区或历史时期的发达社会和文化。
常见表达 ancient Chinese civilization river civilizations early civilization
Ancient Chinese civilization created many great inventions.
查看翻译和讲解 古代中华文明创造了许多伟大发明。
specific civilization。
The museum shows the rise of river civilizations.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆展示了河流文明的兴起。
plural civilizations。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Local culture shapes daily life.
culture 更宽，可小可大；civilization 强调发展程度和社会体系。
A society needs rules and trust.
society 是社会群体，不一定强调文明发展。
The old text contrasted civilization with barbarism.
barbarism 属历史文本中的对比词，现代使用需谨慎。
Education can help civilize public behavior.
civilise/-ize 是动词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 civilise/civilize + -ation -> civilisation/civilization。-ation 形成动作或状态名词。
Education can help civilize public behavior.
The discussion stayed civilized.
词族导图 civil 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 waste 是多词性词。作动词是浪费；作形容词是废弃的；作不可数名词是废料/垃圾或浪费；the wastes 指荒原。可用 vast -> waste 记“广阔无人烟的荒原”。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 浪费；滥用
把时间、钱、食物、水等用在无价值或不必要的事情上。
常见表达 waste time doing sth. waste money on sth. waste water waste energy
Do not waste water while brushing your teeth.
查看翻译和讲解 刷牙时不要浪费水。
waste + object。
He wasted too much time playing games before the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前他浪费了太多时间玩游戏。
waste time doing。
adj. 废弃的；无用的
修饰不再有用、被丢弃或等待处理的东西。
常见表达 waste paper waste land waste material
The school collects waste paper for recycling.
查看翻译和讲解 学校收集废纸用于回收。
waste paper。
The factory cleaned the waste land beside the river.
查看翻译和讲解 工厂清理了河边的废弃土地。
waste land。
n. [U] / n. [sing.] 废料；垃圾；浪费
不可数名词，表示被丢弃的材料，或浪费这种行为。
常见表达 food waste industrial waste a waste of time a waste of money
The factory turns food waste into energy.
查看翻译和讲解 这家工厂把食物垃圾转化为能源。
food waste。
Waiting without a plan is a waste of time.
查看翻译和讲解 没有计划地等待是在浪费时间。
a waste of time。
n. [pl.] 荒原；荒地
复数 wastes 指大片荒凉、无人居住或难以利用的土地。
常见表达 desert wastes icy wastes the wastes of
Few people can live in the icy wastes of the north.
查看翻译和讲解 很少有人能在北方冰冷的荒原上生活。
the wastes。
The story begins in the dry wastes beyond the mountains.
查看翻译和讲解 故事开始于群山之外的干旱荒原。
wastes as wild land。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Do not misuse public money.
misuse 只对应动词义。
Pick up the rubbish after lunch.
rubbish 对应名词垃圾义。
We should save water in dry seasons.
save 与 waste 的动词浪费义相反。
Use your study time well.
use well 是学习语境中的自然反向表达。
The desert covers a vast area of land.
可用 vast 的广阔无人烟帮助记 waste 的荒原义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 记忆线索提示 waste 本是 vast 的派生词；浩渺 vast、无人烟可联想到荒原 wastes。现代考试仍要先按 waste 的动词/形容词/名词多义掌握。
The desert covers a vast area of land.
Leaving lights on is wasteful.
The old factory area became a wasteland.
词族导图 waste / vast 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 vast 多形容空间、面积、范围或数量很大，不强调重量。huge 更常说体积或规模巨大；vast area / vast number / vast difference 都常见。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 广阔的；巨大的
面积、范围、数量或程度非常大，常修饰 area、land、number、amount、difference。
常见表达 vast area vast number vast amount vast difference
The desert covers a vast area of land.
查看翻译和讲解 沙漠覆盖了广阔的土地。
vast area。
A vast number of students joined the online course.
查看翻译和讲解 大量学生参加了这门线上课程。
vast number。
There is a vast difference between guessing and understanding.
查看翻译和讲解 猜测和理解之间有巨大差别。
vast difference。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A huge truck stopped at the gate.
huge 更常强调体积或规模。
The project needs an enormous amount of money.
enormous 可修饰数量或程度。
A tiny village lies near the lake.
tiny 是大小反向。
The road became narrow near the hill.
narrow 与 vast 的空间/范围义对比。
The dry wastes stretched beyond the hills.
记忆线索把 vast 与 waste 的荒原义联系起来记。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 vast 的核心是“大范围、大面积、大数量”。可用 vast -> waste 帮助记荒原 wastes，但 vast 本身不是 waste 的近义词。
The dry wastes stretched beyond the hills.
The two plans are vastly different.
词族导图 waste / vast 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 husband 现代核心就是“丈夫”。可用 band/hussy 的旧词源记忆线帮助联想，但学生使用时不要把 husband 和 band 当现代同义词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 丈夫
婚姻关系中的男性一方。
常见表达 husband and wife her husband future husband a good husband
Her husband cooks dinner on weekends.
查看翻译和讲解 她丈夫周末做晚饭。
her husband。
Husband and wife should respect each other's work.
查看翻译和讲解 夫妻应尊重彼此的工作。
collocation husband and wife。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A married man may talk about his family duties.
解释 husband 的人称关系。
A spouse can be a husband or a wife.
spouse 不标性别。
His wife teaches science.
wife 是婚姻角色配对，不是严格反义词。
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
记忆线索词源记忆线，现代义不相近。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 husband 的记忆线索记忆提到 band/hussy，但现代教学只保留为记忆线索；真正要掌握的是 husband and wife、her husband 等家庭关系表达。
His wife teaches science.
A spouse can be a husband or a wife.
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 band① 走“带/条状物”线：rubber band、band of color、radio band，也可作动词“用带绑扎”。它和 band② 乐队同形同音但义项不同。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 带；箍；条状物
细长可绑扎或环绕的带子。
常见表达 rubber band metal band hair band
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
查看翻译和讲解 她用橡皮筋把信捆起来。
rubber band。
A metal band held the wooden pieces together.
查看翻译和讲解 一条金属箍把木块固定在一起。
band as strip。
n. [C] 条纹；波段
颜色、光线、声音或无线电频率的一条范围。
常见表达 band of color radio band frequency band
A red band of light appeared on the wall.
查看翻译和讲解 墙上出现了一条红色光带。
band of color/light。
This radio can receive signals on a wide band.
查看翻译和讲解 这台收音机能接收较宽波段的信号。
radio band。
vt. 用带绑扎
用带子或条状物把东西捆住。
常见表达 band the boxes band sth. together band with
The workers banded the boxes before shipping.
查看翻译和讲解 工人们发货前把箱子捆扎好。
band as verb。
The books were banded together for transport.
查看翻译和讲解 这些书被捆在一起运输。
be banded together。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Cut the paper into thin strips.
strip 是条状物，接近 band① 的名词义。
Tie the bags together.
tie 对应 band 的动词义。
Untie the rope before opening the box.
untie 与 band/tie 的动作相反。
The school band played music.
同形同音，不同义项。
The nurse put a bandage around his knee.
bandage 是与带/包扎相关的词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 band① 的“带、绑扎”义连到 bandage、bind、bound①、boundary。band② 是另一个同形义项。
The nurse put a bandage around his knee.
They used rope to bind the boxes.
We are bound by the rules.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 band② 是“人群/团队”线：school band、rock band、a band of volunteers。它和 band① 的带子/波段同形同音但义项不同。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 乐队
一起演奏音乐的一组人。
常见表达 school band rock band marching band join a band
The school band played at the opening ceremony.
查看翻译和讲解 学校乐队在开幕式上演奏。
school band。
My brother wants to join a rock band.
查看翻译和讲解 我哥哥想加入一支摇滚乐队。
rock band。
n. [C] 一群人；一伙人
为共同目的聚在一起的一群人。
常见表达 a band of volunteers a band of travelers a small band of
A band of volunteers cleaned the riverbank.
查看翻译和讲解 一群志愿者清理了河岸。
band of volunteers。
A small band of travelers crossed the hills.
查看翻译和讲解 一小队旅人翻过了山丘。
band of travelers。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The music group practised after school.
music group 是解释性近义表达。
The debate team prepared clear roles for each speaker.
team 更强调协作和任务。
The solo singer opened the show.
solo singer 与 band 的乐队义形成对比，不是通用反义词。
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
同形同音，不同义项。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 band② 按“聚在一起的一组人”记忆；band① 按“带、条状物、绑扎”记忆。
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
The marching band crossed the square.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bandage 与 band① 的“带、绑扎”线相关：绷带是用来覆盖伤口的布条；动词是 bandage a wound。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 绷带
覆盖或保护伤口的布条。
常见表达 put on a bandage clean bandage change a bandage
The nurse put a bandage around his knee.
查看翻译和讲解 护士在他的膝盖上缠了绷带。
put a bandage around。
Change the bandage if it gets wet.
查看翻译和讲解 如果绷带湿了就换掉。
change the bandage。
vt. 用绷带包扎
用绷带覆盖伤口或受伤部位。
常见表达 bandage a wound bandage the cut bandage one's arm
You should bandage the cut before it gets dirty.
查看翻译和讲解 伤口变脏前你应该把它包扎好。
bandage the cut。
The doctor bandaged his arm after the accident.
查看翻译和讲解 事故后医生给他的手臂包扎。
bandage one's arm。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The nurse changed the dressing.
dressing 更偏医疗敷料。
Wrap the ice in a towel.
wrap 更泛。
Uncover the wound only when the doctor asks.
uncover 与 bandage 的覆盖义相反。
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
bandage 与 band① 的带/绑扎义相关。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 band + -age -> bandage，可理解为用于绑扎伤口的带状物。
She tied the letters with a rubber band.
They used rope to bind the boxes.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bind 的过去式和过去分词都是 bound。它可指物理捆绑，也可指规则/协议约束，还可指装订书页或黏合。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 捆绑；捆扎
用绳子、带子等把物体固定在一起。
常见表达 bind sth. together bind with rope bind one's hands
They used rope to bind the boxes together.
查看翻译和讲解 他们用绳子把箱子捆在一起。
bind together。
The old books were bound with string.
查看翻译和讲解 旧书用绳子捆着。
bound as past participle。
vt. 约束；使有义务
规则、法律、协议等让人必须遵守。
常见表达 bind sb. to sth. be bound by rules legally bind
The agreement binds both schools to the plan.
查看翻译和讲解 协议约束两所学校执行该计划。
bind sb. to sth.。
We are bound by the school safety rules.
查看翻译和讲解 我们受学校安全规则约束。
be bound by。
vt. / vi. 装订；黏合
把书页合成书，或让东西黏合在一起。
常见表达 bind a book bind pages glue binds
The printer will bind the pages into a book.
查看翻译和讲解 印刷店会把这些页装订成书。
bind pages。
The mixture binds firmly after it dries.
查看翻译和讲解 这种混合物干后会牢牢黏合。
bind as join firmly。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Tie the rope to the post.
tie 更日常，bind 更正式或更强。
Fasten your seat belt.
fasten 强调固定。
Release the rope slowly.
release 与 bind 的捆绑/约束义相反。
We are bound by the rules.
bound① 是 bind 的过去式/过去分词和相关形容词。
The river forms the boundary.
boundary 与 bound 的边界/限制线相关。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bind -> bound①。bound① 既是过去式/过去分词，也发展出受约束、一定会、前往某地等常用形容词义。
The train is bound for Beijing.
The river forms the boundary.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bound① 不是只表示“被绑”。常见四个考试搭配：be bound by 受约束，be bound to do 一定会，bound for 前往，bound sth. 形成边界。
意思、用法与例句
adj. / v-ed 被绑的；受约束的；有义务的
来自 bind 的过去分词，表示被绑住或被规则、协议限制。
常见表达 bound with rope be bound by rules be bound by law
The boxes were bound with rope.
查看翻译和讲解 箱子用绳子捆着。
bound with。
We are bound by the school safety rules.
查看翻译和讲解 我们受学校安全规则约束。
be bound by。
adj. 一定会；很可能会
be bound to do 表示根据情况几乎一定会发生。
常见表达 be bound to do sth. be bound to happen be bound to improve
With such effort, she is bound to improve.
查看翻译和讲解 有这样的努力，她一定会进步。
be bound to do。
Mistakes are bound to happen when people work too fast.
查看翻译和讲解 人们工作太快时错误难免会发生。
be bound to happen。
adj. 前往某地的
bound for 表示交通工具或人准备去某地。
常见表达 bound for Beijing homeward-bound a train bound for
The train is bound for Beijing.
查看翻译和讲解 这列火车开往北京。
bound for。
The ship was bound for a small island.
查看翻译和讲解 这艘船正驶往一个小岛。
bound for place。
vt. 形成……的边界
较正式，表示某物构成某区域的边界。
常见表达 be bounded by bound the field bound the area
A low wall bounds the school garden.
查看翻译和讲解 一堵矮墙围成了学校花园的边界。
bound as verb。
The park is bounded by two busy roads.
查看翻译和讲解 公园以两条繁忙道路为界。
be bounded by。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The package was tied with string.
tied 对应物理捆绑义。
We are obliged to follow the rules.
obliged 对应义务义。
The bird was free again.
free 与 bound 的受约束义相反。
They used rope to bind the boxes.
bound① 是 bind 的过去式/过去分词。
The dog bounded across the grass.
同形同音，不同义项。
The river forms the boundary.
boundary 来自边界/限制线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bind -> bound①；bound① -> boundary。注意 bound② 跳跃是另一个义项，和 bind 线不要混。
They used rope to bind the boxes.
The river forms the boundary.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bound② 是跳跃线，和 bound①“被绑/受约束/前往”同形同音但义项不同。短语 by leaps and bounds 表示进步突飞猛进。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 跳跃；蹦跳
人或动物快速、有力地跳动。
常见表达 bound across bound over bound away
The dog bounded across the grass when it saw us.
查看翻译和讲解 那只狗看见我们时蹦跳着穿过草地。
bound across。
The child bounded out of the room with a smile.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子笑着蹦跳出房间。
bound out of。
n. [C] 跳；跃
一次有力的跳跃，或比喻进步。
常见表达 a single bound by leaps and bounds in leaps and bounds
The deer crossed the stream in a single bound.
查看翻译和讲解 鹿一跃越过小溪。
a single bound。
His English improved by leaps and bounds.
查看翻译和讲解 他的英语突飞猛进。
collocation。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The boy jumped over the puddle.
jump 更常用。
The player leaped high to catch the ball.
leap 更有力或距离更远。
The baby crawled across the floor.
crawl 是低速爬行，对比跳跃。
The train is bound for Beijing.
同形同音，不同义项。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bound② 作为跳跃义单独记；by/in leaps and bounds 是高频短语，表示快速进步。
His English improved by leaps and bounds.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 boundary 来自 bound 的边界/限制线。它可以是真实边界，也可以是规则、关系、能力范围中的界限。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 边界；边界线
两个地区、土地或区域之间的分界线。
常见表达 national boundary boundary line boundary between form a boundary
The river forms the boundary between the two villages.
查看翻译和讲解 这条河形成两个村庄之间的边界。
boundary between。
A fence marks the boundary of the school garden.
查看翻译和讲解 一道栅栏标出学校花园的边界。
mark the boundary。
n. [C usually pl.] 界限；范围
行为、关系、学科或能力的限制范围。
常见表达 within the boundaries of beyond the boundaries of clear boundaries set boundaries
Good friends also need clear boundaries.
查看翻译和讲解 好朋友也需要清晰的界限。
relationship boundaries。
The project went beyond the boundaries of a simple science report.
查看翻译和讲解 这个项目超出了普通科学报告的范围。
beyond boundaries。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The town lies near the border.
border 常指国家或区域边界。
There is a limit to how much we can carry.
limit 更抽象。
The keys are inside the box.
inside 是相对边界的位置，不是严格反义词。
The park is bounded by two roads.
boundary 来自 bound 的边界/限制线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bound① 的边界义 + -ary -> boundary。注意 boundary 是名词，bound 可作动词形成边界。
The park is bounded by two roads.
The work stayed within clear boundaries.
The plan went beyond normal boundaries.
词族导图 husband 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 room 可数时是“房间”；不可数时是“空间、余地、机会”。本组 bedroom、classroom、waiting room、washroom 都是 room 的透明复合词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 房间；室
建筑物内有墙隔开的空间。
常见表达 a small room the next room leave the room
The room was quiet after the class ended.
查看翻译和讲解 下课后房间里很安静。
room as countable place。
Please wait in the next room.
查看翻译和讲解 请在隔壁房间等候。
in the next room。
n. [U] 空间；地方
可供放置、移动或容纳的空间。
常见表达 make room for enough room for take up too much room
Can you make room for one more chair?
查看翻译和讲解 你能再腾出地方放一把椅子吗？
collocation make room for。
There is not enough room for all the boxes.
查看翻译和讲解 没有足够空间放所有箱子。
there is room for。
n. [U] 余地；机会；可能性
抽象意义上的发展、改变或怀疑空间。
常见表达 room for improvement no room for doubt room to grow
There is still room for improvement in your writing.
查看翻译和讲解 你的写作仍有提升空间。
room for improvement。
His clear answer left no room for doubt.
查看翻译和讲解 他清楚的回答没有留下怀疑余地。
pattern no room for。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
There is space for another desk.
space 对应 room 的不可数空间义。
We found a place to sit.
place 更泛，可指任何地方或位置。
There is a chance to change the plan.
chance 只对应 room 的抽象机会义。
The lack of space made the room uncomfortable.
只和不可数空间义形成反向，不是 room 房间义反义词。
My bag is in the bedroom.
bed + room，睡觉的房间。
Students entered the classroom quietly.
class + room，上课的房间。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 room 作后缀式成分时常指某种功能房间：bedroom 睡觉，classroom 上课，waiting room 等候，washroom 洗手/厕所。
My bag is in the bedroom.
Students entered the classroom quietly.
Patients sat in the waiting room.
词族导图 room 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
165
bed
▶ /bed/ · noun
a piece of furniture for sleeping on, or the state of being in it; the bottom of a river, sea, or lake; an area of ground prepared for growing flowers or vegetables
床；睡觉；（河、海等的）底部；河床；花坛；苗床
学习关联：以房间为场景联系居室名称与主要家具，不当作同源词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C, U] 床；睡觉
a piece of furniture for sleeping on, or the state of being in it
常见表达 go to bed get out of bed make the bed
I usually go to bed before eleven on school nights.
查看翻译和讲解 上学日的晚上我通常十一点前睡觉。
go to bed
Please put the clean clothes on the bed.
