第04单元 / Word List 4 · 分组学习

按词族和词组集中讲解。组内先理解共同线索,再看每个词的核心用法、重要例句和必要辨析。

01

late / latter / last

7 个词

latelatelylaterlatestlatterlast①last②
late / latter / last

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

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late / latter / last 组围绕“时间靠后、顺序靠后”展开:late 是迟或晚,lately 是最近,later 是以后或后来的,latest 是最新或最晚,last① 是最后/最近一次,last② 是动词“持续/够用”。注意:记忆线索另有 later (printed for latter) 单独词条,latter 专指两者中的后者。

学习顺序

  1. 先用 late / lately / later 区分迟到、最近过去和以后
  2. 再用 latest 学最新消息和 at the latest 最迟
  3. 然后把 last① 分成 final、previous time、most recently 和 the last
  4. 最后单独处理 last② 的动词义:last for、last until、last sb. a week、make sth. last

组内辨析

  • late 表示迟到或时间晚;lately 表示最近,不表示迟到。
  • later 表示以后或后来的;latter 表示两者中的后者,不能混用。
  • latest 强调当前最新或最迟;last① 可指刚过去的或最后一个。
  • last① 是形容词/副词/名词,last② 是动词“持续、够用”。

易错提醒

  • I arrived lately 是错的,迟到要说 I arrived late。
  • result-like 时间方向要看词尾:lately 往最近过去看,later 往以后看。
  • last week 是上周;the latest week 不是常规替换。
  • The meeting lasted two hours 里的 lasted 是 last②,不是“最后”。
001

late

星标

[leit] · adj. / adv. · Page 67

迟的, 晚的;晚期的;已故的

not on time, near the end, or no longer living

联想

late 的核心是“比正常时间靠后”。它可以说迟到、时间很晚、某阶段后期,也可以在 the late + 人名前表示“已故的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / adv.迟到;时间晚

描述人、车、回复等比约定时间晚,也可作副词表示晚地。

常见表达be late for schoolarrive latea late buslate at nightstay up late

I was late for school because the bus broke down.

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be late for school 是迟到的核心搭配。

We stayed up late to finish the science project.

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late 作副词表示很晚。

adj.晚期的;后期的

表示季节、年代、人生阶段或过程接近后段。

常见表达late summerin the late 1990slate autumnlate in life

The story is set in late autumn, when the fields are already quiet.

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late autumn 表示深秋。

This song became popular in the late 1990s.

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in the late 1990s 表示 20 世纪 90 年代后期。

adj.已故的

the late + person 表示某人已经去世,是正式、礼貌的表达。

常见表达the late writerthe late professorthe late president

The school named the library after the late professor.

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the late professor 表示已故教授。

Many readers still admire the late writer's novels.

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the late writer 表示已故作家。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

early
早的;早地
The early train leaves before six. early 与 late 在时间早晚和迟到上相反。
punctual
准时的
A punctual student arrives before the bell. punctual 强调准时;late 强调迟到或时间晚。
lately
最近
She has looked tired lately. lately 表示最近,不表示迟到。
later
以后;后来的
We can discuss the plan later. later 表示以后或更晚的顺序;late 表示迟到或时间晚。

词族线索 / 同组词

latest
最新的;最晚的
The latest report came out this morning. latest 是 late 的最高级用法。
002

lately

['leitli] · adv. · Page 67

近来, 最近, 不久前

recently; during the recent past

联想

lately 只表示“最近这段时间”,常和现在完成时或最近状态搭配。它不表示迟到,不能用 I arrived lately 表示来晚了。

意思、用法与例句

adv.近来、最近

表示从不久前到现在的最近一段时间。

常见表达have/has ... latelylately, ...not ... latelyrecently/lately

I have not seen Lily at the library lately.

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现在完成时 + lately 表示最近一直没见到。

Lately, more students have chosen to ride bikes to school.

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lately 可放句首表示最近趋势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

recently
最近
Recently, our class has started a reading club. recently 和 lately 接近;lately 更强调最近一段时间的状态或变化。
late
迟的;晚的
The meeting started late. late 表示迟到或时间晚;lately 表示最近。
later
以后
We can talk about it later. later 指将来或后来;lately 指最近过去。
003

later

['leitə(r)] · adj. / adv. · Page 67

以后的, 后来的;以后, 后来

after now or after a time already mentioned

联想

later 看的是时间顺序上的“以后、后来的、更晚的”。它不等于 late 的迟到,也不同于 lately 的最近。

意思、用法与例句

adv.以后、后来

作副词表示当前或已提到时间之后。

常见表达see you laterlater onsooner or latertwo days later

Finish your homework first, and you can play basketball later.

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later 表示以后。

Sooner or later, you will understand why practice matters.

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sooner or later 表示迟早。

adj.后来的;较晚的

作形容词修饰 train、date、years、chapters 等。

常见表达a later trainat a later datein later yearslater chapters

We took a later train because the first one was full.

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a later train 是较晚一班车。

In later chapters, the writer explains the boy's change.

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later chapters 是后面的章节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

afterward
后来
We ate lunch and afterward visited the museum. afterward 是副词;later 可作副词也可作形容词。
earlier
较早;早些时候
An earlier train leaves at six. earlier 与 later 在先后顺序上相反。
latter
两者中的后者
Of the two plans, I prefer the latter. later 讲时间以后;latter 讲两者中的后者。
late
迟的;晚的
He was late for the exam. late 判断是否迟到;later 判断先后顺序。
lately
最近
She has been quiet lately. lately 指最近过去;later 指以后或后来的。
004

latest

['leitist] · adj. · Page 67

最晚的;最近的, 最新的

newest, most recent, or last possible in time

联想

latest 是 late 的最高级。最新消息往往是最晚到达的信息,所以 latest 既可表示“最新的”,也可表示“最迟的、最晚的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最新的、最近的

修饰 news、report、version、model、fashion 等。

常见表达the latest newsthe latest reportthe latest versionthe latest model

The latest news says the match will be held indoors.

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the latest news 是最新消息。

Please download the latest version before you open the file.

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the latest version 是最新版本。

adj.最晚的、最迟的

表示允许的最后时间或时间线上最晚的一项。

常见表达at the latestthe latest datethe latest busno later than

Hand in the form by Friday at the latest.

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at the latest 表示最迟。

The latest bus to our town leaves at 10 p.m.

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the latest bus 是最晚一班车。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

newest
最新的
This is the newest model in the store. newest 只强调新;latest 还可表示最晚或最迟。
earliest
最早的
The earliest train leaves at five. earliest 与 latest 在时间线上相反。
oldest
最旧的;最老的
The oldest version no longer works. oldest 与 latest 的“最新”义相反。
last①
最后的;上一次的
I read that book last month. last 可指过去最近一次或最后;latest 通常强调目前最新。
005

latter

['lætə(r)] · n. / adj. · Page 67

(两者之中的)后者;后者的

the second of two people, things, or ideas already mentioned

联想

latter 只用于两个对象之间,表示“后者”。它常和 former 前者成对出现;不要和 later 以后、后来的混用。

意思、用法与例句

n.the latter:两者中的后者

前文出现两个对象时,用 the latter 指第二个。

常见表达the former ... the latter ...choose the latterprefer the latterthe latter of the two

Tom and Jack both offered help; I called the latter because he lived nearby.

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the latter 指第二个提到的人 Jack。

Both tea and coffee are offered; I prefer the latter.

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the latter 指第二个提到的 coffee。

通常用于两个对象;三个或更多对象中说 the last 更自然。

adj.后者的;后半的

放在名词前,表示后一个的或后半部分的,语气较正式。

常见表达the latter choicethe latter methodthe latter halfthe latter part

Of the two plans, the latter choice costs less but takes more time.

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latter choice 指两个选择中的后一个。

The latter half of the film is more exciting than the beginning.

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the latter half 指后半部分。

作形容词时仍然强调前文或整体中的后半/后者。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

former
前者
In the pair A and B, A is the former and B is the latter. former 指两者中的前者;latter 指后者。
later
以后;后来的
We can leave later if it rains. later 讲时间以后;latter 讲两者中的后者。
last
最后的;最近一次的
This is the last question on the paper. last 不限于两者;latter 通常用于两者。
006

last①

星标

[lɑ:st] · adj. / adv. / n. · Page 67

最后的;最近一次的;最后

final, most recent before now, or after all others

联想

last① 不是动词,而是形容词、副词或名词:可表示顺序最后,也可表示刚过去的最近一次。它和 last②“持续”同形不同义。

意思、用法与例句

adj.最后的;最近一次的

作形容词,可说最后一个,也可说刚过去的时间。

常见表达the last pagethe last chancelast weeklast monthlast year

Read the last page carefully before you close the book.

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the last page 是最后一页。

We visited the museum last Saturday.

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last Saturday 是上周六或刚过去的周六。

adv. / n.最后;最近一次;最后的人或事物

作副词可表示最后或最近一次,作名词表示最后的人或事物。

常见表达at lastlast but not leastlast of alllast saw/met/spokethe last to leave

At last, all the runners reached the finish line.

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at last 表示终于、最后。

When did you last see your cousin?

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last 作副词表示最近一次。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

final
最后的
The final question was the hardest. final 强调最后阶段或最终;last① 还可指最近一次。
first
第一的;首先
The first speaker introduced the topic. first 与 last 的顺序相反。
latest
最新的;最晚的
The latest report was published today. latest 强调目前最新;last 可指刚过去的或最后。
last②
持续;够用
The meeting lasted two hours. last① 是形容词/副词/名词;last② 是动词。
007

last②

星标

[lɑ:st] · v. / vi. · Page 67

(使)继续存在;足够使用;持续

continue for a time or remain enough for use

联想

last② 是动词,问的是“持续多久、够用多久”。它不表示最后,也不表示上一次;看到 last 后面有 for/until/long 或宾语 sb. a week,就按动词理解。

意思、用法与例句

vi.持续

常和 for、until、long 搭配,说明时间长度。

常见表达last for two hourslast until Fridaylast longthe meeting lasts

The concert lasted for nearly three hours.

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last for + 时间段 表示持续多久。

This cold weather may last until the weekend.

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last until + 时间点 表示持续到何时。

v.够用;维持可用

可接间接宾语,表示某物足够某人使用多久。

常见表达last sb. a weekmake sth. lastlast through the winternot last long

This bottle of water should last us until we reach the village.

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last us until... 表示够我们用到某时。

A cheap schoolbag will not last long if you carry heavy books every day.

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last long 表示耐用或持续久。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continue
继续;持续
The rain continued all afternoon. continue 更普通;last 强调持续的时间长度或够用多久。
remain
保持;仍然是
The door remained open. remain 强调保持状态;last 强调持续多久。
end
结束
The meeting ended before noon. end 与 last 的持续义相反。
expire
到期;失效
My library card expires next month. expire 是有效期结束;last 是持续或够用。
last①
最后的;上一次的
The last train leaves at midnight. last① 不表示持续,是不同词性和义项。
02

create / concrete

6 个词

createcreativecreaturerecreaterecreationconcrete
create / concrete

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

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create / concrete 组要分两层学:create、creative、re-create 是比较清楚的“创造/再创造”线;creature 可用“被创造出的生物”作记忆提示;concrete 只按记忆线索 con- + crete 的同图记忆线索保留,不当作 create 的现代派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 create 的两个动词义:创造作品/机会,以及引起结果
  2. 再学 creative 的形容词用法和较少见的名词“创作者”
  3. 然后把 creature 固定为“生物、动物”,只把 create 当记忆提示
  4. 接着拆开 recreate / recreation 的双线:re-create 是再现,recreation 多指娱乐活动
  5. 最后单独处理 concrete:混凝土、混凝土的、具体的,并用 abstract/general 作核心反义辨析

组内辨析

  • create 可接 story、system、jobs,也可接 problems、stress;make 更普通,cause 只强调导致结果。
  • creative 是形容词或名词,不能当成 create 的动词近义词。
  • creature 是生物或动物,不等于 creation,也不是 create 的动作名词。
  • recreate a scene 是重现;recreate oneself / recreation center 是休闲消遣线。
  • concrete 的“具体的”与 abstract/general 相对;它和 create 的关系是记忆线索,不是普通词族派生。

易错提醒

  • 不要把同图词全部标成近义词;creative、creature、concrete 分别属于不同词性和意义线。
  • recreate/recreation 有双读音双义项,看到 recreation center 通常不是“再创造中心”。
  • concrete 作名词是不可数建筑材料;a concrete example 里的 concrete 是形容词“具体的”。
  • solid 不适合作 concrete“具体的”的普通近义词,考试辨析优先看 specific / definite / abstract。
008

create

星标

[kri'eit] · vt. · Page 67

创造, 创建, 创作;引起, 产生

make something new or cause a result

联想

create 的核心是“从无到有”或“造成某个结果”。宾语可以是作品、机会、条件,也可以是 problem、stress 这类结果。

意思、用法与例句

vt.创造;创建;创作

宾语是作品、制度、机会、角色、环境等,强调从无到有。

常见表达create a storycreate a new systemcreate jobscreate opportunities

The students created a short play about protecting rivers.

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create a play 表示创作。

The new library will create more space for reading and discussion.

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create space 表示创造条件。

vt.引起;产生

宾语是 problem、effect、interest、stress、discussion 等,强调导致某种结果。

常见表达create problemscreate interestcreate stresscreate a discussion

Too much noise can create stress in the classroom.

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create stress 表示造成压力。

The teacher's question created a lively discussion.

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create a discussion 表示引发讨论。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

make
做;制造
They made a paper bridge in science class. make 范围最宽;create 更强调新事物或新结果的出现。
produce
生产;产生
The factory produces parts for bicycles. produce 常强调生产出产品或结果;create 强调创造性或从无到有。
cause
导致;引起
The storm caused serious damage. cause 只讲导致结果;create 既可讲创造作品,也可讲引起结果。
destroy
破坏;毁掉
The fire destroyed several old houses. destroy 是把已有东西毁掉,与 create 的创造方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

creative
创造性的;有创造力的
Creative thinking helped the group solve the problem. create 是动作;creative 是性质。
re-create
再创造;重现
The museum re-created an old street for visitors. re-create 强调再次做出或重现;recreation 的休闲义要另作理解。
009

creative

星标

[kri'eitiv] · adj. / n. · Page 67-68

创造(性)的;有创造力的;创作者

full of new ideas, or a person who makes original work

联想

creative 最常见是形容词,修饰 person、idea、thinking、work,表示有新想法。名词 creative 指广告、设计、内容等行业的创作者,高中阶段认识即可。

意思、用法与例句

adj.创造性的;有创造力的

修饰人、想法、活动或作品,强调新颖、有想象力。

常见表达creative thinkinga creative ideacreative writingbe creative in ...

The researchers tested students' creative thinking in different noise levels.

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creative thinking 是创造性思维。

The art club is looking for creative students who enjoy trying new ideas.

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creative students 是有创造力的学生。

n.创作者;创意工作者

较现代的名词用法,常指广告、设计、视频或内容行业里负责创意的人。

常见表达a creativeyoung creativeswork as a creative

The company invited young creatives to design posters for the campaign.

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creative 作可数名词。

A good creative can turn a simple message into a strong picture.

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名词 creative 指创意工作者。

名词用法了解即可,考试中更常见的是形容词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

imaginative
富有想象力的
The imaginative story made the children laugh. imaginative 强调想象力;creative 更强调能产生新想法或作品。
original
新颖的;原创的
Her original design won first prize. original 强调不是抄来的;creative 强调有创造力。
inventive
善于发明的;有创意的
The team used an inventive way to collect rainwater. inventive 常用于解决问题或发明办法。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary answer with no new idea. ordinary 强调普通;creative 强调新颖。
conventional
传统的;常规的
The plan followed a conventional method. conventional 不一定差,但不强调创新。

词族线索 / 同组词

create
创造;创建;引起
The class created a video for the school festival. create 是动词;creative 是形容词或名词。
010

creature

星标

['kri:tʃə(r)] · n. · Page 68

生物, 动物;人

a living thing, especially an animal

联想

creature 指有生命的东西,尤其常用于动物、野生生物或故事里的生物。用来说人时通常带同情、喜爱或评价色彩,不是普通的 person。

意思、用法与例句

n.生物;动物

指任何有生命的东西,常用于自然、科学、故事语境,尤其是动物。

常见表达a tiny creaturea strange creaturesea creaturesliving creatures

When the tiny creature arrived, it became the fortieth black rhino born at the reserve.

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tiny creature 可指刚出生的小动物。

Plastic waste can be dangerous to sea creatures.

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sea creatures 指海洋生物。

n.人(带感情色彩)

用于人时通常表达同情、喜爱或评价,不是普通中性的 person。

常见表达a poor creaturea strange creaturea lovely little creature

The old woman called the lost child a poor little creature.

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poor creature 带同情。

In the story, the lonely creature only wanted a friend.

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故事语境里可指带人格的生物或人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

animal
动物
The animal was too young to live alone. animal 比 creature 更普通;creature 更像书面、故事或自然观察中的说法。
living thing
生物
Every living thing needs water. living thing 是解释性表达;creature 是一个名词。
being
生物;存在物
No living being can survive without water. being 更抽象或正式;creature 更具体。
human
人类
Humans should protect wild creatures. human 指人类;creature 可指动物,也可带感情色彩地指人。
create
创造
People should not create danger for wild creatures. creature 可作 create 组的词源/记忆提示,但不要理解成 create 的普通动作名词。
011

recreate

[,ri:kri'eit] / ['rekri:eit] · vt. / vi. · Page 68

再现;使得到消遣

re-create an old scene, or relax and refresh oneself

联想

recreate 有两条线,要靠读音和语境区分:re-create 强调“再次创造、重现”;recreate oneself 或 recreate after work 是较旧/正式的“休闲放松”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.再现;重现

把过去的场景、实验、声音或气氛重新做出来;也常写作 re-create 以避免歧义。

常见表达recreate a scenerecreate an experimentrecreate the pastrecreate the sound

The history museum recreated a Tang Dynasty street for visitors.

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recreate a street 表示重现街景。

We tried to recreate the experiment to check the result.

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recreate an experiment 表示重新做实验。

vi. / vt.娱乐放松;使得到消遣

较少见,指通过活动恢复精神;常见框架是 recreate oneself,也可不及物表示休闲。

常见表达recreate oneselfrecreate after workrecreate in the park

After a long week, the family recreated themselves by walking in the park.

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recreate oneself 表示放松身心。

Children need time to recreate as well as time to study.

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不及物用法表示休闲放松。

这一义项较旧或较正式,考试中更常通过 recreation 认识。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

re-create
再次创造;重现
The film re-created life in a small village. 加连字符时更清楚地表示“再次创造/重现”。
reconstruct
重建;复原
Experts reconstructed the old bridge from photos. reconstruct 强调根据证据重建结构;recreate 可重现场景、气氛或实验。
relax
放松
We relaxed by the lake after the exam. relax 是普通词;recreate oneself 更正式或少见。

词族线索 / 同组词

create
创造;创建
The artist created a new poster. create 是首次创造;recreate/re-create 是再次做出或重现。
recreation
娱乐活动;再现
Outdoor recreation helps students relax. recreation 的休闲义最常见;re-creation 的再现义要和它区分。
012

recreation

[,ri:kri'eiʃn] / [,rekri'eiʃn] · n. · Page 68

再现;娱乐(活动)

leisure activity, or the act of re-creating something

联想

recreation 最常见是“娱乐、消遣活动”,如 recreation center、outdoor recreation。写作 re-creation 或出现在 of a scene 时,才更清楚地表示“再现、重现”。

意思、用法与例句

n.娱乐;消遣活动

学习或工作之外让人放松的活动,可数或不可数。

常见表达outdoor recreationhealthy recreationplaces for recreationrecreation center

The town built a recreation center for teenagers.

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recreation center 是娱乐活动场所。

Reading can be a quiet form of recreation after a busy day.

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a form of recreation 表示一种消遣。

n.再现;重现

指把过去的东西重新做出或呈现出来;写作 re-creation 更能避免和“娱乐”混淆。

常见表达the re-creation of a scenea careful re-creationhistorical re-creation

The show includes a careful re-creation of an ancient market.

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re-creation of a market 表示古市场再现。

The re-creation of the old song brought back many memories.

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re-creation 表示重现旧歌。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leisure
闲暇;休闲
People need leisure as well as work. leisure 强调空闲时间;recreation 强调具体的休闲活动。
relaxation
放松
Music gives her relaxation after school. relaxation 是放松状态或过程;recreation 是活动。
amusement
娱乐;消遣
The park offers amusement for children. amusement 更强调有趣好玩;recreation 可更中性、更健康。
work
工作;学习任务
Work took most of his day. work 与 recreation 的休闲义相对,但不适用于 re-creation 的“再现”义。

词族线索 / 同组词

recreate
再现;娱乐放松
They recreated the old classroom for the film. recreate 是动词;recreation 是名词,且有休闲和再现两条线。
013

concrete

星标

['kɒŋkri:t] · n. / adj. · Page 68

混凝土;混凝土的;具体的

building material, or specific rather than abstract

联想

concrete 有两条高频线:名词是“混凝土”,形容词是“混凝土的”或“具体的”。con- + crete 可帮助记住“凝成一体”的材料,但不要把 concrete 当成 create 的现代派生词。

意思、用法与例句

n.混凝土

不可数名词,指建筑材料。

常见表达pour concretebe made of concretea block of concrete

The workers poured concrete for the new bridge.

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concrete 作不可数名词。

The path is made of concrete, so it is easy to clean.

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made of concrete 表示由混凝土制成。

adj.混凝土的

修饰 road、wall、building、floor 等具体建筑物。

常见表达a concrete roada concrete walla concrete floor

A concrete wall separates the playground from the road.

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concrete wall 是混凝土墙。

The village now has a concrete road to the school.

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concrete road 是混凝土路。

adj.具体的;明确的

修饰 plan、example、evidence、step、advice 等,表示清楚、可执行、非抽象。

常见表达a concrete plana concrete exampleconcrete evidenceconcrete advice

Please give me a concrete example, not just a general idea.

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concrete 与 general/abstract 对比。

The group needs a concrete plan before asking for money.

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concrete plan 是具体可执行的计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

specific
具体的;明确的
Give me a specific date for the meeting. specific 强调明确细节;concrete 强调具体、可感知或可执行。
definite
明确的;确定的
We need a definite answer by Friday. definite 强调确定;concrete 强调不抽象。
practical
实际可行的
She gave practical advice about saving water. practical 强调能用;concrete 强调具体。
abstract
抽象的
Love is an abstract idea, but a hug is a concrete action. abstract 与 concrete 的“具体的”义相反。
general
笼统的;一般的
The answer was too general to be useful. general 缺少细节;concrete 有明确细节。
create
创造;创建
The students created a model bridge. create 与 concrete 可作词根记忆联系,但 concrete 不是 create 的普通派生词。
03

order / ordinary

5 个词

orderdisorderorderlyordinaryextraordinary
order / ordinary

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

order / ordinary 组分两条线:order、disorder、orderly 围绕“有序/无序/有条理”;ordinary、extraordinary 围绕“普通/超出普通”。ordinary 可用记忆线索 common order 作词根记忆,但不要把它当作 order“顺序、命令”的现代派生义。

学习顺序

  1. 先把 order 拆成顺序、秩序、命令、点菜/订购、in order to/that 目的短语
  2. 再用 disorder 和 orderly 做有序/无序对比
  3. 然后单独学 ordinary:普通、平常、不特别,并和 regular 区分
  4. 最后用 extra- + ordinary 记 extraordinary:非凡出色,或不寻常、令人惊奇

组内辨析

  • order 作名词可指顺序、秩序、命令或订单;作动词可指命令、点菜或订购。
  • in order 是按顺序或井然有序;out of order 可指次序乱,也可指机器坏了。
  • disorder 是混乱的名词状态;orderly 是形容词“守秩序的/有条理的”。
  • ordinary 是普通、不特别;orderly 是有秩序,两个词形近但意思不同。
  • extraordinary 可表示优秀非凡,也可表示事情罕见、令人惊奇;outstanding 更偏“优秀突出”。

易错提醒

  • 不要用一个“顺序”解释 order 的所有句子;看到餐馆、网购、命令或目的短语要换义项。
  • in order to 后接动词原形,in order that 后接从句。
  • disorder 本组只讲“混乱、杂乱”,不扩展医学疾病义。
  • ordinary 与 order 的关系降级为书本/词根记忆线索,不当作现代常规派生。
014

order

星标

['ɔ:də(r)] · n. / vt. / v. / phr. · Page 68

顺序;秩序;命令;点菜;订货;为了

sequence, orderliness, command, order for food or goods, or purpose phrase

联想

order 的核心不是一个中文义,而是“安排”。安排先后就是顺序,安排现场就是秩序,安排别人做事就是命令,安排餐品或商品就是点菜/订购。

意思、用法与例句

n.顺序;次序

表示人、事件、步骤、名单等排列的先后。

常见表达in orderin the right orderput ... in orderorder of events

Put the events in order from the earliest to the latest.

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order of events 表示事件顺序。

The names are listed in alphabetical order.

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alphabetical order 是按字母顺序。

n.秩序;有条理的状态

表示环境、队伍、课堂或系统有规则、不混乱;out of order 还常指机器坏了。

常见表达keep orderin good orderout of orderrestore order

The teacher raised her hand to restore order in the room.

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restore order 表示恢复秩序。

The printer is out of order, so we cannot use it today.

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out of order 可指设备出故障。

n. / vt.命令;要求

作名词指命令;作动词时常用 order sb. to do sth.,语气比 ask 强。

常见表达give an orderfollow ordersorder sb. to do sth.be ordered to do sth.

The police officer ordered the driver to stop.

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order sb. to do sth. 表示命令。

Soldiers must learn to follow orders quickly.

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follow orders 表示服从命令。

n. / v. / vt.点菜;订购;订单

在餐馆、商店或网上购物语境中表示点餐、下单或订单。

常见表达take your orderorder lunch onlineplace an orderan online order

We ordered two bowls of noodles and a glass of juice.

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order 可表示点菜。

The shop sent my order to the wrong address.

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order 作名词表示订单。

phr.为了;以便

in order to 后接动词原形;in order that 后接从句,表示目的。

常见表达in order to do sth.in order that ...in order to save time

She left home early in order to catch the first bus.

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in order to 表示目的。

The notice was written clearly in order that everyone could understand it.