查看翻译和讲解 请把干净的衣服放在床上。
on the bed
in bed 指“在床上睡觉/休息”，on the bed 指“在床面上”。
n. [C] （河、海等的）底部；河床
the bottom of a river, sea, or lake
常见表达 the river bed the sea bed a dry river bed
After the long drought, the river bed was almost dry.
查看翻译和讲解 长期干旱后，河床几乎干了。
the river bed
Scientists found shells on the sea bed.
查看翻译和讲解 科学家在海床上发现了贝壳。
the sea bed
常见 river bed、sea bed；不是指睡觉的床。
n. [C] 花坛；苗床
an area of ground prepared for growing flowers or vegetables
常见表达 a flower bed a bed of roses plant a bed
The class planted sunflowers in the flower bed.
查看翻译和讲解 全班在花坛里种了向日葵。
in the flower bed
The gardener prepared a bed of roses near the gate.
查看翻译和讲解 园丁在大门旁整理出一片玫瑰花坛。
a bed of roses
常用 flower bed；也可说 a bed of roses。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
书本将 bed 和 bedding 列入同一词族；bedding 指铺在床上的用品，不是可数的“床”。
166
bedding
▶ /ˈbedɪŋ/ · noun
sheets, covers, and other things used on a bed; straw or other material used for animals to sleep on
床上用品；寝具；（供动物睡卧的）垫草等铺垫物
学习关联：以房间为场景联系居室名称与主要家具，不当作同源词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 床上用品；寝具
sheets, covers, and other things used on a bed
常见表达 clean bedding change the bedding a set of bedding
We changed the bedding before our guests arrived.
查看翻译和讲解 客人到达前我们换了床上用品。
change the bedding
The charity collected clean bedding for families in need.
查看翻译和讲解 该慈善机构为有需要的家庭募集干净寝具。
clean bedding
不可数；表达数量可说 some bedding 或 a set of bedding。
n. [U] （供动物睡卧的）垫草等铺垫物
straw or other material used for animals to sleep on
常见表达 straw bedding fresh bedding animal bedding
The farmer put fresh straw bedding in the stable.
查看翻译和讲解 农场主在马厩里铺了新鲜的稻草垫料。
straw bedding
The rabbits need dry bedding in winter.
查看翻译和讲解 冬天兔子需要干燥的垫料。
dry bedding
用于农场或动物照护语境，仍为不可数名词。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
书本词族证据将 bedding 关联至 bed；bedding 是不可数名词，指用品或动物垫料。
167
dining room
▶ /ˈdaɪnɪŋ ruːm/ · n. [C]
a room in a house or building where people eat meals
餐厅
学习关联：以房间为场景联系居室名称与主要家具，不当作同源词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 餐厅
a room in a house or building where people eat meals
常见表达 in the dining room school dining room large dining room
Breakfast is ready in the dining room.
查看翻译和讲解 早餐在餐厅准备好了。
in the dining room
The school dining room is busy at noon.
查看翻译和讲解 学校餐厅中午很忙。
school dining room
A dining room is a room for meals.
168
kitchen
▶ /ˈkɪtʃɪn/ · n. [C]
a room where food is prepared and cooked
厨房
学习关联：以房间为场景联系居室名称与主要家具，不当作同源词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 厨房
a room where food is prepared and cooked
常见表达 in the kitchen kitchen table a small kitchen
Dad is making soup in the kitchen.
查看翻译和讲解 爸爸正在厨房里煮汤。
in the kitchen
We ate breakfast at the kitchen table.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在厨房的餐桌旁吃早餐。
kitchen table
Kitchen is countable; use in the kitchen for the room where cooking happens.
169
living room
▶ /ˈlɪvɪŋ ruːm/ · n.
the main room for relaxing in a home
客厅
学习关联：以房间为场景联系居室名称与主要家具，不当作同源词。
意思、用法与例句
n. 客厅
the main room for relaxing in a home
常见表达 sit in the living room living-room furniture a bright living room
We sat in the living room and talked after dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 晚饭后我们坐在客厅聊天。
in the living room
A large window makes the living room bright.
查看翻译和讲解 一扇大窗户使客厅很明亮。
living room bright
指住宅中家人休息、会客的主要房间。
联想 bedroom = bed + room，是睡觉用的房间；注意它是一个词，不写成 bed room。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 卧室
家里或住宿处用来睡觉的房间。
常见表达 master bedroom my bedroom bedroom window clean the bedroom
This is the master bedroom.
查看翻译和讲解 这是主卧。
example。
She keeps her schoolbag beside the bedroom door.
查看翻译和讲解 她把书包放在卧室门旁。
bedroom as sleeping room。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A sleeping room should be quiet at night.
解释性近义表达，真实写作中更常用 bedroom。
Please wait in the next room.
bedroom 是 room 的复合词。
The classroom was full before the lesson.
二者都是房间，但功能不同，不是反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bed + room -> bedroom。复合词第一个部分说明房间功能。
Please wait in the next room.
The bed is near the window.
词族导图 room 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 classroom = class + room，是上课的房间。它强调教学场景，不等于 class 班级本身。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 教室
学生和老师上课、讨论或做课堂活动的房间。
常见表达 in the classroom enter the classroom classroom rules classroom activity
Students entered the classroom quietly before the bell.
查看翻译和讲解 铃响前学生们安静地进了教室。
enter the classroom。
The teacher wrote three questions on the classroom board.
查看翻译和讲解 老师在教室黑板上写了三个问题。
classroom context。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The old schoolroom had wooden desks.
schoolroom 较少见，classroom 更常用。
Our class starts at eight.
class 是课或班级，classroom 是地点。
My bag is in the bedroom.
二者都是 room 复合词，功能不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 class + room -> classroom。class 指课/班级，room 指房间。
Please wait in the next room.
Our class starts at eight.
词族导图 room 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 waiting room = waiting + room，是人们等候的房间。记忆线索给出候诊室、候车室；related 的 emergency room 是急诊室，只作场景对比。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 候诊室；等候室
医院、诊所、车站等场所让人等待的房间。
常见表达 hospital waiting room clinic waiting room station waiting room sit in the waiting room
Patients sat quietly in the waiting room.
查看翻译和讲解 病人们安静地坐在候诊室里。
hospital waiting room。
We waited in the station waiting room until the train arrived.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在车站候车室等到火车到达。
station waiting room。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Please stay in the waiting area.
waiting area 可开放，不一定是封闭房间。
The form is available in the reception area.
接待区常用于办公室、诊所入口。
The nurse moved the patient to the emergency room.
记忆线索相关词；emergency room 是治疗急症的地方，不是等候室。
Please wait in the next room.
waiting room 是 room 的复合词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 waiting + room -> waiting room。复合词保留空格，表示“用来等待的房间”。
Please wait in the next room.
The nurse moved him to the emergency room.
词族导图 room 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 washroom = wash + room，在北美英语中常指厕所/洗手间。它和 bathroom、restroom 接近，但 bathroom 也可指有浴缸/淋浴的浴室。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 洗手间；厕所
有厕所，通常也能洗手的房间。
常见表达 use the washroom public washroom go to the washroom washroom door
May I use the washroom before class?
查看翻译和讲解 上课前我可以去洗手间吗？
polite classroom request。
The public washroom is beside the ticket office.
查看翻译和讲解 公共洗手间在售票处旁边。
public washroom。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The restroom is near the entrance.
restroom 常见于美式公共场所。
Where is the toilet?
toilet 可指房间或马桶本身，语气更直接。
The bathroom has a shower.
bathroom 可指有浴缸/淋浴的房间。
Please wait in the next room.
washroom 是 room 的复合词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 wash + room -> washroom。wash 说明功能，room 说明房间。
Please wait in the next room.
Wash your hands before lunch.
The restroom is near the entrance.
词族导图 room 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 foot 最常见是身体部位“脚”，复数 feet；作长度单位时可用 foot 或 feet；the foot of... 表示山、床、页等的底部或下端。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C, pl. feet] 脚；足
腿最下面用于站立和行走的部分。
常见表达 on foot rise to one's feet hurt one's foot bare feet
He hurt his foot during the basketball game.
查看翻译和讲解 他在篮球比赛中伤了脚。
body part sense。
The students rose to their feet when the guest arrived.
查看翻译和讲解 客人到来时学生们站起身来。
collocation rise to one's feet。
n. [C, pl. foot/feet] 英尺
长度单位，1 foot = 12 inches。
常见表达 six feet tall three foot wide a five-foot wall
The wall is about six feet high.
查看翻译和讲解 这堵墙大约六英尺高。
measurement sense。
They crossed a three-foot-wide bridge.
查看翻译和讲解 他们过了一座三英尺宽的桥。
compound measurement adjective。
n. [the ~] 底部；下端
物体、山坡、床、页面等的下端位置。
常见表达 at the foot of the hill the foot of the bed the foot of the page
A small village lies at the foot of the hill.
查看翻译和讲解 山脚下有一个小村庄。
foot of the hill。
Write your name at the foot of the page.
查看翻译和讲解 把你的名字写在页面底部。
foot of the page。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Her feet were cold after the walk.
身体部位复数通常用 feet。
One foot has twelve inches.
英寸是更小的长度单位。
The title is at the top of the page.
只和 foot 的“底部”义相反。
The wet shoes left footprints on the floor.
foot + print。
Pedestrians should use the crossing.
记忆线索 pedestr = on foot 记忆线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 foot 作为词根或成分可形成 footprint、footstep、footwear；pedestrian 走 pedestr = on foot 的拉丁记忆线。
The wet shoes left footprints on the floor.
I heard footsteps outside the door.
The shop sells outdoor footwear.
Pedestrians should use the crossing.
词族导图 foot 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 footprint = foot + print，先记真实脚印；现代阅读中也常指某物占用的空间、面积或影响范围。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 足迹；脚印
脚或鞋在地面留下的痕迹。
常见表达 leave footprints footprints in the snow follow footprints
The wet shoes left footprints on the floor.
查看翻译和讲解 湿鞋在地板上留下了脚印。
literal footprint。
We followed the footprints in the snow.
查看翻译和讲解 我们沿着雪地里的脚印走。
follow footprints。
n. [C] 占用面积；空间量
机器、建筑、网站或活动占用的空间或影响范围。
常见表达 small footprint large footprint digital footprint carbon footprint
The new desk has a small footprint, so it fits the room well.
查看翻译和讲解 新书桌占地小，所以很适合这个房间。
space-used sense。
Teenagers should be careful about their digital footprint.
查看翻译和讲解 青少年应注意自己的数字足迹。
common extended reading sense。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Animal tracks crossed the path.
track 更泛，可指动物或车辆痕迹。
The cup left a mark on the table.
mark 是普通痕迹。
The rain left no trace of the footprints.
只对应“留下痕迹”的反向状态。
He hurt his foot during the game.
footprint 是 foot 的复合词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 foot + print -> footprint。print 是印记，footprint 是脚留下的印记，也可比喻占用面积或影响痕迹。
He hurt his foot during the game.
The wet cup left a print on the paper.
词族导图 foot 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 footstep = foot + step，源义是脚步，最常见考法是听到 footsteps“脚步声”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 脚步声；脚步
人走路时每一步或每一步发出的声音。
常见表达 hear footsteps soft footsteps footsteps outside follow in one's footsteps
I heard footsteps outside the door.
查看翻译和讲解 我听到门外有脚步声。
footstep as sound。
The child tried to follow in his father's footsteps.
查看翻译和讲解 这个孩子努力追随父亲的道路。
idiom follow in one's footsteps。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Take one step back.
step 是一步，footstep 常强调脚步声或走过的步。
A soft sound came from the hall.
sound 更泛。
The room fell into silence.
只和 footstep 的声音义形成语境反向。
He hurt his foot during the game.
footstep 是 foot + step。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 foot + step -> footstep。注意 footstep 常用复数 footsteps 表示脚步声。
He hurt his foot during the game.
Footsteps sounded in the hall.
词族导图 foot 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 footwear = foot + wear，是“穿在脚上的东西”的总称，通常不可数，不说 a footwear。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 鞋类
鞋、靴子、凉鞋等穿在脚上的物品总称。
常见表达 outdoor footwear sports footwear comfortable footwear sell footwear
A shopkeeper would say he only sold footwear.
查看翻译和讲解 店主会说他只卖鞋类。
example。
Choose comfortable footwear for a long walk.
查看翻译和讲解 长途步行要选择舒适的鞋类。
uncountable noun。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
These shoes are good for running.
shoes 更具体、更常用。
Wear boots on the muddy path.
boots 是 footwear 的一种。
Children ran barefoot on the grass.
barefoot 是没有穿鞋的状态，不是 footwear 的名词反义词。
He hurt his foot during the game.
footwear 是穿在脚上的东西。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 foot + wear -> footwear。wear 是穿戴；footwear 是穿在脚上的物品总称。
He hurt his foot during the game.
Wear comfortable shoes for the trip.
Children ran barefoot on the grass.
词族导图 foot 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 pedestrian 记忆线索记忆 pedestr = on foot + -ian 人。先掌握名词“行人”和形容词“行人使用的”，再单独记形容词“乏味的”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 步行者；行人
在路上步行而不是开车或骑车的人。
常见表达 a pedestrian pedestrian safety protect pedestrians pedestrian crossing
Pedestrians should use the crossing.
查看翻译和讲解 行人应该走人行横道。
pedestrian as person。
The new lights make the road safer for pedestrians.
查看翻译和讲解 新信号灯让这条路对行人更安全。
for pedestrians。
adj. 行人使用的；行人的
供行人使用或与行人有关。
常见表达 pedestrian crossing pedestrian area pedestrian street pedestrian bridge
Cars are not allowed in the pedestrian area.
查看翻译和讲解 步行区不允许汽车进入。
pedestrian area。
Use the pedestrian bridge to cross the road.
查看翻译和讲解 请走人行天桥过马路。
pedestrian bridge。
adj. 乏味的；平淡无奇的
想法、文章或表演普通无趣，没有新意。
常见表达 a pedestrian story pedestrian style pedestrian writing
The story was correct but rather pedestrian.
查看翻译和讲解 这个故事没错，但相当乏味。
dull sense。
Her speech sounded pedestrian compared with the first speaker's lively talk.
查看翻译和讲解 与第一位演讲者生动的发言相比，她的演讲显得平淡。
contrast dull vs lively。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Walkers followed the river path.
walker 更普通，pedestrian 常用于道路交通语境。
Drivers must slow down near schools.
driver 是交通角色对比，不是 pedestrian 的通用反义词。
The lecture was dull.
只对应 pedestrian 的形容词“乏味的”义。
The talk was lively and clear.
只和“乏味的”义相反。
He went to school on foot.
pedestr = on foot 的记忆线。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 pedestr (= on foot) + -ian (= person) -> pedestrian。名词是行人；形容词可表示行人用的，也可表示乏味的。
He went to school on foot.
Pedestrians should use the crossing.
Cars are not allowed in the pedestrian area.
词族导图 foot 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 knee 是身体部位“膝盖/膝关节”；坐着时 on one's knees 或 on one's lap 容易混，knee 更指膝盖部位，lap 是大腿上可放东西的平面。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 膝；膝盖；膝关节
腿中间连接大腿和小腿的关节。
常见表达 hurt one's knee bend one's knees on one's knees knee injury
He hurt his knee during the football match.
查看翻译和讲解 他在足球比赛中伤了膝盖。
body joint sense。
Bend your knees when you lift the heavy box.
查看翻译和讲解 搬重箱子时要弯曲膝盖。
bend one's knees。
n. [C] 坐下时大腿朝上的面
人坐下时膝部及大腿上方可让孩子坐或放小物件的区域，常与 lap 接近。
常见表达 sit on one's knee hold a child on one's knee
The little girl sat on her grandfather's knee.
查看翻译和讲解 小女孩坐在爷爷膝上。
on one's knee。
She held the book on her knees while reading.
查看翻译和讲解 她读书时把书放在膝上。
on one's knees。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The doctor checked his kneecap.
kneecap 是膝盖骨，比 knee 更具体。
The knee is an important leg joint.
解释 knee 的身体部位义。
She rested her elbow on the desk.
elbow 是手臂关节，对比部位，不是严格反义词。
She knelt beside the bed to pray.
kneel 是用 knee 支撑身体的动作。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 knee -> kneel。kneel 表示把一只或两只膝盖放到地上，过去式/过去分词常用 knelt。
She knelt beside the bed to pray.
The doctor checked his kneecap.
词族导图 knee / kneel 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 lap 有两条常考线：坐下时可放书或电脑的“大腿上方”，以及跑道、游泳池等的一圈。源注提醒 knee 和 lap 都可译成“膝”，但 knee 是膝盖/关节，lap 是坐下时的大腿上方区域。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 坐下时大腿朝上的面
人坐下时大腿上方可放东西或让孩子坐的区域。
常见表达 on one's lap sit on one's lap put sth. on one's lap hold sth. in one's lap
She put the book on her lap while she waited.
查看翻译和讲解 她等候时把书放在大腿上。
on one's lap。
The child fell asleep on his mother's lap.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子在妈妈腿上睡着了。
sit/sleep on one's lap。
n. [C] 一圈
跑道、泳池或比赛路线的一整圈。
常见表达 run a lap two laps complete a lap the final lap
The runner completed the final lap with a strong finish.
查看翻译和讲解 那名跑者强劲冲过最后一圈。
final lap。
We ran two laps around the playground.
查看翻译和讲解 我们绕操场跑了两圈。
run two laps。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Bend your knees when you lift the box.
knee 是膝盖/关节，lap 是坐下时大腿上方区域。
The athletes finished one circuit of the track.
circuit 对应 lap 的一圈义。
The team played another round.
round 更泛，lap 常用于赛道/泳池。
She typed the report on her laptop.
laptop 源于可放在 lap 上使用的电脑。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 lap + top -> laptop。lap 是坐下时大腿上方，top 表上面；laptop 原指可放在膝上/腿上使用的便携电脑。
She typed the report on her laptop.
Bend your knees when you lift the box.
词族导图 lap / laptop 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
181
kneel
▶ [ni:l] · vi. · Page 264
to go down or stay with one or both knees on the ground
跪
联想 kneel 是动词“跪”，过去式和过去分词常用 knelt。它和 knee 的关系很直接：kneel 就是用 knee 着地或支撑身体。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 跪；跪下
一只或两只膝盖着地，常用于祈祷、请求、检查低处物品等语境。
常见表达 kneel down kneel beside kneel on the floor kneel to pray
She knelt beside the bed to pray.
查看翻译和讲解 她跪在床边祈祷。
source-linked praying context。
The coach knelt down to talk to the child.
查看翻译和讲解 教练跪下来和孩子说话。
kneel down。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He knelt down to tie the child's shoe.
kneel down 更强调动作开始。
Please stand when your name is called.
stand 与跪姿相反。
She rose slowly from the floor.
rise 是从低姿态起来。
Bend your knees when you lift the box.
kneel 的动作依赖 knee。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 knee -> kneel；kneel 的过去式/过去分词常用 knelt，也可见 kneeled，但高中常先掌握 knelt。
Bend your knees when you lift the box.
She knelt beside the bed to pray.
词族导图 knee / kneel 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 laptop = lap + top，源注说它小到可以放在 lap 上使用。它是便携电脑；desktop computer 是放在桌上的台式电脑，是设备类型对比，不是严格反义词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 笔记本电脑
可携带、可折叠，通常有屏幕和键盘的一体式电脑。
常见表达 use a laptop open a laptop carry a laptop laptop computer
She typed the report on her laptop.
查看翻译和讲解 她在笔记本电脑上打报告。
use a laptop。
A laptop is useful when students need to work in the library.
查看翻译和讲解 学生需要在图书馆学习时，笔记本电脑很有用。
portable computer context。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A portable computer is easy to carry.
解释 laptop 的设备特征。
He bought a notebook computer for school.
notebook computer 与 laptop 接近。
The desktop computer stays in the office.
desktop 是设备类型对比，通常不便携。
She put the book on her lap.
laptop 来自 lap + top。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 lap + top -> laptop。这个复合词说明电脑可放在 lap 上使用；注意它写成一个词。
She put the book on her lap.
The desktop computer stays in the office.
词族导图 lap / laptop 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 wear 是多义高频词：穿戴衣物饰品，留胡须等外貌特征；物品因使用而磨损；名词可指服装或磨损。过去式 wore，过去分词 worn。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 穿；戴；留
身上穿衣物、戴饰品，或留胡须/发型等外貌特征。
常见表达 wear a coat wear glasses wear a hat wear a beard
You should wear a warm coat in the snow.
查看翻译和讲解 下雪天你应该穿暖和的外套。
wear clothing。
My father wears glasses when he reads.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲读书时戴眼镜。
wear accessories。
He wore a short beard during the winter.
查看翻译和讲解 冬天他留了短胡子。
wear a beard。
vi. / vt. 磨损；用坏；逐渐消失
衣物、鞋、机器等因使用变旧、变薄或坏掉；感觉、效果也可逐渐消失。
常见表达 wear out wear away wear off wear sth. out
These shoes will wear out if you use them every day.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你每天穿，这双鞋会穿坏。
wear out。
The pain medicine began to wear off after four hours.
查看翻译和讲解 四小时后止痛药效开始消退。
wear off。
Wind and rain slowly wore away the old stone steps.
查看翻译和讲解 风雨慢慢磨损了旧石阶。
wear away。
n. [U] 服装；磨损；损坏
服装类别或因长期使用造成的损耗。
常见表达 sports wear casual wear wear and tear show signs of wear
The shop sells sports wear for teenagers.
查看翻译和讲解 这家店卖青少年运动服装。
wear as clothing noun。
The old desks show signs of wear and tear.
查看翻译和讲解 旧课桌有磨损痕迹。
collocation wear and tear。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Put on your coat before you go out.
put on 强调穿戴动作，wear 强调穿戴状态。
She had a blue scarf on.
have on 口语，接近 wear 的状态义。
Take off your wet shoes.
只和穿戴义相反。
The color faded in the sun.
对应 wear off 的效果消退。
His coat looked worn but clean.
worn 是 wear 的过去分词和形容词。
Pack clean underwear for the trip.
underwear 是 wear 的复合词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 wear -> wore -> worn；under + wear -> underwear。wear 的短语 wear out/off/away 要按搭配分别记。
His coat looked worn but clean.
Pack clean underwear for the trip.
The old desks show signs of wear and tear.
词族导图 wear / worn / underwear 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
184
cloth
▶ /klɒθ/ · noun
material made by weaving fibres
布；布料；抹布
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U, C] 布；布料；抹布
material made by weaving fibres
常见表达 a piece of cloth a soft cloth
The artist covered the table with a blue cloth.
查看翻译和讲解 艺术家用一块蓝布盖住了桌子。
blue cloth
Wipe the screen gently with a soft cloth.
查看翻译和讲解 用柔软的布轻轻擦拭屏幕。
soft cloth
cloth 指材料或一块布；具体衣物通常用 clothes。
185
clothes
▶ /kləʊðz/ · noun
things that people wear
衣服；服装
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. [plural] 衣服；服装
things that people wear
常见表达 wear warm clothes a change of clothes
Pack some warm clothes because the mountain air is cold.
查看翻译和讲解 山里的空气很冷，带些暖和的衣服。
warm clothes
He changed into clean clothes after football practice.
查看翻译和讲解 足球训练后他换上了干净衣服。
clean clothes
clothes 一定用复数；一件衣服说 an item of clothing。
186
clothing
▶ /ˈkləʊðɪŋ/ · noun
clothes in general
衣物；服装（总称）
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 衣物；服装（总称）
clothes in general
常见表达 protective clothing an item of clothing
The shop sells protective clothing for cyclists.
查看翻译和讲解 这家商店出售骑行者防护服。
protective clothing
Each item of clothing was labelled with a price.
查看翻译和讲解 每件衣物都贴有价格标签。
item of clothing
clothing 是不可数的总称。
187
dress
▶ /dres/ · noun / verb
a piece of clothing worn by a woman or girl; to put clothes on yourself or someone else
连衣裙；穿衣；给……穿衣
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 连衣裙
a piece of clothing worn by a woman or girl
常见表达 wear a dress blue dress summer dress
She wore a blue dress to the party.
查看翻译和讲解 她穿了一条蓝色连衣裙去参加聚会。
blue dress
The summer dress is made of cotton.
查看翻译和讲解 这条夏季连衣裙是棉质的。
summer dress
This noun names a single item of clothing.
vt./vi. 穿衣；给……穿衣
to put clothes on yourself or someone else
常见表达 dress warmly dress the child get dressed
Dress warmly because the wind is strong.
查看翻译和讲解 风很大，请穿暖和些。
Dress warmly
She dressed the child before school.
查看翻译和讲解 她在上学前给孩子穿好衣服。
dressed the child
This verb describes putting clothes on a person.
188
garment
▶ /ˈɡɑːmənt/ · n.
one item of clothing
（一件）衣服
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
n. （一件）衣服
one item of clothing
常见表达 a woollen garment protective garments
Wash this garment by hand in cool water.
查看翻译和讲解 这件衣服请用凉水手洗。
garment 常出现在衣物洗护说明中
Workers wore protective garments while handling the chemicals.
查看翻译和讲解 工人处理化学品时穿着防护服。
protective garments 指防护衣物
Garment is a countable, fairly formal word often used in clothing labels and manufacturing. Unlike clothes, it has a normal singular form: one garment.
189
undress
▶ /ʌnˈdres/ · vi./vt.
to remove one’s clothes or remove clothes from someone
脱衣；使脱去衣服
学习关联：从 wear（穿着）到服装类别，对照 dress 和 undress 的动作。
意思、用法与例句
vi./vt. 脱衣；使脱去衣服
to remove one’s clothes or remove clothes from someone
常见表达 undress quickly undress the child get undressed
The child undressed before taking a bath.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子洗澡前脱了衣服。
child undressed
Please get undressed in the changing room.
查看翻译和讲解 请在更衣室里脱好衣服。
get undressed
Undress means remove clothes.
联想 worn 是 wear 的过去分词，也可作形容词。物品 worn 是旧坏、磨损；人 worn 是疲倦憔悴。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 用坏的；用旧的；磨损的
物品因长期使用而旧、薄、坏或有磨损。
常见表达 worn shoes a worn coat look worn worn surface
His coat looked worn but clean.
查看翻译和讲解 他的外套看起来旧了但很干净。
worn object。
The stairs were worn by years of use.
查看翻译和讲解 楼梯因多年使用而磨损。
worn by use。
adj. 疲倦的；憔悴的
人因劳累、压力或担心而显得很疲惫。
常见表达 look worn feel worn worn out
She looked worn after a week of exams.
查看翻译和讲解 一周考试后她看起来很疲惫。
worn person。
The long trip left everyone worn out.
查看翻译和讲解 长途旅行让每个人都筋疲力尽。
worn out。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They bought a used bike.
used 更普通，不一定磨损严重。
The shabby chair needed repair.
shabby 强调外观破旧。
I felt tired after the long walk.
只对应人的疲倦义。
She bought a new pair of shoes.
只和物品用旧义相反。
He felt rested after a good sleep.
只和人的疲倦义相反。
These shoes will wear out quickly.
worn 来自 wear。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 wear 的过去分词是 worn；worn out 可用于物品“用坏”或人“筋疲力尽”。
These shoes will wear out quickly.
The long trip left everyone worn out.
词族导图 wear / worn / underwear 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 underwear = under + wear，是穿在其他衣服里面的贴身衣物总称。源注提醒它像 clothing 一样表示总称，通常不可数，不说 an underwear。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 内衣；贴身衣物
穿在外衣里面、通常贴近皮肤的衣物总称。
常见表达 clean underwear a set of underwear thermal underwear pack underwear
Pack clean underwear for the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 旅行时带上干净内衣。
uncountable noun。
Thermal underwear keeps people warm in winter.
查看翻译和讲解 保暖内衣让人们冬天保持温暖。
thermal underwear。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Underclothes should be washed often.
underclothes 与 underwear 接近。
The school collected winter clothing.
clothing 是更大的衣物总称。
The shop sells jackets and other outerwear.
outerwear 是穿在外面的衣物类别对比，不是严格反义词。
The shop sells sports wear.
underwear 是 under + wear。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 under + wear -> underwear。under 指在里面，wear 指衣物/穿戴；underwear 是不可数总称。
The shop sells sports wear.
The shop sells jackets and other outerwear.
词族导图 wear / worn / underwear 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 in 是“在里面/在范围内”的静态核心。和 into 的区别是：in 多表示已经在里面，into 强调进入的运动。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 在……里面；在……范围内
人、物或事情处在某空间、地点、区域、组织或状态里面。
常见表达 in the room in a box in China in trouble
The keys are in the small box.
查看翻译和讲解 钥匙在小盒子里。
static inside place。
Many students in our class joined the science fair.
查看翻译和讲解 我们班许多学生参加了科学展。
inside a group。
adv. 在里面；进来后在里面
不接宾语，表示在室内或进入后处于里面。
常见表达 come in stay in be in
Come in and close the door, please.
查看翻译和讲解 请进来并关上门。
adverb in。
It was raining, so we stayed in after dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 外面下雨，所以晚饭后我们待在室内。
stay in。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The cat is inside the basket.
inside 更明确强调内部。
The children went out after lunch.
out 与 in 在内外位置/方向上相对。
She put the card into the envelope.
into 强调进入动作，in 强调里面状态。
Please finish the task within an hour.
within 更正式，也可指时间/范围限制。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in 形成一组 inside/inside-out 方向记忆线：into 是进入，inner/internal 是内部，inn 只是同形音近的客栈词。
She put the card into the envelope.
The inner pocket held a note.
The team discussed internal rules.
We stayed at a quiet inn.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
193
door
▶ /dɔː/ · noun
a physical door or an entrance
房间、车辆或建筑物的门，也可指进出的入口。
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. 房间、车辆或建筑物的门，也可指进出的入口。
a physical door or an entrance
常见表达 open/close the door at the door next door
Please close the door quietly because the younger children are sleeping.
查看翻译和讲解 请轻轻关门，因为年幼的孩子们在睡觉。
close the door 是常用动宾搭配。
A notice was posted at the door of the school library.
查看翻译和讲解 学校图书馆门口贴着一则通知。
at the door of 表示“在……门口”。
at the door 指“在门口”；next door 指“在隔壁”。
194
indoor
▶ /ˈɪndɔː(r)/ · adj.
happening or used inside a building
室内的
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 室内的
happening or used inside a building
常见表达 an indoor pool indoor activities an indoor sport
The school has an indoor swimming pool.
查看翻译和讲解 学校有一个室内游泳池。
an indoor swimming pool
We planned indoor activities because of the rain.
查看翻译和讲解 因为下雨，我们安排了室内活动。
indoor activities
作形容词，放在名词前；不能单独表示地点。
195
indoors
▶ /ˌɪnˈdɔːz/ · adv.
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 在室内
inside a building
常见表达 stay indoors play indoors go indoors
It was too cold to play outdoors, so we stayed indoors.
查看翻译和讲解 天气太冷，不能在户外玩，所以我们待在室内。
stayed indoors
Please take your muddy shoes off before coming indoors.
查看翻译和讲解 进屋前请脱掉沾满泥的鞋。
coming indoors
作副词，常放在动词后；与 indoor 的形容词用法不同。
196
input
▶ /ˈɪnpʊt/ · n., v.
ideas or data put into a system, or to enter them
投入；输入
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
n., v. 投入；输入
ideas or data put into a system, or to enter them
常见表达 input data valuable input input something into
The teacher welcomed students’ input on the new club rules.
查看翻译和讲解 老师欢迎学生对新社团规则提出意见。
students’ input
Please input your name into the form.
查看翻译和讲解 请在表格中输入你的姓名。
input your name into
作名词可指意见或数据；作动词常接 into a computer。
197
outdoor
▶ /ˈaʊtdɔː(r)/ · adj.
happening or used outside a building
户外的
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 户外的
happening or used outside a building
常见表达 outdoor sports an outdoor concert outdoor equipment
They held an outdoor concert in the park.
查看翻译和讲解 他们在公园举办了一场户外音乐会。
an outdoor concert
Hiking is one of her favourite outdoor activities.
查看翻译和讲解 徒步旅行是她最喜欢的户外活动之一。
outdoor activities
作形容词，修饰名词；不要与副词 outdoors 混用。
198
outdoors
▶ /ˌaʊtˈdɔːz/ · adv.
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 在户外
outside a building
常见表达 play outdoors work outdoors go outdoors
The children played outdoors until sunset.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们在户外玩到日落。
played outdoors
My uncle enjoys working outdoors in spring.
查看翻译和讲解 我叔叔喜欢在春天户外工作。
working outdoors
作副词，常放在动词后；与形容词 outdoor 对应。
199
output
▶ /ˈaʊtpʊt/ · n.
the amount produced, or information produced by a system
产出；输出
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. 产出；输出
the amount produced, or information produced by a system
常见表达 energy output the output of computer output
The solar panels increase the school’s energy output.
查看翻译和讲解 太阳能电池板提高了学校的能源产出。
energy output
The printer’s output was too faint to read.
查看翻译和讲解 打印机的输出太淡，无法阅读。
printer’s output
常指工厂、机器或系统产生的数量和结果。
200
put
▶ /pʊt/ · v.
to move something to a particular place
放；安置
学习关联：先对照室内与室外，再看 input / output 的输入输出；这是方向与使用场景关联，put 不冒充 in 的派生。
意思、用法与例句
v. 放；安置
to move something to a particular place
常见表达 put something on put something in put something away
Put your phone on the desk before the test.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前把手机放在桌上。
Put your phone on
She put the books back on the shelf.
查看翻译和讲解 她把书放回书架上。
put the books back
过去式和过去分词都是 put；常见结构 put sth + 地点。
联想 out 是 in 的方向/位置对照：在外、向外、外出。和 out of 的区别是：out 常作副词，out of 后面接名词表示从里面出来、出于或缺乏。
意思、用法与例句
adv. 在外；向外；在室外
不在里面，或朝外移动。
常见表达 go out look out run out stay out
The children went out after lunch.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们午饭后出去了。
go out。
Look out of the window and describe the weather.
查看翻译和讲解 向窗外看，描述一下天气。
look out。
adv. 外出；不在家/不在场
人暂时离开家、办公室或原来的地点。
常见表达 be out go out for dinner out with friends
My father is out, but he will return soon.
查看翻译和讲解 我父亲出去了，但很快回来。
be out。
They went out for dinner after the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试后他们出去吃晚饭。
go out for dinner。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The bike is outside the gate.
outside 更明确表示外部位置。
The bird flew away.
away 强调远离。
The keys are in the box.
in/out 是内外位置和方向对照。
She took a notebook out of her bag.
out of 后接宾语，义项更多。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 out 可连到 out of、outer、outward、outing、external 等外部/向外线索；outing 是“外出短途活动”，不是 out 的普通副词义。
She took a notebook out of her bag.
Our class planned an outing to the lake.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
202
go
▶ /ɡəʊ/ · verb
to move or travel to a place; to happen, develop, or work in a particular way
去；走；移动；进行；进展；运转
学习关联：go out 表示‘外出’，与 out（向外；外出）构成固定短语学习关联。
意思、用法与例句
v. 去；走；移动
to move or travel to a place
常见表达 go to school go home go by bus
We went to the museum by bus after the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试后我们乘公交车去了博物馆。
went 是 go 的过去式。
It was getting dark, so the children went home together.
查看翻译和讲解 天渐渐黑了，孩子们就一起回家了。
go home 中 home 前通常不用 to。
go 的过去式是 went，过去分词是 gone；go to + 地点，但 go home 不用 to。
v. 进行；进展；运转
to happen, develop, or work in a particular way
常见表达 go well go badly How did it go?
How did your interview go yesterday?
查看翻译和讲解 你昨天的面试进展得怎么样？
How did … go? 询问事情的进展。
Although the first plan failed, the project went well after the team changed it.
查看翻译和讲解 虽然第一个方案失败了，团队调整后项目进展顺利。
go well 描述事情进展顺利。
How did … go? 用来询问活动进展；go + 形容词，如 go well / go badly，表示进展顺利或不顺利。
203
outgoing
▶ /ˌaʊtˈɡəʊɪŋ/ · adjective
friendly and confident when meeting or talking to people
外向友好的；乐于交际的
学习关联：outgoing（外向的）以 out-（向外）构词；与 out（向外）作构词关联。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 外向友好的；乐于交际的
friendly and confident when meeting or talking to people
常见表达 an outgoing person an outgoing personality be outgoing with new people
Mia is outgoing and soon made friends in her new class.
查看翻译和讲解 米娅很外向，很快就在新班级交到了朋友。
be outgoing 描述善于与人相处的性格。
His outgoing manner helped visitors feel welcome at the school event.