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in order that 后接从句。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sequence
顺序;序列
The photos tell the story in sequence. sequence 只强调先后顺序;order 还可指秩序、命令、点菜或订购。
arrangement
安排;排列
The arrangement of desks made discussion easier. arrangement 强调安排方式;order 可指顺序或有秩序状态。
command
命令
The captain gave a clear command. command 对应 order 的命令义,不对应点菜或顺序义。
disorder
混乱;杂乱
The sudden noise threw the hall into disorder. disorder 是 order 的反方向,表示无秩序。
chaos
混乱
Traffic was in chaos after the lights failed. chaos 比 disorder 更强,强调完全混乱。
ordinary
普通的;平常的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 可用 ordin = common order 作记忆线索,但不是 order 的顺序义近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

orderly
有秩序的;整齐的
Students left the hall in an orderly line. order 是名词/动词/短语核心;orderly 是形容词。
015

disorder

[dis'ɔ:də(r)] · n. · Page 68

杂乱, 混乱

confusion, mess, or a state without order

联想

disorder = dis- + order,核心是“秩序被打乱”。这里重点掌握普通的杂乱、混乱义,不扩展医学疾病义。

意思、用法与例句

n.杂乱;混乱

常指房间、文件、活动、队伍或公共场面缺少秩序。

常见表达in disordercomplete disorderfall into disorderthrow ... into disorder

After the game, the classroom was in disorder.

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in disorder 表示杂乱。

The sudden storm threw the outdoor party into disorder.

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throw ... into disorder 表示使混乱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

confusion
混乱;困惑
There was confusion when the plan changed. confusion 可指思想困惑或场面混乱;disorder 更强调缺少秩序。
chaos
大混乱
The station was in chaos after the delay. chaos 语气更强,表示严重混乱。
mess
脏乱;混乱
His desk was a mess after the project. mess 更口语,可指东西乱;disorder 更书面。
order
秩序;顺序
Please put the cards in order. order 强调有条理;disorder 强调无序。
orderly
有秩序的;整齐的
The meeting ended in an orderly way. orderly 是形容词;disorder 是名词。
016

orderly

['ɔ:dəli] · adj. · Page 68

守秩序的;有条理的, 整齐的

neat, well arranged, or behaving with order

联想

orderly 是形容词,把 order 的“秩序”变成“有秩序的状态”。它可以形容人群守秩序,也可以形容房间、笔记、过程有条理。

意思、用法与例句

adj.守秩序的

形容人群、队伍、离场、讨论等按规则进行、不混乱。

常见表达an orderly linein an orderly wayan orderly exitan orderly discussion

Students waited in an orderly line outside the lab.

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orderly line 是有秩序的队伍。

The teacher helped the class make an orderly exit after the alarm.

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orderly exit 是有序离场。

adj.有条理的;整齐的

形容房间、记录、笔记、安排等清楚整齐。

常见表达an orderly roomorderly noteskeep ... orderlyan orderly arrangement

Her notes are clear and orderly, so they are easy to review.

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orderly notes 表示笔记有条理。

He keeps the tools orderly on a small shelf.

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keep ... orderly 表示保持整齐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

neat
整洁的
Her desk is neat and clean. neat 强调整洁;orderly 强调按秩序或条理安排。
organized
有组织的;有条理的
An organized notebook saves time before exams. organized 更强调安排好;orderly 还可形容人群守秩序。
well-behaved
守规矩的
The well-behaved children listened quietly. well-behaved 常形容人;orderly 可形容人群、过程或物品。
messy
凌乱的
His bag was messy after the trip. messy 与 orderly 的整齐义相反。
disorderly
混乱的;无秩序的
A disorderly crowd blocked the street. disorderly 与 orderly 直接相反。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary school day. ordinary 是普通;orderly 是有秩序,不能混。
017

ordinary

星标

['ɔ:dnri] · adj. · Page 68

普通的, 平常的

common, usual, and not special

联想

ordinary 的实际用法就是“普通的、平常的”。common order 可作词根记忆线索,但考试中要把它和 extraordinary、special、regular 分清。

意思、用法与例句

adj.普通的;平常的

描述人、日子、物品、经历等没有特别之处。

常见表达ordinary peoplean ordinary dayordinary lifean ordinary family

It was an ordinary school day until the heavy snow began.

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ordinary school day 是平常的上学日。

The story shows how ordinary people can do brave things.

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ordinary people 是普通人。

adj.一般的;不出众的

用于评价时表示没有特别好或特别差,常和 look、seem、sound 搭配。

常见表达look ordinaryseem ordinaryordinary clothesnothing ordinary

The restaurant looks ordinary, but its noodles are famous.

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look ordinary 表示看起来普通。

He wore ordinary clothes so that no one noticed him.

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ordinary clothes 是普通衣服。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

common
常见的;普通的
This bird is common in our city. common 强调常见;ordinary 强调不特别。
usual
通常的;平常的
She came home at the usual time. usual 强调通常如此;ordinary 强调普通平常。
normal
正常的;普通的
It is normal to feel nervous before a test. normal 强调符合正常情况;ordinary 强调没有特别之处。
special
特别的
The meal was special because the whole family cooked together. special 与 ordinary 相反,强调特别。
extraordinary
非凡的;令人惊奇的
Her progress this year was extraordinary. extraordinary = beyond ordinary,表示超出普通。
regular
有规律的;固定的
He is a regular customer at the shop. regular 强调规律、固定或经常;ordinary 强调不特别。
order
顺序;秩序;命令
The names are listed in order. ordinary 的 ordin 词根可作 common order 记忆,不等于 order 的顺序义。
018

extraordinary

星标

[ik'strɔ:dnri] · adj. · Page 68

不平常的, 非凡的, 出色的;令人惊奇的

very unusual, surprising, or much better than ordinary

联想

extraordinary = extra- + ordinary,字面可记“超出普通”。它既能赞美人或成就非凡,也能描述事情罕见、令人惊奇。

意思、用法与例句

adj.非凡的;出色的

修饰 courage、achievement、person、skill、work 等,强调远高于普通水平。

常见表达extraordinary couragean extraordinary achievementan extraordinary personextraordinary skill

The young volunteer showed extraordinary courage during the flood.

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extraordinary courage 是非凡勇气。

Winning the national prize was an extraordinary achievement for the team.

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extraordinary achievement 是非凡成就。

adj.不平常的;令人惊奇的

描述事情罕见、出人意料或变化很大。

常见表达an extraordinary eventan extraordinary storyextraordinary changesIt is extraordinary that ...

It is extraordinary that such a small village has three libraries.

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It is extraordinary that... 表示令人惊奇。

The city has seen extraordinary changes in the last ten years.

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extraordinary changes 是巨大而不寻常的变化。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unusual
不寻常的
It is unusual to see snow here in April. unusual 强调不常见;extraordinary 语气更强,可表示非凡或惊人。
remarkable
非凡的;显著的
She made remarkable progress in English. remarkable 强调值得注意;extraordinary 强调超出普通。
excellent
优秀的
The speech was excellent. excellent 只强调优秀;extraordinary 还可强调罕见或令人惊奇。
ordinary
普通的;平常的
It was an ordinary day at school. ordinary 是普通;extraordinary 是超出普通。
common
常见的;普通的
This is a common mistake. common 与 extraordinary 的罕见义相反。
outstanding
突出的;优秀的
She is an outstanding student in physics. outstanding 侧重优秀突出;extraordinary 还可指事情罕见、惊人。
04

raise / rise / arise

3 个词

raiserisearise
raise / rise / arise

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

raise / rise / arise 是高频易混动词组,先用句法分清:raise 是及物动词,必须带宾语;rise 是不及物动词,主语自己上升、起立或反抗;arise 也是不及物动词,常指问题、机会、需要等出现或由某事引起。

学习顺序

  1. 先记 raise + object:raise your hand、raise prices、raise children、raise money、raise a question
  2. 再记 rise 无宾语:prices rise、the sun rises、rise to one's feet、rise up
  3. 然后记 arise 的抽象主语:problems arise、a question arises、arise from carelessness
  4. 最后背不规则形式:rise-rose-risen,arise-arose-arisen,并用 raise/rise/arise 三句对比

组内辨析

  • raise prices 是人为提高价格;prices rise 是价格自己上涨。
  • raise a question 是人提出问题;a question arises 是问题出现。
  • rise to one's feet 是站起身;arise from 表示由……引起,不能混用。
  • rise up 可表示反抗;arise 的“起身/起床”较正式,现代高频义仍是问题/情况出现。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 rise the price;要说 raise the price 或 the price rises。
  • raise 是规则动词 raised/raised;rise 和 arise 都是不规则动词。
  • give rise to 是固定搭配,意思是引起;不要误写成 give raise to。
  • 这组三词是易混词,不是普通派生词族,relations 里要按 confusable 处理。
019

raise

星标

[reiz] · vt. · Page 69

使升高;增加, 提高;抚养, 饲养;筹集;提出

lift or increase something, bring up a child or animal, collect money, or mention an issue

联想

raise 一定要带宾语:人把某物举高、把价格提高、把孩子养大、把钱筹起来、把问题提出来。它的方向是“让别的东西上去/出现”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.举起;使升高

宾语是手、旗帜、头、声音等,强调某人让某物升高。

常见表达raise your handraise the flagraise one's headraise one's voice

Please raise your hand before you answer the question.

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raise your hand 是举手。

The students raised the flag at the school gate.

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raise the flag 是升旗。

vt.增加;提高

宾语是 price、level、standard、speed、temperature 等,强调人为提高。

常见表达raise pricesraise standardsraise the level of ...raise awareness

The company decided not to raise prices this year.

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raise prices 是提高价格。

The new reading plan helped raise students' confidence.

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raise confidence 表示提高信心。

vt.抚养;饲养

宾语是 children、family、animals 等,表示把孩子养大或饲养动物。

常见表达raise childrenraise a familyraise chickensbe raised by ...

Her grandparents raised her in a small town.

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raise a child 表示抚养孩子。

The farmer raises chickens behind the house.

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raise animals 表示饲养动物。

vt.筹集;提出

宾语是 money、funds、question、problem、issue 等。

常见表达raise moneyraise fundsraise a questionraise a problemraise an issue

The students raised money for children in need.

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raise money 是筹款。

He raised an important question at the meeting.

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raise a question 是提出问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lift
举起;抬起
She lifted the box onto the desk. lift 主要是具体抬起;raise 可用于价格、孩子、资金、问题等抽象对象。
increase
增加;提高
The number of visitors increased in summer. increase 可及物也可不及物;raise 作提高义时是及物动词。
bring up
抚养;提出
His aunt brought him up after his parents moved away. bring up 可表示抚养或提出话题;raise 更书面,也可表示筹款。
lower
降低;放下
Please lower your voice in the library. lower 是让某物变低,与 raise 的使升高/提高相反。
reduce
减少;降低
The school reduced waste by using fewer paper cups. reduce 与 raise 的提高数量或水平相反。
rise
上升;起立
Prices rose quickly after the storm. raise 必须带宾语;rise 是主语自己上升。
arise
出现;由……引起
A new problem arose during the trip. raise a question 是人提出问题;a question arises 是问题自己出现。
020

rise

星标

[raiz] · vi. · Page 69

上升;站起来, 起立;耸立;地位提高;升起;造反, 反抗

go up by itself, stand up, tower above, become higher in position, or rebel

联想

rise 是不及物动词,过去式 rose,过去分词 risen。主语自己上升、升起、站起来或地位提高;反抗义常见于 rise up。

意思、用法与例句

vi.上升;升起;提高

主语是太阳、烟、水位、价格、数量、地位等,不带直接宾语。

常见表达prices risethe sun risesrise by ...rise to ...rise in rank

House prices may rise if more people move to the city.

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prices rise 是价格自己上涨。

The sun rises over the mountains at six.

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the sun rises 是太阳升起。

vi.站起来;耸立

用于人从坐姿站起,也可描述建筑、山峰高高矗立。

常见表达rise to one's feetrise from a chairrise above the rivertowers rise

When the teacher entered, the students rose to their feet.

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rise to one's feet 是源搭配,表示站起身。

Tall buildings rise on both sides of the river.

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rise 可表示建筑耸立。

vi.造反;反抗

常用 rise up,表示人群起来反抗不公平或压迫。

常见表达rise uprise up against ...rise in protest

The people rose up against unfair rules.

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rise up 是源搭配,表示反抗。

Workers rose in protest when their pay was cut.

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rise in protest 表示起来抗议。

这一义项较正式,重点记搭配 rise up。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

go up
上升
The smoke went up into the sky. go up 更口语;rise 更正式,可用于太阳、价格、水位、地位。
increase
增加;提高
The number of visitors increased in summer. increase 可作不及物接近 rise 的数量上升义,也可作及物;rise 不带宾语。
stand up
站起来
Please stand up when you answer. stand up 是普通说法;rise to one's feet 更正式。
fall
下降;落下
The temperature fell during the night. fall 与 rise 的上升义相反。
drop
下降;掉落
Prices dropped after the holiday. drop 常用于价格、数量下降。
raise
使升高;提高
The teacher raised her voice. rise 不带宾语;raise 必须带宾语。
arise
出现;发生
A question arose after the speech. rise 多指物理或水平上升;arise 多指问题、机会、情况出现。
021

arise

星标

[ə'raiz] · vi. · Page 69

(尤指问题等)发生, 出现;由……引起;起床, 起立, 起身

happen or appear, be caused by something, or formally get up

联想

arise 常用于抽象主语:problem、question、need、chance、difficulty。arise from 表示“由……引起”;起身义较正式,现代学习重点仍是问题/情况出现。

意思、用法与例句

vi.发生;出现

主语常是问题、困难、机会、需要、疑问等抽象事物。

常见表达problems arisea need arisesa question arisesif the chance arises

If any problems arise, call your teacher at once.

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problems arise 表示问题出现。

A new chance arose when the school opened a writing club.

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a chance arose 表示机会出现。

vi.由……引起;因……产生

用 arise from 表示原因,主语通常是结果、问题或事故。

常见表达arise from carelessnessarise from a misunderstandingdifficulties arise from ...give rise to

Accidents often arise from carelessness.

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arise from 表示由……引起。

Many arguments arise from small misunderstandings.

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arise from a misunderstanding 表示因误会产生。

vi.起床;起立;起身

较正式或文学化,现代日常更常说 get up 或 rise。

常见表达arise earlyarise from one's seatarise and leave

The old farmer arose before sunrise.

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arise 可表示起床,但较正式。

She arose from her seat and thanked the guests.

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arise from one's seat 表示起身。

此义项低频,了解即可;考试更常考 arise from 和 problems arise。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

happen
发生
The accident happened on a rainy night. happen 最普通;arise 更常用于问题、机会、需要等抽象主语。
appear
出现
A bright moon appeared above the trees. appear 可用于具体可见事物;arise 多用于情况或问题出现。
come up
出现;被提出
A new question came up during the discussion. come up 更口语;arise 更正式。
disappear
消失
The dark clouds disappeared after lunch. disappear 与 arise 的出现义方向相反。
raise
提出;使升高
She raised a question about safety. raise a question 是人提出问题;a question arises 是问题出现。
rise
上升;起立
Smoke rose from the kitchen window. rise 指上升或起立;arise 指问题/情况出现或由……引起。
05

stand / stable / distant

11 个词

standstandardoutstandingstablestabilityestablishconstantconstantlydistancedistantdestination
stand / stable / distant

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

stand / stable / distant 组不是一条普通派生链,而是四条同图复习线:stand 处理站立、忍受、立场和短语;standard/outstanding 从 stand 的“站出/立住”记;stable/stability/establish 从“稳固”记;constant/constantly 与 distance/distant/destination 只保留词根或形近助记,重点学真实搭配。

学习顺序

  1. 先把 stand 拆成动词、名词和短语:stand up、can't stand、take a stand、stand for/out/by/up to
  2. 再学 standard / outstanding:标准、水平、标准的;突出、优秀、未解决
  3. 然后学 stable / stability / establish:稳定、稳定性、建立/证实,注意 stable 作名词是马厩
  4. 接着学 constant / constantly:不断的/恒定的与不断地
  5. 最后学 distance / distant / destination:距离、遥远、目的地,重点区分 distance 和 destination

组内辨析

  • stand 的短语意义很分散,stand by 可表示支持或袖手旁观,stand for 可表示代表或支持。
  • standard 是衡量线;outstanding 往往超过标准,也可指 outstanding problems 未解决。
  • stable 强调状态稳,不易变坏;constant 强调持续发生或数值不变。
  • distance 是距离、差距或疏远;distant 是形容词;destination 是终点或目的地。
  • establish 与 stable 可用记忆线索词根记忆,但现代用法是建立、设立、确定、证实。

易错提醒

  • 不要把全组都讲成 stand 的现代派生词;destination 只保留记忆线索,不放进 stand 的普通 word-family。
  • stable 作名词是 horse stable,不是“稳定”。
  • constant noise 是不断噪音;a constant speed 是恒定速度;stable condition 是稳定状态。
  • arrive at one's destination 是到达目的地;in the distance 是在远处。
022

stand

星标

[stænd] · vi. / vt. / n. / phr. · Page 69

站立, 起立;位于;忍受, 经受;竖放;立场;货摊;看台

stand upright, be located, bear something, place upright, or take a position

联想

stand 的核心是“站住/立住”:身体站立,建筑位于某处,心理上忍受,观点上有立场;很多短语要当固定搭配记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.站立;起立;位于

人站着或站起;建筑、树、标志等位于某处。

常见表达stand upstand by the doorstand on a hillstand in the square

Several students stood by the window and watched the rain.

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stood by the window 表示站在窗边。

An old tower stands at the center of the town.

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stands at 表示位于某处。

vt.忍受;经受;竖放

常用于 can't stand;也可表示物体经受住压力,或把东西竖放。

常见表达can't stand sth.stand the heat/noisestand up to sth.stand the bottle upright

I can't stand the noise when I am trying to read.

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can't stand 表示无法忍受。

This jacket can stand up to heavy rain.

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stand up to sth. 表示经受住。

n.立场;货摊;看台

作名词时可指观点立场、售货摊,也可指体育场看台。

常见表达take a standa food standthe standsmake a stand

You should take a clear stand against cheating.

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take a stand 表示表明立场。

We bought orange juice from a small stand near the gate.

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a stand 可指货摊。

phr.stand 常见短语

stand by/for/out/up for/up to 含义差别大,要按搭配整块记。

常见表达stand by a friendstand by and watchstand for peacestand outstand up for sb.stand up to sb.

Good friends stand by each other in difficult times.

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stand by sb. 可表示支持。

UN stands for the United Nations.

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stand for 表示代表。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sit
Please sit down after you answer. sit 与 stand 的站立义相反。
lie
躺;平放
He lay on the sofa after dinner. lie 与 stand 的直立状态相反。
bear
忍受;承受
I can't bear the smell of smoke. bear 接近 stand 的忍受义,但 stand 更常见于 can't stand。
position
立场;位置
Her position on the issue is clear. position 接近 stand 的立场义;stand 还可指货摊和看台。

词族线索 / 同组词

standard
标准;水平
The school set a high standard for safety. standard 可用 stand hard 作记忆线索,实际义是标准。
outstanding
突出;优秀
Her performance was outstanding. outstanding 可由 stand out 记,但现代用作形容词。
023

standard

星标

['stændəd] · n. / adj. · Page 69

标准, 水平;道德水准;标准的

a level, rule, moral level, or accepted model used for judging

联想

standard 是衡量用的“标尺”:学习水平、生活水平、道德水准都可用它;作形容词时表示标准规格。

意思、用法与例句

n.标准;水平;道德水准

用来衡量质量、能力、行为或生活条件。

常见表达set a standardup to standardliving standardshigh moral standards

The coach set a high standard for every player.

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set a standard 是制定标准。

Clean water has improved living standards in the village.

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living standards 是源搭配。

adj.标准的;普通规格的

表示符合常规规格、版本或形式。

常见表达standard Englisha standard roomstandard sizea standard test

Please write the answer in standard English.

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standard English 是标准英语。

A standard ticket is cheaper than a first-class ticket.

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standard 作形容词表示标准规格。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

criterion
标准;准则
Safety is the main criterion for the design. criterion 更正式,指判断准则;standard 更常用,也可表示水平。
level
水平
Her English level improved quickly. level 只讲水平高低;standard 还可指标准规则。
norm
规范;常态
Wearing uniforms is the norm at this school. norm 强调常规;standard 强调衡量标准。
substandard
低于标准的
Substandard food should not be sold. substandard 表示未达到标准。
exceptional
异常优秀的;例外的
Her work was exceptional. exceptional 可表示超过普通标准,与 standard 的普通规格义相对。
regular
有规律的;固定的
The club holds regular meetings. regular 强调固定规律;standard 强调标准规格或衡量尺度。
024

outstanding

[aut'stændiŋ] · adj. · Page 70

突出的, 明显的;优秀的, 杰出的, 出色的

excellent, clearly better than others, noticeable, or still not dealt with

联想

outstanding 可从 stand out 记:站出来就显眼,表现站出来就是优秀;在问题/任务上还可表示“未解决的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.优秀的;杰出的

修饰人、表现、成绩、作品等,表示明显高于普通水平。

常见表达an outstanding studentoutstanding performanceoutstanding achievementoutstanding work

She won the prize for her outstanding performance in the debate.

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outstanding performance 表示出色表现。

The school is proud of its outstanding science team.

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outstanding science team 表示优秀团队。

adj.突出的;明显的;未解决的

可指特征很突出,也可指问题、任务仍然没有处理完。

常见表达an outstanding featureoutstanding problemsoutstanding questionsoutstanding tasks

The outstanding feature of the plan is its low cost.

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outstanding feature 是突出特征。

Several outstanding problems must be solved before the trip.

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outstanding problems 表示尚未解决的问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

excellent
优秀的
Her speech was excellent. excellent 强调好;outstanding 强调明显高出别人。
remarkable
非凡的;显著的
He made remarkable progress. remarkable 强调值得注意;outstanding 可表示优秀或显眼。
noticeable
明显的
There was a noticeable change in his voice. noticeable 对应明显义,不对应优秀义。
ordinary
普通的
It was an ordinary answer. ordinary 与 outstanding 的杰出义相反。
poor
差的
The team made a poor start. poor 与 outstanding 的优秀义相反。
standard
标准;水平
His work is above the usual standard. standard 是衡量线;outstanding 是明显超过标准。
025

stable

星标

['steibl] · adj. / n. · Page 70

稳定的, 稳固的;沉稳的, 镇静的;马厩

steady, firm, calm in character, or a building for horses

联想

stable 的核心是“站得住”:结构稳、局势稳、情绪稳。作名词时是另一条线,表示马厩。

意思、用法与例句

adj.稳定的;稳固的

描述价格、关系、结构、病情、局势等不易变化或倒下。

常见表达remain stablestable conditiona stable joba stable relationshipa stable structure

The patient is in stable condition after the operation.

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stable condition 是病情稳定。

A stable chair will not shake when you sit on it.

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stable chair 是稳固的椅子。

adj.沉稳的;镇静的

描述人的性格或情绪可靠、不容易慌乱。

常见表达a stable characteremotionally stablekeep a stable moodstay stable under pressure

A stable person can stay calm under pressure.

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stable person 是沉稳的人。

Regular sleep helps students keep a stable mood.

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stable mood 是稳定情绪。

n.马厩

可数名词,指养马的建筑。

常见表达in the stableclean the stablea horse stable

The horse was resting in the stable after the race.

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stable 作名词表示马厩。

The farmer asked his son to clean the stable.

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clean the stable 是清理马厩。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

steady
稳定的;平稳的
Keep the camera steady while you take the photo. steady 更强调不摇晃或持续;stable 更强调整体不易变化。
firm
牢固的
The ladder must stand on firm ground. firm 偏物理牢固;stable 可讲局势、工作、情绪。
calm
镇静的
She stayed calm before the exam. calm 对应情绪稳定义。
unstable
不稳定的
The old table is unstable. unstable 是 stable 的直接反义。
shaky
摇晃的;不稳的
The chair felt shaky. shaky 多指物理或信心不稳。
constant
持续不断的;恒定的
The machine works at a constant speed. constant 强调持续或不变;stable 强调可靠、不易变化或倒下。
026

stability

[stə'biləti] · n. · Page 70

稳定, 稳固

the state of being steady, firm, balanced, or not easily changed

联想

stability 是 stable 的名词,常讲社会、经济、身体状况、系统或结构的稳定性。

意思、用法与例句

n.稳定;稳固

表示状态持续、可靠、不容易被打乱。

常见表达economic stabilitysocial stabilitybring stabilitythe stability of ...

Good communication brings stability to a team.

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bring stability 表示带来稳定。

The doctor was pleased with the stability of the patient's condition.

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condition 的 stability 是病情稳定。

n.平衡性;牢固性

指物体或结构不容易倒下、移动或失衡。

常见表达the stability of a bridgeimprove stabilitylose stability

Engineers tested the stability of the bridge after the storm.

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stability 可指结构稳固性。

A wider base can improve the stability of a desk lamp.

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improve stability 表示提高稳定性。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

steadiness
稳定;平稳
Her steadiness helped the team stay calm. steadiness 更普通;stability 更常用于系统、局势、结构。
firmness
牢固;坚定
The firmness of the ground made it safe. firmness 偏牢固或坚定;stability 偏整体稳定。
balance
平衡
Good balance keeps the bike from falling. balance 接近物理平衡性,不能覆盖所有 stability 义。
instability
不稳定
Political instability made travel difficult. instability 是 stability 的直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

stable
稳定的;马厩
The patient is stable now. stable 是形容词或名词;stability 是名词。
027

establish

[i'stæbliʃ] · vt. · Page 70

建立, 设立;确定, 证实

set up something firmly, create a lasting system, or prove a fact

联想

establish 有“使稳固”的感觉:建立机构、制度、关系、习惯,也可用证据确定事实。

意思、用法与例句

vt.建立;设立

宾语常是 school、company、system、relationship、habit、rule 等。

常见表达establish a schoolestablish a companyestablish a systemestablish a relationshipestablish a habit

The village established a small reading room for children.

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establish a reading room 表示设立。

It takes time to establish good study habits.

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establish a habit 表示养成并固定。

vt.确定;证实

通过事实、证据或调查确认某事。

常见表达establish the truthestablish a factestablish the causeestablish that ...

The police tried to establish the cause of the fire.

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establish the cause 表示确定原因。

The report established that exercise helped the students sleep better.

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establish that... 表示证实。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

set up
建立;设立
They set up a club after school. set up 更口语;establish 更正式,强调稳定存在。
found
创立
The school was founded in 1998. found 常用于创立机构;establish 还可证实事实。
prove
证明
The test proved that the water was clean. prove 对应证实义;establish 更正式。
confirm
确认
The message confirmed the time of the meeting. confirm 强调确认;establish 强调通过证据确定。
destroy
毁掉
The fire destroyed the old hall. destroy 与 establish 的建立义相反。
disprove
反驳;证明为假
The new evidence disproved the old idea. disprove 与 establish 的证实义相反。
stable
稳定的
A stable plan is easier to carry out. stable 可作 establish 的记忆线索,但现代用法重点是建立/证实。
028

constant

星标

['kɒnstənt] · adj. · Page 70

经常发生的, 不断的;恒定的, 永恒的

happening all the time, continuing, or staying unchanged

联想

constant 有两层:生活语境里是“不断的”,科学/数值语境里是“恒定不变的”。它不等于 stable,stable 强调状态稳。

意思、用法与例句

adj.经常发生的;不断的

修饰 noise、calls、changes、practice、support、care 等,强调反复或持续。

常见表达constant noiseconstant changeconstant supportconstant careconstant practice

Constant noise from the street made it hard to sleep.

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constant noise 表示持续噪音。

Her constant practice helped her win the speech contest.

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constant practice 表示不断练习。

adj.恒定的;不变的

用于数值、速度、温度、原则等保持不变。

常见表达a constant speeda constant temperatureremain constantkeep sth. constant

Drive at a constant speed on this part of the road.

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constant speed 是恒定速度。

The temperature in the lab must remain constant.

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remain constant 表示保持恒定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continuous
持续的
Continuous rain lasted all night. continuous 强调不中断;constant 可指不断反复或恒定。
continual
不断的;频繁的
Continual practice made her more confident. continual 强调反复发生;constant 可指反复,也可指数值恒定。
fixed
固定的;不变的
The machine runs at a fixed speed. fixed 对应恒定不变义。
unchanging
不变的
Her unchanging support gave him courage. unchanging 对应恒定义。
occasional
偶尔的
Occasional rain is expected this week. occasional 与 constant 的不断发生相反。
variable
可变的;变化的
The speed was variable on the rough road. variable 与 constant 的恒定义相反。
stable
稳定的
The patient is in stable condition. stable 强调可靠稳定;constant 强调持续或恒定。
029

constantly

· adv. · Page 70

不断地

again and again, all the time, or continuously

联想

constantly 是 constant 的副词,修饰动作或整句,表示动作不断发生或状态持续。attention wanders constantly 表示注意力会不断分散。

意思、用法与例句

adv.不断地;反复地

修饰动词,强调动作反复发生。

常见表达constantly changeconstantly askconstantly checkbe constantly doing

People's attention wanders constantly when there are too many messages.

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attention wanders constantly 表示注意力不断分散。

The teacher constantly reminds us to read the questions carefully.

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constantly reminds 表示不断提醒。

adv.持续地;始终

说明动作或状态长期持续。

常见表达work constantlyremain constantly alertconstantly improve

The rescue team worked constantly through the night.

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worked constantly 表示持续工作。

Good learners are constantly improving their methods.

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constantly improving 表示持续改进。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continuously
持续不断地
The machine ran continuously for six hours. continuously 强调不中断;constantly 可指反复或持续。
repeatedly
反复地
He repeatedly checked the answer. repeatedly 强调一遍又一遍;constantly 更宽。
always
总是
She is always ready to help. always 更普通;constantly 常暗示频率很高。
occasionally
偶尔
We occasionally meet after school. occasionally 与 constantly 频率相反。
rarely
很少
He rarely watches TV. rarely 与不断地相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

constant
不断的;恒定的
The baby needs constant care. constant 是形容词;constantly 是副词。
030

distance

['distəns] · n. / vt. · Page 70

距离;遥远, 久远;远处, 远方;疏远;差异;使疏远

space between things, a far place or time, a gap, emotional separation, or to separate oneself

联想

distance 的核心是“两点分开”:空间距离、时间久远、远处、关系疏远、差异差距都从这个图像来。

意思、用法与例句

n.距离;远处;久远

表示空间或时间上的远近,也可用 in the distance 表示远方。

常见表达at/from a distancein the distancea short/long distancewalking distance

We could see the village in the distance.

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in the distance 是源搭配。

From a distance, the small island looked like a cloud.

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from a distance 是从远处。

n.疏远;差异;差距

表示关系不亲近,或观点、水平、目标之间有差距。

常见表达keep sb. at a distancethe distance between A and Bsocial distancea great distance in opinion

After the argument, she kept him at a distance.

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keep sb. at a distance 是源搭配。

There is still a distance between his dream and his present skill.

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distance 可指差距。

vt.使疏远;拉开距离

常用 distance oneself from,表示主动与某人、观点或事件保持距离。

常见表达distance oneself fromdistance A from B

The writer tried to distance himself from the rumor.

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distance oneself from 表示与传闻保持距离。

Careful planning can distance our team from careless mistakes.

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distance A from B 表示拉开距离。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

gap
差距;间隔
There is a gap between the two walls. gap 可指空隙或差距;distance 更常指两点距离。
space
空间;间隔
Leave enough space between the desks. space 强调空间;distance 强调两点之间的长度或关系远近。
separation
分离;隔开
The separation from home was hard. separation 更强调分开状态或过程。
closeness
接近;亲近
Their closeness surprised everyone. closeness 与 distance 的空间或情感距离相反。
nearness
近;接近
The nearness of the station is helpful. nearness 是物理接近。
destination
目的地;终点
We arrived at our destination before sunset. distance 是距离;destination 是要到达的地点。

词族线索 / 同组词

distant
遥远的;冷淡的
The mountains looked distant in the morning light. distance 是名词/动词;distant 是形容词。
031

distant

星标

['distənt] · adj. · Page 70

远处的, 遥远的, 久远的;冷淡的;心不在焉的;远亲的

far away in space or time, not friendly, absent-minded, or not closely related

联想

distant 是 distance 的形容词:地点远、时间久远、关系远,也可说态度冷淡或眼神心不在焉。

意思、用法与例句

adj.遥远的;久远的

描述空间或时间上很远。

常见表达a distant villagedistant memoriesbe distant fromin the distant past

A distant village can be seen across the river.

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a distant village 是遥远村庄。

The song brought back distant memories of childhood.

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distant memories 是久远记忆。

adj.冷淡的;心不在焉的;远亲的

描述关系不亲近、态度冷淡、注意力不集中,或亲属关系很远。

常见表达a distant looksound distanta distant relativebe distant with sb.

He sounded distant on the phone, as if something was worrying him.

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sound distant 表示听起来冷淡或心不在焉。

A distant relative invited us to stay on his farm.

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a distant relative 是远亲。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remote
遥远的;偏远的
They visited a remote village in the mountains. remote 更强调偏远难到达;distant 可指时间、关系或态度。
faraway
遥远的
She dreamed of faraway places. faraway 多修饰地方或梦想;distant 范围更广。
cold
冷淡的
His cold reply hurt her. cold 对应态度冷淡义,不对应空间距离。
near
近的
The nearest shop is across the road. near 与 distant 的空间义相反。
close
亲近的;近的
They are close friends. close 可表示距离近或关系亲近。

词族线索 / 同组词

distance
距离;疏远
The distance between the two cities is about 80 kilometers. distance 是名词/动词;distant 是形容词。
032

destination

[,desti'neiʃn] · n. · Page 71

目的地, 终点

the place where someone or something is going or being sent

联想

destination 是旅程或运输最后要到的点,不是 distance“距离”。可以用“下一个立足点”作记忆线索,学生端按 travel/delivery 场景掌握。

意思、用法与例句

n.目的地;终点

指旅行、路线、运输或计划最后要到达的地方。

常见表达arrive at one's destinationreach one's destinationfinal destinationtourist destinationholiday destination

We arrived at our destination just before sunset.

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arrive at one's destination 是源搭配。

The old town has become a popular tourist destination.

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tourist destination 是源搭配。

n.目标地点;投递去处

用于包裹、车辆、信息、导航等最终去处。

常见表达destination addresschoose a destinationset a destinationsend sth. to its destination

Please write the destination address clearly on the box.

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destination address 是投递地址。

The driver set the destination on the map before leaving.

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set the destination 是设置目的地。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

endpoint
终点
The endpoint of the path is a small lake. endpoint 强调路线终点;destination 强调人或物要去的地方。
final stop
最后一站
This station is the final stop. final stop 更口语,常用于交通。
target place
目标地点
The target place was marked on the map. target place 是解释性表达;destination 是常用名词。
starting point
起点
The bridge was our starting point. starting point 与 destination 的旅程方向相反。
distance
距离;疏远
The distance to the station is three kilometers. distance 是距离;destination 是终点。
distant
遥远的;冷淡的
The island is distant but beautiful. distant 是形容词;destination 是名词。
06

instant / instance

2 个词

instantinstance
instant / instance

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

instant / instance 是形近易混组,不是普通派生链。instant 讲“马上、速溶、瞬间”,重点看时间和速度;instance 讲“例子、个案”,重点看举例和具体情况。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 instant 作形容词:instant feedback / instant reply 表示即时,instant coffee / noodles 表示速溶或即食
  2. 再学 instant 作名词和短语:for an instant 是一瞬间,the instant (that) ... 是一……就……
  3. 最后学 instance:for instance = for example,an instance of... 是……的一个例子,in this instance 是在这个具体情况下

组内辨析

  • instant 有 t,常和 time / speed 相关;instance 有 ce,常和 example / case 相关。
  • for an instant = for a moment;for instance = for example,两个 for 短语不能互换。
  • the instant that... 接从句表示 as soon as;instance 不引导“一……就……”。
  • 记忆线索的 in- + stant 线索只能帮助记忆,不要把 instant 和 instance 当成现代派生词。

易错提醒

  • instant success 是即时成功或迅速成功,不要翻成“速成的成功”。
  • instant coffee / noodles 是速溶或即食,不是“瞬间咖啡/面条”。
  • This is an instance of... 里的 instance 是例子,不是 moment。
  • 写作文举例用 for instance;表示一瞬间用 for an instant。
033

instant

星标

['instənt] · adj. / n. / phr. · Page 70

立刻的, 马上的;即食的, 速溶的;瞬间, 片刻;某一时刻

immediate, ready very quickly, a very short moment, or the moment something happens

联想

instant 先抓“时间很近”:作形容词是马上发生或马上可用,作名词是一个很短的瞬间;the instant (that) 整块表示“一……就……”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.立刻的;即时的

修饰 reply、feedback、access、success 等,强调几乎马上发生或得到。

常见表达an instant replyinstant feedbackinstant accessinstant success

The app gives students instant feedback after each question.

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instant feedback 指即时反馈。

She sent an instant reply because the question was urgent.

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an instant reply 指马上回复。

adj.即食的;速溶的;方便的

修饰 food、coffee、noodles、soup 等,强调准备很快、方便使用。

常见表达instant coffeeinstant noodlesinstant soupinstant food

Instant noodles are useful when people have little time to cook.

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instant noodles 指方便面。

He made a cup of instant coffee before the early meeting.

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instant coffee 指速溶咖啡。

n.瞬间;片刻;某一时刻

常用单数,表示很短的一刻,也可指某个具体时刻。

常见表达for an instantat that instantin an instantat the same instant

For an instant, nobody knew what to say.

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for an instant 表示刹那间。

At that instant, the lights went out.

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at that instant 指就在那一刻。

phr.the instant (that) ...

整块引导时间状语,意思接近 as soon as,表示某事一发生另一事就发生。

常见表达the instant (that) ...the instant I saw/heard/arrived ...

The instant the bell rang, the students rushed to the playground.

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the instant 引导时间状语,表示一……就……。

I recognized her the instant I heard her voice.

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the instant I heard... 表示一听到就。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

immediate
立即的;即时的
The teacher gave an immediate answer. immediate 对应 instant 的“马上”义,更正式一些。
quick
快的
We need a quick decision. quick 范围更宽;instant 强调几乎没有等待。
moment
片刻;瞬间
Wait here for a moment. moment 接近 instant 的名词义,语气更普通。
delayed
延迟的
The delayed train arrived two hours late. delayed 与 instant 的即时义相反。
slow
慢的
The slow reply made everyone nervous. slow 与 instant reply 的速度义相反。
instance
例子;个案
This is an instance of careful planning. instant 是即时或瞬间;instance 是例子,不是派生词。
034

instance

['instəns] · n. · Page 70

事例;例子;个案;某一次情况

an example or a particular case

联想

instance 的核心是“一个具体例子/个案”。最常见的 for instance 等于 for example;它和 instant 只形近,意思不能互换。

意思、用法与例句

n.事例;例子;个案

用来说明一个观点、规律或类别中的具体例子。

常见表达for instancean instance of ...give an instancea clear instance

Some animals sleep standing up; horses, for instance, often do this.

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for instance 表示例如。

This is an instance of how small habits can change daily life.

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an instance of 表示……的一个例子。

n.某一次情况;某个具体场合

指某一次发生的情况,常用于 this/one/several/every instance。

常见表达in this instancein one instanceseveral instancesin every instance

In one instance, a student solved the problem without using a calculator.

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in one instance 指在一个具体情况中。

The rule is useful, but it may not work in every instance.

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every instance 表示每一种情况。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

example
例子
This example shows how teamwork matters. example 最普通;instance 更常用于具体个案或正式说明。
case
情况;案例
In this case, the answer is simple. case 接近 instance 的个案义,也可指案件。
occasion
场合;时刻
On one occasion, the class met outside. occasion 接近某一次场合,但不直接等于 example。
general rule
一般规则
A general rule cannot explain every small detail. instance 是具体个案;general rule 是概括性规则。
instant
即时的;瞬间
The answer was instant. instance 是例子;instant 是即时或瞬间。
07

substance / substantial

2 个词

substancesubstantial
substance / substantial

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

substance / substantial 组围绕“实在的内容或分量”展开:substance 是名词,既可指物质,也可指观点的事实根据、文章主旨或事情的重要性;substantial 是形容词,表示数量/影响相当大,或物体厚实坚固。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 substance 的物质义:chemical/dangerous/sticky substance,配合源图中的金属和物质场景
  2. 再学 substance 的抽象义:have substance / no substance to a rumor 表示有无事实根据,the substance of a speech/report 表示主旨
  3. 最后学 substantial:substantial progress/support/evidence 是有分量,substantial wall/building/meal 是厚实、坚固或量足

组内辨析

  • substance 是名词,回答“什么物质、什么实质内容”;substantial 是形容词,修饰 amount、progress、evidence、building、meal 等。
  • material 只覆盖 substance 的物质义;basis/content 只覆盖抽象义,不能彼此随意替换。
  • substantial progress 是明显进展;a substantial wall 是厚实坚固的墙,意义由被修饰名词决定。
  • appearance/surface 强调表面;substance 强调真实内容或根据。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 substance 只背成“物质”;考试阅读里常见 have substance / the substance of... 的抽象义。
  • substantial 不只是“大量的”,也可表示 important/significant 或 strong and solid。
  • a substantial meal 是量足的一餐,不是“物质的一餐”。
  • substance 和 substantial 是真词族关系,但具体词性和搭配不同,不能直接互换。
035

substance

['sʌbstəns] · n. · Page 71

事实基础, 根据;物质;要点, 主旨;重要性

a material, real basis, main content, or real importance

联想

substance 的核心是“有实在内容的东西”:可以是看得见的物质,也可以是支撑观点的事实根据、文章讲话的主旨,或事情真正重要的部分。

意思、用法与例句

n.物质;材料

指一种材料、化学物质或不明物质;这种用法常可数。

常见表达a chemical substancea dangerous substancea sticky substancea white substance

The lab must label every chemical substance clearly.

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chemical substance 指化学物质。

A white substance covered the rock near the river.

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a white substance 指一种白色物质。

n.事实基础;根据;实质内容

用于观点、传闻、计划或报告,表示它有真实依据或有内容,不是空话。

常见表达have substancewithout substanceno substance to a rumora claim with substance

Her argument has substance because she uses real data.

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have substance 表示有事实根据、有内容。

There was no substance to the rumor, so the teacher stopped it quickly.

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no substance to a rumor 表示传闻没有根据。

n.要点;主旨;重要性

表示讲话、文章或讨论中真正核心、重要的部分。

常见表达the substance of a speechthe substance of a reportmatters of substancea question of substance

The substance of the speech was simple: protect clean water.

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the substance of the speech 指讲话主旨。

The meeting dealt with matters of substance, not just small details.

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matters of substance 指有重要性的事情。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

material
材料;物质
Glass is a useful material for windows. material 对应 substance 的物质义;substance 还可指观点或文章的实质内容。
basis
基础;根据
Facts are the basis of a good argument. basis 接近事实根据义,不能表示化学物质。
content
内容
The content of the article is clear. content 接近主旨内容义;substance 更强调有实质、有分量。
appearance
外表;表象
Do not judge a plan only by its appearance. appearance 强调表面;substance 强调真实内容或根据。
emptiness
空洞;空无内容
The speech was full of noise but showed emptiness. emptiness 可与 have substance 的“有内容”相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

substantial
大量的;重要的;坚固的
The project made substantial progress. substance 是名词;substantial 是形容词。
036

substantial

[səb'stænʃl] · adj. · Page 71

大量的;相当大的;重要的;大而坚固的

large in amount, important, or strongly built

联想

substantial 是 substance 的形容词:有“实实在在的分量”。数量上是相当大的,影响上是重要的,物体上是厚实坚固的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.大量的;相当大的;重要的

修饰 amount、number、progress、support、change、evidence 等,强调数量、影响或重要性够大。

常见表达a substantial amounta substantial number ofsubstantial progresssubstantial evidencesubstantial support

The city has made substantial progress in cleaning the river.

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substantial progress 指明显、相当大的进展。

A substantial number of students joined the volunteer program.

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a substantial number of 表示相当多。

adj.大而坚固的;厚实的;量足的

描述建筑、墙、家具、饭菜等有实体分量、结实或够量。

常见表达a substantial buildingsubstantial wallsa substantial meala substantial desk

They built a substantial wall to protect the garden from floods.

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substantial wall 指坚固厚实的墙。

After the long walk, we needed a substantial meal.

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substantial meal 指量足的一餐。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

considerable
相当大的
The plan saved a considerable amount of money. considerable 对应数量大;substantial 还可指坚固或有实质。
significant
重要的;显著的
This was a significant change for the school. significant 强调重要或显著;substantial 更强调有分量。
solid
坚固的;实心的
The chair is made of solid wood. solid 对应坚固厚实义,不对应数量大。
slight
轻微的;少量的
There was only a slight change in the plan. slight 与 substantial 的相当大义相反。
minor
较小的;次要的
It was a minor problem. minor 与 substantial 的重要/有分量义相对。
flimsy
不结实的
The flimsy table shook in the wind. flimsy 与 substantial 的坚固厚实义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

substance
物质;事实根据;主旨;重要性
The report has substance because it uses real data. substance 是名词;substantial 是形容词。
08

regular / regulate

3 个词

regularregulateregulation
regular / regulate

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

regular / regulate / regulation 组围绕 regul- “规则、规律”展开:regular 是形容词,描述有规律、定期、经常或普通;regulate 是及物动词,用规则或系统管理/调节;regulation 是名词,表示正式规章或监管调节过程。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 regular 的三条形容词线:regular exercise/meetings/program 是有规律或固定,regular customer 是常客,regular size/class 是普通规格或常规类型
  2. 再学 regulate 的两个动词义:regulate traffic/market/food safety 是管理控制,regulate temperature/speed/instrument 是调节或校准
  3. 最后学 regulation:rules and regulations / safety regulations 是正式规则,the regulation of... 是对某事的监管或调节

组内辨析

  • regular 是形容词,不等于 rule;regulate 是动作,后面通常要接被管理或调节的对象。
  • regulation 常用复数 regulations 指正式规定,比 everyday rule 更正式。
  • regular 强调按规律重复;constant 强调持续不变,ordinary 强调不特别。
  • regular program 是常规/固定节目;regular size 才是普通规格。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 regular 只背成“规则的”;考试中更常见 regular exercise、regular customer、regular size 这些搭配。
  • 不要说 regulate a rule;regulate 后接 traffic、market、temperature、speed、instrument 等被控制或调节的对象。
  • rules and regulations 是固定搭配,表示规章制度,不是两个完全不同的概念。
  • regulation 的“监管/调节”过程义和可数“规章”义要按 the regulation of... 或复数 regulations 判断。
037

regular

星标

['regjələ(r)] · adj. · Page 71

有规律的;定期的, 固定的;惯常的, 经常的;普通的

following a pattern, happening at fixed times, usual, or ordinary

联想

regular 的核心是“按规律或常规来”:事情按固定时间重复,人是常客,物品是普通规格。它和 regulate / regulation 同属“规则”线,但词性完全不同。

意思、用法与例句

adj.有规律的;定期的;固定的

描述运动、会议、检查、节目或间隔按规律重复或固定安排。

常见表达regular exerciseregular meetingsregular checksat regular intervalsa regular program

Regular exercise helps students stay healthy.

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regular exercise 指有规律的锻炼。

The club holds regular meetings every Friday.

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regular meetings 指定期开会。

adj.惯常的;经常的

描述某人经常去某地、使用某服务或阅读某内容。

常见表达a regular customera regular visitora regular readera regular user

My father is a regular customer at the small bookshop.

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regular customer 表示常客。

She is a regular reader of the school newspaper.

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regular reader 指经常阅读的人。

adj.普通的;常规的;标准规格的

表示普通类型或常规安排,不是 special、large、extra 或 unusual。

常见表达regular sizeregular classregular ticketregular classroom

I ordered a regular size drink, not a large one.

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regular size 指普通规格。

This is our regular classroom, but today we are using the science lab.

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regular classroom 指平时使用的普通教室。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

usual
通常的;惯常的
This is his usual seat in the classroom. usual 接近 regular 的常规义,但不一定强调固定间隔。
routine
常规的;例行的
The doctor gave him a routine check. routine 强调例行程序;regular 强调规律重复或常规。
fixed
固定的
The class has a fixed starting time. fixed 对应定期/固定义,不覆盖常客或普通规格义。
irregular
不规律的;不规则的
His irregular sleep made him tired in class. irregular 是 regular 的直接反义。
occasional
偶尔的
She makes occasional visits to the old library. occasional 与 regular 的经常/定期义相对。
special
特别的
The school prepared a special program for the guests. special 与 regular 的普通/常规义相对。
constant
持续不断的;恒定的
The machine runs at a constant speed. constant 强调持续或不变;regular 强调按规律重复。

词族线索 / 同组词

regulate
管理;控制;调节
Traffic lights regulate the flow of cars. regular 是形容词;regulate 是动词,使事物受规则控制。
regulation
规章制度;规则
Students must follow the safety regulations. regulation 是名词,指规则或管理。
038

regulate

['regjuleit] · vt. · Page 71

控制, 管理;调节, 校准

to control, manage, adjust, or keep something working by rules or a system

联想

regulate 是把事情“调到有规则”:政府或制度可以 regulate traffic / markets,机器或身体机制可以 regulate temperature / speed / blood sugar。

意思、用法与例句

vt.管理;控制

指用规则、法律、制度或权力控制某个活动,使其有秩序。

常见表达regulate trafficregulate the marketregulate an industrybe strictly regulatedregulate food safety

The new law helps regulate traffic around the school.

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regulate traffic 指用规则使交通有秩序。

Food safety is strictly regulated in many countries.

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be regulated 表示受到监管。

vt.调节;校准

指调节机器、仪器、温度、速度或身体功能,使其保持合适状态。

常见表达regulate temperatureregulate speedregulate blood sugarregulate an instrumentregulate the flow of water

This device can regulate the temperature in the greenhouse.

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regulate temperature 是常见科技语境。

A healthy body can regulate blood sugar more easily.

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regulate blood sugar 指调节血糖。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

control
控制
Parents should control how much time young children spend online. control 更普通;regulate 常强调通过规则或系统控制。
manage
管理
She manages the school library well. manage 强调负责处理;regulate 强调按规则监管或调节。
adjust
调节;调整
Please adjust the light before you take the photo. adjust 对应调节义;regulate 更强调保持在合适范围。
monitor
监测
Doctors monitor the patient's heart rate. monitor 是观察记录;regulate 是实际控制或调节。
deregulate
解除管制
Some industries were deregulated to allow more competition. deregulate 是减少或取消 regulation。
ignore
不理会
The company ignored safety rules. ignore rules 与 regulate 的按规则管理相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

regular
有规律的;定期的
Regular checks help regulate the machine. regular 是形容词;regulate 是动词。
regulation
规章;管理
Factories must follow environmental regulations. regulation 是名词,指规则或管理过程。
039

regulation

星标

[,regju'leiʃn] · n. · Page 71

章程, 规章制度, 规则;管理, 调节

an official rule, or the control and adjustment of something by rules

联想

regulation 是 regulate 的名词:最常见是正式规章,常用复数 regulations;也可表示“监管/调节”这个过程。

意思、用法与例句

n.规章;条例;规则

指机构、学校、政府或公司制定的正式规则,常用复数 regulations。

常见表达rules and regulationssafety regulationstraffic regulationsgovernment regulationsschool regulations

The company made a number of rules and regulations.

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rules and regulations 指正式规章制度。

Drivers must obey the parking regulations near the station.

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parking regulations 是具体规章。

n.管理;监管;调节

表示通过规则或机制进行控制、管理或调节的过程。

常见表达the regulation of ...price regulationtraffic regulationtemperature regulation

The regulation of online games has become a public topic.

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the regulation of ... 表示对……的管理。

Temperature regulation is important in a science lab.