查看翻译和讲解 他外向友好的举止让来访者在学校活动中感到受欢迎。
outgoing 可修饰 manner，表示友好开放的待人方式。
本卡聚焦形容人的性格；不要把它和 outgoing mail（寄出的邮件）或 outgoing president（即将卸任的总统）混为同一义项。
联想 into 的核心是“进入/变成/朝向”的运动感；它不是静态 in。put sth. in the bag 是状态，put sth. into the bag 强调放进去的动作。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 进入；到……里面
从外部移动到内部。
常见表达 go into put into walk into come into
She put the card into the envelope.
查看翻译和讲解 她把卡片放进信封里。
motion into inside。
The boy ran into the classroom before the bell.
查看翻译和讲解 铃响前男孩跑进教室。
movement into place。
prep. 变成；转为
某物或状态转变成另一种形式、状态或结果。
常见表达 change into turn into grow into
Cold water turned into ice overnight.
查看翻译和讲解 冷水一夜之间变成了冰。
turn into。
Practice can change fear into confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 练习能把害怕变成自信。
change into abstract state。
prep. 朝；向；对着
动作或注意力朝向某个对象或方向。
常见表达 look into run into speak into
The teacher looked into the empty classroom.
查看翻译和讲解 老师朝空教室里看了看。
look into place。
Speak into the microphone clearly.
查看翻译和讲解 对着麦克风清楚地说话。
speak into。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The keys are in the small box.
in 是静态位置，into 是进入动作。
She took a notebook out of her bag.
out of 与 into 在进出方向上相对。
He walked toward the gate.
toward 只对应朝向义，不一定进入。
The plan became a real project.
become 对应 into 的状态变化义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in + to -> into。注意 into 是一个词，强调方向、进入或转变；in to 分开写只在特殊结构中出现。
The keys are in the small box.
She took a notebook out of her bag.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 out of 有三条常考线：从里面出来，出于某种原因，缺乏/没有。它是短语介词，后面要接名词、代词或动名词。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 向……外；从……里面出来
离开某空间、容器、组织或状态。
常见表达 out of the room take sth. out of get out of run out of
She took a notebook out of her bag.
查看翻译和讲解 她从包里拿出一本笔记本。
motion out of container。
The cat jumped out of the box.
查看翻译和讲解 猫从盒子里跳了出来。
out of a place。
prep. 出于；因为
表示行为的原因、动机或情感来源。
常见表达 out of curiosity out of kindness out of fear
He opened the old letter out of curiosity.
查看翻译和讲解 他出于好奇打开了那封旧信。
out of curiosity。
She helped the stranger out of kindness.
查看翻译和讲解 她出于善意帮助了那个陌生人。
out of kindness。
prep. 缺乏；没有；用完
某物不再有或暂时没有。
常见表达 out of water out of time out of money run out of
We were out of water after the long walk.
查看翻译和讲解 长途步行后我们没有水了。
out of water。
The team ran out of time before the final question.
查看翻译和讲解 队伍在最后一道题前没时间了。
run out of time。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The letter came from a friend.
from 对应来源/离开点，较宽泛。
The match stopped because of rain.
只对应 out of 的原因义。
He left without his umbrella.
without 对应缺乏义。
She put the card into the envelope.
只和进出方向义相对。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 out + of -> out of。这个短语不只表示位置，还能表示原因和缺乏，要按搭配记。
The children went out after lunch.
He left without his umbrella.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 inner 是“里面的/靠内的”，也可说 inner feelings 内心感受。它和 internal 都有“内部”义，但 inner 更常说位置层次或内心感受。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 内部的；里面的
在里面、靠近中心或被外层包住。
常见表达 inner pocket inner wall inner core inner layer
The note was hidden in the inner pocket of the coat.
查看翻译和讲解 纸条藏在外套内袋里。
inside layer。
The earth has a solid inner core.
查看翻译和讲解 地球有一个固态内核。
paired with outer core。
adj. 内心的；隐藏的
想法、感情或声音在心里，没有直接表达出来。
常见表达 inner feelings inner thoughts inner voice inner strength
She did not show her inner fear before the race.
查看翻译和讲解 比赛前她没有表现出内心的恐惧。
hidden feeling。
His inner voice told him to try again.
查看翻译和讲解 他的内心声音告诉他再试一次。
inner voice。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The inside pocket held a coin.
inside 更普通，inner 更常作形容词修饰层次。
The school changed its internal rules.
internal 更正式，常用于组织、身体、国家。
The outer wall is white.
inner/outer 是内外层次对照。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in -> inner / internal。inner 多说内层或内心；internal 多说系统、机构、身体或国家内部。
The school changed its internal rules.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
学习关联：inner courtyard（内院）以 inner（内部的）为透明构词成分。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 内院；内庭
a courtyard inside a building or surrounded by buildings
常见表达 in the inner courtyard a quiet inner courtyard walk through the inner courtyard
The students waited in the inner courtyard before the show.
查看翻译和讲解 演出前，学生们在内院等候。
in the inner courtyard
A small tree grows in the quiet inner courtyard.
查看翻译和讲解 安静的内院里长着一棵小树。
quiet inner courtyard
Inner courtyard is a noun phrase; inner describes the courtyard that lies inside the larger building or complex.
联想 outer 是“外层/外部”的形容词，常和 inner 成对，如 outer core / inner core。不要把 outer 和 external 完全等同：external 更正式，常说外部来源、外国或机构外部。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 外面的；外部的；外表的
处在外层、表面或远离中心的位置。
常见表达 outer wall outer layer outer core outer surface
The outer wall of the museum is made of glass.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆外墙由玻璃制成。
outer wall。
The core of the earth has a liquid outer core and a solid inner core.
查看翻译和讲解 地核由液态外核和固态内核组成。
example simplified。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The outside door was locked.
outside 更普通，outer 常修饰层次。
External support helped the project.
external 更正式，常强调来源在外。
The note was in the inner pocket.
inner/outer 是内外层对照。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 out -> outer / outward / external。outer 说外层，outward 说向外或外表，external 更正式。
The earth has a solid inner core.
External support helped the project.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 inward 重点是“方向朝内”或“内心的”。作副词常见 inward/inwards，表示向内移动。
意思、用法与例句
adj. / adv. 向内的；向内
方向朝内部或中心。
常见表达 inward movement turn inward open inward look inward
The door opens inward, so do not stand too close.
查看翻译和讲解 这扇门向内开，所以别站得太近。
adverb direction。
The plant's leaves curled inward in the dry air.
查看翻译和讲解 干燥空气中，植物叶子向内卷曲。
direction toward inside。
adj. 内心的；精神的
与内心感受、思想或精神状态有关。
常见表达 inward feelings inward calm inward strength turn inward
She kept an inward calm during the interview.
查看翻译和讲解 面试中她保持内心平静。
inner state。
Reading can help students look inward and understand themselves.
查看翻译和讲解 阅读能帮助学生向内审视并理解自己。
mental direction。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The sound came from inside the house.
inside 是位置，inward 是方向。
She did not show her inner fear.
inner 更常作形容词，inward 可作方向副词。
The doors open outward.
inward/outward 是方向和内外表现对照。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in + -ward -> inward。-ward 表方向；outward 是对应的向外。
She did not show her inner fear.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 outward 是 inward 的方向对照：向外、朝外；也可表示外表的、表面的，与内心真实感受对比。
意思、用法与例句
adj. / adv. 向外的；向外
方向朝外部或远离中心。
常见表达 open outward move outward face outward outward movement
The emergency doors open outward.
查看翻译和讲解 应急门向外打开。
outward direction。
The circles moved outward from the center of the water.
查看翻译和讲解 水面上的圆圈从中心向外扩散。
move outward。
adj. 外表的；表面的
表现给别人看的外在样子，不一定等于内心真实感受。
常见表达 outward appearance outward calm outward sign outward behavior
His outward calm hid his real worry.
查看翻译和讲解 他外表的冷静掩盖了真实的担忧。
appearance vs feeling。
There was no outward sign of damage on the box.
查看翻译和讲解 盒子外表没有损坏迹象。
surface sign。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The bike is outside the gate.
outside 是位置，outward 是方向或外表。
External support helped the project.
external 更正式，常说外部来源。
The door opens inward.
inward/outward 是方向对照。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 out + -ward -> outward。-ward 表方向；inward 是对应的向内。
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 within 比 in 更正式，常表示在范围、限制、组织或时间期限内。源注重点：in an hour 是一小时后，within an hour 是一小时内。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 在……里面；在……范围内
处于某地点、组织、规则、能力或距离范围内部。
常见表达 within the city within reach within the rules within walking distance
The answer is within the rules of the game.
查看翻译和讲解 这个答案在游戏规则范围内。
within rules。
The library is within walking distance of our school.
查看翻译和讲解 图书馆在我们学校步行可达范围内。
within distance。
prep. 在……时间内；不超过
在某个时间期限结束之前完成。
常见表达 within an hour within two days within a week
Please return the book within a week.
查看翻译和讲解 请在一周内归还这本书。
within a time limit。
The medicine should work within an hour.
查看翻译和讲解 这种药应该在一小时内起效。
source usage note contrast。
adv. 在里面；在内部
较正式地表示来自内部或在内部。
常见表达 from within look within strength within
Real change must come from within.
查看翻译和讲解 真正的改变必须来自内部。
from within。
The room looked small from outside but felt warm within.
查看翻译和讲解 这个房间从外面看很小，但里面很温暖。
adverb within。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The cat is inside the basket.
inside 更普通。
The keys are in the box.
in 更常用，within 更正式且常带范围/期限。
The cost was beyond our budget.
只和范围/限制义相反。
He left without his umbrella.
within/without 形式成对，但现代义不同，不是全义项反义词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 with + in -> within。现代 within 常指在范围或期限内；without 是形式成对词，但意思是没有/无。
He left without his umbrella.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 without 现代核心不是“在外面”，而是“没有/无”。它后面接名词、代词或动名词：without water, without him, without saying goodbye。
意思、用法与例句
prep. 没有；无；不带
某人或某物没有某东西，或不使用某东西。
常见表达 without water without help without a ticket without doubt
We cannot finish the project without help.
查看翻译和讲解 没有帮助我们完成不了这个项目。
without help。
He left without his umbrella.
查看翻译和讲解 他没带伞就离开了。
without + noun。
prep. 不做某事
without 后接动名词，表示没有做某动作。
常见表达 without saying goodbye without asking without looking
She walked into the room without knocking.
查看翻译和讲解 她没敲门就走进了房间。
without + -ing。
He answered without thinking carefully.
查看翻译和讲解 他没有仔细思考就回答了。
without doing。
adv. 没有；缺乏
较正式或文学化，表示在缺乏状态中。
常见表达 go without do without live without
Some families had to go without for several days.
查看翻译和讲解 一些家庭不得不过了几天缺衣少食的日子。
adverb without。
Can we do without the extra screen?
查看翻译和讲解 我们能不用额外的屏幕吗？
do without。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The plan was lacking in detail.
lacking 更正式，常作形容词或分词。
Not having a map made the walk harder.
解释 without 的基本义。
She came with her brother.
with/without 在有无上相对。
Please return the book within a week.
形式相似，但现代义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 without 现代按“没有/无”记；不要把它误解成 out + side 的空间外部。
She came with her brother.
Please return the book within a week.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
213
inn
▶ [in] · n. [C] · Page 265
a small hotel, often in the countryside or by a road
客栈；小旅馆
联想 inn 和 in 同音/近形，记忆线索把它放在 in 组帮助记忆；现代词义是“客栈、小旅馆”，不是介词 in 的派生义。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 客栈；小旅馆
通常较小、可住宿，有时也提供饭食的旅馆。
常见表达 stay at an inn a country inn an old inn a small inn
We stayed at a quiet inn near the lake.
查看翻译和讲解 我们住在湖边一家安静的小旅馆。
stay at an inn。
The old inn served hot meals to travelers.
查看翻译和讲解 那家老客栈给旅人供应热饭。
inn for travelers。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The small hotel was full by evening.
small hotel 是解释性近义表达。
The guesthouse has six rooms.
guesthouse 规模也较小。
The hotel is near the station.
hotel 更泛，可大可小。
The keys are in the box.
只是同音/记忆线，不是现代派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 inn 与 in 同音，适合作记忆钩子；不要把 inn 当作 in 的语法形式。
The hotel is near the station.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 outing 来自 out + -ing 的外出活动线，指短途旅游、远足或集体外出，不是普通 go out 的动名词用法。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 短途旅游；远足；外出活动
为了游玩、学习或集体活动而进行的短途外出。
常见表达 a class outing family outing school outing go on an outing
Our class planned an outing to the lake.
查看翻译和讲解 我们班计划去湖边短途出游。
class outing。
The family outing ended with a picnic in the park.
查看翻译和讲解 家庭出游以公园野餐结束。
family outing。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The students went on an excursion to a museum.
excursion 稍正式。
We took a day trip to the old town.
day trip 强调一天内往返。
It was just a routine day at school.
与 outing 的外出活动形成语境对比，不是严格反义词。
The children went out after lunch.
outing 与外出语义相关。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 out + -ing -> outing，名词化为一次短途外出活动。
The children went out after lunch.
The students went on an excursion to a museum.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 internal 是较正式的“内部的”：组织内部、身体内部、国家内部/内政，也可指内心。它常和 external 形成正式对照。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 内部的；体内的
在组织、系统、机器、身体等内部。
常见表达 internal rules internal system internal organs internal damage
The school changed its internal rules after the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 会议后学校修改了内部规定。
organization-internal。
The doctor checked for internal injuries.
查看翻译和讲解 医生检查是否有内伤。
inside body。
adj. 国内的；内政的
发生在一个国家内部，或与国内事务有关。
常见表达 internal affairs internal market internal problem internal policy
The report focused on internal affairs, not foreign policy.
查看翻译和讲解 报告关注内政，而不是外交政策。
domestic affairs。
The country tried to solve its internal problems peacefully.
查看翻译和讲解 这个国家试图和平解决国内问题。
inside a country。
adj. 内心的
存在于心里或精神层面，不一定表现出来。
常见表达 internal conflict internal pressure internal fear
He felt an internal conflict between duty and friendship.
查看翻译和讲解 他在责任和友情之间感到内心冲突。
inside mind。
She hid her internal fear during the speech.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲时她隐藏了内心恐惧。
mental internal。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
She did not show her inner fear.
inner 更常用于内层或内心；internal 更正式。
Domestic news filled the front page.
只对应国内/内政义。
External support helped the project.
internal/external 是正式内外来源对照。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 in / intern- -> internal。internal 与 external 是正式成对词，常用于组织、身体、国家和心理。
External support helped the project.
She did not show her inner fear.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 external 是 internal 的正式对照，表示外部的、外来的、外国的。它不只是 outer 外层，还强调来源或归属在外部。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 外部的；外面的；外来的
来自系统、组织、身体或物体外部，或处在外部。
常见表达 external support external wall external pressure external factor
External support helped the project move faster.
查看翻译和讲解 外部支持帮助项目推进更快。
support from outside。
Cold weather is an external factor that can slow the work.
查看翻译和讲解 寒冷天气是会拖慢工作的外部因素。
external factor。
adj. 外国的；对外的
与外国、对外关系或外部市场有关。
常见表达 external trade external relations external market external policy
External trade brought new goods to the city.
查看翻译和讲解 对外贸易给这座城市带来了新商品。
foreign trade context。
The country improved its external relations through cultural exchange.
查看翻译和讲解 这个国家通过文化交流改善了对外关系。
relations with other countries。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The outside door was locked.
outside 更普通，external 更正式。
Foreign visitors joined the festival.
只对应外国/外来义。
The school changed its internal rules.
internal/external 是正式内外来源对照。
The outer wall is white.
outer 更偏层次或表面。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 external 与 internal 是正式内外对照。external 常强调来源或关系在外部，而 outer 常强调外层位置。
The school changed its internal rules.
词族导图 in 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 telephone = tele- 远 + phone 声音，核心是远距离通话。现代口语里 phone 更常见；telephone 更正式，也可作动词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C/U] 电话；电话机；电话系统
电话设备、电话系统或通过电话进行的沟通。
常见表达 answer the telephone on the telephone by telephone telephone number
Please answer the telephone while I am cooking.
查看翻译和讲解 我做饭时请接一下电话。
collocation answer the telephone。
She spoke to her mother on the telephone for ten minutes.
查看翻译和讲解 她和母亲通了十分钟电话。
collocation on the telephone。
v. 给……打电话
通过电话联系某人或某处。
常见表达 telephone sb. telephone the office telephone for help
I will telephone the office before I leave.
查看翻译和讲解 我离开前会给办公室打电话。
telephone as verb。
The guide telephoned for help after the bus broke down.
查看翻译和讲解 公交车坏了后导游打电话求助。
telephone for help。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
I called her on my phone.
phone 更口语、更现代。
Call me when you arrive.
call 可表示打电话，也有呼叫等义。
Do not hang up before the message ends.
和通话动作形成对比，但不是 telephone 的全义项反义词。
The family received a telegram from the city.
同属 tele- 远距离通信线，媒介不同。
The match was shown on television.
television 传远处图像和声音，不是电话。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tele- = far 远；phone = sound 声音。telephone 是远距离声音通信，带出 telegram、telegraph、television、telescope 等 tele- 远距离线。
The family received a telegram from the city.
Messages once traveled by telegraph.
The match was shown on television.
We looked at the moon through a telescope.
词族导图 telephone 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 telegram = tele- 远 + gram 写/信息，是通过电报系统传递的文字信息。它是历史通信词，和 telephone 的通话不同。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 电报
过去通过电报系统发送的简短文字信息。
常见表达 send a telegram receive a telegram urgent telegram telegram from
The family received a telegram from the city.
查看翻译和讲解 这家人收到一封从城里来的电报。
receive a telegram。
The officer sent a telegram to report the news.
查看翻译和讲解 那名官员发电报报告消息。
collocation send a telegram。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A telegraph message had to be short.
解释 telegram 的信息属性。
The news came by wire.
wire 是历史/新闻语境词。
She wrote a letter to her friend.
letter 是纸质信件，非严格反义词。
She spoke to her mother on the telephone.
telephone 是语音通话，telegram 是文字电报。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tele- = far；-gram = written message。telegram 是远距离发送的文字信息，依赖 telegraph 系统。
Messages once traveled by telegraph.
She spoke on the telephone.