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temperature regulation 指温度调节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rule
规则
This school rule is simpler than the city regulation. rule 可日常;regulation 更正式,常来自机构或政府。
law
法律
The law protects children's safety. law 比 regulation 更高层级;regulation 常是具体规定。
requirement
要求;规定
Wearing safety glasses is a requirement in the lab. requirement 强调必须做到的要求;regulation 强调正式规则。
freedom
自由;不受限制
Too many rules may reduce freedom. freedom 与 regulation 的限制/监管语境相对。
deregulation
解除管制
Deregulation allowed more companies to enter the market. deregulation 是减少或取消 regulation。

词族线索 / 同组词

regulate
管理;控制;调节
The law regulates traffic near schools. regulate 是动词;regulation 是名词。
regular
有规律的;定期的
The club holds regular meetings every Friday. regular 是形容词,不是规章本身。
09

rule / rail

4 个词

rulerulerrailrailway
rule / rail

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

rule / rail 组要分两条线:rule / ruler 是“规则、统治、裁定”的真词族线;rail / railway 是“铁轨、栏杆、铁路”的交通/物体线。记忆线索把 rule 联想到 rail,是因为轨道和围栏像规则一样限制方向,但这只是助记,不是现代派生。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 rule 的核心:school rules / break a rule 是规定,as a rule 是通常,rule a country / rule that... / rule out 分别是统治、裁定、排除
  2. 再学 ruler 的双义:历史政治语境是统治者,课堂测量语境是尺子
  3. 最后学 rail / railway:rail 是铁轨、铁路运输或栏杆;railway = rail + way,是铁路线路或铁路系统

组内辨析

  • rule 是规则或统治动作;ruler 是统治者或尺子,不能把 school rule 说成 ruler。
  • rule out 是固定动词短语,意思是排除可能性,不是“统治出去”。
  • rail 是单根铁轨、铁路运输或栏杆;railway 是线路或系统。
  • rule 和 rail 的联系只作图像助记;真正的构词关系是 rail + way = railway。

易错提醒

  • rule 作名词不只表示规定,还可表示 as a rule 的常规、科学/语法规则、统治权。
  • ruler 在文具语境中是尺子,在历史语境中是统治者。
  • by rail 表示通过铁路运输;hold the rail 表示扶栏杆。
  • 不要把 rail / railway 放进 rule 的派生词族;应作为 source memory link 或交通主题复习。
040

rule

星标

[ru:l] · n. / vt. / phr. · Page 71

规定, 条例;常规;统治, 控制;定律;统治;排除

a rule to follow, a usual practice, a law-like pattern, governing power, or an official decision

联想

rule 的核心是“让行为或判断有标准”:可以是学校规定、通常做法、科学定律,也可以是统治权;动词 rule 可表示统治、裁定,rule out 是排除可能性。

意思、用法与例句

n.规定;条例;规则

指人们必须遵守的规定,可来自学校、比赛、交通或组织。

常见表达school rulessafety rulestraffic rulesfollow/obey a rulebreak a rule

Students must follow the safety rules in the science lab.

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safety rules 指安全规定。

A player who breaks a rule may leave the game.

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break a rule 表示违反规定。

n.常规;通常情况;定律

可指通常做法、语言或科学中的规律。

常见表达as a rulea general rulea grammar rulea rule of nature

As a rule, I read for ten minutes before breakfast.

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as a rule 表示通常、一般说来。

This grammar rule helps students choose the right tense.

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grammar rule 指语法规则。

n. / vt.统治;控制;统治

作名词可指统治时期或统治权;作动词指统治国家、地区或人民。

常见表达under the rule of ...rule a countryrule over ...foreign rule

The country changed greatly under the rule of a young king.

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under the rule of... 指在……统治下。

No ruler can rule a country well without listening to its people.

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rule a country 指统治国家。

vt. / phr.裁定;排除

正式语境中 rule 可表示裁定;rule out 表示排除某种可能或不予考虑。

常见表达rule that ...rule in favor of ...rule out a possibilityrule out an idea

The judge ruled that the school had acted properly.

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rule that... 表示正式裁定。

Doctors ruled out a serious illness after the tests.

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rule out 表示排除。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

regulation
正式规章
The new regulation limits the use of plastic bags. regulation 更正式,常来自政府或机构;rule 可更日常。
law
法律;定律
The law protects children's safety. law 更正式或更高层级;rule 可指学校规定、比赛规则或常规。
principle
原则;原理
The same principle works in many experiments. principle 强调基本原则;rule 更像可遵守或可应用的具体规则。
exception
例外
There is one exception to this rule. exception 是不按规则走的情况。
freedom
自由;不受控制
The new rule gave students more freedom after class. freedom 与 rule 的限制/控制语境相对。
govern
统治;管理
Good leaders govern with fairness. govern 对应 rule 的动词统治义。

词族线索 / 同组词

ruler
统治者;尺子
A ruler can make rules, and a ruler can also draw a straight line. ruler 可由 rule + -er 记统治者,但也有尺子义。
041

ruler

['ru:lə(r)] · n. · Page 71

统治者;(直)尺

a person who governs, or a straight tool for measuring and drawing lines

联想

ruler 两个义项靠语境分:历史/国家语境是统治者,课堂/测量语境是尺子。

意思、用法与例句

n.统治者

指拥有统治权的人,常见于历史、国家和政治语境。

常见表达a powerful rulera fair rulerthe ruler of ...under a ruler

The young ruler tried to listen to ordinary people.

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ruler 指统治者。

A fair ruler should protect the weak.

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fair ruler 指公正的统治者。

n.尺子;直尺

指用来量长度、画直线的工具。

常见表达a 30-centimeter ruleruse a rulerdraw a line with a rulermeasure with a ruler

Use a ruler to draw a straight line under the title.

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ruler 在课堂语境中常指尺子。

I forgot my ruler, so I could not measure the map accurately.

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measure 与 ruler 搭配自然。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leader
领导者
A good leader listens to different opinions. leader 更宽泛;ruler 强调统治权。
king
国王
The king ruled for twenty years. king 是具体身份;ruler 是更宽的统治者。
subject
臣民;被统治者
The ruler listened to his subjects. subject 可指被 ruler 统治的人。
measuring tape
卷尺
A measuring tape is useful for a long table. measuring tape 与尺子同属测量工具。

词族线索 / 同组词

rule
规定;统治;裁定
The king ruled the country for many years. rule 是动词或名词;ruler 是人或工具。
042

rail

[reil] · n. · Page 71

铁轨, 轨道;铁路系统;围栏, 栏杆

a metal bar in a track, a rail transport system, or a bar used for support or fencing

联想

rail 的画面是一根长条:铺在地上让火车按路线走是铁轨;作为交通方式是铁路系统;装在楼梯或桥边是栏杆。

意思、用法与例句

n.铁轨;轨道

常用复数 rails,指火车行驶的金属轨。

常见表达railsrail trackson the railsrepair the rail

Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived.

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rail 指铁轨本身。

The train moved slowly along the rails after the storm.

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rails 常用复数。

n.铁路系统;铁路运输

不可数用法,指铁路运输方式或系统。

常见表达by railrail transporttravel by railsend goods by rail

Sending goods by rail can reduce road traffic.

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by rail 表示通过铁路。

The city plans to improve rail transport next year.

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rail transport 指铁路交通。

n.围栏;栏杆;扶手

指楼梯、桥、阳台、围栏上的横杆。

常见表达hold the raila safety raila stair raillean on the rail

Please hold the rail when you go down the stairs.

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hold the rail 是安全提示中的自然搭配。

A safety rail kept visitors away from the deep water.

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safety rail 指安全栏杆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

track
轨道;跑道
The train runs on a track made of rails. track 强调整条路线;rail 强调金属轨或栏杆。
fence
围栏
A low fence stood around the garden. fence 是围栏整体;rail 可指其中的横杆。
road
公路;道路
Goods by road can be slower in heavy traffic. road 是公路运输;rail 是铁路运输。
railway
铁路;铁路系统
The railway connects the town with the capital. rail 是铁轨或栏杆;railway 是铁路线路或系统。
rule
规则
A rail guides the train in one direction. 可用 rule 记 rail,但这是助记线索,不是现代派生。
043

railway

['reilwei] · n. · Page 71

铁路, 铁道;铁路系统

a rail route or transport system used by trains

联想

railway = rail + way,是火车走的路;可指一条铁路线,也可指铁路系统、车站或工作人员。

意思、用法与例句

n.铁路;铁道;铁路线

指火车运行的线路。

常见表达a railway linebuild a railwayalong the railwaya high-speed railway

A new railway line will make the mountain village easier to reach.

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railway line 是具体线路。

The town grew quickly after the railway was built.

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railway 可指带来交通变化的铁路。

n.铁路系统;铁路相关机构

指铁路交通系统、车站、工作人员或服务。

常见表达railway stationrailway workersrailway systemrailway service

Railway workers checked the station before the holiday rush.

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railway 作定语修饰 station/workers/system。

The railway system carries millions of passengers every day.

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railway system 指铁路系统。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

rail
铁轨;栏杆
Workers repaired the damaged rail before the next train arrived. rail 是单根铁轨或栏杆;railway 是线路或系统。
railroad
铁路
The railroad brought new jobs to the town. railroad 在美式英语中常见;railway 在英式英语中常见。
train
火车
The train arrived at the railway station on time. train 是车辆;railway 是车辆运行的线路系统。
road
公路
The village has a road but no railway. road 给汽车走;railway 给火车走。
10

double / multi / diploma

7 个词

doubledoubtduplediplomamultiplemultiplymultiplication
double / multi / diploma

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

double / multi / diploma 组要分两条线:double、duple、doubt、diploma 共享记忆线索的“二、双、折叠”记忆线索,但不能都当作现代派生词;multiple、multiply、multiplication 才是更清楚的 multi- “多、相乘、倍增”学习线。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 double 的完整高频义:两倍的、双重的、双人的、双倍地、两倍/双打、使加倍,并补住源义“折叠”
  2. 再学 doubt:不是 double 的近义词,而是“怀疑/不确定”,重点背 doubt whether、have doubts about、There is no doubt that
  3. 然后把 duple 当低频识别词,记 duple rhythm / duple form,不当日常 double 替换词
  4. 接着单独学 diploma:文凭/证书,搭配 receive/earn a diploma、high school diploma;记忆线索折叠纸只作记忆线索
  5. 最后学 multi- 线:multiple 是多个的或倍数,multiply 是乘/倍增,multiplication 是乘法

组内辨析

  • double 强调二或两倍;multiple 强调多个、多方面或数学倍数。
  • doubt 与 double 只保留记忆线索记忆联系,语义上应按 question / uncertainty / no doubt 线学习。
  • duple 与 double 接近但低频、正式,多见于音乐或结构描述;日常英语优先用 double。
  • diploma 的现代核心是 official certificate / graduation document,不要按“double”翻译。
  • multiply 是动词,multiple 是形容词/名词,multiplication 是名词运算过程。

易错提醒

  • a double room 是双人间,不是两间房;doubles 是双打项目。
  • double the paper over 可以表示对折,不能只记“加倍”。
  • There is no doubt that... 表示确定无疑,不是“没有怀疑那个”。
  • multiple choice 是选择题搭配;a multiple of three 才是数学“倍数”。
  • 不要把 diploma、doubt、duple 都写进 double 的现代派生词族;需要用 memory link / root story 标注。
044

double

星标

['dʌbl] · adj. / adv. / n. / vt. / vi. · Page 72

两倍的;双重的;双人的;双倍地;两倍;双打;(使)加倍;折叠

twice as much, having two parts, for two people, or to make something twice as large; also to fold something over

联想

double 的核心是“二”:数量是两倍、结构有两层、房间供两人、比赛是双打;作动词时可表示加倍,也可按源义表示把东西折起来。

意思、用法与例句

adj.两倍的;双重的;成双的

修饰名词,表示数量为两倍、由两部分组成,或具有双重意义。

常见表达double the amounta double meaningdouble doorsa double line

The new bridge is double the length of the old one.

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double the length 表示长度是两倍。

The sentence has a double meaning, so read it carefully.

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a double meaning 指双重含义。

adj. / n.双人的;双打

在住宿、座位或运动语境中,double 可表示供两人使用,doubles 指双打项目。

常见表达a double rooma double bedplay doublesa doubles match

We booked a double room because my brother and I would share it.

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a double room 是双人间。

They won the doubles match after a long final set.

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doubles match 指双打比赛。

adv. / n.双倍地;两倍

可作副词或名词,表示双倍数量、双倍价钱或两倍的结果。

常见表达pay doublecharge doubledouble the amounttwice the amount

If you lose the key, you may have to pay double.

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pay double 表示付双倍的钱。

This month our reading total is nearly double last month's total.

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double 可作名词/限定表达,表示两倍。

vt. / vi.(使)加倍

作动词时,主语可自己增加到两倍,也可使某个数量、时间或效果变为两倍。

常见表达double in sizedouble the number of ...double the timeprices double

The town doubled in size after the railway opened.

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double in size 表示规模扩大一倍。

The teacher doubled the reading time from ten minutes to twenty minutes.

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double the time 表示把时间加倍。

vt.折叠;对折

较具体的动作义,指把布、纸等折成两层,考试中常作为识别义处理。

常见表达double the paper overdouble a clothfold something double

She doubled the paper over before putting it in the envelope.

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double over 可表示对折。

Double the cloth before you cut it into two equal pieces.

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double the cloth 指把布叠成双层。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

twice
两次;两倍
The box is twice as heavy as it looks. twice 常作副词;double 可作形容词、名词或动词。
twofold
两倍的;双重的
The plan has a twofold purpose. twofold 较正式;double 更常用。
single
单个的;单人的
I booked a single room for one night. single 与 double 的“单/双”相对。
halve
把……减半
The school halved the price for students. halve 是使变成一半;double 是使变成两倍。
multiple
多个的;倍数
The problem had multiple causes. multiple 强调多个或倍数;double 只强调二或两倍。
duple
两倍的;双重的
The music teacher mentioned duple rhythm. duple 比 double 少见,常在音乐或正式术语中出现。
doubt
怀疑
I doubt whether he can finish on time. 可把 doubt 与 double 作同源记忆;现代用法中二者不是近义词。
045

doubt

星标

[daut] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 72

怀疑;不确定;疑问

to feel unsure about something, or a feeling that something may not be true or certain

联想

doubt 不是简单的“不喜欢”或“反对”,而是心里没把握:可作动词“怀疑/不确定”,也可作名词“疑问/怀疑”。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.怀疑;不确定

作动词时可接人、话、能力、事实或 whether/if/that 从句,表示没有把握。

常见表达doubt whether/if ...doubt that ...doubt someone's wordsdoubt it

I doubt whether he can finish the report tonight.

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doubt whether... 表示怀疑能否完成。

She never doubted her friend's honesty.

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doubt someone's honesty 指怀疑某人的诚实。

n.怀疑;疑问;不确定感

作名词时可指心中的疑问,也可在固定短语中表示确定或无疑。

常见表达have doubts about ...no doubtwithout doubtbeyond/out of doubtThere is no doubt that ...

We all have doubts and regrets at times.

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have doubts 表示有疑问或顾虑。

There is no doubt that reading widely helps writing.

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There is no doubt that... 是写作常用句式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

question
质疑;疑问
Several students questioned the result. question 可作动词“质疑”;doubt 更强调心里不确定。
uncertainty
不确定
Uncertainty about the weather changed our plan. uncertainty 是名词状态;doubt 可作动词或名词。
suspect
怀疑;猜想
The police suspect that the driver was careless. suspect 常带有怀疑坏事或犯罪的语气;doubt 是不确定。
trust
信任
I trust her because she always keeps her promise. trust 与 doubt 的怀疑感相对。
certainty
确定;确信
There is no certainty that the weather will improve. certainty 是确定感;doubt 是不确定感。
double
两倍的;双重的
The word has a double meaning. 可把 doubt 与 double 关联记忆;考试中按各自真实用法区分。
046

duple

['dju:pl] · adj. · Page 72

两倍的;双重的

having two parts or two beats; a rare formal word close to double

联想

duple 也围绕“二、双”,但远不如 double 常用。高中学习中重点识别它的 two-part / two-beat 含义,不要把它当成日常替代词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.双重的;二拍的;两部分的

用于较正式或音乐语境,表示由两个部分、两层或两拍构成。

常见表达duple rhythmduple meterduple formduple structure

The song has a simple duple rhythm that students can clap easily.

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duple rhythm 指二拍节奏。

The old poem is arranged in a duple structure.

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duple structure 指双重结构。

日常表达“两倍的”优先用 double;duple 更像识别性词汇。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

double
双重的;两倍的
We booked a double room for two people. double 更常用,可用于数量、房间和动词加倍;duple 范围窄。
twofold
两倍的;双重的
The project has a twofold aim. twofold 比 duple 更常见于正式表达。
single
单一的
A single line is easier to read. single 与 duple 的“双”相对。
multiple
多个的;多重的
The plan has multiple steps. multiple 是多于一个,常不止两个;duple 强调两个。
diploma
文凭;证书
She received her diploma at the ceremony. 可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆线索;diploma 的现代意义是证书。
047

diploma

[di'pləumə] · n. · Page 72

结业证书;考试证书;毕业文凭

an official document showing that someone has completed a course, graduated, or passed an examination

联想

diploma 的重点不是“double”,而是“完成学习或考试后的官方证明”。折叠纸线索可以帮助记忆词形,但考试中要按 certificate / graduation document 来理解。

意思、用法与例句

n.文凭;结业证书;考试证书

指学校、培训课程或考试机构颁发的正式证书,证明完成学习或通过考试。

常见表达get/receive/earn a diplomaa high school diplomaa college diplomaa diploma in ...

She received her diploma at the graduation ceremony.

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receive a diploma 指收到毕业文凭。

Some jobs require a high school diploma.

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a high school diploma 是高中毕业文凭。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

certificate
证书
Each volunteer received a certificate after the course. certificate 范围更宽;diploma 常和毕业、课程完成或考试证书有关。
degree
学位
She got a degree in medicine. degree 通常指大学学位;diploma 更常指文凭或课程证书。
graduate
毕业
Many students graduate before they receive their diplomas. graduate 是动词或名词;diploma 是证书。
qualification
资格;资历
The course gives students a useful qualification. qualification 强调资格;diploma 是证明资格的文件之一。
duple
两倍的;双重的
The music has a duple rhythm. 可用 dipl(o)=double/折叠作记忆,不代表 diploma 和 duple 现代同义。
048

multiple

['mʌltipl] · adj. / n. · Page 72

数量多的;多种多样的;多重的;倍数

many or more than one, or a number that is produced by multiplying another number

联想

multiple 一条线是“多个/多种”,如 multiple reasons;另一条线是数学“倍数”,如 a multiple of three。multiple choice 是核心搭配,指选择题。

意思、用法与例句

adj.多个的;多种的;多重的

修饰名词,强调不止一个、来源多样或涉及多个方面。

常见表达multiple causesmultiple reasonsmultiple problemsmultiple skillsmultiple choices

The accident had multiple causes, including heavy rain and poor light.

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multiple causes 表示多种原因。

Students can choose from multiple activities after class.

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multiple activities 指多个活动。

adj.选择题的;多项选择的

multiple choice 常用于考试题型,通常指从给定选项中选择答案。

常见表达multiple-choice questionsa multiple-choice testchoose the right answer

The test includes twenty multiple-choice questions.

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multiple-choice questions 是选择题。

Read every option before you answer a multiple-choice question.

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multiple-choice question 要看所有选项。

n.倍数

数学中指某个数乘以整数后得到的数。

常见表达a multiple of ...common multipleleast common multiple

Twelve is a multiple of three and four.

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12 是 3 和 4 的倍数。

The least common multiple of two and three is six.

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least common multiple 是最小公倍数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

several
几个的
Several students stayed after class. several 强调几个;multiple 更正式,强调多个或多方面。
many
许多的
Many problems can be solved by teamwork. many 更普通;multiple 常修饰 causes, choices, skills 等。
single
单一的
The problem has no single answer. single 与 multiple 的“单/多”相对。
double
两倍的;双重的
The number doubled in one year. double 强调二或两倍;multiple 可指多个或任意倍数。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiply
相乘;倍增
Multiply four by three and you get twelve. multiply 是动词;multiple 是形容词或名词。
multiplication
乘法;相乘
Multiplication is faster than repeated addition. multiplication 是名词,表示相乘过程。
049

multiply

星标

['mʌltiplai] · vt. / vi. · Page 72

乘;(使)相乘;(使)大大增加;(使)倍增

to calculate one number times another, or to increase greatly in number, amount, or effect

联想

multiply 一条线是数学“相乘”,另一条线是数量、力量、问题“迅速增加”。multiply the force 表示把力量放大。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.乘;相乘

数学中表示一个数乘以另一个数,也可泛指做乘法。

常见表达multiply A by Bmultiply two numbersmultiply togethermultiply to get ...

If you multiply eight by five, you get forty.

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multiply A by B 是 A 乘以 B。

The children learned how to multiply large numbers.

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multiply large numbers 指做大数乘法。

vt. / vi.(使)大大增加;倍增

指数量、力量、影响、错误或问题迅速增加,常比普通 increase 更强调成倍扩大。

常见表达multiply rapidlymultiply the effectmultiply the forcemistakes/problems multiply

Simple machines can multiply the force of our hands.

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multiply the force 表示放大力量。

Small mistakes can multiply if no one corrects them early.

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mistakes multiply 表示错误越来越多。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

times
乘以
Three times four is twelve. times 是口语/数学表达;multiply 是动词。
increase
增加
The number of visitors increased last year. increase 范围更宽;multiply 强调大幅或成倍增加。
divide
除以;分开
Divide forty by five and you get eight. divide 是数学相反操作;multiply 是相乘。
reduce
减少
The school reduced waste by using fewer plastic bottles. reduce 与 multiply 的增加义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiple
多个的;倍数
Twelve is a multiple of three. multiple 是形容词或名词;multiply 是动词。
multiplication
乘法;相乘
Multiplication is easier after practice. multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式。
050

multiplication

· n. · Page 72

乘;相乘;乘法

the mathematical process of multiplying numbers

联想

multiplication 是 multiply 的名词形式,核心场景是数学“乘法”。看到 multiplication table、multiplication and division,要立刻回到运算语境。

意思、用法与例句

n.乘法;相乘

指把数字相乘的过程、方法或运算。

常见表达multiplication tabledo multiplicationmultiplication and divisiona multiplication problem

The multiplication table helps students calculate faster.

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multiplication table 是乘法表。

This problem requires multiplication before addition.

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multiplication before addition 表示先乘后加。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

division
除法
Division is the opposite operation of multiplication. division 是乘法的相反运算。
addition
加法
Addition can be slower than multiplication when the same number is repeated. addition 是加法;multiplication 是相乘。
times table
乘法表
The times table helps young learners remember multiplication facts. times table 是更口语的乘法表说法。

词族线索 / 同组词

multiply
乘;使倍增
Multiply seven by six to get forty-two. multiply 是动词;multiplication 是名词。
multiple
倍数;多个的
Thirty is a multiple of ten. multiple 可指倍数结果;multiplication 指运算过程。
11

rest / arrest / unrest

4 个词

rest①rest②arrestunrest
rest / arrest / unrest

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

rest / arrest / unrest 组必须先划边界:rest① 是休息、歇息、倚靠;rest② 是 the rest “剩余部分/其余的人或物”,和 rest① 是同形异义学习点。arrest 可从“使停住”理解逮捕、阻止、吸引注意;unrest 是 un- + rest 的“不安定、动荡”,但不要把四词都当现代普通派生词族。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 rest①:take/have a rest 是休息,rest for a while 是歇息,rest one's head on... 是倚靠
  2. 再单独学 rest②:the rest of... / for the rest of... 只表示剩余部分、其余的人或物
  3. 然后学 arrest:arrest sb. for... / under arrest 是法律逮捕,arrest the spread 是阻止扩散,arrest attention 是吸引注意
  4. 最后学 unrest:social/political/public unrest 是社会或政治动荡,不是个人没有休息

组内辨析

  • rest① 和 rest② 拼写读音相同,但核心义不同:一个是休息/倚靠,一个是剩余部分。
  • rest② 通常带 the;take a rest 里的 rest 不带 the,含义也不同。
  • arrest 的共同画面是 stop:让人停止自由行动、让扩散停止、让注意力停住。
  • unrest 是不可数名词,描述公共不安、骚动或动荡;restless 是形容词,描述人或人群不安。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 the rest of the work 理解成“工作中的休息”;它是剩下的工作。
  • under arrest 是被捕,不是“在休息下面”。
  • arrest attention 是吸引注意,语气较书面;不是法律逮捕。
  • unrest 不能说成 an unrest;它通常作不可数名词。
  • rest② 与 arrest/unrest 的记忆线索关系只作为记忆线索或同组复习,不放进 rest② 的现代 word-family。
051

rest①

星标

[rest] · n. / vi. / vt. · Page 73

休息;歇息;(使)倚靠;放置

a break from work, the act of relaxing, or putting something on a support

联想

rest① 是“停下来恢复或支撑”的 rest:人休息,身体或物体靠在某处。它和 rest② 拼写读音相同,但 rest② 是“剩下的部分”。

意思、用法与例句

n.休息;休息时间

指一段停止工作或活动、恢复体力的时间。

常见表达take/have a restneed a resta short resta good rest

After climbing the hill, we stopped to have a rest.

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take/have a rest 表示休息一下。

A short rest helped the runners continue the race.

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a short rest 指短暂休息。

vi.休息;歇息

作不及物动词,表示停止活动、恢复体力或精神。

常见表达rest for a whilerest at homerest after workrest before the exam

You should rest for a while if you feel dizzy.

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rest for a while 表示休息一会儿。

She rested at home for two days after the fever.

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rested at home 是自然恢复语境。

vt. / vi.倚靠;放置在……上

指把身体、头、手或物体放在支撑物上。

常见表达rest your head on ...rest against ...rest on the tablerest a hand on ...

She rested her head on her mother's shoulder.

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rest one's head on... 表示把头靠在……上。

The ladder rested against the wall.

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rest against 表示靠着某物。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break
休息;间歇
Let's take a ten-minute break. break 更口语,可指课间或工作间歇;rest 更强调恢复。
relax
放松
Music helps me relax after school. relax 强调放松心情或身体;rest 可指实际停下来休息。
work
工作;劳动
People need rest after hard work. work 与 rest 的活动/休息相对。
move
移动;活动
The machine kept moving all night. rest 的静止或停下与 keep moving 相对。
rest②
剩余部分;其余的人或物
I ate one apple and gave the rest to my sister. rest① 是休息/倚靠;rest② 是 the rest 剩余部分。
unrest
动荡;骚动
The city returned to calm after weeks of unrest. unrest 是 un- + rest 的社会不安状态,不是个人没休息。
052

rest②

[rest] · n. · Page 73

剩余部分;其余的人或物

the remaining part, people, or things after some have been used, taken, or mentioned

联想

rest② 固定抓 the rest:前面拿走或提到一部分,剩下的人、物、时间就是 the rest。它不表示休息。

意思、用法与例句

n.剩余部分;其余的人或物

常和 the 连用,指一部分之外剩下的内容、人、物或时间。

常见表达the rest of ...for the rest of ...leave the restthe rest is/are ...

I finished the first question and left the rest for tomorrow.

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leave the rest 表示把剩余部分留下。

The rest of the students waited outside the classroom.

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the rest of the students 指其余学生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

remainder
剩余部分
The remainder of the money was saved for food. remainder 较正式;the rest 更常用。
remaining
剩下的
Please finish the remaining work today. remaining 是形容词;the rest 是名词短语。
others
其他人;其他事物
Some students went home, and the others stayed. others 指其他人/物;the rest 强调剩下的全部。
all
全部
All of the students joined the activity. all 是全部;the rest 是扣除一部分后的剩余。
rest①
休息;倚靠
Take a rest before you do the rest of the work. 同词形不同义:第一个 rest 是休息,第二个 the rest 是剩余部分。
053

arrest

星标

[ə'rest] · vt. / n. · Page 73

逮捕;拘留;停止;阻止;吸引注意

to take someone into police custody, to stop something from continuing, or to catch attention

联想

arrest 的底层画面是“让某事停住”:警察逮捕让人失去自由行动;arrest the spread 是阻止扩散;arrest attention 是抓住注意力。

意思、用法与例句

vt.逮捕;拘留

警方或执法人员因某项指控逮捕某人。

常见表达arrest sb. for ...arrest sb. on a charge of ...arrest a suspectarrest the driver

The police arrested the suspect near the railway station.

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arrest a suspect 是逮捕嫌疑人。

He was arrested for stealing a bike.

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arrest sb. for... 表示因……逮捕某人。

n.逮捕;拘留

作名词时指逮捕行为或被捕状态。

常见表达be under arrestmake an arrestafter the arrestplace sb. under arrest

The man was under arrest for stealing a bike.

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under arrest 表示被捕。

The officer made an arrest after checking the camera video.

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make an arrest 指执行逮捕。

vt.停止;阻止

较正式用法,指阻止坏情况、扩散或过程继续发展。

常见表达arrest the spread of ...arrest the declinearrest the damage

Doctors worked hard to arrest the spread of the disease.

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arrest the spread 表示阻止扩散。

New rules helped arrest the decline in water quality.

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arrest the decline 指阻止下降趋势。

vt.吸引;抓住注意力

与 attention 等词搭配,表示让人停下来注意。

常见表达arrest one's attentionan arresting picturearrest the eye

The bright poster arrested the children's attention at once.

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arrest attention 表示吸引注意。

An arresting photo on the wall made visitors stop and look.

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arresting 表示引人注目的。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

detain
拘留
The police detained him for questioning. detain 更正式,强调短期扣留;arrest 更明确表示依法逮捕。
capture
抓获;捕获
Soldiers captured the enemy leader. capture 强调抓住;arrest 强调警方依法逮捕。
release
释放
The police released the man after questioning him. release 与 arrest 的拘留相反。
stop
停止;阻止
The wall stopped the fire from spreading. stop 普通;arrest the spread/decline 更正式。
attract
吸引
The bright color attracted my attention. attract attention 比 arrest attention 更常用;arrest 更强调一下抓住注意。
unrest
动荡;骚动
Police made several arrests after the unrest turned violent. unrest 是社会局面;arrest 是警方动作或逮捕行为。
rest②
剩余部分;停留线索
The rest of the crowd went home. 同组来自 rest 的停住/剩余线索,但 arrest 不是 the rest 的派生用法。
054

unrest

[ʌn'rest] · n. · Page 73

动荡;动乱;骚动;不安定

public disorder, anger, or anxiety, often involving protests or trouble

联想

unrest = un- + rest 的画面是“没有安定下来”。它讲的是社会或群体的不安、动荡,不是个人没睡好。

意思、用法与例句

n.社会动荡;骚动;不安定

不可数名词,常用于社会、政治、校园或群体场景,表示不满、紧张和混乱。

常见表达social unrestpolitical unrestpublic unrestcause/lead to unresta period of unrest

The sudden price rise caused unrest in several cities.

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cause unrest 表示引发动荡。

Schools stayed closed during the period of social unrest.

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social unrest 指社会动荡。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disorder
混乱;骚乱
The strike led to disorder in the streets. disorder 强调秩序混乱;unrest 强调社会不满和不安定。
tension
紧张局势
There was tension between the two groups. tension 可是紧张关系;unrest 通常更公开、更社会化。
peace
和平;安宁
People hope for peace after months of unrest. peace 与 unrest 的动荡相对。
calm
平静
The city returned to calm after the storm. calm 强调平静状态;unrest 强调不安和骚动。
order
秩序
Teachers restored order in the hall. order 是有秩序;unrest 是秩序不稳。
arrest
逮捕;拘留
The police made arrests after the unrest turned violent. arrest 是警方动作;unrest 是动荡局面。

词族线索 / 同组词

restless
不安的;坐立不安的
The restless crowd waited for news. restless 可描述人群不安;unrest 是抽象社会状态。
12

pair / repair

3 个词

pairrepairrepairer
pair / repair

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

pair / repair 组要分清两条关系:pair 是“一双、一对、成对”;repair 是“修理、修补”。记忆线索把二者放在一起方便拼写和词形记忆,但现代学习中不要把 repair 理解成 re- + pair;真正的派生链是 repair -> repairer / repairable / repairs。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 pair:a pair of shoes/glasses/scissors 是一双、一副、一把,in pairs 是两人或两个一组
  2. 再学 pair 作动词:pair A with B / be paired with... 是把两者配成一组
  3. 然后学 repair 作动词:repair a bike/road/damage/relationship 是修理、修补、修复
  4. 接着学 repair 作名词和源搭配:under repair、beyond repair、in good repair、make repairs
  5. 最后学 repairer:repair + -er,是修理工或维修人员

组内辨析

  • pair 关注 two together;repair 关注 fix something broken,二者不是近义词。
  • a pair of 后常接复数名词,但表达一个成组物品,如 a pair of glasses。
  • repair 比 fix 稍正式;mend 常用于衣物、裂缝或关系。
  • repairer 是人,repair 是动作或修理工作;mechanic 更常指汽车或机器维修人员。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 repair 拆成 re- + pair 来翻译;它不是“重新配对”。
  • a pair of scissors / glasses / trousers 这些名词常以复数形式出现。
  • under repair 是正在维修;beyond repair 是无法修复;in good repair 是状况良好。
  • repair 作名词时 repairs 常指修理工作,不能简单等同一个 repairer。
055

pair

星标

[peə(r)] · n. / vt. · Page 73

一双;一对;一副;一把;一条;使成对

two matching things or people considered together; also to put two people or things together

联想

pair 的核心是“两者配成一组”:鞋、袜子、眼镜、剪刀、搭档都可用 a pair of;作动词时表示把两人或两物配成一组。

意思、用法与例句

n.一双;一对;一副;一把;一条

指两个配套使用或被看作一组的人、动物或物品。

常见表达a pair of shoesa pair of glassesa pair of scissorsa pair of trousersa pair of students

I bought a new pair of running shoes for the sports meeting.

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a pair of shoes 是一双鞋。

This pair of glasses helps my grandfather read clearly.

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a pair of glasses 是一副眼镜。

phr.成对地;两人一组

in pairs 表示按两人或两个一组行动、讨论或排列。

常见表达in pairswork in pairswalk in pairsput them in pairs

The teacher asked us to work in pairs and discuss the question.

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work in pairs 表示两人一组。

The children walked in pairs across the road.

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walk in pairs 表示成对行走。

vt.使成对;把……配成一组

指把两个人或物搭配起来共同工作、比赛或使用。

常见表达pair A with Bbe paired with ...pair students together

The coach paired a new player with an experienced one.

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pair A with B 表示把 A 和 B 配对。

Each student was paired with a partner for the science project.

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be paired with 表示被配成一组。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

couple
一对;两个
A couple of students arrived early. couple 可指两个或一对人;pair 更强调配套或成组。
single
单个的;单人的
I need a single ticket, not two. single 与 pair 的一对相对。
match
相配;搭配
These two socks do not match. match 强调相配;pair 强调两者成组。
repair
修理;修补
A pair of shoes may need repair after years of use. pair 与 repair 形近且同组复习,但 repair 不是 pair 的普通派生义。
056

repair

星标

[ri'peə(r)] · vt. / n. · Page 73

修理;修补;修复

to fix something broken or damaged, or the work of fixing it

联想

repair 是把坏了、破了、受损的东西修好。可作动词 repair a bike,也可作名词 repairs / under repair。它和 repairer 是真词族;和 pair 只需防混。

意思、用法与例句

vt.修理;修补;修复

接具体物品、道路、损害或关系,表示把损坏处修好。

常见表达repair a bikerepair a roadrepair the damagerepair a relationship

My father helped me repair the broken bike.

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repair a bike 是修自行车。

Workers repaired the road after the heavy rain.

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repair a road 是修路。

n.修理;修补;维修状态

作名词时可指修理行为、修理工作或维修状态。

常见表达do/make repairsunder repairbeyond repairin good repairneed repair

These kids are happiest when doing repairs.

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do repairs 是做修理工作。

The bridge is under repair, so buses must take another route.

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under repair 表示正在维修。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fix
修理;解决
Can you fix my bike this afternoon? fix 更口语,范围更宽;repair 较正式,强调修好损坏。
mend
修补
She mended a hole in her coat. mend 常用于衣物、裂缝或关系;repair 可用于机器、道路、损害。
break
弄坏;打破
He broke the phone screen. break 是弄坏;repair 是修好。
damage
损坏
The storm damaged the roof. damage 是造成损害;repair 是修复损害。
pair
一双;一对
A pair of shoes may need repair. pair 与 repair 形近,但含义和用法不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

repairer
修理工
The repairer checked the engine carefully. repair 是动作或修理工作;repairer 是做修理的人。
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repairer

· n. · Page 73

修理工;维修人员

a person whose job is to repair broken or damaged things

联想

repairer = repair + -er,是做修理的人。它可指修自行车、鞋、电器、机器等的人;在美式或日常英语中 mechanic 也常用于机械维修人员。

意思、用法与例句

n.修理工;维修人员

指以修理某类物品为工作的人。

常见表达a bike repairera shoe repairera TV repairercall a repairer

We called a repairer when the fridge stopped working.

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call a repairer 是叫维修人员。

The bike repairer changed the tire in ten minutes.

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bike repairer 是自行车修理工。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mechanic
机械修理工
The mechanic checked the car engine. mechanic 常修汽车或机器;repairer 范围更宽。
worker
工人;工作人员
A worker repaired the road. worker 范围很宽;repairer 专门做修理。
customer
顾客
The customer asked the repairer about the cost. customer 是请人修理的人;repairer 是修理的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

repair
修理;修补
They repaired the roof before the storm arrived. repair 是动作或工作;repairer 是人。
13

tract / track / train

8 个词

tractorattractattractionattractivetracktrain①train②training
tract / track / train

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

tract / track / train 组要分三条线:attract / attraction / attractive 是清楚的 tract “拉、吸引”词族;tractor 可用“拉重物的车”连接 tract 记忆;track 是“可循的线、轨道、踪迹、跟踪”,只和 tractor/train①做形近或交通语境联想;train① 是火车,train② / training 是训练线,同形但不能混成一个派生词族。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 tractor:farm tractor / walking tractor / track tractor 都是能拉重物或农具的车
  2. 再学 attract 词族:attract 是动词吸引,attraction 是吸引力/景点/喜爱,attractive 是有吸引力或美观的形容词
  3. 然后学 track:名词有小道、轨道、跑道、足迹,动词是跟踪/记录;短语 keep/lose track of、back on track、track down 单独记
  4. 接着学 train①:火车/列车,和 track、railway、station 同属交通语境
  5. 最后学 train② / training:train sb. to do 是训练某人,train for/as 是自己训练或接受培训,training 是训练/培训过程

组内辨析

  • tractor 是车辆;track 是路线、轨道或痕迹;train① 是在 track/railway 上运行的车辆。
  • attract、attraction、attractive 是真词族,但 tractor 只用 tract “拉”作记忆线索,不和 attraction 当同义词。
  • train① 和 train② 同形同音但意义不同:train station 是火车站,training course 是培训课程。
  • track down 是追踪到;keep track of 是了解/记录;lose track of 是不了解或忘记进展,不是 track 的普通反义词。
  • attraction 的 tourist attraction 是景点;feel an attraction to... 是喜爱或好感,不能只用“吸引力”覆盖所有语境。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 train① 的火车义和 train②/training 的训练义放进同一个现代 word-family。
  • track tractor 是源搭配“轨道牵引车”,不是 track 和 tractor 互为派生。
  • attractive price/offer 是有吸引力的价格或条件,不是“漂亮的价格”。
  • back on track 表示恢复正常;track down 表示追踪到;两个短语不能按字面硬译。
  • training 是不可数名词,通常说 receive training / safety training / teacher training。
058

tractor

星标

['træktə(r)] · n. · Page 73

拖拉机;牵引车

a powerful vehicle, usually used on farms, that pulls machines or heavy loads

联想

tractor 的画面是“能拉重物的车”:农田里拉农具的是拖拉机,track tractor 是轨道牵引车,walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。

意思、用法与例句

n.拖拉机;牵引车

指用于农田、建筑或运输中拉动机器、农具或重物的强力车辆。

常见表达drive a tractora farm tractortractor driverwalking tractortrack tractor

The farmer used a tractor to pull the heavy machine across the field.

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tractor 的核心动作是拉动重物。

A walking tractor is useful on small farms.

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walking tractor 是手扶拖拉机。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

truck
卡车
A truck carried the vegetables to the market. truck 主要运输货物;tractor 主要拉动农具或重物。
plough
犁;耕地
The tractor pulled a plough through the field. plough 是被拖拉机拉动的农具之一。
attract
吸引;引起
The festival attracts visitors from nearby towns. tractor 和 attract 可用 tract “拉”记忆,但词性和语境完全不同。
track
轨道;小径;踪迹
The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field. tractor 是车;track 是路线、轨道或留下的痕迹。
train①
火车;列车
A train runs on railway tracks. 可用 tract/拉的图像记 train,但 train① 是铁路车辆,不是 tractor 派生词。
059

attract

星标

[ə'trækt] · vt. · Page 74

吸引;引起

to draw attention, interest, visitors, or objects toward someone or something

联想

attract 是“把人、注意力、兴趣或物体拉过来”:景点吸引游客,活动吸引学生,磁铁吸引金属。

意思、用法与例句

vt.吸引人、注意力或兴趣

接 visitors, attention, interest, settlers 等宾语,表示让人靠近、关注或感兴趣。

常见表达attract attentionattract visitorsattract interestattract sb. to ...

What attracted the early settlers to New York City?

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attract sb. to a place 表示把某人吸引到某地。

The science show attracted many students because it was full of experiments.

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attract students 表示吸引学生参加或关注。

vt.吸引物体靠近

物理语境中,磁铁、重力等可吸引物体。

常见表达magnets attract metalattract ironopposites attract

A magnet can attract small pieces of iron.

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magnet attract/repel 是常见科学对比。

In science class, we learned that opposite poles attract each other.

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opposite poles attract 是科学语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

draw
吸引;拉近
The story drew readers into its world. draw 与 attract 接近,常用于吸引兴趣或注意。
interest
使感兴趣
The topic interested many students. interest 更直接表示让人感兴趣;attract 还可指游客、注意力或物体靠近。
repel
排斥;使反感
Like poles repel each other. repel 与物理图中的 attract 相反,也可表示让人反感。
drive away
赶走;使离开
High prices may drive away customers. drive away 与 attract visitors/customers 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

attraction
吸引力;景点;喜爱
The museum is a popular tourist attraction. attract 是动词;attraction 是名词。
attractive
有吸引力的;美观的
The plan is attractive because it saves time. attractive 是形容词。
060

attraction

[ə'trækʃn] · n. · Page 74

吸引力;吸引人的事物;向往的地方;喜爱

the power of attracting interest, a place or thing people want to visit, or a feeling of liking

联想

attraction 有三层:吸引力本身、吸引人的地方/事物,以及对某人或某事的喜欢。tourist attraction 是最常见的“景点”。

意思、用法与例句

n.吸引力;吸引

不可数或单数用法,指让人感兴趣或想靠近的力量。

常见表达the attraction of ...strong attractionthe power of attraction

The attraction of the job is that it allows her to travel.

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the attraction of... 指某事的吸引力。

The power of attraction between magnets is easy to see in class.

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物理语境中 attraction 可指吸引力。

n.景点;吸引人的事物

可数名词,指吸引游客或公众的地点、活动或事物。

常见表达tourist attractionmain attractionpopular attractionlocal attraction

The lake has become the main attraction of the town.

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main attraction 是主要景点/亮点。

The museum is a popular tourist attraction for families.

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tourist attraction 是旅游景点。

n.喜爱;好感

单数或不可数用法,指对某人、某事或活动产生的喜欢或向往。

常见表达feel an attraction to ...have an attraction for ...a strong attraction to ...

He felt a strong attraction to music when he was a child.

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feel an attraction to... 指喜欢或向往。

The small town has a special attraction for writers.

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have an attraction for... 指对某类人有吸引力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appeal
吸引力;感染力
The idea has strong appeal for young people. appeal 强调吸引人的品质;attraction 还可指景点。
tourist site
旅游地点
The old temple is a tourist site. tourist site 是旅游地点;tourist attraction 强调吸引游客。
dislike
不喜欢
Her dislike of noise made city life difficult. dislike 与 attraction 的喜爱义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

attract
吸引;引起
The festival attracts visitors. attract 是动词。
attractive
有吸引力的;美观的
The garden looks attractive in spring. attractive 是形容词。
061

attractive

[ə'træktiv] · adj. · Page 74

有吸引力的;好看的;美观的

pleasant, interesting, useful, or good-looking enough to make people like or want something

联想

attractive 不只形容外貌“好看”,也可形容想法、价格、机会、课程“有吸引力”。看它修饰什么名词,决定中文怎么译。

意思、用法与例句

adj.好看的;美观的

描述人、物、地方的外观让人喜欢。

常见表达look attractivean attractive buildingan attractive designan attractive face

The old street looks more attractive after the trees were planted.

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look attractive 指看起来更美观。

The poster uses an attractive design to catch students' eyes.

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attractive design 指好看的设计。

adj.有吸引力的;值得考虑的

描述计划、价格、机会、课程等让人感兴趣或愿意选择。

常见表达an attractive ideaan attractive pricean attractive offerbe attractive to sb.

The course is attractive to students who enjoy working with computers.

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attractive to students 表示对学生有吸引力。

The shop offered an attractive price for the new schoolbag.

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an attractive price 是有吸引力的价格。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

appealing
有吸引力的
The new plan is appealing to young families. appealing 接近 attractive,可用于想法、计划、外观。
beautiful
美丽的
The garden is beautiful in spring. beautiful 更偏外观美;attractive 还可指价格、计划有吸引力。
interesting
有趣的
The lecture was interesting to many students. interesting 强调内容引发兴趣;attractive 强调整体让人想要或喜欢。
unattractive
没有吸引力的;不好看的
The room looked unattractive without enough light. unattractive 是直接反义词。
boring
无聊的
The boring speech made students sleepy. boring 与 attractive 的兴趣吸引义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

attract
吸引;引起
A good title can attract readers. attract 是动词。
attraction
吸引力;景点
The tower is the city's main attraction. attraction 是名词。
062

track

星标

[træk] · n. / vt. · Page 74

小道;轨道;跑道;足迹;踪迹;跟踪;追踪;记录

a path, railway line, running lane, mark left behind, or the act of following or recording something

联想

track 的核心是“可以沿着走或追的线”:脚印是线索,跑道是路线,铁轨是列车走的线;作动词时是跟踪或记录。

意思、用法与例句

n.小道;轨道;跑道

指可走、可跑或列车行驶的路线。

常见表达a narrow tracka railway trackrunning trackon the track

The athletes warmed up on the running track before the race.

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running track 是跑道。

The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track.

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track 可指铁路轨道。

n.足迹;踪迹;线索

常用复数 tracks,指人、动物、车辆留下的痕迹。

常见表达animal tracksdeep tracksleave tracksfollow the tracks

We saw animal tracks in the snow near the forest.

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animal tracks 是动物足迹。

The tractor left deep tracks in the wet field.

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deep tracks 是车辆留下的深痕。

vt.跟踪;追踪;记录

作动词时指追踪人或物的位置,也可记录进展、数据或变化。

常见表达track a packagetrack progresstrack changestrack down

The app can track how many steps you take each day.

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track 数据是记录变化。

Police used cameras to track the missing car.

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track a car 是追踪车辆。

phr.记录/不了解情况;恢复正轨

keep/lose track of 和 back on track 常用于学习、工作和生活进度。

常见表达keep track of ...lose track of ...back on trackget back on track

I use a notebook to keep track of new words.

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keep track of 表示记录或了解情况。

After a difficult week, the project is back on track.

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back on track 表示恢复正常。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

path
小路;路线
The path led to a small river. path 更普通;track 可指小路、跑道、轨道或踪迹。
trail
小径;踪迹
We followed the trail through the hills. trail 可指野外小路或痕迹;track 更可用于跑道、轨道和记录。
rail
铁轨;栏杆
The train runs on rails. rail 强调金属轨;track 可指轨道线路整体。
lose track
不了解;忘记进展
I lost track of time while reading. lose track of 与 keep track of 相对,是短语对比,不是 track 的普通反义词。
tractor
拖拉机;牵引车
The tractor left tracks in the field. tractor 是车,track 是痕迹或路线。
train①
火车;列车
The train runs on the track, not on the road. train 是车辆;track 是轨道或路线。
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train①

星标

[trein] · n. · Page 74

火车;列车

a railway vehicle made of connected cars that carries people or goods

联想

train① 是名词“火车/列车”。看到 station、platform、railway、track、arrive、depart、catch,多半是交通义。它和 train②“训练”同形同音但意义不同。

意思、用法与例句

n.火车;列车

指在铁路轨道上运行、运送乘客或货物的车辆。

常见表达take/catch a trainby traintrain stationmiss the trainget on/off a train

We took an early train to Beijing to avoid the holiday crowds.

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take a train 是乘火车。

Hurry up, or we will miss the last train.

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miss the train 是错过火车。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

railway
铁路;铁路系统
A train runs on a railway. train 是车辆;railway 是线路或系统。
track
轨道;路线
The train stopped because a tree had fallen across the track. track 是列车运行的轨道或路线。
bus
公共汽车
We took a bus because there was no train at night. bus 走公路;train 走铁路。
train②
训练;培训
I train every day, but I take a train only on weekends. train① 是名词火车;train② 是动词训练。
training
训练;培训
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town. training 来自 train②,不来自 train①。
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train②

星标

[trein] · vt. / vi. · Page 74

训练;培训;培养;进行训练

to teach, practise, or prepare someone for a skill, job, sport, or role

联想

train② 是动词“训练/培训”:教别人技能,也可以自己为比赛、职业或目标进行训练。它和 train① 火车同形同音,但不是同一个学习义项。

意思、用法与例句

vt.训练;培训;培养

接人、团队、动物或工作人员,表示有计划地教会技能或习惯。

常见表达train sb. to do sth.train a teamtrain workerstrain a dog

The coach trained the players to pass the ball faster.

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train sb. to do sth. 是训练某人做某事。

The company trains new workers before they use the machines.

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train workers 是培训员工。

vi.受训练;进行练习

主语自己为比赛、考试或工作而训练。

常见表达train for a racetrain hardtrain as a nursetrain every day

She trains for the 800-meter race after school.

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train for a race 是为比赛训练。

He is training as a doctor in a city hospital.

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train as... 是作为某职业接受培训。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

teach
教;教授
The teacher taught us how to write a report. teach 强调教知识;train 强调通过练习形成技能或能力。
coach
训练;指导
The coach helped her improve her start. coach 常用于运动或个人指导;train 更广。
practise
练习
Students practise speaking English in pairs. practise 是练习动作;train 可包括教学、计划和长期准备。
untrained
未受训练的
Untrained workers should not use the machine. untrained 与 trained 相对。
train①
火车;列车
The athlete trains on weekdays and takes the train home on Friday. train② 是训练;train① 是火车。

词族线索 / 同组词

training
训练;培训
Regular training helped the team improve. training 是 train② 的名词。
trainer
教练;培训员
The trainer showed us how to use the equipment. trainer 是训练者。
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training

['treiniŋ] · n. · Page 74

训练;培训

the process of learning, teaching, or practising skills for a job, sport, or activity

联想

training 是 train② 的名词:可以是体育训练、职业培训、安全培训、教师培训。它不是 train① 火车的派生义。

意思、用法与例句

n.训练;培训

不可数名词,指为了提高技能或准备工作、比赛而进行的学习、教学和练习过程。

常见表达training coursesports trainingreceive trainingteacher trainingsafety training

All volunteers receive training before the event begins.

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receive training 是接受培训。

Sports training should include enough rest to prevent injuries.