词族导图 telephone 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 telegraph 是发送电报的系统或设备；telegram 是通过这个系统发出的具体信息。graph 这里和写/记录信息有关。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 电报；电报系统
用电信号远距离发送信息的通信方式。
常见表达 by telegraph send by telegraph telegraph system
Messages once traveled by telegraph across long distances.
查看翻译和讲解 过去信息曾通过电报远距离传递。
telegraph as system。
The town was connected to the coast by telegraph.
查看翻译和讲解 这个城镇通过电报与海岸相连。
by telegraph。
n. [C] 电报机
用于发送或接收电报信号的机器。
常见表达 a telegraph telegraph machine old telegraph
The museum keeps an old telegraph in a glass case.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆把一台旧电报机放在玻璃柜里。
telegraph as machine。
The operator sat beside the telegraph all night.
查看翻译和讲解 操作员整夜坐在电报机旁。
telegraph machine context。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The family received a telegram from the city.
telegram 是发出的信息，telegraph 是系统或机器。
The signal system carried short messages.
解释 telegraph 的系统义。
I will telephone the office.
telephone 传语音，telegraph 传电报信号。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tele- = far；graph = write/record。telegraph 是远距离传递文字信号的系统，telegram 是信息本身。
The family received a telegram.
I will telephone the office.
词族导图 telephone 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 television = tele- 远 + vision 看，是远距离传送图像。可数时是电视机；不可数时是电视系统、电视节目或电视播放。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 电视机
接收电视节目的设备。
常见表达 a television set turn on the television buy a television
The family bought a new television for the living room.
查看翻译和讲解 这家人为客厅买了一台新电视机。
countable device。
Please turn off the television before dinner.
查看翻译和讲解 晚饭前请关掉电视机。
television set。
n. [U] 电视；电视节目；电视播放
电视这种媒介、播放系统或节目内容。
常见表达 watch television on television television program television news
The match was shown on television last night.
查看翻译和讲解 昨晚那场比赛在电视上播出。
collocation on television。
Children should not watch television for too long.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子不应看电视太久。
watch television。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The news is on TV now.
TV 是 television 的常用缩写。
The program was broadcast live.
broadcast 是传播动作或节目，不等于电视机。
The story was first heard on the radio.
radio 是声音媒介对比，不是 television 的反义词。
She spoke on the telephone.
telephone 传声音对话，television 传图像节目。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tele- = far；vision = sight。television 是远距离传送图像的媒介。
She spoke on the telephone.
We looked at the moon through a telescope.
词族导图 telephone 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 telescope = tele- 远 + scope 看/观察，是看远处物体的工具，常用于看月亮、星星或远处景物。microscope 是看微小物体的工具，只是工具对比。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 望远镜
利用镜片看清远处物体的仪器。
常见表达 look through a telescope use a telescope space telescope small telescope
We looked at the moon through a telescope.
查看翻译和讲解 我们通过望远镜观察月亮。
look through a telescope。
The students used a small telescope to find Jupiter.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们用一架小望远镜寻找木星。
use a telescope。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A camera is also an optical instrument.
telescope 属于光学仪器。
The scientist adjusted the scope.
scope 可作短称或相关工具词，语境有限。
A microscope helps us see tiny cells.
microscope 看微小物体，telescope 看远处物体，不是严格反义词。
The match was shown on television.
同含 tele/vision 远距离视觉线，但工具不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tele- = far；scope = look/see。telescope 是看远处的工具；microscope 是看微小物体的工具。
The match was shown on television.
A microscope helps us see tiny cells.
词族导图 telephone 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 body 不只表示“身体”。考试中还可表示尸体、团体/群体，以及文章、建筑、车辆等的主体部分。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 身体；躯体
人或动物的整体身体，尤其相对于头脑、衣服或某个部位而言。
常见表达 human body body language body temperature healthy body
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
查看翻译和讲解 经常锻炼能让身体强壮。
physical body。
Body language can show how a person feels.
查看翻译和讲解 肢体语言能显示一个人的感受。
body language。
n. [C] 尸体；遗体
死去的人或动物的身体，语气较直接。
常见表达 a dead body find a body the body of
The police found a body near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 警方在河边发现了一具尸体。
dead body sense。
The body of the bird was buried under the tree.
查看翻译和讲解 那只鸟的遗体被埋在树下。
body of animal。
n. [C] 团体；群体
有共同身份、职责或目标的一群人。
常见表达 student body governing body public body body of experts
The student body voted for a new club leader.
查看翻译和讲解 学生群体投票选出了新的社团负责人。
body as group。
A governing body sets rules for the sport.
查看翻译和讲解 一个管理机构为这项运动制定规则。
body as organization。
n. [C] 主体部分；主要部分
文章、邮件、建筑、车辆等的主要部分。
常见表达 the body of a report the body of an email main body
Put the details in the body of the report.
查看翻译和讲解 把细节写在报告正文里。
main part of writing。
The main body of the bus was painted blue.
查看翻译和讲解 公交车主体被漆成蓝色。
main part of object。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The artist studied the human physical form.
只对应身体/躯体义。
A group of parents met the teacher.
只对应团体义。
The main part of the letter was clear.
只对应主体部分义。
A healthy mind also needs rest.
body/mind 是身心对照，不是 body 全义项反义词。
Everybody was ready before eight.
every + body -> 每个人。
Nobody answered the door.
no + body -> 没有人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 -body 在 everybody/anybody/nobody/somebody 中表示“人”。这些复合不再指身体，而是不定代词或名词。
Everybody was ready before eight.
Can anybody explain this word?
Nobody answered the door.
Somebody left a note on the desk.
词族导图 body 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
223
bleed
▶ /bliːd/ · verb
to lose blood from the body; to spread out of material or through paper
流血；（颜色、墨水等）渗出；洇开
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
vi. 流血
to lose blood from the body
常见表达 bleed from a cut bleed heavily bleed to death
The cut on his finger continued to bleed for a minute.
查看翻译和讲解 他手指上的伤口又流了一会儿血。
bleed
Press the wound gently if it is bleeding heavily.
查看翻译和讲解 如果伤口大量流血，要轻轻按压伤口。
bleeding
不规则变化：bleed—bled—bled；常接 from 或 to death。
vi. （颜色、墨水等）渗出；洇开
to spread out of material or through paper
常见表达 colour bleed ink bleed through paper
The red sock bled colour in the wash.
查看翻译和讲解 那只红袜子洗的时候掉色了。
bled
Use thicker paper so the ink will not bleed through.
查看翻译和讲解 用厚一点的纸，这样墨水就不会洇到背面。
bleed
主语可为 colour、ink 等，不表示人体流血。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
bleed 是动词，表示‘流血’，过去式和过去分词都是 bled；blood 是名词，表示‘血液’。
224
blood
▶ /blʌd/ · noun
the red liquid that moves around the body; family connection through birth
血；血液；血缘；亲属关系
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 血；血液
the red liquid that moves around the body
常见表达 lose blood a blood test blood pressure
The nurse took a small sample of blood for the test.
查看翻译和讲解 护士取了一小份血样做检查。
blood
Regular exercise can help lower blood pressure.
查看翻译和讲解 规律锻炼有助于降低血压。
blood
通常不可数：a drop of blood，不说 a blood。
n. [U] 血缘；亲属关系
family connection through birth
常见表达 related by blood one's own blood
The two cousins are related by blood.
查看翻译和讲解 这两个表兄妹有血缘关系。
blood
Although they were not related by blood, she cared for the child like family.
查看翻译和讲解 虽然他们没有血缘关系，她仍像对待家人一样照顾这个孩子。
not related by blood
by blood 指“有血缘关系”。bloods 只见于少数专业或地区语境，不作本词的普通复数记忆。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
blood 指‘血液’，读作 /blʌd/；bleed 表示‘流血’，读作 /bliːd/。注意词性和元音都不同。
225
brain
▶ /breɪn/ · noun
the organ inside your head that controls thought and movement; the ability to think and solve problems
脑；大脑；头脑；智力
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. 脑；大脑
the organ inside your head that controls thought and movement
常见表达 the human brain brain cells
The brain sends messages to every part of the body.
查看翻译和讲解 大脑向身体各个部位传递信息。
The brain sends messages
Wearing a helmet can help protect the brain.
查看翻译和讲解 戴头盔有助于保护大脑。
protect the brain
作器官名词时常用 the brain；可与 protect 和 body 连用。
n. 头脑；智力
the ability to think and solve problems
常见表达 use your brain a good brain for maths
Use your brain and check the answer before you hand in the paper.
查看翻译和讲解 动动脑筋，在交卷前检查答案。
Use your brain
She has a good brain for maths.
查看翻译和讲解 她很擅长数学。
a good brain for maths
use your brain 表示“动脑筋”；a good brain for maths 表示有数学头脑。
226
breast
▶ /brest/ · n.
the front of the chest, or either milk-producing part of a woman's chest
胸部；胸脯；乳房
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. 胸部；胸脯；乳房
the front of the chest, or either milk-producing part of a woman's chest
常见表达 a bird's breast a lump in the breast
The robin's red breast stood out against the snow.
查看翻译和讲解 知更鸟红色的胸脯在白雪的映衬下十分醒目。
breast: the chest of a bird
The doctor examined a small lump in her breast.
查看翻译和讲解 医生检查了她乳房里的一个小肿块。
breast: a part of the female body
Breast can mean the chest area, including a bird's front, or specifically either of a woman's breasts; context determines the sense.
227
heart
▶ /hɑːt/ · n. [C]
the organ in the body that pumps blood; the centre of a person's feelings or sincere emotions
心脏；内心；感情
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 心脏
the organ in the body that pumps blood
常见表达 heart disease a healthy heart heart rate
Regular exercise is good for your heart.
查看翻译和讲解 规律运动对心脏有好处。
good for your heart
The nurse checked his heart rate after the run.
查看翻译和讲解 跑步后，护士检查了他的心率。
heart rate
Heart is the organ that pumps blood around the body.
n. [C] 内心；感情
the centre of a person's feelings or sincere emotions
常见表达 from the heart at heart have a kind heart
She thanked the volunteers from the heart.
查看翻译和讲解 她衷心感谢志愿者。
from the heart
At heart, he is a kind and patient person.
查看翻译和讲解 在内心深处，他是一个善良而有耐心的人。
at heart
This figurative sense appears in phrases about feelings, character, and sincerity.
228
lung
▶ /lʌŋ/ · n.
one of the two organs used for breathing
肺
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. 肺
one of the two organs used for breathing
常见表达 the lungs lung disease
Running helps strengthen the lungs.
查看翻译和讲解 跑步有助于增强肺部功能。
strengthen the lungs
Smoking can cause serious lung disease.
查看翻译和讲解 吸烟会导致严重的肺病。
lung disease
People normally have two lungs, so lungs is common when speaking generally.
229
neck
▶ /nek/ · n. [C]
the part of the body between the head and the shoulders
脖子；颈部
学习关联：从 body（身体）延伸主要部位；blood 与 bleed 作名动对照。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 脖子；颈部
the part of the body between the head and the shoulders
常见表达 neck pain a stiff neck around the neck
He wore a scarf around his neck on the cold day.
查看翻译和讲解 在寒冷的日子里，他把围巾围在脖子上。
around his neck
After sleeping badly, I woke up with a stiff neck.
查看翻译和讲解 睡姿不好后，我醒来时脖子僵硬。
a stiff neck
For clothes or jewellery, around the neck describes where something is worn.
联想 everybody = everyone，口语常见。作主语时语法上通常用单数谓语：Everybody is ready.
意思、用法与例句
pron. 每人；人人；大家
某个范围内的所有人。
常见表达 everybody is/has everybody in the class almost everybody not everybody
Everybody was ready before eight.
查看翻译和讲解 八点前大家都准备好了。
singular verb was。
Not everybody agrees with the plan.
查看翻译和讲解 并不是每个人都同意这个计划。
not everybody。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Everyone needs clean water.
everyone 与 everybody 基本相同，略正式一点。
All people in the room heard the bell.
解释 everybody 的范围。
Nobody answered the door.
everybody/nobody 在数量上相对。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
这里 -body 表人，不是身体。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 every + body -> everybody。-body 复合代词作主语时常接单数谓语。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
Everyone needs clean water.
词族导图 body 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 anybody 常见于疑问句、否定句和条件句，也可表示“任何人都可以”。它和 somebody 的区别是：somebody 多表示某个不确定的人，anybody 更开放。
意思、用法与例句
pron. 任何人；有人
不限定身份的任何一个人，常用于疑问、否定或条件。
常见表达 Can anybody...? Does anybody...? not anybody if anybody
Can anybody explain this word?
查看翻译和讲解 有人能解释这个单词吗？
question use。
I did not see anybody in the hallway.
查看翻译和讲解 我在走廊里没有看见任何人。
negative use。
pron. 任何人都可以
强调不论是谁都可以或都可能。
常见表达 anybody can anybody who almost anybody
Anybody can join the reading club.
查看翻译和讲解 任何人都可以加入读书社。
open permission。
Ask anybody who has visited the town.
查看翻译和讲解 问问任何去过这个小镇的人。
anybody who。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Can anyone help me carry this box?
anyone 与 anybody 基本相同。
Somebody left a note on the desk.
somebody 指某个不确定的人；anybody 更开放。
Nobody answered the door.
not anybody 通常等于 nobody。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
这里 -body 表人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 any + body -> anybody。常用于疑问、否定、条件和开放选择。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
词族导图 body 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 nobody 作代词时是“没有人”，本身带否定意义；作名词时可指“小人物/无名小卒”。作主语时通常接单数谓语。
意思、用法与例句
pron. 没有人；谁也不
没有任何一个人。
常见表达 nobody is/has nobody knows nobody else almost nobody
Nobody answered the door.
查看翻译和讲解 没有人应门。
negative pronoun。
Nobody in the room knew the answer.
查看翻译和讲解 房间里没有人知道答案。
nobody + singular verb。
n. [C] 小人物；无名小卒
没有名气、地位或影响力的人，语气可能不礼貌。
常见表达 a nobody feel like a nobody from nobody to somebody
He felt like a nobody in the big city.
查看翻译和讲解 在大城市里他觉得自己像个无名小卒。
noun nobody。
The film tells how a nobody became a leader.
查看翻译和讲解 这部电影讲述了一个小人物如何成为领导者。
from nobody to somebody。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
No one heard the alarm.
no one 与 nobody 基本相同。
Not anyone could open the old door.
解释 nobody 的否定义。
Somebody left a note on the desk.
pronoun 上是有/无人对照；名词上是小人物/人物对照。
Everybody was ready before eight.
everybody/nobody 数量相反。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 no + body -> nobody。代词 nobody 不再额外加 not；名词 a nobody 表小人物。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
Somebody left a note on the desk.
词族导图 body 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 somebody = someone，表示某个不确定的人；作名词时 be somebody 可表示“是个人物”。源注提醒 somebody 作主语时谓语动词用单数。
意思、用法与例句
pron. 某人；有人
说话人不知道、没说明或不想说明具体是谁。
常见表达 somebody is/has somebody left somebody else somebody who
Somebody left a note on the desk.
查看翻译和讲解 有人在桌上留了一张便条。
unknown person。
Somebody has taken my seat.
查看翻译和讲解 有人占了我的座位。
singular verb has。
n. [C] 重要人物；有身份的人
有地位、影响或名气的人。
常见表达 be somebody become somebody feel like somebody
He wanted to prove that he could be somebody.
查看翻译和讲解 他想证明自己能成为有影响的人。
noun somebody。
In her hometown, the young doctor was already somebody.
查看翻译和讲解 在家乡，那位年轻医生已经是个人物了。
important person sense。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Someone is waiting outside.
someone 与 somebody 基本相同。
A person called while you were out.
解释 somebody 的不确定人义。
Nobody answered the door.
pronoun 上有/无人对照；名词上人物/小人物对照。
Can anybody explain this word?
anybody 更开放，somebody 指某个不确定的人。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 some + body -> somebody。作主语时通常接单数谓语：somebody is/has。
Regular exercise keeps the body strong.
Someone is waiting outside.
Nobody answered the door.
词族导图 body 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 drown 先抓住“水或液体太多，把人、声音或物体盖住”这条线。记忆线索的 down + r 只是记忆线：人往 river 里 down，可能 drown；它不是真正词族派生。
意思、用法与例句
vi. / vt. (使)淹死
人或动物因在水中无法呼吸而死亡；也可表示某物使人差点或真的淹死。
常见表达 drown in deep water nearly drown save sb. from drowning drown sb.
A swimmer can drown quickly in deep water.
查看翻译和讲解 游泳者在深水中可能很快溺水身亡。
intransitive drown。
The lifeguard saved the child from drowning.
查看翻译和讲解 救生员救了那个快要溺水的孩子。
save sb. from drowning。
vt. 淹没；盖过
水、声音或大量事物把目标盖住，使它难以看见、听见或发挥作用。
常见表达 be drowned by flood water drown out a sound drown a voice be drowned in noise
Part of the old road was drowned by flood water.
查看翻译和讲解 老路的一部分被洪水淹没了。
source meaning: cover with water。
The rain drowned out the sound of our footsteps.
查看翻译和讲解 雨声盖过了我们的脚步声。
drown out as a useful extension of 淹没/盖过。
vt. 浸泡；用过多液体覆盖
把食物、植物或物体泡在液体里，常带“太多”的感觉。
常见表达 drown sth. in water drown sth. in sauce drown...in... do not drown the plants
Do not drown the plants in too much water.
查看翻译和讲解 不要给植物浇太多水，把它们泡坏。
collocation drown...in...。
The cook drowned the fruit in sweet syrup.
查看翻译和讲解 厨师把水果浸在甜糖浆里。
drown sth. in liquid。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Heavy rain flooded the street.
对应水淹/充满水的义项，不等于“溺死”。
Soak the beans in water overnight.
对应浸泡义，语气更中性。
The clouds covered the moon.
只解释盖住的核心动作。
They rescued the swimmer from the river.
和溺水危险形成动作对比。
Dry your shoes near the door.
只和液体覆盖/浸泡义形成状态对比。
The ball rolled down the hill.
记忆线索 down + r 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 drown 是独立词；drowning 和 drowned 是真实形态变化。记忆线索 down + r 是拼写记忆线，不要当作词根派生。
Drowning is a serious danger near deep water.
The drowned fields were covered with muddy water.
The fans' cheers drowned out the music.
The ball rolled down the hill.
词族导图 drown 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 earn 的核心不是“拿到”这么泛，而是“靠劳动、努力或表现得到”。挣钱是 earn money；赢得尊重、信任、名声，也是通过表现 earned，不是随便 receive。
意思、用法与例句
v. / vt. 赚得；挣得
通过工作、劳动或经营获得钱、工资或收入。
常见表达 earn money earn a living earn a salary earn a fortune
She earns money by teaching children to draw.