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sports training 是体育训练。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

practice
练习
Daily practice improves speaking skills. practice 强调反复练习;training 可包含课程、指导和计划。
coaching
指导;训练
Coaching helped the team play better. coaching 常指教练指导;training 更宽泛。
instruction
指导;教学
The instruction was clear and useful. instruction 强调教导;training 强调形成能力的过程。
train①
火车;列车
After training, the volunteers took a train to the next town. training 来自 train②,不来自 train① 火车。

词族线索 / 同组词

train②
训练;培训
The coach trains us every morning. train② 是动词;training 是名词。
trainer
教练;培训员
A good trainer gives clear advice. trainer 是提供 training 的人。
14

traitor / betray

2 个词

traitorbetray
traitor / betray

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

traitor / betray 是“背叛”小组:betray 是动作,可以背叛国家/组织/朋友、泄露秘密、辜负信任,也可以让表情或声音显露真实情绪;traitor 是做出严重背叛的人,语气比 ordinary enemy 或 opponent 更重。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 traitor:a traitor to... 是对……的叛徒,turn traitor 是叛变
  2. 再学 betray 的背叛/出卖义:betray one's country、betray a friend、betray the organization
  3. 然后学 betray a secret / betray information:泄露本该保密的信息
  4. 接着学 betray someone's trust / betray a promise:辜负信任或承诺
  5. 最后学 voice/face betrayed...:声音或表情无意中显露情绪

组内辨析

  • traitor 是人,betray 是动作,betrayal 是背叛行为或事件。
  • betray 不等于普通 reveal;betray a secret 常带“不该泄露”的负面含义。
  • betray trust 不是泄露秘密,而是辜负别人对你的信任。
  • betray fear / betray no sign of... 是显露或没有显露情绪,不是“背叛恐惧”。

易错提醒

  • traitor 语气很重,不用于普通意见不同或比赛对手。
  • turn traitor 是源搭配,表示叛变,不是 turn into a traitor 的唯一表达。
  • betray 的宾语决定中文:country/friend 是背叛,secret/plan 是泄露,trust/promise 是辜负,voice/face 是显露。
066

traitor

['treitə(r)] · n. · Page 75

叛徒;卖国贼;背叛者

a person who betrays a country, group, friend, or cause

联想

traitor 是“背叛者”,语气很重:背叛国家可译卖国贼,背叛组织、团队或朋友可译叛徒。普通意见不同不要轻易叫 traitor。

意思、用法与例句

n.叛徒;卖国贼;背叛者

指背叛自己所属国家、组织、团队、朋友或事业的人。

常见表达a traitor to ...turn traitorcall sb. a traitorbe treated as a traitor

The soldier was called a traitor after he sold secrets to the enemy.

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traitor 语气重,常与 secrets/enemy 等背叛语境连用。

In the story, the guard turned traitor and opened the gate for the enemy.

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turn traitor 表示叛变。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

betrayer
背叛者
No one wanted to work with a betrayer. betrayer 是泛指背叛者;traitor 语气更重,常涉及国家、组织或重大信任。
spy
间谍
The spy sent secret information to another country. spy 是从事情报活动的人;traitor 强调背叛自己一方。
patriot
爱国者
A patriot works for the good of the country. patriot 与卖国贼/traitor 的国家忠诚语境相对。
loyal friend
忠诚的朋友
A loyal friend keeps your secrets. loyal friend 与背叛朋友的 traitor 相对。
betray
背叛;出卖;泄露;显露
A traitor betrays the group that trusted him. betray 是动作;traitor 是做这种事的人。
betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their trust. betrayal 是背叛行为或事件。
067

betray

星标

[bi'trei] · vt. · Page 75

背叛;出卖;泄露;辜负;显露

to be disloyal, give away secrets, break someone's trust, or accidentally show a feeling

联想

betray 的核心是“把本该守住的信任、秘密或情绪露出去”:可以背叛组织,泄露秘密,辜负信任,也可以声音/表情无意中暴露真实情绪。

意思、用法与例句

vt.背叛;出卖

对国家、组织、朋友等不忠,把他们置于危险或交给敌人。

常见表达betray one's countrybetray a friendbetray the organizationbetray sb. to the enemy

He promised never to betray the organization.

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betray the organization 表示背叛组织。

The officer betrayed his country by selling military secrets.

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betray one's country 是背叛国家。

vt.泄露秘密;出卖信息

指把本应保密的信息告诉不该知道的人。

常见表达betray a secretbetray informationbetray the plan

She would not betray the secret even under pressure.

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betray a secret 是泄露秘密。

The careless email betrayed the plan before the meeting.

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betray the plan 指泄露计划。

vt.辜负;失信于

指让信任自己的人失望,违背承诺或责任。

常见表达betray someone's trustbetray a promisefeel betrayed

A true friend will not betray your trust.

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betray your trust 是辜负信任。

Many fans felt betrayed when the player broke his promise.

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feel betrayed 表示感到被辜负。

vt.无意中暴露;显露

指声音、表情、动作等不自觉地显示真实情绪或想法。

常见表达betray fearbetray no sign of ...her voice betrayed ...his face betrayed ...

His shaking voice betrayed his fear.

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声音显露恐惧,是非故意暴露。

She betrayed no sign of nervousness before the speech.

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betray no sign of... 表示没有显露。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

deceive
欺骗
He deceived his classmates with a false story. deceive 强调欺骗;betray 强调背弃信任或泄露秘密。
reveal
揭示;泄露
The report revealed important facts. reveal 可中性地揭示;betray 常带不该透露或无意显露的意味。
protect
保护
She protected her friend's secret. protect secrets 与 betray a secret 相对。
be loyal
忠诚
He remained loyal to his team. be loyal 与 betray 的背叛义相对。
keep faith
守信
A good leader keeps faith with the people. keep faith 与 betray trust 相对。
traitor
叛徒;背叛者
A traitor is someone who betrays a country or group. traitor 是人;betray 是动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

betrayal
背叛;出卖
The betrayal destroyed their friendship. betrayal 是名词。
15

speak / speech

7 个词

speakspeakerspeechspokenoutspokenspokesmanspokeswoman
speak / speech

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

speak / speech 组围绕“说出来、发言、发言者”展开:speak 是动词,speech 是名词演说或说话能力,speaker 是说话者/演讲者/讲某语言的人/扬声器,spoken 是口语的,outspoken 是直言不讳的,spokesman / spokeswoman 是代表组织正式发声的男女发言人。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 speak 的四条线:speak to/with 是交谈,speak at/in public 是发言,speak English 是会说语言,speak for/of/out/up 是固定短语
  2. 再学 speaker:人可以是演讲者、说话者、某语言使用者;物可以是扬声器
  3. 然后学 speech:give/make a speech 是演讲,speech problems / freedom of speech 是说话能力或言论
  4. 接着对比 spoken 和 outspoken:spoken 是口头的、口语的;outspoken 是把观点说出来、直言不讳
  5. 最后学 spokesman / spokeswoman / spokesperson:代表组织正式发声,不是普通 speaker

组内辨析

  • speak 是动作;speech 是演讲内容或说话能力;speaker 是说话的人或发声设备。
  • spoken English 和 written English 对比;outspoken 与 reserved / guarded 对比。
  • speak up 可表示大声点说,也可表示明确表态;speak out 常指公开表达或公开反对。
  • spokesman / spokeswoman 强调官方代表身份;speaker 范围更宽,不能直接互换。
  • spokesperson 是更中性的发言人表达,适合不强调性别时使用。

易错提醒

  • speak English 是及物用法;speak to/with sb. 是不及物动词加介词。
  • speak for 表示代表……讲话;speak of 表示表明/说明或谈到;不要按单个 speak 硬译。
  • speech 是名词,不是 speak 的过去式;speak 的过去式是 spoke,过去分词是 spoken。
  • outspoken 不是“口语的”,而是直率公开表达观点。
  • spokesman/spokeswoman 是官方发言人,普通演讲者仍用 speaker。
068

speak

星标

[spi:k] · vi. / vt. / phr. · Page 75

说话;交谈;演讲;发言;会说某种语言;代表发言;公开表态

to say words, talk with someone, give a formal talk, use a language, or express a view

联想

speak 的核心是“开口表达”。它可表示说话、交谈、公开发言、会说语言;短语 speak for / speak of / speak out / speak up 要按整块记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.说话;讲话;交谈

表示开口说话或与某人交谈,常接 to/with。

常见表达speak to/with sb.speak clearlyspeak softlyspeak about ...

Please speak clearly so that everyone can hear you.

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speak clearly 是说清楚。

I need to speak with my teacher about the project.

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speak with sb. 是与某人谈话。

vi.演说;发言

在会议、课堂或公共场合正式讲话。

常见表达speak at a meetingspeak in publicspeak on/about ...speak for the class

She will speak at the school meeting about reading habits.

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speak at a meeting 是在会上发言。

He was chosen to speak for our class at the ceremony.

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speak for 可表示代表发言。

vt.会说;会讲某种语言

后接语言名词,表示能使用这种语言。

常见表达speak Englishspeak three languagesspeak Chinese well

My grandfather can speak a little English.

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speak English 是会说英语。

The guide speaks three languages, so many visitors can understand her.

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speak languages 表示会讲多种语言。

phr.代表;表明;公开反对;大声点说/明确表态

这些短语意义分散,需要按整块记。

常见表达speak for ...speak of ...speak outspeak up

These numbers speak of real progress in the village.

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speak of 可表示表明、说明。

Several students spoke out against wasting food.

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speak out 是公开反对或说出立场。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

talk
说话;交谈
We talked about the trip after class. talk 更偏交谈;speak 可更正式,也可接语言。
say
说出
She said sorry at once. say 强调说出的内容;speak 强调说话行为、能力或场合。
be silent
沉默
He remained silent during the meeting. be silent 与 speak 的开口表达相对。
spokesman
男发言人
A spokesman for the hospital answered questions. spokesman 是代表组织发声的人,不是普通 speaker。

词族线索 / 同组词

speaker
说话者;演讲者;讲某语言者;扬声器
The speaker spoke slowly and clearly. speaker 是人或设备;speak 是动词。
speech
演说;说话能力
Her speech was short but powerful. speech 是名词。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken English is often less formal than written English. spoken 是形容词或过去分词。
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speaker

['spi:kə(r)] · n. · Page 75

说话者;演讲者;讲某种语言的人;扬声器

a person who speaks or gives a talk, a user of a language, or a device that plays sound

联想

speaker 有人和设备两条线:人可以是说话者、演讲者、某语言使用者;设备是扬声器。看语境里是 guest/native/main,还是 volume/Bluetooth。

意思、用法与例句

n.说话者;演讲者;发言者

指正在说话或正式向听众发言的人。

常见表达a guest speakerthe main speakera public speakerspeaker at a meeting

The guest speaker shared stories about life in space.

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guest speaker 是嘉宾演讲者。

The speaker paused until the room became quiet.

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speaker 指发言者。

n.讲某种语言的人

和语言名词连用,表示使用该语言的人。

常见表达an English speakera native speakerChinese speakersFrench speakers

The app helps English speakers learn basic Chinese.

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English speaker 是英语使用者。

A native speaker can help you improve your pronunciation.

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native speaker 是母语使用者。

n.扬声器;喇叭;音箱

指播放声音的设备。

常见表达turn up/down the speakera Bluetooth speakerspeaker volumecomputer speakers

The speaker was too loud, so we turned it down.

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speaker 是扬声器。

She connected her phone to a small Bluetooth speaker.

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Bluetooth speaker 是蓝牙音箱。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

listener
听者;听众
Good speakers care about their listeners. listener 只和 speaker 的人义形成角色对比,不适用于扬声器义。
presenter
主持者;展示者
The presenter introduced each photo clearly. presenter 强调展示或主持;speaker 强调说话或演讲。
spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman answered questions for the company. spokesman 是代表组织正式发言的人;speaker 更宽泛。
spokeswoman
女发言人
A spokeswoman for the school gave a short statement. spokeswoman 是女性官方发言人。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;会说
The speaker speaks three languages. speaker 是名词,speak 是动词。
speech
演说;说话能力
The speaker prepared her speech carefully. speech 是发言内容或说话能力。
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speech

星标

[spi:tʃ] · n. · Page 75

演说;发言;说话能力;言语

a formal talk given to an audience, or the ability or act of speaking

联想

speech 是名词:可以是一场正式演讲,也可以是人的说话能力或言语权利。give/make a speech 是高频搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.演说;发言

面向听众的正式讲话。

常见表达give/make a speecha short speecha speech on/about ...opening speech

The headmaster gave a short speech at the opening ceremony.

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give a speech 是发表演讲。

Her speech about clean water moved many students.

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a speech about... 表示关于某主题的演讲。

n.说话能力;言语;言论

指人说话的能力、语言表达或言论权利。

常见表达speech problemslose speechfreedom of speechspeech and language

The illness affected his speech for several weeks.

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speech 指说话能力。

Freedom of speech does not mean freedom to hurt others.

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freedom of speech 是言论自由。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

talk
讲话;报告
The teacher gave a talk on reading. talk 较宽泛,可正式可非正式;speech 更偏正式演说。
address
正式演说;致辞
The president gave an address to the nation. address 比 speech 更正式。
silence
沉默
A minute of silence followed the speech. silence 与 speech 的说话/发言相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

speaker
演讲者;说话者
The speaker took questions after the speech. speaker 是人;speech 是内容或能力。
speak
说话;发言
She will speak on behalf of the class. speak 是动词。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken language is often less formal than written language. spoken 描述语言形式。
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spoken

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['spəukən] · adj. · Page 75

口语的;口头的;说出的

said aloud rather than written, or connected with speech

联想

spoken 是 speak 的过去分词形容词,重点是“说出来的、口头的”。spoken English 与 written English 对比最常见。

意思、用法与例句

adj.口语的;口头的;说出的

描述语言、信息、交流方式是说出来的,而不是写出来的。

常见表达spoken Englishspoken languagespoken wordsspoken communicationspoken message

Spoken English is often less formal than written English.

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spoken English 是口语英语。

The spoken message was short, but everyone understood it.

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spoken message 是口头信息。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

oral
口头的
The students gave an oral report. oral 更正式,常用于考试、报告;spoken 更强调说出来而非写出来。
written
书面的
Written English is usually more formal. written 与 spoken 相对。
outspoken
直言不讳的
She is outspoken about unfair rules. outspoken 不是“口语的”,而是直率表达意见。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说;会讲
Students speak English to improve their spoken English. spoken 来自 speak。
speech
演说;说话能力
Speech practice can improve spoken communication. speech 是名词;spoken 是形容词。
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outspoken

[aut'spəukən] · adj. · Page 75

坦率的;直言不讳的

frank and direct about what one thinks, even when others may disagree

联想

outspoken = out + spoken,画面是“把想法说出来”。它形容人或观点直率、敢公开表达,语气可褒可贬。

意思、用法与例句

adj.坦率的;直言不讳的

形容人、评论或观点公开直接,尤其在批评、公共问题或价值判断中。

常见表达be outspoken about/on sth.an outspoken critican outspoken supporteroutspoken in one's views

She is outspoken about the need to protect local rivers.

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be outspoken about... 是对某事直言。

The coach was outspoken in his criticism of the team's lazy training.

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outspoken in criticism 表示批评直率。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

frank
坦率的
Her frank advice helped me see the problem. frank 强调坦诚;outspoken 更强调公开直接地说出来。
direct
直接的
His direct answer surprised everyone. direct 可形容表达方式;outspoken 常形容人的公开态度。
reserved
寡言的;含蓄的
He is reserved and rarely shares his opinion. reserved 与 outspoken 的直言相对。
guarded
谨慎保留的;不轻易表态的
Her guarded answer avoided a direct opinion. guarded 强调说话谨慎保留,和 outspoken 的直率相对。
silent
沉默的
She stayed silent during the discussion. silent 是不说话;outspoken 是公开直接地表达,二者只是语境对比。
spoken
口语的;说出的
Spoken English is often less formal than written English. spoken 是口头的;outspoken 是直言不讳的。
speak out
公开表达;公开反对
Students spoke out against wasting food. speak out 是动词短语;outspoken 是形容词。
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spokesman

['spəuksmən] · n. · Page 75

男发言人

a man who speaks officially for a group, company, school, or government

联想

spokesman 不是普通 speaker,而是代表某个组织正式对外说明情况的男性发言人。现代正式写作常用 spokesperson 作不限定性别的表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.男发言人

代表机构、团队、公司或政府向公众、记者说明情况的男性。

常见表达a spokesman for ...a company spokesmana government spokesmanact as spokesmanofficial spokesman

A spokesman for the hospital said the injured students were safe.

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a spokesman for... 是……的发言人。

The company spokesman answered reporters' questions after the meeting.

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company spokesman 是公司发言人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spokeswoman
女发言人
A spokeswoman for the school explained the new rule. spokesman 指男性;spokeswoman 指女性。
spokesperson
发言人
A spokesperson gave a short statement to the press. spokesperson 是更中性的正式表达。
speaker
说话者;演讲者
The guest speaker gave a talk on science. speaker 很宽;spokesman 强调代表组织正式发声。
statement
声明
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions. statement 是发言人发布的正式说明。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;代表发言
He will speak for our group at the meeting. speak 是动作;spokesman 是承担发言职责的人。
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spokeswoman

['spəukswumən] · n. · Page 75

女发言人

a woman who speaks officially for a group, company, school, or government

联想

spokeswoman 是女性发言人:她不是普通聊天者,而是代表组织正式说明情况的人。和 spokesman 职责相同,只是性别不同;spokesperson 是中性表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.女发言人

代表组织、公司、学校或政府正式向公众发言的女性。

常见表达a spokeswoman for ...a school spokeswomana company spokeswomanact as spokeswomanofficial spokeswoman

A spokeswoman for the airline apologized for the delay.

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a spokeswoman for... 是……的女发言人。

The school spokeswoman said the sports meeting would be held on Friday.

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school spokeswoman 是学校发言人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spokesman
男发言人
The spokesman read a statement before taking questions. spokesman 指男性;spokeswoman 指女性。
spokesperson
发言人
The spokesperson answered reporters' questions. spokesperson 是性别中性表达。
speaker
说话者;演讲者
The speaker gave a speech about clean water. speaker 更宽泛;spokeswoman 是官方代表。
statement
声明
The spokeswoman gave a statement to the press. statement 是正式声明。

词族线索 / 同组词

speak
说话;发言;代表发言
She was chosen to speak for the class. speak 是动作;spokeswoman 是人。
16

force / comfort / effort

8 个词

forceworkforcecomfortcomfortableuncomfortablediscomfortefforteffortless
force / comfort / effort

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

force / comfort / effort 组不能简单讲成现代派生词族:force 是“力、武力、部队、法律效力、强迫”的核心词;workforce 是 work + force 的真实复合词;comfort 与 effort 共享记忆线索 fort/force 记忆线索,但现代意思分别走向“安慰/舒适”和“努力/费力”。comfortable、uncomfortable、discomfort 属于 comfort 线,effortless 属于 effort 线。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 force 的四条高频线:力量/物理力,武力/部队,法律规则生效,force sb. to do 的强迫
  2. 再学 workforce:把 force 理解成工作中的“人力”,记 the workforce、skilled workforce、enter the workforce
  3. 然后学 comfort 线:comfort sb. 是安慰人,comfort 作名词可指慰藉、舒适、令人宽慰的人或事
  4. 接着对比 comfortable / uncomfortable / discomfort:形容词用 comfortable 与 uncomfortable,名词不适多用 discomfort
  5. 最后学 effort 线:make an effort、spare no effort、be worth the effort,再用 effortless 记“看起来不费力”

组内辨析

  • force 的 strength/power 义可以和 weakness 对比;force sb. to do 的强迫义才可和 freedom / choice 对比。
  • come into force、bring ... into force、be in force 都讲法律或规则效力,不能按“力量”硬译。
  • comfort 作动词常接人;comfortable 是形容词,既可形容物舒服,也可形容人自在。
  • uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的反义形容词;discomfort 多作名词,表示身体或心理不适。
  • effort 是付出的力气或一次尝试;effortless 常指看起来轻松,不等于背后没有准备。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 comfort / effort 标成 force 的现代派生词;它们在本组中主要是记忆线索。
  • armed forces 常用复数,指武装部队;workforce 不是暴力,而是劳动力。
  • a comfort to sb. 是令人宽慰的人或事,和 uncountable comfort 的慰藉/舒适要分开理解。
  • discomfort sb. 是较少见的动词用法;学生写作中更自然的是 make sb. uncomfortable。
  • effortless 的自然反义可用 difficult 或 forced;不要只机械写 hard。
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force

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[fɔ:s] · n. / vt. · Page 75, Page 76

力量;武力;部队;引力;效力;强迫

strength or power, violent power, military forces, legal effect, or making someone do something

联想

force 的根义是“力”。名词可以是自然力量、武力、部队、法律效力;动词是“迫使”。核心搭配 by force、come into force、be in force、force sb. to do 必须分开记。

意思、用法与例句

n.力量;力;威力

指身体、自然、物理或影响力上的“力”。

常见表达physical forcethe force of...a powerful forcethe force of gravity

The force of the wind knocked down several young trees.

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the force of the wind 指风的力量。

Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the earth.

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物理语境中 force 可指“力”。

n.武力;暴力;部队

by force 指用强力或武力;forces 常指军队、部队。

常见表达by forceuse forcearmed forcespolice force

The police said the door had been opened by force.

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by force 表示用强力或武力。

Many young people joined the armed forces during the war.

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armed forces 指武装部队。

n.法律、规则的效力

用于法律、规定、制度已经开始实施或仍在实施。

常见表达come into forcebring ... into forcebe in forcein force

The new traffic rule will come into force next month.

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come into force 表示开始生效。

The safety rule is still in force in every lab.

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be in force / in force 表示仍然有效。

vt.强迫;迫使

及物动词,常接宾语和不定式;被动 be forced to do 很常见。

常见表达force sb. to do sth.be forced to do sth.force a smileforce the door open

Heavy rain forced us to cancel the outdoor concert.

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force us to cancel 表示迫使我们取消。

No one should be forced to give up a fair chance to study.

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be forced to do 表示被迫做某事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

strength
力量;体力;强度
Regular exercise builds strength. strength 多指体力、强度或内在能力;force 更强调作用出来的力、武力或迫使。
power
力量;权力;能力
Education gives people the power to choose. power 范围更宽,可指权力和能力;force 更像施加出来的力。
weakness
弱点;虚弱
The plan's weakness soon became clear. weakness 可和 force 的 strength/power 义相对,不适用于 force 的法律效力义。
freedom
自由
Students need freedom to ask questions. freedom 只和 be forced to do 的“被迫”相对,不是所有 force 义项的反义词。
workforce
劳动力;全体员工
A larger workforce helped the factory finish the order. workforce = work + force,表示工作中的人力,不是武力。
comfort
安慰;舒适
His kind words brought comfort to the family. fort/force 可作记忆线索;现代学习中 comfort 不是 force 的同义词。
effort
努力;费力
She made a real effort to improve her pronunciation. effort 强调主动付出力气;force 强调力量本身或强迫。
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workforce

['wɜ:kfɔ:s] · n. · Page 76

劳动力;全体员工

all the people available for work in a company, industry, place, or country

联想

workforce = work + force,这里的 force 是“人力”。它是集合名词,通常指公司、行业、地区或国家的全体劳动力。

意思、用法与例句

n.劳动力;全体员工

常作集合名词,指某个公司、行业、城市或国家可工作的人群。

常见表达the workforcea skilled workforcewomen in the workforcejoin/enter the workforcethe local workforce

Two thirds of the workforce are women.

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workforce 在本句中指全体职工。

The city needs a skilled workforce to support its new factories.

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skilled workforce 指有技能的劳动力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

staff
全体员工
The hotel staff were helpful and polite. staff 常指某机构现有员工;workforce 可指更大的行业、地区或国家劳动力。
workers
工人;劳动者
The workers finished the bridge before winter. workers 强调具体劳动者;workforce 强调整体劳动力。
labor force
劳动力人口
The labor force grew as more young people found jobs. labor force 更偏经济统计;workforce 更日常。
force
力量;力;强迫
The force of the river can turn a small wheel. workforce 中 force 表示人力线索,不等于武力或强迫。
077

comfort

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['kʌmfət] · vt. / n. · Page 76

安慰;慰藉;舒适;令人安慰的人或事

to make someone feel less sad or worried; relief, ease, or something that gives relief

联想

comfort 的记忆线索是“给人力量”。动词 comfort sb. 是安慰人;名词 comfort 可表示心理慰藉、身体舒适,也可表示令人宽慰的人或事。

意思、用法与例句

vt.安慰;抚慰

及物动词,宾语通常是伤心、害怕、焦虑的人。

常见表达comfort sb.comfort sb. with words/a hugcomfort a child/friendbe comforted by...

The nurse comforted the child before the operation.

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comforted the child 表示安慰孩子。

Her letter comforted me when I felt lonely in a new school.

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comfort sb. 可指用话语给人安慰。

n.安慰;慰藉;令人安慰的人或事

指心理上的宽慰、支持,或带来宽慰的人和事。

常见表达take comfort in...bring/give comfort to sb.be a comfort to sb.words of comfort

I took comfort in the fact that my friends were waiting for me.

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take comfort in 表示从某事中获得安慰。

Her quiet support was a great comfort to the family.

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a comfort to sb. 指令人宽慰的人或事。

n.舒适;舒适地生活

指身体或生活条件上的舒适,常与 live/travel/sit 等语境连用。

常见表达in comfortlive/travel in comfortcomfort and safetyhome comforts

They had enough money to live in comfort in their old age.

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in comfort 表示舒适地生活。

The new buses were designed for comfort and safety.

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comfort 可指乘坐、使用时的舒适感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

console
安慰;慰问
She tried to console her friend after the loss. console 更正式,常用于悲伤损失;comfort 更常用,也可指舒适。
ease
舒适;减轻
The medicine helped ease the pain. ease 可表示舒适或减轻疼痛;comfort 可作动词安慰,也可作名词慰藉。
discomfort
不适;不舒服
The long ride caused discomfort in his back. discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The question made everyone uncomfortable. uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的反义形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

comfortable
舒服的;自在的
This chair is comfortable enough for a long reading class. comfort 是名词/动词;comfortable 是形容词。
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comfortable

['kʌmftəbl] · adj. · Page 76

舒服的;安逸的;自在的

physically pleasant and easy to use, or relaxed and not worried

联想

comfortable = comfort + -able。它既可形容物让身体舒服,也可形容人对环境、关系或做某事感到自在。

意思、用法与例句

adj.舒服的;安逸的

形容椅子、鞋、房间、生活条件等让身体或生活状态舒适。

常见表达a comfortable chair/roomcomfortable shoesa comfortable bedlive a comfortable life

These shoes are comfortable enough for a whole day of walking.

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comfortable shoes 指鞋穿着舒服。

The old couple live a comfortable life in a small town.

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comfortable life 表示生活安逸。

adj.自在的;不紧张的

形容人在某关系、环境或做某事时感到放松。

常见表达feel comfortable with sb.feel comfortable about sth.be comfortable doing sth.comfortable in a new place

I do not feel comfortable speaking in front of so many people yet.

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be comfortable doing sth. 表示做某事时自在。

She felt comfortable with her new classmates after the trip.

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comfortable with sb. 表示和某人相处自在。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pleasant
令人愉快的;舒适的
We had a pleasant walk after dinner. pleasant 更宽泛;comfortable 更强调身体舒服或心理自在。
relaxed
放松的
He felt relaxed after talking with his teacher. relaxed 只描述人或气氛;comfortable 还可描述椅子、鞋、房间。
uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
He felt uncomfortable when everyone looked at him. uncomfortable 是 comfortable 的直接反义词。
uneasy
不安的;不自在的
She felt uneasy about the sudden change. uneasy 更偏心理不安;uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。

词族线索 / 同组词

comfort
安慰;舒适
Music can bring comfort after a hard day. comfort 是名词/动词;comfortable 是形容词。
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uncomfortable

[ʌn'kʌmftəbl] · adj. · Page 76

不舒服的;不自在的;令人尴尬的

physically unpleasant, or making someone feel nervous, uneasy, or awkward

联想

uncomfortable = un- + comfortable。它可以说身体不舒服,也可以说心理不自在、场面尴尬;注意词形:comfortable 的反义形容词用 un-,名词 comfort 的反向常用 discomfort。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不舒服的

形容座位、衣服、温度、疼痛等让身体不舒服。

常见表达an uncomfortable seatuncomfortable shoesfeel uncomfortablemake sb. uncomfortable

The classroom became uncomfortable when the fan stopped working.

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环境让身体不舒服。

He changed his shoes because the new ones were uncomfortable.

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uncomfortable shoes 指鞋穿着不舒服。

adj.不自在的;尴尬的

形容谈话、问题、沉默或处境让人紧张、不安或尴尬。

常见表达feel uncomfortable about/with sth.an uncomfortable silencean uncomfortable questionan uncomfortable situation

She felt uncomfortable about telling a lie to her parents.

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uncomfortable about 后接让人不自在的事。

An uncomfortable silence followed his sudden question.

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uncomfortable silence 是尴尬的沉默。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

uneasy
不安的;不自在的
I felt uneasy when the room became silent. uneasy 偏心理不安;uncomfortable 可身体也可心理。
awkward
尴尬的;笨拙的
There was an awkward pause in the conversation. awkward 常指社交尴尬或动作笨拙;uncomfortable 更强调感受不舒服。
comfortable
舒服的;自在的
I feel comfortable asking my teacher for help. comfortable 表示舒服/自在,uncomfortable 表示相反。
relaxed
放松的
She sounded relaxed before the test. relaxed 只和心理紧张义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

discomfort
不适;不舒服
Standing for two hours caused discomfort in her legs. uncomfortable 是形容词;discomfort 多作名词。
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discomfort

· n. / vt. · Page 76

不适;不舒服;使不适

physical or mental unease, and less commonly to make someone feel uneasy

联想

discomfort = dis- + comfort,核心是“没有舒适感”。高考阅读里优先按名词记:身体不适或心理不自在;动词义知道即可,不要把它当最常用表达。

意思、用法与例句

n.不适;不舒服;不自在

常指轻微疼痛、身体不适,也可指尴尬或心理不自在。

常见表达feel discomfortcause discomfortmild discomfortdiscomfort in...a sense of discomfort

If you feel any discomfort in your chest, call a doctor at once.

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discomfort in 身体部位,表示不适。

His rude joke caused discomfort among the guests.

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心理上不自在也可用 discomfort。

vt.使不适;使不自在

较少见,表示让人身体或心理不舒服;阅读中遇到能识别即可。

常见表达discomfort sb.be discomforted by sth.

The heat and noise discomforted the children on the bus.

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作动词时表示使人不舒服。

She was discomforted by the personal question.

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被动形式表示被问题弄得不自在。

动词 discomfort 不如 make sb. uncomfortable 常见,写作时优先用更自然的表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unease
不安;不自在
A sense of unease spread through the room. unease 更偏心理不安;discomfort 可身体也可心理。
mild pain
轻微疼痛
The runner felt mild pain in his knee. mild pain 只指身体疼痛;discomfort 可更轻、更宽。
comfort
安慰;舒适
The soft light brought comfort to the tired reader. discomfort 与 comfort 在舒适/不适上相反。
ease
舒适;轻松
He spoke with ease after weeks of practice. ease 可与 discomfort 的不适/不自在相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

uncomfortable
不舒服的;不自在的
The plastic chair was uncomfortable after an hour. uncomfortable 是形容词;discomfort 多作名词。
081

effort

星标

['efət] · n. · Page 76

努力;费力;艰难的尝试;尽力

hard work, energy, or a serious attempt to do something difficult

联想

effort 的记忆线索是“把力气用出来”。它不是普通 work,而是强调为目标付出精力、时间和意志;make an effort、spare no effort、be worth the effort 是核心搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n.努力;费力

可数或不可数,强调为了完成任务投入时间、精力或意志。

常见表达make an effort to do sth.spare no effort to do sth.be worth the effortwith effortput effort into...

The good news is that it is simple to learn and can be worth the effort.

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worth the effort 表示值得付出努力。

You need to make an effort to read English aloud every day.

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make an effort to do sth. 是高频搭配。

n.艰难的尝试;有组织的努力

可数名词,指一次具体尝试,常用于救援、清理、保护、改进等语境。

常见表达a rescue efforta team efforta clean-up effortan effort to improve/protectevery effort

The clean-up effort brought many students and parents together.

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effort 可指一次有组织的努力。

Every effort to save water matters during a dry summer.

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every effort 强调每一次努力。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

attempt
尝试
His first attempt at cooking failed. attempt 强调尝试本身;effort 强调投入的力气和过程。
hard work
努力工作;辛苦付出
Hard work helped the team improve. hard work 更口语直接;effort 可指一次具体行动或总体付出。
ease
轻松;容易
She solved the problem with ease. ease 与 effort 的费力相对。
effortless
不费力的;轻松自然的
Her speech looked effortless, but she had practised for weeks. effort 是付出的力气;effortless 表示看起来不费力。
force
力量;强迫
Do not force others to accept your idea. effort 是主动努力,force 更强调力量或强迫。
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effortless

· adj. · Page 76

不费力的;轻松自然的

done so smoothly that it seems to need little or no effort

联想

effortless = effort + -less,字面是“没有努力”。实际常用于评价动作、风格、表现看起来轻松自然,但不一定真的没有准备。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不费力的;轻松自然的

形容动作、风格、表现、笑容等看起来顺畅自然,常用于赞美。

常见表达look/seem effortlesseffortless styleeffortless smileeffortless performancemake sth. look effortless

The swimmer made the long race look effortless.

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make sth. look effortless 表示把难事做得像很轻松。

Her effortless smile helped the nervous child relax.

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effortless smile 指自然、不勉强的微笑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

smooth
顺畅的
Her smooth answer impressed the judges. smooth 强调无阻碍、流畅;effortless 强调看起来不用费力。
natural
自然的
His natural style made the talk lively. natural 强调不做作;effortless 强调看起来轻松。
difficult
困难的
The task was difficult for beginners. difficult 与 effortless 的轻松相对。
forced
勉强的;不自然的
His forced smile made everyone worry. forced 与 effortless 的自然轻松相对,也和 force 形近,要注意语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

effort
努力;费力
It took a lot of effort to prepare the speech. effortless 并不一定真的没努力,而是看起来不费力。
17

take / mistake / undertake

4 个词

takemistakemistakenundertake
take / mistake / undertake

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

take / mistake / undertake 组以 take 为基础词形,但语义不能混在一起:take 是高频多义动词和短语动词核心;mistake = mis- + take,表示错误地理解或认作,也可作名词“错误”;mistaken 是 mistake 的过去分词形容词;undertake = under + take,正式表示承担任务或承诺。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 take 的基础义和不规则变化 take - took - taken:拿走、带领、乘坐、服药、花时间、记下、考虑、就座、夺取
  2. 再把记忆线索 take 短语整块记:after/away/back/down/in/off/on/over/to/up,每个小品词可能带出多个固定义
  3. 然后学 mistake:make a mistake / by mistake 是名词线,mistake A for B 是动词线,mistook / mistaken 要一起记
  4. 接着学 mistaken:be mistaken about、mistaken belief、be mistaken for、if I am not mistaken,重点是判断或信念错误
  5. 最后学 undertake:undertake a project/research/responsibility 是承担,undertake to do / undertake that 是正式承诺

组内辨析

  • take 的短语义不可逐字硬译;take in 可表示欺骗、理解、收留、吸入,take up 可表示继续、占用、开始、接受。
  • mistake 是名词/动词,mistaken 是形容词或过去分词;不要把 mistaken 当可数名词用。
  • mistake 与 undertake 都含 take 词形,但不是 take 的近义词;mis- 让意义转向错误,under- 让意义转向承担/承诺。
  • undertake 比 take on / promise 更正式,常出现在项目、调查、责任、保证等书面语境。
  • bring 和 take 的方向不同:bring 往说话者或目标地带来,take 常是带走或带某人去别处。

易错提醒

  • take off 可表示脱下,也可表示飞机起飞;take down 可表示写下,也可表示取下。
  • take away 可表示拿走,也可表示买外卖;take back 可表示收回话语或退回物品。
  • take after 是外貌或性格像长辈,不是“追在后面拿”。
  • by mistake 是错误地、无意中;mistake A for B 是把 A 错当成 B。
  • undertake to do sth. 是正式承诺做某事,不等于普通 take to do。
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take

星标

[teik] · vt. / phr. · Page 76, Page 77

拿走;带领;乘坐;花费;考虑;服用;记下;就座;夺取;承担/开始/接管等短语义

to move, carry, use, accept, need, record, consider, or form fixed phrasal-verb meanings

联想

take 的核心画面是“把某物/某事拿到自己这边或带走”。从拿走、乘坐、服药,到花时间、记笔记、接受任务,再到 take off / take over 等短语,都要看宾语和小品词。

意思、用法与例句

vt.拿走;带领;乘坐;服用

表示拿、带、引领,也可用于乘坐交通工具或服药。

常见表达take sth. with youtake sb. to...take a bus/train/taxitake medicinetake away

Please take your umbrella with you because it may rain.

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take sth. with you 表示随身带走。

My brother took me to the station after dinner.

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take sb. to... 表示带某人去某地。

vt.花费;记下;考虑

用于时间花费、记录信息、考虑因素或接受建议。

常见表达It takes sb. time to do sth.take notestake ... into accounttake one's advicetake time

It took us two hours to finish the science report.

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It takes sb. time to do sth. 表示花费时间。

Remember to take notes while listening to the lecture.

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take notes 表示记笔记。

vt.就座;取得;夺取;攻占

用于固定名词搭配,如 take a seat;也可表示赢得、夺取或攻占。

常见表达take a seattake first placetake control of...take the citytake a photo

Please take a seat and wait for your number.

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take a seat 是就座。

Our team took first place in the science competition.

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take first place 表示获得第一名。

phr.方向类短语:拿走/外卖、撤回、写下/取下、脱下/起飞

take 与 away/back/down/off 等搭配时,意义由小品词决定。

常见表达take away: remove; buy food to eat elsewheretake back: withdraw words or return somethingtake down: write down; remove from a higher placetake off: remove clothes; leave the ground

The waiter took away the empty plates.

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take away 表示拿走。

We bought noodles to take away after the game.

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take away 也可表示买外卖食物。

phr.关系/责任类短语:相像、欺骗/理解/收留/吸入、雇用/呈现、接管、喜欢/养成、继续/占用/开始/接受

这些短语需要整块记,不可按 take 的基础义硬译。

常见表达take after: look or behave like an older family membertake in: deceive; understand; shelter; breathe intake on: employ; begin to have a qualitytake over: take controltake to: begin to like; develop a habittake up: continue; occupy; start; accept

Lucy takes after her mother in her warm smile.

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take after 表示在外貌或性格上像。

Do not be taken in by messages that ask for your password.

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take in 可表示欺骗。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bring
带来
Please bring your notebook to class. bring 通常朝说话者或目标地带来;take 常指带走或带某人去别处。
carry
携带;搬运
He carried the box into the room. carry 强调搬着、带着;take 强调拿走、使用或进入某个固定搭配。
accept
接受
She accepted the advice with thanks. accept 与 take advice / take a job 接近;take 的范围更宽。
give
She gave me a clear answer. give 与 take 的拿取/接受义相对。
refuse
拒绝
He refused to take the money. refuse 只和 take 的接受义相对。
mistake
错误;弄错
I made a mistake in the last question. mistake = mis- + take,表示错误地理解或认作,不是 take 的近义词。
undertake
承担;承诺
The team undertook the survey of every classroom. undertake 含 take 词形,但比 take 正式,强调承担任务或承诺。
084

mistake

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[mi'steik] · n. / vt. · Page 77

错误;失误;弄错;误解;错认

an error, or to understand or identify someone or something wrongly

联想

mistake = mis- + take,mis- 表示“错误地”。名词常用 make a mistake / by mistake;动词重点是 mistake A for B,把 A 错当成 B。

意思、用法与例句

n.错误;失误

可数名词,指答案、判断、地址、行为等出现错误。

常见表达make a mistakeby mistakea common/serious/careless mistakelearn from mistakes

I made a mistake in the address and sent the letter to the wrong house.

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make a mistake 表示犯错。

She took my notebook by mistake because the covers looked the same.

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by mistake 表示错误地、无意中。

vt.弄错;误解;错认

及物动词,常用 mistake A for B,表示把 A 错当成 B;被动 be mistaken for 也常见。

常见表达mistake A for Bbe mistaken for...mistake silence/kindness for...mistook ... for ...

In the dark, I mistook a rope for a snake.

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mistake A for B 是核心搭配。

Do not mistake his quiet voice for weakness.

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抽象语境中也可表示误解。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

error
错误
There is an error in the final number. error 更正式,可用于系统、计算、数据;mistake 更日常。
fault
过错;责任
It was not your fault that the bus was late. fault 强调责任;mistake 强调做错或判断错。
correct answer
正确答案
Check the correct answer after you finish. correct answer 只和 mistake 的答案错误相对。
take
拿;取;花费
It takes practice to avoid careless mistakes. mistake 来自 mis- + take,含错误理解或认作的线索,不是 take 的近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

mistaken
错误的;误解的
I was mistaken about the date of the test. mistake 是名词/动词;mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。
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mistaken

[mi'steikən] · adj. · Page 77

错误的;弄错的;误解的

wrong in opinion, judgment, belief, or identification

联想

mistaken 是 mistake 的形容词/过去分词形式,常说人“判断错了”,也可说 idea/belief/impression 是错误的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.错误的;误解的

形容判断、想法、印象或身份认定不正确。

常见表达be mistaken about...a mistaken idea/belief/impressionbe mistaken for...if I am not mistaken

I was mistaken about the meeting place, so I arrived late.

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be mistaken about 表示对某事弄错。

It is a mistaken belief that success comes without practice.

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mistaken belief 指错误观念。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wrong
错误的
Your answer is wrong, but your method is close. wrong 最普通;mistaken 常指判断、信念、印象弄错。
incorrect
不正确的
The report included incorrect dates. incorrect 更正式;mistaken 更强调人的判断或观点有误。
correct
正确的
The correct time is nine o'clock. correct 与 mistaken 相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

mistake
错误;弄错
One small mistake changed the result of the experiment. mistake 是名词/动词;mistaken 是形容词或过去分词。
086

undertake

星标

[,ʌndə'teik] · vt. · Page 77

承担;着手做;承诺;保证

to take responsibility for a task, or to promise formally to do something

联想

undertake 比 take 正式,核心是“把任务接下来并负责做”。它有两个重点:undertake a task/project/research 是承担并开展;undertake to do sth. 是正式承诺。

意思、用法与例句

vt.承担;着手做

正式用语,宾语常是 task、project、survey、research、work、responsibility。

常见表达undertake a task/projectundertake a surveyundertake research/workundertake responsibilityundertake repairs

The students undertook a survey on food waste in their school.

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undertake a survey 表示承担并开展调查。

Only trained workers should undertake such dangerous repairs.

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undertake repairs 指承担维修任务。

vt.承诺;保证

较正式,常用 undertake to do sth. 或 undertake that...。

常见表达undertake to do sth.undertake that...undertake to pay/return/finish

The organizer undertook to return the money if the trip was cancelled.

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undertake to do sth. 表示承诺做某事。

The company undertook that the information would be kept safe.

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undertake that 从句表示作出保证。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

take on
承担;接下
She decided to take on more responsibility. take on 更口语;undertake 更正式,常用于书面语、项目、责任。
promise
承诺
He promised to send the report by Monday. promise 更日常;undertake to do 更正式。
accept responsibility
承担责任
The team accepted responsibility for the mistake. accept responsibility 强调责任;undertake 可接任务、研究、工程。
refuse
拒绝
They refused to accept the unsafe task. refuse 与 undertake 的承担/承诺相对。
decline
婉拒;谢绝
She declined the offer because she was too busy. decline 比 refuse 委婉,和 undertake to do / take up an offer 相对。
avoid
避免;逃避
Do not avoid responsibility when problems appear. avoid responsibility 与 undertake responsibility 相对。
take
拿;取;接受
Who will take the book back to the library? undertake 含 take 词形,但语义是更正式的承担/承诺,不是普通拿取。
mistake
错误;弄错
A careful plan can help us avoid mistakes. 同含 take 词形,但 mistake 的 mis- 表示错误,意义分化很远。
18

advance / advantage

3 个词

advanceadvantagedisadvantage
advance / advantage

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

advance / advantage 组要分两条线:advance 是“向前、进展、促进、提前、预付款”的多词性词;advantage 是“有利位置/好处”,可用记忆线索 advance(前、先) -> advant(有利) 作记忆线索,但不要把二者当同义词。disadvantage 是 dis- + advantage 的真实反向词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 advance 的动词义:队伍向前推进,项目/知识进展,研究/事业被推动
  2. 再学 advance 的名词和短语:technological/medical advances 是进步,an advance 可指预付款,in advance / in advance of 是提前/在……之前
  3. 然后学 advantage:have an advantage over、the advantage of、advantages and disadvantages
  4. 接着单独记 take advantage of:利用机会是中性,take advantage of sb. 是负面“占便宜/利用某人”
  5. 最后学 disadvantage:be at a disadvantage、put sb. at a disadvantage、to sb.'s disadvantage

组内辨析

  • advance 可作动词、名词和短语;advantage / disadvantage 主要作名词。
  • advance 与 advantage 只有记忆线索和词形联系,具体用法差异很大:advance 讲向前发展,advantage 讲有利条件。
  • advantage 与 disadvantage 是真正反义关系;advance 与 disadvantage 不是直接反义。
  • in advance 是 beforehand;advanced 是“高级的、先进的”,不要混成一个意思。
  • take advantage of a chance/opportunity 是积极或中性;take advantage of a person 是负面。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 in advance 理解成“高级地”;它是提前。
  • an advance 可指预付款,不只是“进步”。
  • technological advances / medical advances 常用复数,表示技术/医学进步。
  • advantage 后常接 over / in / of;disadvantage 常见 at a disadvantage、to one's disadvantage。
  • disadvantage 来自 dis- + advantage,不要说成 advance 的反义派生。
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advance

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[əd'vɑ:ns] · vi. / vt. / n. / phr. · Page 77

前进;进展;促进;进步;预付款;提前

to move forward, make progress, help progress, a forward move or improvement, an early payment, or beforehand

联想

advance 的核心是“向前”。人和队伍可以向前推进,计划、科技、理解可以取得进展;作名词可指前进、进步,也可指预付款;in advance 是“提前”。

意思、用法与例句

vi.前进;向前移动

不及物动词,常指人、队伍、车辆等向前推进。

常见表达advance towards...advance slowly/steadilyadvance on...advance through...

The soldiers advanced slowly through the heavy snow.

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advance 可指队伍向前推进。

The rescue team advanced towards the village after the road was cleared.

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advance towards 表示朝某处前进。

vi. / vt.进展;促进;推动

可不及物表示事情进展,也可及物表示促进知识、计划、事业等向前发展。

常见表达the project advancesadvance knowledge/scienceadvance a plan/causeadvance our understanding

The project advanced quickly after more volunteers joined.

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project advanced 表示项目进展。

Reading widely can advance our understanding of different cultures.

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advance understanding 表示促进理解。

n.前进;进步;进展

可指一次向前移动,也可指科技、医学、社会等方面的进步。

常见表达an advance towards...technological advancesmedical advancesgreat/major advancesadvances in science

Recent medical advances have helped many patients live longer.

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medical advances 指医学进步。

There have been major advances in clean energy in recent years.

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advances in... 表示某领域进展。

n.预付款;垫付款

常作可数名词,表示提前支付的一笔钱。

常见表达pay an advancereceive an advancean advance on one's salaryask for an advance

The writer received an advance before finishing the book.

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advance 可指预付款。

He asked for an advance on his salary to pay the hospital bill.

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an advance on salary 是工资预支。

phr.提前;在……之前

in advance / in advance of 是高频重点搭配,表示时间上提前。

常见表达in advancebook/pay/prepare in advancein advance of...well in advance

Please book your ticket in advance during the holiday season.

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in advance 表示提前。

The team arrived in advance of the opening ceremony.

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in advance of 表示在……之前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

progress
进步;进展
The class made progress in listening this month. progress 强调进步过程或结果;advance 更正式,也可指向前移动或预付款。
promote
促进;推动
The activity promotes reading among children. promote 与 advance 的促进义接近;advance 更强调向前发展。
improvement
改进;进步
There was a clear improvement in her writing. improvement 是变好;advance 可指某领域的重大进展。
retreat
后退;撤退
The soldiers had to retreat across the bridge. retreat 只和 advance 的前进义相对。
fall behind
落后
Do not fall behind in your reading plan. fall behind 与 advance 的进展义相对。
advantage
优势;有利条件
Good pronunciation is an advantage in a speech contest. 可用 advance 的“在前、先”帮助记 advantage;advantage 不是 advance 的同义词。
disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
Living far from school can be a disadvantage. disadvantage 是 advantage 的反向,不是 advance 的直接反义。
088

advantage

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[əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] · n. / phr. · Page 77

优势;有利条件;优点;好处;利用;占便宜

a helpful condition or benefit; in take advantage of, to use a chance or unfairly use someone

联想

advantage 是“站在更有利的位置”。名词表示优势、优点、好处;take advantage of 要分两种语气:利用机会是中性,利用别人/占便宜是负面。

意思、用法与例句

n.优势;有利条件

可数或不可数,表示让人更容易成功的条件。

常见表达have an advantage over...give sb. an advantagegain/get an advantagean advantage in...a clear advantage

Students who read every day have an advantage in writing.

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have an advantage in 表示在某方面有优势。

Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players.

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give sb. an advantage over... 表示让某人相对更有利。

n.优点;好处;利益

指某方法、计划或选择带来的好处。

常见表达the advantage of...one advantage is that...advantages and disadvantagesbring advantages to...

One advantage of online learning is that students can replay difficult parts.

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the advantage of 表示某事的好处。

The plan has advantages and disadvantages, so we should discuss both.

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advantages and disadvantages 是优缺点。

phr.利用;占……便宜

take advantage of 可中性表示利用机会,也可负面表示利用某人、占便宜。

常见表达take advantage of a chance/opportunitytake advantage of free timetake advantage of sb.take full advantage of...

We should take advantage of every chance to practise speaking.

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take advantage of a chance 是中性“利用机会”。

It is wrong to take advantage of people who trust you.

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take advantage of sb. 可表示占便宜。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

benefit
好处;益处
Exercise has clear benefits for health. benefit 强调好处;advantage 强调让人处于更有利位置。
strength
优点;长处
Patience is one of her strengths. strength 可指个人长处;advantage 可指条件、位置或方法的有利之处。
edge
优势
Careful preparation gave our team an edge. edge 较口语,表示竞争中的一点优势。
disadvantage
不利条件;缺点
Being shy can be a disadvantage in a debate. advantage 是有利条件,disadvantage 是不利条件。
weakness
弱点;不足
The plan's main weakness is its cost. weakness 可与 advantage 的优点义相对。
advance
前进;进步;提前
The project advanced quickly after more students joined. advance 强调向前发展;advantage 强调有利位置或好处。
089

disadvantage

[,disəd'vɑ:ntidʒ] · n. · Page 77

不利条件;缺点;劣势

a condition, weakness, or problem that makes success harder

联想

disadvantage = dis- + advantage,就是“不利的位置或条件”。重点搭配是 be at a disadvantage、put sb. at a disadvantage、to sb.'s disadvantage。

意思、用法与例句

n.不利条件;缺点;劣势

可数或不可数,指让人处于较差位置的条件、弱点或问题。

常见表达a disadvantage of...be at a disadvantageput sb. at a disadvantageto sb.'s disadvantageadvantages and disadvantages

A poor internet connection is a disadvantage for online classes.

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disadvantage for 表示对某事不利。

Students without enough sleep are at a disadvantage in the morning exam.

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be at a disadvantage 是固定搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

drawback
缺点;不利之处
The main drawback of the plan is the high cost. drawback 常指计划或选择的缺点;disadvantage 可指人、条件或处境的不利。
weakness
弱点;不足
The team must work on its weaknesses. weakness 可指人的弱点或方案不足;disadvantage 强调不利位置。
advantage
优势;好处
Her experience gave her an advantage over the other players. advantage 有利,disadvantage 不利。
benefit
好处;益处
The new bridge brought many benefits to the town. benefit 与 disadvantage 的不利/缺点义相对。
advance
前进;进步;提前
The team advanced to the next round. advance 是前进或进步,不是 disadvantage 的直接反义。
19

differ / confer / offer

7 个词

differentdifferencedifferconferconferenceinferoffer
differ / confer / offer

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

differ / confer / offer 组必须分三层:different、difference、differ 是“不同/差异/有分歧”的真词族;confer、conference 是“共同商讨/正式会议”的真词族;infer、offer 只共享记忆线索 -fer=bring/carry 的记忆线索,现代意义和句法要单独学。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 different / difference / differ:different from,difference between/in/of,differ from/in/on/over/about
  2. 再学 confer / conference:confer with sb. 是商讨,confer sth. on sb. 是授予,conference 是正式会议
  3. 然后单独学 infer:infer sth. from evidence/context,不是随便 guess
  4. 最后单独学 offer:offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.,offer to do,an offer / make an offer / job offer
  5. 回看 -fer 图像时只把它当记忆线索,不把 infer、offer、differ 互当派生词或近义词

组内辨析

  • different 是形容词,difference 是名词,differ 是不及物动词;三者是真词族但句法位置不同。
  • difference between A and B 比较两者,difference in... 说明差异方面,a difference of + 数量说明相差多少。
  • confer with sb. about/on sth. 是商讨;confer sth. on/upon sb. 是正式授予荣誉、学位、权利或头衔。
  • infer 强调从证据、事实或上下文推出结论;guess 可以没有充分证据。
  • offer 作动词讲提供或主动提出,作可数名词讲提议、工作机会或报价。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 different with;记忆线索搭配是 be different from。
  • differ 是不及物动词,不说 differ something;分歧义常接 on / over / about。
  • indifferent 是“漠不关心的”,不是 different 的普通反义词。
  • infer / offer / confer 都有 -fer 词根助记,但不是 differ 的现代派生词。
  • offer 的反向语境通常是 refuse an offer 或 withdraw an offer,不是 take away an offer。
090

different

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['difrənt] · adj. · Page 77

有差异的;不同的

not the same as another person, thing, way, or situation

联想

different 是最常用的“不同的”。核心搭配是 be different from,不说 different with;various 只适合 many different kinds 这一类名词前用法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不同的;有差异的

形容两个或多个对象不一样,可指外观、观点、方法、结果或处境。

常见表达be different from...different kinds/types of...look/sound/taste differentin a different way

City life is very different from life in a small village.