查看翻译和讲解 她通过教孩子画画挣钱。
earn money by doing。
His parents work hard to earn a living.
查看翻译和讲解 他的父母努力工作谋生。
earn a living。
She must earn a fortune from her new business.
查看翻译和讲解 她的新生意肯定赚了一大笔钱。
example expanded from earn a fortune。
vt. 应得；赢得；博得
因为努力、表现或品质而得到尊重、信任、赞扬、机会等。
常见表达 earn respect earn trust earn praise earn a place
The young nurse earned the patients' trust.
查看翻译和讲解 那位年轻护士赢得了病人的信任。
earn trust through actions。
Hard work earned him a place on the school team.
查看翻译和讲解 努力训练使他赢得了校队名额。
earn a place。
Her careful report earned high praise from the teacher.
查看翻译和讲解 她细致的报告赢得了老师的高度赞扬。
earn praise。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He makes money by repairing bikes.
make money 可替换 earn money，语体更口语。
The plan gained support from many students.
对应 earn respect/trust/support 的结果义。
She deserves praise for her honesty.
deserve 强调“应该得到”，earn 强调“通过努力得到”。
Do not spend all the money you earn.
和挣钱形成金钱流向对比。
One careless mistake can lose people's trust.
和赢得信任、机会形成对比。
词族线索 / 同组词
His monthly earnings help support the family.
source related word; plural noun for income from work or business。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 earn 是独立动词；earnings 是记忆线索给出的真实相关名词，常用复数表示工资、收入。earner 和 well-earned 也按现代构词理解。
Her weekly earnings are enough for daily costs.
The main earner in the family works at a hospital.
After the exam, the students enjoyed a well-earned rest.
词族导图 earn 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 page 先指书、报纸、文件中的一页，也可扩展到网页。 age -> page 是记忆线：在这一页登记年龄；age 不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 书页；页面；一张纸
书、报纸、文件或试卷中的一页或一面。
常见表达 turn the page on page 30 front page page number blank page
Please turn to page thirty and read the passage.
查看翻译和讲解 请翻到第30页并阅读这篇文章。
turn to page + number。
Write your name at the top of the first page.
查看翻译和讲解 请把名字写在第一页顶部。
page in a document。
Her photo appeared on the front page of the newspaper.
查看翻译和讲解 她的照片登在报纸头版。
front page。
n. [C] 网页；网站页面
互联网或应用中的一个信息页面；home page 指主页。
常见表达 home page web page open a page visit a page
The school put the news on its home page.
查看翻译和讲解 学校把这条新闻放在主页上。
home page。
This web page explains how to join the reading club.
查看翻译和讲解 这个网页说明如何加入读书社。
web page。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Take out a clean sheet of paper.
sheet 指纸张本身；page 指书或文件中的一页。
Write your answer on one side of the paper.
page 常是纸的一面。
An old leaf fell out of the book.
leaf 指书页时较书面，也可指树叶。
The book cover is blue.
cover 是书的一部分，不是 page 的严格反义词。
This web page explains the rules.
page 在数字语境中的用法。
Write your age on this form.
age -> page 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
The school put the news on its home page.
main page of a website。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 page 的真实相关表达包括 home page、web page、page number、front page。age 只是音形记忆线。
The school put the news on its home page.
This web page explains the rules.
Write the page number in the corner.
The story was on the front page.
Write your age on this form.
词族导图 page 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 plot 有四条常见线：秘密计划、故事情节、小块土地，以及动词“策划/绘制”。lot 只是音形记忆线，帮助记住“阴谋里有许多漏洞”，不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 阴谋；秘密计划
指一群人秘密策划的坏事或危险计划，常接 to do 或 against。
常见表达 a plot to do sth. a plot against sb. uncover a plot secret plot
Their plot to overthrow the government failed.
查看翻译和讲解 他们企图推翻政府的阴谋失败了。
保留例句的核心用法：plot to do。
The police uncovered a plot to steal the painting.
查看翻译和讲解 警方发现了一个偷画的阴谋。
uncover a plot。
n. [C,U] 故事情节
指小说、电影或戏剧中事件发展的线索。
常见表达 the plot of a novel follow the plot a simple plot a complicated plot
The novel has a simple but moving plot.
查看翻译和讲解 这部小说情节简单但很感人。
story plot。
I could not follow the plot of the film at first.
查看翻译和讲解 一开始我没能跟上电影情节。
follow the plot。
n. [C] 小块土地
指一小块可种植、建房或使用的土地。
常见表达 a plot of land a garden plot a vegetable plot
They bought a small plot of land near the river.
查看翻译和讲解 他们在河边买了一小块地。
plot of land。
Grandpa grows tomatoes in a vegetable plot behind the house.
查看翻译和讲解 爷爷在屋后的菜地里种西红柿。
vegetable plot。
v. / vt. 密谋；策划；绘制
作动词时可指秘密策划，也可指在地图或图表上标出路线、点或位置。
常见表达 plot against sb. plot to do sth. plot a route plot points on a graph
The men plotted against the king in secret.
查看翻译和讲解 这些人秘密密谋反对国王。
plot against。
We plotted the route on a map before the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 出发前我们在地图上标出了路线。
plot a route on a map。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The report described a conspiracy to hide the truth.
conspiracy 比 plot 更正式，通常也带负面秘密计划含义。
The scheme sounded clever but unfair.
scheme 可中性或负面；plot 更强调秘密和不良目的。
The storyline is easy to follow.
storyline 只对应故事线，不对应阴谋或土地。
The family owns a small parcel of land.
parcel of land 与 plot of land 接近；parcel 不表示故事情节。
We used a map to plot the route.
map 是绘制路线的工具，不是 plot 的近义词。
Students plotted the results on a chart.
chart 关联绘制数据点的用法。
A lot of clues helped them find the plot.
lot 是音形记忆线，不是真派生；lot 也可表示一块地，但不能替代所有 plot 义。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 plot 没有需要强讲的常用词根。这里只保留 plotted、plotting、plotter 等真实形式；plot line 放在搭配中学习。
plotted
plot 的过去式/过去分词；密谋过或绘制过 We plotted the route on a map.
plotting
plot 的 -ing 形式；正在密谋或绘制 The students are plotting points on a graph.
The story reveals the main plotter near the end.
词族导图 plot 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 boost 可作动词也可作名词，常接 confidence、sales、energy、economy、morale 等，表示给某事一个向上的推动。记忆线索 boot -> boost 是拼写记忆线。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 提高；促进；增强
让数量、水平、信心、经济、销量等上升或变强。
常见表达 boost confidence boost sales boost the economy boost energy
The teacher's praise boosted her confidence.
查看翻译和讲解 老师的表扬增强了她的自信。
boost confidence。
The new road helped boost business in the town.
查看翻译和讲解 新道路帮助促进了镇上的生意。
boost business/economy。
vt. / n. [usually sing.] 激励；推动；帮助
给人或事情额外支持，让其更有动力或更顺利。
常见表达 give sb. a boost a big boost to morale boost boost morale
Winning the first game gave the team a boost.
查看翻译和讲解 赢下第一场比赛给了球队很大鼓舞。
give a boost。
A short rest can boost your energy before the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 短暂休息能在考试前提升你的精力。
boost energy。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Better lighting can increase safety.
increase 更中性，boost 强调积极推动。
Practice can improve your speaking.
improve 偏质量变好。
Kind words encouraged the young player.
只对应激励义。
The rule may reduce waste.
只和提高/增加义相反。
Too little sleep can weaken attention.
只和增强义相反。
He cleaned mud from his boots.
记忆线索 boot -> boost 拼写记忆线，现代义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 boost 是独立词。可用 boot 多一个 s 作拼写钩子，但不要把 boot 当作 boost 的派生词。
Better lighting can increase safety.
Practice can improve your speaking.
Kind words encouraged the young player.
词族导图 boost 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 hour 表示 60 分钟。注意读音开头是元音音素，所以说 an hour。可用 our -> hour 记“我们的店铺24小时营业”；our 只是音形记忆线，不是真词族。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 小时；一小时的时间
表示 60 分钟这一时间单位，可用于持续时间、营业时间、交通高峰等语境。
常见表达 an hour half an hour for two hours within an hour rush hour 24 hours
The exam lasts two hours.
查看翻译和讲解 考试持续两个小时。
duration with plural hours。
We waited for half an hour at the station.
查看翻译和讲解 我们在车站等了半小时。
half an hour。
The shop is open twenty-four hours a day.
查看翻译和讲解 这家店每天24小时营业。
source memory context。
Traffic is heavy during rush hour.
查看翻译和讲解 交通高峰时段车流很大。
rush hour。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
An hour is sixty minutes.
解释性等值表达，不是普通同义词替换。
There are sixty minutes in an hour.
比 hour 小的时间单位，不是反义词。
A minute has sixty seconds.
比 minute 更小的时间单位，不是反义词。
A day has twenty-four hours.
比 hour 大的时间单位，不是反义词。
The light disappeared in an instant.
只表示时长很短，与 hour 形成时间长短对比。
Our shop is open all day.
记忆线索 our -> hour 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 hour 没有本单元真实派生词；hourly 是常见派生，表示每小时的/每小时地。our 是记忆线索音形记忆线。
The buses leave hourly during the day.
The subway is crowded during rush hour.
Our shop is open all day.
词族导图 hour 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 start 的核心是“从某一点开始”。它可以是事件开始、机器启动、机构创办、出发，也可作名词“开端”。star -> start 是音形记忆线，不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
v. / n. [C, usually sing.] 开始；开端
指事情、课程、比赛、故事等开始，也可作名词表示开端。
常见表达 start at eight start doing sth. start to do sth. at the start of from the start
The class starts at eight o'clock.
查看翻译和讲解 这节课八点开始。
start + time。
She started to write a diary last month.
查看翻译和讲解 她上个月开始写日记。
start to do。
At the start of the story, the boy is alone.
查看翻译和讲解 故事开头，这个男孩独自一人。
名词 start。
vt. 启动；发动
指让机器、车辆、程序或过程开始工作。
常见表达 start a car start the engine start a computer start a program
He started the engine after checking the oil.
查看翻译和讲解 检查机油后，他发动了引擎。
start the engine。
Click this button to start the program.
查看翻译和讲解 点击这个按钮启动程序。
start a program。
vt. 创办；建立
指创办公司、俱乐部、项目等。
常见表达 start a company start a club start a project start a business
They started a small reading club after school.
查看翻译和讲解 他们课后创办了一个小读书社。
start a club。
Her family started a food business in the town.
查看翻译和讲解 她家人在镇上创办了一家食品生意。
start a business。
vi. 出发；动身
指向某地出发，常用 start for。
常见表达 start for home start for the station start early start at dawn
We started for the station before dawn.
查看翻译和讲解 黎明前我们动身去车站。
start for。
The hikers started early to avoid the heat.
查看翻译和讲解 徒步者很早出发以避开炎热。
start early。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The meeting began at nine.
begin 只对应开始义，较正式；不表示发动机器或创办公司。
The shop opens at ten.
open 常用于商店开门或活动开幕。
The school launched a new reading project.
launch 多用于项目、活动、产品正式启动。
We set off before sunrise.
set off 对应出发义，不对应启动机器。
We finished the work before dinner.
finish/end 只与开始义形成反向。
The rain stopped at noon.
stop 与继续进行的动作形成对比。
A star appeared in the night sky.
star -> start 是音形记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 start 没有需要强讲的常用派生词根；重点记 started、starting、starter 和 start 的多种搭配。
The class started at eight o'clock.
starting
开始的；起始的；start 的 -ing 形式 The starting point is near the school gate.
This book is a good starter for young readers.
The start-up designs apps for students.
词族导图 start 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
241
begin
▶ /bɪˈɡɪn/ · verb
to start doing something or to start happening
开始；着手
学习关联：从 start 对照 begin 与 end，再区分动作、结尾和无尽的状态。
意思、用法与例句
v. 开始；着手
to start doing something or to start happening
常见表达 begin to do begin doing begin with begin a journey
The lesson will begin at eight, so please arrive early.
查看翻译和讲解 课程八点开始，请早点到。
will begin
She began to write down the main points after the talk.
查看翻译和讲解 讲座结束后，她开始记下要点。
began to do
过去式 began，过去分词 begun；begin to do 和 begin doing 均可用。
242
beginning
▶ /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/ · noun
the first part of an event, process, or story
开始；开端；初期
学习关联：从 start 对照 begin 与 end，再区分动作、结尾和无尽的状态。
意思、用法与例句
n. 开始；开端；初期
the first part of an event, process, or story
常见表达 at the beginning of from the beginning the beginning of the story
At the beginning of the film, the town is completely silent.
查看翻译和讲解 电影开头，小镇一片寂静。
at the beginning of
From the beginning, they agreed to share the work fairly.
查看翻译和讲解 从一开始，他们就同意公平分担工作。
from the beginning
与动词 begin 对照记忆；at the beginning of 后接具体事物。
243
end
▶ /end/ · noun / verb
the final part or point of something, or the time when it finishes; to finish or cause something to finish
末尾；终点；结束；结束；终止
学习关联：从 start 对照 begin 与 end，再区分动作、结尾和无尽的状态。
意思、用法与例句
n. 末尾；终点；结束
the final part or point of something, or the time when it finishes
常见表达 at the end of come to an end the end of term
At the end of the speech, the audience asked several questions.
查看翻译和讲解 演讲结束时，听众问了几个问题。
at the end of 后接具体事物或事件。
The long drought finally came to an end after weeks of rain.
查看翻译和讲解 几周降雨后，长期干旱终于结束了。
come to an end 表示“结束”。
at the end of + 名词指“在……末尾”；come to an end 指“结束”。
v. 结束；终止
to finish or cause something to finish
常见表达 end a meeting end in disaster the film ends
The teacher ended the discussion when the bell rang.
查看翻译和讲解 铃声响起时，老师结束了讨论。
end + 事物，表示使某事结束。
The film ends with the friends meeting again many years later.
查看翻译和讲解 电影以朋友们多年后再次相聚收尾。
end with 表示以某事结尾。
可不及物：The film ends at nine. 也可及物：end the meeting。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
书本将 ending 列在 end 词族中；ending 是名词。
书本将 endless 列在 end 词族中；endless 是形容词。
244
ending
▶ /ˈendɪŋ/ · noun
the way a story, event, or process finishes
结尾；结局；终结
学习关联：从 start 对照 begin 与 end，再区分动作、结尾和无尽的状态。
意思、用法与例句
n. 结尾；结局；终结
the way a story, event, or process finishes
常见表达 a happy ending a surprising ending the ending of the story
The novel has a surprising ending that changes how we understand the hero.
查看翻译和讲解 这部小说有一个出人意料的结局，改变了我们对主人公的理解。
a surprising ending 指故事的结局。
The ending of the school year is always busy with exams and activities.
查看翻译和讲解 学年结束阶段总是忙于考试和活动。
the ending of + 名词表示某过程的结束阶段。
a happy/surprising ending 常指故事结局；the ending of + 名词强调某过程的终结。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
冻结书本词族证据将 ending 关联至 end。
245
endless
▶ /ˈendləs/ · adjective
continuing for a very long time and seeming never to finish
无止境的；没完没了的
学习关联：从 start 对照 begin 与 end，再区分动作、结尾和无尽的状态。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 无止境的；没完没了的
continuing for a very long time and seeming never to finish
常见表达 an endless wait endless discussions seem endless
The students faced an endless queue outside the museum on the holiday.
查看翻译和讲解 假日里，学生们面对博物馆外似乎无穷无尽的队伍。
an endless queue 表示似乎排不完的长队。
Without a clear plan, the discussion could seem endless.
查看翻译和讲解 没有明确计划，讨论可能会显得没完没了。
seem endless 表示“似乎无休止”。
常修饰时间、等待、争论等；可表示实际很长，也可带“令人厌烦”的语气。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
冻结书本词族证据将 endless 关联至 end。
联想 swell 常表示“变大、鼓起”。身体部位会 swell；河水、声音、人数或情绪也可以 swell。 well -> swell 是记忆线；swollen 是真实相关形容词。
意思、用法与例句
vi. / v. 身体部位肿胀；膨胀
指身体部位因受伤、疾病或刺激而变大、肿起来，也可用于一般物体鼓起。
常见表达 swell up begin to swell a swollen ankle swell after a fall
His ankle began to swell after the fall.
查看翻译和讲解 他摔倒后脚踝开始肿起来。
memory context: ankle swelling after a fall。
Her hand was swollen after the bee sting.
查看翻译和讲解 被蜜蜂蜇后，她的手肿了。
swollen adjective。
v. / vi. 增大；上涨；隆起
指河水、声音、人数、情绪等变大、增强或上升。
常见表达 the river swelled numbers swelled voices swelled the crowd swelled
The river swelled after three days of rain.
查看翻译和讲解 下了三天雨后，河水上涨了。
water level rises。
The crowd swelled as more students arrived.
查看翻译和讲解 随着更多学生到来，人群扩大了。
number becomes larger。
vi. 情绪充满；心中涌起
常用于 heart/chest + swell with pride/joy 等，表示情绪强烈充满。
常见表达 swell with pride swell with joy heart swelled with
Her heart swelled with pride when she heard the news.
查看翻译和讲解 听到这个消息时，她心中充满自豪。
emotion becomes strong。
His chest swelled with joy as the team won.
查看翻译和讲解 球队获胜时，他心中满是喜悦。
swell with joy。
n. [sing.] 膨胀；上涨；增大
作名词时常指一次上升、增大或膨胀的状态。
常见表达 a swell in numbers a swell of music a swell in support
There was a sudden swell in support for the plan.
查看翻译和讲解 对这个计划的支持突然增加。
a swell in support。
A swell of music came from the hall.
查看翻译和讲解 一阵渐强的音乐声从大厅传来。
a swell of music。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Warm air expands.
expand 多用于体积或范围扩大，不专指身体肿胀。
The town grew quickly.
grow 可指自然增长；swell 强调明显鼓起或快速增大。
The water level rose after the rain.
rise 对应水位、数字或声音升高。
The shirt shrank in hot water.
shrink 与变大/膨胀义相反。
The number decreased slowly.
decrease 与人数、数量增大义相反。
He fell into a dry well.
well -> swell 是音形记忆线，不是真派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
Her hand was swollen after the bee sting.
swollen 是 swell 的过去分词形容词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 swell 的重点形式是 swelled、swollen/swelled、swelling。swollen 是明确给出的相关形容词。
The river swelled after the rain.
Her hand was swollen after the bee sting.
The swelling went down after two days.
His ankle swelled up after the fall.
词族导图 swell 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 fight 不是只指拳脚打架。它可以是名词“打架/争论”，也可以是动词“战斗、搏斗”，还可表示为权利、机会或目标而努力斗争。记忆线索 fight/flight 是记忆线：面对危险可以战斗，也可以逃跑；flight 不是 fight 的派生词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 打架；争论
可指身体冲突，也可指争吵或争论，常和 have/get into 连用。
常见表达 have a fight get into a fight a fight between a fight over
The two boys got into a fight after class.
查看翻译和讲解 两个男孩课后打了一架。
get into a fight。
The fight over the plan lasted all morning.
查看翻译和讲解 围绕这个计划的争论持续了整个上午。
fight as argument。
vi. / vt. 战斗；搏斗；对抗
与敌人、困难、疾病等对抗；collocation 重点是 fight against/with。
常见表达 fight against an enemy fight with sb. fight disease fight back
The soldiers fought against the enemy in the valley.
查看翻译和讲解 士兵们在山谷中与敌人作战。
pattern fight against。
Doctors fought the disease for months.
查看翻译和讲解 医生们与这种疾病斗争了数月。
fight disease。
vi. 为……斗争；争取
为了权利、自由、机会、教育等目标而努力争取；collocation fight for 是重点。
常见表达 fight for freedom fight for one's rights fight for a chance fight for equal education
Many people fought for freedom in difficult times.
查看翻译和讲解 许多人在艰难时期为自由而斗争。
pattern fight for。
She fought for a chance to continue her studies.
查看翻译和讲解 她努力争取继续学习的机会。
fight for a chance。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The battle lasted three days.
battle 更偏战争或重大较量；fight 范围更广。
The team struggled to finish the project on time.
struggle 强调艰难努力，不一定有直接冲突。
They argued about where to go.
argue 是动词争论，对应 fight 的争论义。
People hope for peace after years of war.
和战争/冲突义形成状态对比。
The soldiers refused to surrender.
和继续战斗形成动作对比。
Flight is one possible reaction to danger.
记忆线索 fight or flight 记忆线，不是 fight 的派生词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 fight 是不规则动词：fight-fought-fought。fighter、fighting 是真实词形；flight 只是记忆线索记忆对比线。
They fought bravely to protect the town.
She is a fighter for children's rights.
The fighting stopped after midnight.
Flight is one possible reaction to danger.
词族导图 fight 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 numb 的核心是“感觉变弱或消失”。手脚冷到没感觉是 numb；药物让疼痛变弱也可 numb the pain。记忆线索 number -> numb 是记忆线，不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 麻木的；失去感觉的
身体部位因冷、压迫、紧张等而感觉变弱或没有感觉。
常见表达 numb fingers numb feet numb with cold feel numb
My fingers were numb after the snowball fight.
查看翻译和讲解 打完雪仗后我的手指冻麻了。
body part + numb。
After sitting for an hour, his legs felt numb.
查看翻译和讲解 坐了一个小时后，他的腿感到麻木。
feel numb。
vt. 使麻木；使痛感减弱
使身体部位失去感觉，或使疼痛、强烈感受变弱。
常见表达 numb the pain numb the skin be numbed by cold numbing medicine
The medicine numbed the pain in his tooth.
查看翻译和讲解 药减轻了他的牙痛。
numb the pain。
The cold wind numbed her face.
查看翻译和讲解 寒风冻得她的脸发麻。
cold causes numbness。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
His hand was without feeling for a few minutes.
解释 numb 的核心状态。
The cold left his fingers deadened.
deadened 语气更书面。
This part of the skin is very sensitive.
和失去感觉形成状态对比。
Feeling returned to his foot after a few minutes.
和 numbness 状态对比。
Write your phone number here.
记忆线索 number -> numb 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
Tell the doctor if you feel numbness in your hand.
noun form from numb。
The dentist used a numbing medicine.
adjective/gerund form from numb。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 numb 的真实相关形式包括 numbness、numbing、numbed。number 只是记忆线索音形记忆线。
Tell the doctor if you feel numbness in your hand.
The dentist used a numbing medicine.
His fingers were numbed by the cold.
Write your phone number here.
词族导图 numb 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 bet 可作动词也可作名词，核心是“对结果下注/打赌”。可用 beat 去掉 a 记 bet，只是拼写记忆，不是意义关系。
意思、用法与例句
v. 打赌；下注
把钱、物或信心押在某个结果上。
常见表达 bet on sth. bet money on sth. bet that... bet against
He bet ten yuan on the final score.
查看翻译和讲解 他把十元押在最终比分上。
pattern bet sth. on sth.。
I would not bet on the weather staying sunny.
查看翻译和讲解 我可不敢打赌天气会一直晴。
bet on result。
n. [C] 赌注；打赌
一次打赌行为，或押上的东西。
常见表达 make a bet win a bet lose a bet a safe bet
They made a friendly bet about the match.
查看翻译和讲解 他们就那场比赛友好地打了个赌。
make a bet。
It is a safe bet that the library will be busy before exams.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前图书馆会很忙，这几乎可以肯定。
safe bet = likely result。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
They wagered on the horse race.
wager 比 bet 更正式。
Do not gamble with money you need.
gamble 风险和赌博色彩更强。
I guessed the answer, but I did not bet on it.
guess 不一定押东西或承担赌注。
Our team beat them last week.
记忆线索拼写记忆线，现代语义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bet 是独立词。记忆上可从 beat 去掉 a 联想拼写，但不要把 beat 当成 bet 的词族派生。
They wagered on the horse race.
Do not gamble with money you need.
Our team beat them last week.
词族导图 bet 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 log 一词有两条主线：具体的原木，以及记录。航海/飞行日志是 log，正式记录事件也可 log；计算机里的 log in/on 和 log out/off 是“进入/退出系统”。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 原木
砍下来的树干或大块木头，常用于火堆、木屋、坐下休息等具体场景。
常见表达 wooden log sit on a log put logs on the fire log cabin
They sat on a log beside the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 他们坐在火堆旁的一段原木上。
concrete wood sense。
He put two dry logs on the fire.
查看翻译和讲解 他往火里添了两根干木头。
logs for fire。
n. [C] / vt. 日志；正式记录；正式记录
作名词指航海、飞行或事件记录；作动词指正式登记、记录数据或事件。
常见表达 captain's log flight log keep a log log an event log data
The captain wrote the event in the ship's log.
查看翻译和讲解 船长把这件事写进了航海日志。
source visual: captain's log。
The computer logs every visit to the website.
查看翻译和讲解 这台电脑会记录每次网站访问。
log as verb。
vi. / phr. 登录；退出系统
log in/on 表示登录进入计算机系统；log out/off 表示退出系统。
常见表达 log in log on log out log off log into an account
Please log in before you download the file.
查看翻译和讲解 下载文件前请先登录。
collocation log in/on。
Remember to log out of the school computer after class.
查看翻译和讲解 下课后记得退出学校电脑。
collocation log out/off。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Keep a record of your reading time.
record 对应日志/正式记录义。
The scientist kept a journal of the experiment.
journal 更泛，可私人或研究；log 更正式、按事件/数据记录。
Enter your password carefully.
只对应 log in 或输入系统的动作。
Log in with your student number.
source computer phrase。
Log out before leaving the computer room.
和 log in 是动作对向，不是 log 全义项反义词。
Do not delete the record by mistake.
只和记录保留形成对比。
词族线索 / 同组词
Logging damaged part of the forest.
can mean cutting trees or recording data; context decides。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 log 的真实扩展包括 logging、logger、logbook，以及 computer phrase log in/out。不要把普通 collocation 当派生，但这些形式对学习很有用。
Logging damaged part of the forest.
A logger records information about the system.
The pilot checked the logbook before the flight.
Log in with your student number.
Log out before leaving the computer room.
词族导图 log 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 phrase 是语言单位：一组词、一个表达或一句常用说法。它和 phase 只是形近音近记忆线，不是真词族派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 短语；词组
两个或多个词组成、在句中一起表达意义的语言单位。
常见表达 a useful phrase noun phrase verb phrase in a phrase
Write down one useful phrase from the reading.
查看翻译和讲解 从阅读中记下一个有用短语。
language unit。
In the phrase 'a bright star', the adjective describes the noun.
查看翻译和讲解 在短语 a bright star 中，形容词修饰名词。
phrase example。
n. [C] 习语；成语；警句；常用说法
常被固定使用的表达或有特点的说法。
常见表达 common phrase set phrase turn of phrase catch phrase
The phrase 'practice makes perfect' is easy to remember.
查看翻译和讲解 practice makes perfect 这个警句很容易记。
saying/catch phrase。
Her turn of phrase made the speech sound natural.
查看翻译和讲解 她的措辞让演讲听起来自然。
turn of phrase。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
This expression is common in spoken English.
expression 更宽泛，可指词组或表达方式。
A word group can work like one unit.
解释 phrase 的词组义。
A sentence usually has a subject and a verb.
sentence 是完整句子，对比语言单位，不是严格反义词。
The project entered its final phase.
形近音近，意思不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 phrase 与 phase 记忆线是“短语识记分阶段进行”；现代英语中二者不是派生关系。
The project entered its final phase.
This expression is common in spoken English.
词族导图 phrase / phase 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 phase 是“阶段/时期”，也可指月相，还可作动词“分阶段实行”。和 phrase 只差一个 r，意思完全不同。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 阶段；时期
过程、计划、成长或变化中的某一阶段。
常见表达 first phase final phase new phase phase of development
The project entered its final phase in June.
查看翻译和讲解 这个项目在六月进入最后阶段。
process stage。
Teenagers may go through a difficult phase.
查看翻译和讲解 青少年可能会经历一个困难阶段。
life/development phase。
n. [C] 月相；月亮盈亏
从地球上看到的月亮形状变化。
常见表达 phase of the moon moon phase different phases
The students drew the phases of the moon in science class.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们在科学课上画了月相。
moon phase。
A full moon is one phase of the moon.
查看翻译和讲解 满月是月亮的一种月相。
specific moon phase。
vt. 使分阶段实行
把计划、改变或制度按阶段逐步实施。
常见表达 phase in phase out phase a plan be phased in
The school will phase in the new timetable next term.
查看翻译和讲解 学校下学期将分阶段实行新课表。
phase in。
Old buses will be phased out over three years.
查看翻译和讲解 旧公交车将在三年内逐步淘汰。
phase out。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The first stage of the plan is simple.
stage 最接近 phase 的过程义。
The city changed greatly during that period.
period 更强调时间段。
The whole process took two months.
与单个 phase 形成范围对比，不是严格反义词。
Write down one useful phrase from the reading.
形近音近，意思不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 phase 与 phrase 只作形近音近辨析；phase 的常用短语是 first/final phase、moon phase、phase in/out。
Write down one useful phrase.
The first stage of the plan is simple.
词族导图 phrase / phase 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 bunch 常见于 a bunch of...：一束花、一串钥匙、一串香蕉，也可口语化地表示一大批/一群。记忆线索 lunch -> bunch 是拼写记忆线。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 簇；束；串；捆
长在一起、绑在一起或成组出现的东西。
常见表达 a bunch of flowers a bunch of keys a bunch of bananas tie in a bunch
She received a bunch of flowers at lunch time.
查看翻译和讲解 午饭时她收到了一束花。
source memory context。
He pulled a bunch of keys from his pocket.
查看翻译和讲解 他从口袋里掏出一串钥匙。
a bunch of keys。
n. [sing.] 大量；一大批；一群
口语中表示许多人或许多东西，数量较多但不精确。
常见表达 a bunch of people a whole bunch of a bunch of questions thanks a bunch
A bunch of students waited outside the lab.
查看翻译和讲解 一群学生在实验室外等候。
bunch of people。
The new topic raised a whole bunch of questions.
查看翻译和讲解 这个新话题引出了一大堆问题。
a whole bunch of。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The newspapers were tied in a bundle.
bundle 更强调被捆在一起。
A cluster of houses stood near the river.
cluster 强调靠得很近的一组。
A group of students visited the museum.
group 更普通。
One single item was left on the desk.
与 bunch 的成组义对比，不是严格反义词。
We had lunch in the school garden.
记忆线索 lunch -> bunch 拼写记忆线，现代义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 bunch 是独立词。可用 lunch/bunch 音形接近帮助拼写，但不要当作词族派生。
The newspapers were tied in a bundle.
A cluster of houses stood near the river.
We had lunch in the school garden.
词族导图 bunch 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 cast 过去式和过去分词都是 cast。它的几个义项看似分散，但都带有“把某物投出去/投到某处”的感觉：抛撒、投射光影、投去一眼、投放角色。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 扔；抛；撒；丢在一边
把东西扔出、抛出、撒出，或放弃/丢开某物。
常见表达 cast a net cast seeds cast sth. aside be cast away
The fisherman cast his net into the river.
查看翻译和讲解 渔夫把网撒进河里。
throw/spread sense。
Do not cast your old notes aside before the exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试前不要把旧笔记丢在一边。
collocation cast aside。
vt. 投射光、影子等；看一眼
光、影、目光被投向某处。
常见表达 cast a shadow cast light on cast a glance cast one's eyes
The tall tree cast a long shadow on the wall.
查看翻译和讲解 那棵高树在墙上投下长长的影子。
cast a shadow。
She cast a quick glance at the clock.
查看翻译和讲解 她飞快地看了一眼时钟。
cast a glance。
vt. / n. [C] 为……挑选演员；演员阵容
为戏剧、电影等选择演员；cast 作名词指全体演员。
常见表达 cast an actor cast sb. as the cast of a film a strong cast
The director cast a young actor as the hero.
查看翻译和讲解 导演选了一位年轻演员饰演主角。
cast actor。
The cast of the school play practised after class.
查看翻译和讲解 学校戏剧的全体演员课后排练。
cast as noun。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Throw the ball to your partner.
只对应抛扔义。
The lamp projected light onto the screen.
只对应光影投射义。
The director chose actors for the play.
解释影视/戏剧义。
Catch the ball with both hands.
只与 throw/cast 的抛出动作形成对比。
The director made a fast decision.
记忆线索 fast/cast 记忆线，现代义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 cast 是独立多义词，过去式/过去分词仍为 cast。记忆线索 fast -> cast 是拼写记忆线，不是真派生。
Throw the ball to your partner.
The lamp projected light onto the screen.
The director made a fast decision.
词族导图 cast 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 mist 比 fog 通常更薄，常出现在清晨、山谷、湖面或窗玻璃上。记忆线索 miss -> mist 是记忆线：在薄雾中可能迷路或错过方向；miss 不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 薄雾；雾霭
空气中接近地面的薄薄水汽，使远处景物变得不清楚。
常见表达 morning mist in the mist through the mist a mist over
Morning mist covered the fields.
查看翻译和讲解 晨雾覆盖着田野。
morning mist。
The mountains disappeared in the mist.
查看翻译和讲解 群山消失在雾霭中。
in the mist。
n. [C,U] 水汽；细雾
可指数滴形成的细雾或喷雾，也可作可数的一片/一层水汽。
常见表达 mist on the window a fine mist a mist of water spray a mist
A thin mist formed on the bathroom mirror.
查看翻译和讲解 浴室镜子上形成了一层薄薄的水汽。
water droplets on a surface。
The garden was covered with a fine mist from the sprinkler.
查看翻译和讲解 喷水器喷出的细雾笼罩着花园。
fine mist。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Fog made the road hard to see.
fog 通常比 mist 更浓，能见度更低。
A light haze hung over the city.
haze 可由烟尘、热气或污染造成，不一定是水汽。
Water vapor rose from the hot cup.
vapor 更偏气体/蒸汽，mist 是空气中可见的小水滴。
After the wind, clear air returned to the valley.
只和薄雾笼罩状态形成对比。
Do not miss the last bus.
记忆线索 miss -> mist 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
It was a misty morning by the lake.
source related adjective from mist。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 mist 的真实相关词是 misty，表示多雾的或模糊的；miss 只是记忆线索音形记忆线。
It was a misty morning by the lake.
The mist-covered hills looked quiet.
Do not miss the last bus.
词族导图 mist 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
256
cloud
▶ /klaʊd/ · noun / verb
a mass of water drops in the sky; to make a thought, issue, or judgement less clear
云；云层；使模糊；影响（判断）
学习关联：比较雾与云的天气表达，并区分名词和形容词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 云；云层
a mass of water drops in the sky
常见表达 dark clouds a cloud of smoke
Dark clouds gathered over the coast before the storm.
查看翻译和讲解 暴风雨前乌云聚集在海岸上空。
Dark clouds
A cloud of dust rose when the old bus stopped.
查看翻译和讲解 旧公交车停下时扬起了一团尘土。
cloud of dust
a cloud of 也可指烟尘等一团东西。
vt. [T] 使模糊；影响（判断）
to make a thought, issue, or judgement less clear
常见表达 cloud the issue cloud one’s judgement
Fear can cloud your judgement during an exam.
查看翻译和讲解 考试中，恐惧可能影响你的判断。
cloud your judgement
The argument clouded the main issue in the meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 争论使会议的主要问题变得模糊。
clouded the main issue
cloud one’s judgement 指影响判断，cloud the issue 指使问题变得模糊。
257
cloudy
▶ /ˈklaʊdi/ · adjective
covered with clouds
多云的；阴天的
学习关联：比较雾与云的天气表达，并区分名词和形容词。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 多云的；阴天的
covered with clouds
常见表达 a cloudy day cloudy weather
It was cloudy but warm during our walk.
查看翻译和讲解 我们散步时天气多云但很暖和。
cloudy but warm
The forecast says the afternoon will turn cloudy.
查看翻译和讲解 天气预报说下午会转阴。
turn cloudy
cloudy 描述天气或天空。
258
fog
▶ /fɒɡ/ · n. [U]
a thick cloud of tiny water drops close to the ground that makes it hard to see
雾
学习关联：比较雾与云的天气表达，并区分名词和形容词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U] 雾
a thick cloud of tiny water drops close to the ground that makes it hard to see
常见表达 thick fog in the fog the fog lifts
Thick fog delayed several flights at the airport.
查看翻译和讲解 浓雾使机场的几趟航班延误。
thick fog
We waited until the fog lifted before driving down the hill.
查看翻译和讲解 我们等到雾散后才开车下山。
the fog lifted
Fog is uncountable. Use thick fog for weather that greatly reduces visibility.
259
foggy
▶ /ˈfɒɡi/ · adj.
full of fog, so that it is difficult to see clearly; not clear in thought or memory
有雾的；模糊不清的
学习关联：比较雾与云的天气表达，并区分名词和形容词。
意思、用法与例句
adj. 有雾的
full of fog, so that it is difficult to see clearly
常见表达 a foggy morning foggy weather a foggy road
It was a foggy morning, so the buses moved slowly.
查看翻译和讲解 那是一个有雾的早晨，所以公交车开得很慢。
a foggy morning
The foggy road disappeared after the next bend.
查看翻译和讲解 有雾的道路在下一个弯道后就看不见了。
foggy road
Foggy describes weather, a morning, or a place where fog makes visibility poor.
adj. 模糊不清的
not clear in thought or memory
常见表达 a foggy memory feel foggy foggy thinking
After the overnight journey, I felt foggy and could not focus.
查看翻译和讲解 连夜旅行后，我脑子发蒙，无法集中注意力。
feel foggy
She has only a foggy memory of the first day at school.
查看翻译和讲解 她对上学第一天只有模糊的记忆。
a foggy memory
This figurative sense describes a mind or memory that is unclear, often because someone is tired or unwell.
260
fix
▶ 星标
[fiks] · vt. · Page 269
to repair or solve something, fasten it, decide or arrange it, or prepare food/drink
修理；解决；安装固定；确定；安排；准备食物/饮料
联想 fix 是高频多义动词，核心可抓“把问题、位置或安排定好”。修理机器是 fix，解决问题也是 fix；把东西固定住、确定日期、安排活动、准备早餐也都可用 fix。
意思、用法与例句
vt. 修理；解决问题
让坏掉的东西恢复可用，或处理一个问题、困难、错误。
常见表达 fix a bike fix a machine fix the problem fix everything
Can you fix my broken watch?
查看翻译和讲解 你能修好我的坏表吗？
repair sense。
It will not fix every traffic problem, but it may help small cities.
查看翻译和讲解 它不能解决所有交通问题，但可能帮助小城市。
example sense: solve a problem。
vt. 安装；使固定
把某物安装好或固定在某个位置，常用 fix sth. to/on。
常见表达 fix sth. to the wall fix a shelf fix a sign be fixed to
We fixed the shelf to the wall.
查看翻译和讲解 我们把架子固定在墙上。
fix sth. to。
The notice was fixed to the school gate.
查看翻译和讲解 通知被固定在校门上。
passive fixed to。
vt. 确定；安排；准备
确定时间、地点或选择；安排活动；在口语中还可表示准备食物或饮料。
常见表达 fix a date fix a time fix on/upon fix breakfast
The club fixed the date for the trip.
查看翻译和讲解 俱乐部确定了旅行日期。
decide a date。
After a long discussion, they fixed on a simple plan.
查看翻译和讲解 长时间讨论后，他们选定了一个简单计划。
collocation fix on/upon。
Dad fixed breakfast before we left.
查看翻译和讲解 我们出发前爸爸准备了早饭。
prepare food sense。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The worker repaired the old printer.
repair 只对应修理义。
The new rule solved part of the problem.
solve 对应 fix a problem/everything。
Fasten the rope to the post.
fasten 对应固定义。
We decided the meeting time yesterday.
decide 对应确定日程或选择。
Do not break the glass.
和修理义形成动作对比。
Loosen the rope before moving the box.
和固定/系紧义形成对比。
词族线索 / 同组词
The meeting is at a fixed time every week.
source related adjective; describes something decided or not moving。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 fix 的常见形态包括 fixed、fixing、fixer。记忆线索给出 fixed，重点记 fixed = 固定的；确定的。
The meeting is at a fixed time every week.
Fixing the old bike took two hours.
The shop sent a fixer to repair the machine.
词族导图 fix 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 fax 既可指“传真这种方式”，也可指“一份传真件”或“传真机”，还可作动词表示把文件传真过去。记忆线索 fix -> fax 是拼写记忆线：修好机器后才能发 fax，不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
n. [U,C] 传真；传真信件
指传真这种通信方式，也可指收到或发出的一份传真文件。
常见表达 send a fax receive a fax by fax a fax from sb.
Please send the signed form by fax before Friday.
查看翻译和讲解 请在周五前用传真发送签好的表格。
by fax。
The office received a fax from the hospital this morning.
查看翻译和讲解 办公室今天早上收到医院发来的传真。
receive a fax。
n. [C] 传真机
指发送或接收传真的机器；现在多出现在办公室或旧式商务场景。
常见表达 fax machine use a fax machine repair the fax machine
The hotel still keeps a fax machine for business guests.
查看翻译和讲解 这家酒店仍为商务客人保留一台传真机。
fax machine。
A worker fixed the fax machine in the front office.
查看翻译和讲解 一名工人修好了前台办公室的传真机。
source memory fix/fax。
vt. 传真发送
把文件、表格、报告等通过传真发送给某人或某处。
常见表达 fax sth. to sb. fax the form fax a report fax back
Please fax the signed form to the office.
查看翻译和讲解 请把签好的表格传真到办公室。
fax sth. to sb.。
The clinic faxed the report back to the school.
查看翻译和讲解 诊所把报告传真回了学校。
faxed as past form。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
Facsimile is the full formal word behind fax.
fax 是 facsimile 的常用缩写。
Please email the file if the fax machine is busy.
email 是现代通信方式对比，不是严格反义词。
A phone call is faster when no document is needed.
phone call 传递声音，fax 传递文件。
Did you receive my fax?
send/fax 与 receive 是动作对向。
Keep the original document after sending the fax.
fax 通常是传输副本，original 是原件。
The worker fixed the printer.
记忆线索 fix -> fax 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 fax 是 facsimile 的缩写；faxed、faxing 是规则动词形式。fix 只是记忆线索拼写记忆线。
Facsimile is the formal full word behind fax.
The faxed report arrived before noon.
Faxing forms is still used in some offices.
The worker fixed the printer.
词族导图 fax 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 fellow 的重点是“同一组、同一处境的人”。可用 follow 帮助记忆：同伴会彼此跟随；但 follow 是动词“跟随”，不是 fellow 的派生词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 同伴；伙伴；同类人
指和自己同路、同组、同处境的人；有时也可口语化指“人/家伙”。
常见表达 a fellow traveller a fellow from one's fellows a friendly fellow
He shared his food with a fellow traveller.
查看翻译和讲解 他把食物分给了一位同行的旅伴。
fellow as companion。
The young fellow from our village helped carry the boxes.
查看翻译和讲解 我们村里的那个年轻人帮忙搬箱子。
fellow as person, informal。
adj. 同类的；同组的
放在名词前，表示和说话人或目标人物属于同一群体。
常见表达 fellow students fellow workers fellow citizens fellow members
Please respect your fellow students during group work.
查看翻译和讲解 小组活动时请尊重你的同学伙伴。
fellow before a plural noun。
She discussed the plan with her fellow workers.
查看翻译和讲解 她和同事们讨论了这个计划。
fellow workers。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
A good companion makes the trip easier.
companion 强调一起行动或陪伴。
Teenagers often care about their peers' opinions.
peer 强调年龄、地位或水平相近。
My colleague helped me finish the report.
colleague 限于工作或职业场景。
My classmate lent me a notebook.
classmate 是学校班级内同学，比 fellow students 更具体。
A stranger asked for directions at the gate.
和熟悉/同组的 fellow 形成关系对比。
The children followed the guide into the museum.
记忆线索 fellow/follow 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 fellow 与 follow 只有记忆线索音形记忆联系；fellowship 可表示伙伴关系或团体，但本单元重点是 fellow 的同伴/同组用法。
The club built a strong fellowship among its members.
Ask a fellow student if you missed the homework.
The children followed the guide into the museum.
词族导图 fellow 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 run 是高频多义词，先抓“向前移动”这一核心，再按对象分义：人跑、车行驶、机器运行、店铺经营、水流动、道路延伸。 sun -> run 是音形记忆线，不是真派生。
意思、用法与例句
vi. / vt. / n. [C] 跑；参加赛跑；跑步
指人或动物快速移动，也可指参加比赛或一次跑步。
常见表达 run fast run three kilometers run in a race go for a run run after sb.
She runs three kilometers every morning.
查看翻译和讲解 她每天早晨跑三公里。
run + distance。
Tom ran after the bus but missed it.
查看翻译和讲解 汤姆追公交车但没赶上。
run after = 追赶。
Our class will run in the school sports meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 我们班将参加学校运动会的赛跑。
run in a race。
v. / vi. 行驶；运行；运转
指车辆、机器、程序或系统正常工作或行驶。
常见表达 the bus runs the machine runs well run a program run on electricity
This bus runs every ten minutes.
查看翻译和讲解 这辆公交车每十分钟一班。
车辆按路线运行。
The old machine still runs well.
查看翻译和讲解 这台旧机器仍运转良好。
机器运行。
vt. 经营；管理
指负责经营商店、公司、项目或活动。
常见表达 run a shop run a company run a project run a school club
My aunt runs a small bookstore near the school.
查看翻译和讲解 我姑姑在学校附近经营一家小书店。
run a shop。
The students run a reading club on Friday afternoons.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们每周五下午管理一个读书社。
run an activity or club。
vi. / v. 流动；延伸；短语动词
指液体流动、道路或线条延伸，也包括列出的常见短语动词。
常见表达 the river runs through the road runs along run across run away run into run out run out of
The river runs through the city.
查看翻译和讲解 这条河流经这座城市。
river runs through。
A narrow road runs along the lake.
查看翻译和讲解 一条窄路沿湖延伸。
road runs along。
We ran out of time before the last question.
查看翻译和讲解 做最后一道题前我们时间用完了。
run out of = 用完。
I ran across an old friend at the station.
查看翻译和讲解 我在车站偶然遇到一位老朋友。
run across = 偶然遇见。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
He jogs in the park after school.
jog 比 run 慢，常指锻炼式慢跑。
She will race in the 800-meter event.
race 强调比赛；run 可指普通跑步或参赛。
The machine operates quietly.
operate 对应机器/系统运行，不对应人跑。
He manages a small team.
manage 对应经营管理义，不对应跑步。
Water flows down the hill.
flow 对应水等液体流动。
The machine stopped suddenly.
stop 只与动作或运行停止形成对比，不是所有 run 义项的反义词。
The sun rose as we started to run.
sun -> run 是音形记忆线，不是真派生。
词族线索 / 同组词
The runner crossed the finish line first.
runner 是 run 的派生名词。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 run 的常用形式包括 ran、run、running、runner。短语动词是本词最重要的高考价值点，要按搭配记。
He ran to the gate when the bell rang.
running
run 的 -ing 形式；跑步；运行中的 Running helps her relax after class.
The runner crossed the finish line first.
I ran across an old friend at the station.
We ran out of time before the last question.
词族导图 run 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 tone 多义但核心是“呈现出来的感觉”：说话的语气、声音的音色、文章/场合的气氛、颜色的色调；作动词可说 tone muscles 或 tone colors。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 腔调；语气
说话时表达态度或情绪的声音方式。
常见表达 a friendly tone a serious tone tone of voice in a calm tone
Please use a calm tone when you explain the rule.
查看翻译和讲解 解释规则时请用平静的语气。
tone of speaking。
Her friendly tone made the new student feel welcome.
查看翻译和讲解 她友好的语气让新同学感到受欢迎。
friendly tone。
n. [C] / n. [sing.] 音质；音色；风格；气氛；色调
声音、文字、场合或颜色给人的整体感觉。
常见表达 warm tone formal tone tone of the article light/dark tone
The article has a hopeful tone in the final paragraph.
查看翻译和讲解 文章最后一段带有希望的基调。
tone of writing。
The room uses warm tones of yellow and brown.
查看翻译和讲解 这个房间使用了黄色和棕色的暖色调。
color tone。
vt. 使更结实；使更有力；使颜色协调
让肌肉更结实，或让颜色、风格更协调。
常见表达 tone muscles tone the body tone with be toned with
Swimming can tone the muscles in your arms.
查看翻译和讲解 游泳能让手臂肌肉更结实。
tone muscles。
The blue curtains tone well with the white walls.
查看翻译和讲解 蓝色窗帘和白墙很协调。
tone with color。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
His manner was polite but firm.
只对应说话态度义。
The music changed the mood of the room.
对应文章/场合气氛。
Choose a lighter shade of blue.
只对应颜色义。
The children sang a simple tune.
音近但义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tone 与 tune 是音近辨析，不是真派生。tone 侧重语气、音色、气氛、色调；tune 侧重曲调或调音。
The children sang a simple tune.
Choose a lighter shade of blue.
词族导图 tone / tune 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 tune 的核心是“调”：名词是曲调，动词是给乐器调音或调整机器/系统。in tune 是协调/合拍，out of tune 是不协调/走调。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 曲调；曲子
一段容易识别或哼唱的旋律。
常见表达 sing a tune hum a tune catchy tune simple tune
The children sang a simple tune on the bus.
查看翻译和讲解 孩子们在公交车上唱了一支简单的曲子。
tune as melody。
I can remember the tune, but not the words.
查看翻译和讲解 我记得曲调，但不记得歌词。
tune vs words。
vt. 为乐器调音；调整；调节
让乐器音准正确，或让机器、收音机、系统等调到合适状态。
常见表达 tune a guitar tune the piano tune the radio tune the engine
The musician tuned the guitar before the concert.
查看翻译和讲解 音乐会前音乐家给吉他调音。
tune instrument。
The mechanic tuned the engine to save fuel.
查看翻译和讲解 机械师调校发动机以节省燃油。
adjust machine。
phr. 协调；一致；不协调
in tune with 表示协调、一致；out of tune with 表示不协调、不一致。
常见表达 in tune with out of tune with be in tune stay in tune
The plan is in tune with the needs of students.
查看翻译和讲解 这个计划符合学生的需要。
collocation in tune with。
His angry words were out of tune with the peaceful meeting.
查看翻译和讲解 他愤怒的话与平和的会议气氛不协调。
collocation out of tune with。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The melody stayed in my mind all day.
melody 是 tune 的音乐义近义词。
Adjust the seat before you drive.
只对应动词调节义。
The old piano sounded out of tune.
这是 tune 的固定短语对比，不是整个词的反义词。
Please use a calm tone.
音近但义不同。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 tune 与 tone 音近；tune 主要走 melody/adjust 线，固定搭配 in tune / out of tune 必须单独记。
The melody stayed in my mind.
词族导图 tone / tune 已有导图，可在独立图片中复习同组词。
打开词族导图
联想 era 指带有明显特征的一段历史时期，不是普通的一天或一会儿。可用 ear 听老人讲那个 era 的故事帮助记忆；ear 只是音形记忆线，不是 era 的派生词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] 时代；年代
指历史、社会、科技或个人生活中一段有共同特点的较长时期。
常见表达 modern era digital era new era an era of change in the era of
We live in an era of fast communication.
查看翻译和讲解 我们生活在一个快速交流的时代。
an era of + feature。
The digital era has changed the way students learn.
查看翻译和讲解 数字时代改变了学生学习的方式。
digital era。
The new policy marked the beginning of a new era.
查看翻译和讲解 这项新政策标志着一个新时代的开始。
beginning of a new era。
The museum shows tools from an earlier era.
查看翻译和讲解 博物馆展示了早期时代的工具。
earlier era。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
The Stone Age was a very early time in human history.
age 常用于历史阶段或人生年龄段，也可表示时代。
The city changed greatly during that period.
period 更普通，可长可短；era 通常更有历史特征。
This generation grew up with the Internet.
generation 指同一时期出生或成长的人，不等于 era。
At that moment, everyone became quiet.
与 era 的长时期形成对比。
The answer came in an instant.
强调极短时间，只是时长对比。
He put his hand to his ear.
记忆线索 ear -> era 记忆线，不是真词族。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 era 没有本单元真实派生词；ear 是记忆线索音形记忆线。学习时把 era 与 age、period 作近义辨析即可。
The Stone Age was a very early time in human history.
The city changed greatly during that period.
He put his hand to his ear.
词族导图 era 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。
联想 hike 有两条常见线：一条是户外徒步，另一条是价格、费用等突然大幅上涨。记忆线索 like -> hike 是音形记忆线，帮助记“喜欢徒步旅行”，但 like 不是 hike 的近义词或派生词。
意思、用法与例句
n. [C] / vi. 徒步旅行；徒步旅行
作名词指一次较长的步行旅行；作动词指去徒步，常在山里、乡间或自然环境中。
常见表达 go for a hike take a hike hike in the mountains hiking boots
We went for a hike in the mountains on Sunday.
查看翻译和讲解 星期天我们去山里徒步旅行。
go for a hike。
Many young people like to hike along the river in spring.
查看翻译和讲解 许多年轻人喜欢春天沿河徒步。
source memory like/hike。
Wear comfortable shoes if you plan to hike all day.
查看翻译和讲解 如果你打算徒步一整天，就穿舒适的鞋。
hike as verb。
n. [C] / vt. 大幅度上升；大幅度提高
常用于价格、费用、租金、税等突然或明显上涨；作动词时表示主动提高价格等。
常见表达 price hike rent hike tax hike hike prices hike up fees
The sudden price hike worried many families.
查看翻译和讲解 突然的价格大幅上涨让许多家庭担心。
price hike as noun。
The company may hike the ticket price next month.
查看翻译和讲解 公司下个月可能大幅提高票价。
hike as transitive verb。
Students complained about the hike in meal costs.
查看翻译和讲解 学生们抱怨餐费上涨。
hike in + cost/price。
词义关系与辨析 近义 / 易混 / 反义
We walked along the lake after lunch.
walk 更普通；hike 通常更长、更户外。
They trekked across the hills for two days.
trek 比 hike 更艰苦、更长。
Food prices increased last month.
对应价格上涨义。
The shop raised the price of bread.
对应 vt. 大幅提高义。
The store cut prices during the sale.
和 hike prices 形成价格方向对比。
The cost decreased after the new rule.
和 price hike / increase 形成对比。
Many young people like outdoor sports.
记忆线索 like -> hike 记忆线，不是真派生。
词族 / 派生 / 记忆线索 hike 是独立词；hiker、hiking 是真实派生/形态。like 只是记忆线索音形记忆线。
A hiker should carry enough water.
Hiking boots protect your feet on rough paths.
The company hiked up the service fee.
Many young people like outdoor sports.
词族导图 hike 暂无配套词族导图图片；先使用本页的用法、例句和关系提示学习。