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be different from 是高频搭配。

Different people may solve the same problem in different ways.

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different 可放在复数名词前表示“不同的”。

various 可表示“各种各样的”,但不能替换 be different from 中的 different。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

same
相同的
The two answers are the same. same 与 different 直接相对。
similar
相似的
The two plans are similar, but not exactly the same. similar 是相似,不是完全相同;different 是不同。
various
各种各样的
The club offers various activities after school. various 只在 many different kinds 这类语境接近 different,不能说 be various from。
indifferent
漠不关心的
He was indifferent to the result of the match. indifferent 不是“没有不同”,而是“不关心”。

词族线索 / 同组词

difference
不同;差异
Can you explain the difference between these two words? different 是形容词;difference 是名词。
differ
相异;有分歧
The two reports differ in several details. differ 是不及物动词,常接 from / in / on。
091

difference

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['difrəns] · n. · Page 77, Page 78

不同;差异;差别;影响;作用

the way two things are not the same, or an effect that changes a situation

联想

difference 是名词“差异”。介词要分清:两者之间用 between,某方面差异用 in,差额大小用 of;make a difference 表示“有影响”。

意思、用法与例句

n.不同;差异;差别

可数或不可数,常比较两个事物、观点或方法之间的不同。

常见表达the difference between A and Ba big/small/clear differencedifference in...a difference of + number/amount

There is a clear difference between advice and orders.

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difference between A and B 比较两者差异。

The main difference in their plans is the cost.

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difference in 表示在某方面的差别。

between / in / of 三个介词分别对应对象、方面和差额大小。

n.影响;作用

make a difference to sb./sth. 表示对某人或某事产生影响;make no difference 表示没有差别或不起作用。

常见表达make a difference to...make a big/real differencemake little/no differenceIt makes no difference to sb.

A few kind words can make a big difference to a new student.

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make a difference to 表示产生影响。

Changing the time by five minutes will make no difference to the result.

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make no difference 表示没有影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

distinction
区别;差别
The writer makes a distinction between facts and opinions. distinction 更正式,强调清楚区分。
gap
差距;间隔
There is a wide gap between the two test scores. gap 强调距离或差距;difference 范围更宽。
effect
影响;效果
The new rule had a strong effect on traffic. effect 只对应 make a difference 的影响义,不对应普通差异义。
similarity
相似之处
The similarities between the two stories are clear. similarity 与 difference 的差异义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

different
不同的
The two answers are different, but both are reasonable. different 是形容词;difference 是名词。
differ
相异;有分歧
My answer differs from yours in one detail. differ 是动词。
092

differ

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['difə(r)] · vi. · Page 78

相异;有区别;不同于;有分歧

to be different, or to disagree about something

联想

differ 是不及物动词:事物 differ from each other,也可 differ in 某方面;人们 differ on/over/about 一个问题。不要把它当及物动词直接接宾语。

意思、用法与例句

vi.相异;不同于

不及物动词,常用 differ from 或 differ in,表示事物在某方面不同。

常见表达differ from...differ in...differ greatly/widelynot differ much

The two kinds of tea differ in taste and smell.

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differ in 表示在某方面不同。

Our results did not differ much from the first report.

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differ from 表示与……不同。

differ 是不及物动词,不说 differ something。

vi.有分歧;意见不同

用于人或观点,常接 on/over/about,也可用 differ with sb. 表示与某人意见不同。

常见表达differ on/over/about sth.differ with sb.views/opinions differ

The students differ on whether phones should be allowed in class.

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differ on 表示在某问题上有分歧。

Good friends may differ about a plan but still respect each other.

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differ about 表示对计划意见不同。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

disagree
不同意;有分歧
The two writers disagree about the ending. disagree 更直接表示不同意;differ 更正式。
vary
变化;相异
Prices vary from city to city. vary 强调变化或不同;differ 强调两者或多者存在差异。
agree
同意;一致
The parents agreed on the final plan. agree 与 differ 的分歧义相对。
be the same
相同
The two copies are the same. be the same 与 differ 的差异义相对。
confer
商讨;授予
The judges conferred before choosing the winner. confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是 differ 的派生词。
infer
推断
Readers infer meaning from context. infer 共享 -fer 助记,意思和 differ 不同。
offer
提供;主动提出;提议
The school offered students a new reading course. offer 共享 -fer 助记,不能当 differ 的同族同义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

different
不同的
The two rooms look different in the morning light. different 是形容词;differ 是动词。
difference
差异;影响
Small habits can make a difference over time. difference 是名词。
093

confer

[kən'fɜ:(r)] · vi. / vt. · Page 78

交换意见;商讨;授予

to discuss something with someone, or to give an honor, right, or degree officially

联想

confer 的 con- 有“一起”线索:把意见拿到一起商讨。另一个正式及物义是“授予”,常授予 degree、honor、title、right。

意思、用法与例句

vi.交换意见;商讨

较正式,常指为了决定事情而与别人讨论。

常见表达confer with sb.confer about/on sth.confer for ten minutesconfer before deciding

The teacher conferred with the parents about the student's progress.

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confer with sb. about sth. 表示与某人商讨。

The judges conferred for ten minutes before announcing the winner.

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评委短暂商议也可用 confer。

vt.授予;赋予

正式动词,宾语常是 degree、honor、title、right、power 等。

常见表达confer a degree/title/honor on sb.confer sth. upon sb.confer rights/powers on sb.

The university conferred an honorary degree on the scientist.

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confer sth. on sb. 表示授予。

The new law confers more rights on local communities.

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法律赋予权利时可用 confer。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

consult
咨询;商量
You should consult your teacher before changing the topic. consult 更常见,可表示咨询专家;confer 更正式,强调共同商讨。
discuss
讨论
The group discussed the plan after class. discuss 更普通;confer 更正式。
grant
授予;准予
The school granted him a scholarship. grant 与 confer 的授予义接近。
differ
不同;有分歧
Their views differ on this question. differ 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是同义词。
infer
推断
We inferred the answer from the clues. infer 与 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但语义和搭配完全不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

conference
正式会议;商谈
The conference focused on clean energy. conference 是名词“会议”;confer 是动词。
094

conference

['kɒnfərəns] · n. · Page 78

正式会议;讨论会;商谈

a formal meeting for discussion, especially among people with a shared interest, job, or subject

联想

conference 是由 confer 的“共同商讨”发展出的名词。它通常比 ordinary meeting 更正式,常围绕一个主题、行业或新闻发布来组织。

意思、用法与例句

n.正式会议;讨论会

可数名词,指围绕某个主题进行正式讨论的会议。

常见表达hold/attend a conferencea press conferencean international conferencea conference on/about sth.in conference

Our school held a conference on reading habits last Friday.

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hold a conference 表示召开会议。

Reporters waited outside while the leaders were in conference.

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in conference 表示正在开会。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

meeting
会议
We have a short meeting every Monday morning. meeting 范围更宽;conference 通常更正式、规模更大或主题更明确。
discussion
讨论
The discussion lasted for half an hour. discussion 是讨论过程;conference 是正式会议。

词族线索 / 同组词

confer
商讨;授予
The two teachers conferred about the new course. conference 是会议本身;confer 是商讨这个动作。
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infer

[in'fɜ:(r)] · vt. · Page 78

推论;推断

to form an opinion from facts, evidence, or context clues, not from random guessing

联想

infer 的记忆线索是 in- + fer:话里“带出”隐藏信息。它不是随便 guess,而是根据 evidence、facts、context clues 推断。

意思、用法与例句

vt.推论;推断

及物动词,常从证据、事实、上下文或线索中得出结论。

常见表达infer sth. from sth.infer that...infer meaning from contextinfer the speaker's feelings

We can infer from his smile that he was pleased with the result.

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infer from 表示从线索推断。

Readers should infer the speaker's feelings from the last paragraph.

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阅读理解中常要求从文本推断。

infer 必须基于证据或上下文;randomly guess 不是 infer。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

conclude
得出结论
From the data, we concluded that the plan worked. conclude 强调得出结论;infer 强调从线索中推断。
deduce
推论;推断
The detective deduced the truth from small clues. deduce 更正式,常强调逻辑推理。
guess
猜测
I guessed the answer without reading the passage. guess 可以没有充分证据;infer 应基于证据。
state
直接说明
The writer states the answer in the first sentence. state 是直接说出;infer 是读者从线索推出。
differ
不同;有分歧
Their opinions differ on this question. differ 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是同一现代词族。
confer
商讨;授予
The teachers conferred before making a decision. confer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,但搭配和意义不同。
offer
提供;主动提出
The guide offered help to the visitors. offer 与 infer 共享 -fer 助记,不是 infer 的派生词。
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offer

星标

['ɒfə(r)] · vt. / v. / n. · Page 78, Page 79

给予;提供;主动提出;提议;报价

to provide something, say you are willing to do something, or a proposal or price

联想

offer 的记忆线索是 of-/ob- + fer:把东西带到别人面前。现代用法分三块:offer sb. sth. / offer sth. to sb.,offer to do,an offer / make an offer。

意思、用法与例句

vt.给予;提供

及物动词,可接双宾语或 offer sth. to sb.,表示提供帮助、机会、服务或物品。

常见表达offer sb. sth.offer sth. to sb.offer help/advice/a chanceoffer a ticket/place/service

The museum offers students free tickets on Wednesdays.

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offer sb. sth. 表示向某人提供某物。

A Toronto man offered a free round-the-world air ticket to the right woman.

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offer sth. to sb. 表示提供。

v.主动提出

常用 offer to do sth.,表示主动愿意做某事。

常见表达offer to do sth.offer to help/explain/payoffer help

When I looked lost, a stranger offered to show me the way.

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offer to do sth. 表示主动提出做某事。

Several students offered to clean the classroom after the activity.

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offer to clean 表示主动愿意打扫。

n. [C]提议;工作机会;报价

可数名词,指建议、帮助的提出,工作录用机会,或买卖中的价格。

常见表达accept/refuse an offermake an offera job offeran offer for sth.a special offer

She accepted the offer to study at the summer camp.

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accept an offer 表示接受提议/机会。

He received a job offer from a local company.

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job offer 是工作机会。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

provide
提供
The library provides free internet for readers. provide 与 offer 的提供义接近;offer 更强调主动给出。
give
The teacher gave us useful advice. give 更普通;offer 常带主动提出或供选择。
propose
提议
She proposed a new plan at the meeting. propose 与 offer 的提议义接近,但 offer 还可作报价或提供。
accept
接受
He accepted the offer after thinking about it. accept an offer 是接受提议,和 refuse an offer 对比。
refuse
拒绝
She refused the offer because she was too busy. refuse an offer 是拒绝提议或机会。
withdraw
撤回
The company withdrew its offer last week. withdraw an offer 是撤回已提出的提议。
confer
商讨;授予
The teachers conferred about the exam plan. offer 和 confer 共享 -fer 助记,但不是现代派生词族。
infer
推断
Readers infer meaning from context. infer 与 offer 共享 -fer 助记,但意思不同。
20

prefer / preference

2 个词

preferpreference
prefer / preference

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

prefer / preference 是清楚的动词-名词词族:prefer 表示在比较中“更喜欢/更愿意”,preference 表示“偏爱/偏好的事物”。本组核心不是背一个中文,而是把 prefer 后面的比较结构和 preference 后面的介词搭稳。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 prefer A to B:比起 B 更喜欢 A,to 是介词,不换成 than
  2. 再学 prefer doing/to do 和 prefer doing to doing:比较动作时两边形式要平行
  3. 然后学 prefer to do rather than do 与 would prefer to do,用于更愿意做某事
  4. 接着学 preference:a preference for...、personal preference、have no preference
  5. 最后学 in preference to... 和 give preference to...,区分“优先于/而不是”和“优先考虑”

组内辨析

  • like 只是喜欢;prefer 一定带有比较或选择倾向。
  • prefer A to B 中 to 是介词;prefer to do 中 to 是不定式标记,两个 to 的语法不同。
  • prefer doing to doing 与 prefer to do rather than do 都能比较两个动作,但动词形式要按句型保持平行。
  • preference 是名词,常接 for;in preference to 表示 rather than,不等于普通 in front of。
  • no preference 表示没有特别偏好,不是 dislike。

易错提醒

  • 不要写 prefer A than B;正确是 prefer A to B。
  • 不要写 prefer doing to do 来比较两个动作;比较动作时用 prefer doing to doing 或 prefer to do rather than do。
  • would prefer 后常接 to do;would rather 后接动词原形,二者结构不同。
  • preference for 后接偏爱的对象;in preference to 后接被放在后面的选择。
  • offer 与 prefer 只共享 -fer 助记线索,不能把 offer 放进 prefer 的现代 word family。
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prefer

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[pri'fɜ:(r)] · vt. · Page 79

更喜欢;较喜欢

to like or choose one person, thing, or action more than another

联想

prefer 是“把一个选择放在另一个前面”。它是及物动词,重点是 prefer doing/to do、prefer A to B、prefer doing to doing 和 prefer to do rather than do。

意思、用法与例句

vt.更喜欢某人/某物

用于两个选择之间的比较;prefer A to B 中 to 是介词。

常见表达prefer A to Bprefer sb./sth. to sb./sth.prefer one choice to anothermuch prefer A to B

I prefer tea to coffee, especially in the evening.

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prefer A to B 表示比起 B 更喜欢 A。

Many children prefer stories with a clear ending to open-ended stories.

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prefer sth. to sth. 可比较两种事物。

不要把 prefer A to B 误写成 prefer A than B。

vt.更喜欢做某事

可接 doing 或 to do,表示一般偏好或具体选择。

常见表达prefer doing sth.prefer to do sth.would prefer to do sth.would prefer not to do sth.

Many students prefer reading paper books to reading on a screen.

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prefer doing to doing 中 to 是介词。

I would prefer to finish the report before dinner.

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would prefer to do 可表示更想做某事。

vt.与做……相比更愿意做……

比较两个动作时,常用 prefer doing to doing 或 prefer to do rather than do。

常见表达prefer doing sth. to doing sth.prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.prefer not to do sth.

He prefers cycling to taking the crowded bus.

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两个动作比较时,doing 和 doing 要平行。

She prefers to walk rather than take a crowded bus.

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prefer to do rather than do 是等值句型。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

like
喜欢
I like both tea and coffee. like 表示喜欢;prefer 表示在比较中更喜欢。
would rather
宁愿
I would rather stay at home tonight. would rather 后接动词原形;prefer 后可接名词、doing 或 to do。
choose
选择
She chose the blue dress for the party. choose 强调作出选择;prefer 强调偏好。
dislike
不喜欢
He dislikes noisy places. dislike 是不喜欢;prefer 是比较中更喜欢。
like less
较不喜欢
I like this plan less than the first one. prefer 的比较反向更自然是 like less。
offer
提供;主动提出;提议
The club offered free lessons to beginners. offer 和 prefer 都可用 -fer 词根助记,但 offer 是给出选择,prefer 是表达选择倾向。

词族线索 / 同组词

preference
偏爱;偏好的事物
He has a strong preference for quiet music. prefer 是动词;preference 是名词。
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preference

['prefrəns] · n. · Page 79

偏爱;偏好;偏爱的事物

a stronger liking for one person, thing, or choice than another, or the thing liked best

联想

preference 是 prefer 的名词形式。两条重点搭配:a preference for... 表示对……的偏爱;in preference to... 表示优先于/而不是。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U, sing.]偏爱;偏好

常接 for 表示偏爱的对象,也可说 personal preference 或 have no preference。

常见表达a preference for...have/show a preference for...personal preferencehave no preferencereading/food preference

My father has a preference for simple home-cooked meals.

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a preference for 后接偏爱的对象。

The survey asked students about their reading preferences.

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preferences 可指多个偏好。

n. [C]偏爱的事物;优先选择

可数名词,指被更喜欢的选择;in preference to 表示“优先于/而不是”。

常见表达in preference to...first preferencegive preference to...one's preference is...

She chose the window seat in preference to the seat near the door.

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in preference to 表示优先选择前者。

Music is his first preference for the talent show.

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first preference 指最优先的选择。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

choice
选择
Her first choice was the window seat. choice 强调选择本身;preference 强调偏好。
favorite
最喜欢的人或物
This song is my favorite. favorite 是最喜欢的对象;preference 可指偏好或偏爱的事物。
dislike
不喜欢
Her dislike of noise is easy to understand. dislike 是不喜欢;preference 是偏好。
no preference
没有偏好
If you have no preference, we can choose the cheaper room. no preference 不是反义词,而是没有特别偏好。

词族线索 / 同组词

prefer
更喜欢
Most children prefer stories with a clear ending. prefer 是动词;preference 是名词。
21

refer / reference

3 个词

referrefereereference
refer / reference

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

refer / referee / reference 是 refer 词族,但三个词的落点不同:refer 是动作,常用 refer to;referee 是被带去裁决问题的人,可指裁判、调解者或推荐人;reference 是名词结果,可指提到、参考资料/参考书目或推荐信。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 refer to 的三条线:提到/涉及,阅读中指代,参考/查阅资料
  2. 再学 refer to A as B 和 be referred to as,把“称为”单独固定
  3. 然后学 referee:体育裁判、争端调解者、申请材料中的推荐人
  4. 接着学 reference:make reference to,in/with reference to,for reference,a list of references
  5. 最后区分申请语境:referee 是推荐人,reference 是推荐信或推荐材料

组内辨析

  • refer 表示提到或查阅时通常不裸用,核心结构是 refer to。
  • refer to a dictionary / notes / passage 是查阅;refer to A as B 是称 A 为 B。
  • referee 是人:比赛裁判、调解者或推荐人;reference 不是本组主要推荐人义,而是推荐信/证明材料。
  • reference 的 references 常指出现在报告末尾的参考资料列表;a reference book 是参考书。
  • in/with reference to 是正式“关于”,不能逐字翻成“在参考里”。

易错提醒

  • 不要漏掉 refer 后的 to:refer to the passage / refer to the problem。
  • refer to A as B 中 as 不能省;被动是 A is referred to as B。
  • referee 和 reference 拼写相近,但 referee 是人,reference 是提到、资料或推荐信。
  • sports referee 不等于 judge 的全部用法;judge 范围更宽。
  • make no reference to 表示没有提到,不是“没有参考”。
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refer

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[ri'fɜ:(r)] · vi. / phr. · Page 79

提到;涉及;参考;查阅;把……称为

to mention something, look at a source for information, point to what a word means, or call someone or something by a name

联想

refer 的记忆线索是 re- + fer:把问题带回出处或解决处。考试重点几乎都带 to:refer to 提到/涉及/指代/查阅,refer to A as B 把 A 称为 B。

意思、用法与例句

vi.提到;涉及;指代

常用 refer to,表示说到、谈及某人某事;阅读中也可表示某词指代什么。

常见表达refer to sb./sth.the word/it/they refers to...refer briefly/directly to...

The word “they” in this sentence refers to the volunteers.

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阅读中 refer to 可表示“指的是”。

The speaker referred to the accident only briefly.

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refer to 表示提到。

refer 表示提到或查阅时通常要带 to。

vi.参考;查阅

refer to 后接字典、地图、笔记、资料、文章等信息来源。

常见表达refer to a dictionary/map/notesrefer to the passagerefer to the chart/tablerefer back to...

You may refer to your notes while writing the report.

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refer to notes 表示查阅笔记。

If you do not know the word, refer to the dictionary at the back of the book.

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refer to a dictionary 表示查词典。

phr.把……称为……

refer to A as B 表示把某人或某物称为某名,常有被动 be referred to as。

常见表达refer to A as Bbe referred to as...commonly/often referred to as...

People often refer to Hangzhou as a city of water and tea.

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refer to A as B 表示把 A 称作 B。

This period is sometimes referred to as the golden age of travel.

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被动 be referred to as 也常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mention
提到
The article mentions several famous scientists. mention 更普通;refer to 更常见于正式说明、阅读指代或查阅。
consult
查阅;咨询
Please consult the timetable before choosing a train. consult 可表示查阅资料或咨询专家;refer to 也可表示查阅资料。
call
称呼;叫作
People call this city the Garden City. call A B 更普通;refer to A as B 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

reference
提到;参考;参考书目;推荐信
Please list your references at the end of the report. reference 是 refer 的名词形式,意义随语境变化。
referee
裁判;仲裁者;推荐人
The referee stopped the game after the foul. referee 可从 refer + -ee 记忆为问题被带去裁决的人。
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referee

[,refə'ri:] · n. [C] · Page 79

裁判;仲裁者;调解者;证明人;推荐人

a person who controls a sports game, settles a disagreement, or supports an application by giving a recommendation

联想

referee 可由 refer + -ee 记:问题被带到他那里裁决。最常见是体育裁判;在申请语境中可指推荐人,不是 reference 推荐信。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]体育比赛裁判

指在比赛中执行规则、吹哨、作出判罚的人。

常见表达a football/basketball refereethe referee blows the whistlethe referee's decisionask/argue with the referee

The referee blew the whistle and the match began.

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referee 在体育语境中指裁判。

Players must accept the referee's decision during the game.

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referee's decision 指裁判判罚。

n. [C]仲裁者;调解者

指被请来帮助解决争端、作出公正判断的人。

常见表达act as a refereeserve as a refereea neutral refereereferee a disagreement

A senior teacher acted as a referee in the disagreement between the two clubs.

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act as a referee 表示担任调解者。

Both sides trusted him because he was a neutral referee.

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neutral referee 强调公正调解者。

n. [C]证明人;推荐人;介绍人

申请学校、奖学金或工作时,能证明申请人能力或品行的人。

常见表达name/list sb. as a refereea referee for an applicationcontact a refereeacademic referee

She listed her English teacher as a referee for the scholarship.

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申请材料中 referee 可指推荐人。

The company contacted two referees before offering him the job.

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referees 可指被联系核实情况的推荐人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

judge
裁判;评判者
The judge gave high scores to the final speaker. judge 范围更宽;referee 常用于体育或调解。
official
赛事官员
The official checked whether the ball crossed the line. official 可指比赛官员;referee 是具体裁判。
mediator
调解者
A mediator helped the two sides reach an agreement. mediator 对应 referee 的调解者义。
recommender
推荐人
Choose a recommender who knows your work well. recommender 对应申请语境中的 referee。

词族线索 / 同组词

refer
提到;参考;称作
The article refers to several famous scientists. refer 是动词;referee 是负责裁判、调解或推荐的人。
reference
推荐信;参考
The student asked for a reference from his teacher. reference 可指推荐信;referee 可指推荐人。
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reference

['refrəns] · n. · Page 79

提到;论及;参考;查阅;参考书目;推荐信

a mention, a source or list of sources used for information, or a letter supporting someone for a job or school

联想

reference 是 refer 的名词形式。它有三条高考价值线:make reference to 是提到,for reference / references 是参考资料,a reference 是推荐信。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]提到;论及

表示文章、讲话或讨论中提及某人某事。

常见表达make reference to...make no reference to...in/with reference to...a reference to...

The speech made no reference to the cost of the plan.

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make/no reference to 表示提到或没有提到。

I am writing with reference to your question about the trip.

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with reference to 是正式表达“关于”。

n. [U] / n. [C]参考;查阅;参考资料;参考书目

可指查资料的行为、供参考的材料,或文末列出的参考资料。

常见表达for referencea reference booka list of referencesreference materialskeep sth. for reference

Keep this map for reference during the field trip.

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for reference 表示供参考。

The student added three references at the end of the report.

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references 可指参考资料列表。

n. [C]推荐信;介绍信

申请学校、奖学金或工作时,由他人证明能力或品行的信。

常见表达write/give a referenceask sb. for a referencea strong referencea reference from sb.

She asked her coach to write a reference for the summer program.

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write a reference 表示写推荐信。

A strong reference can help a student apply for a scholarship.

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reference 可指推荐信。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

mention
提到
The report made no mention of the problem. mention 对应 reference 的提到义。
source
资料来源
Always check the source before using a fact. source 对应 reference 的资料来源义。
recommendation letter
推荐信
She needed a recommendation letter for the program. recommendation letter 对应 reference 的推荐信义。

词族线索 / 同组词

refer
提到;参考;称作
The guide refers to this building as the old post office. refer 是动词;reference 是名词。
referee
裁判;推荐人
The referee checked the players before the match. referee 可指推荐人,reference 可指推荐信或资料。
22

suffer / suffering

2 个词

suffersuffering
suffer / suffering

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

suffer / suffering 是动词-名词词族,核心画面是“身负重压”。这组最重要的不是近义词,而是句法:suffer from + 疾病/痛苦/问题;suffer + loss/damage/defeat/injury 等坏结果;suffering 是名词“痛苦、苦难”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 suffer from:suffer from illness / pain / stress / a shortage,表示因某问题受苦
  2. 再学及物 suffer:suffer a loss / defeat / injury / damage / the consequences,表示遭受坏结果
  3. 然后学 suffering:pain and suffering,human suffering,cause/reduce/relieve suffering
  4. 最后处理 sufferings:可指多种痛苦经历,不要误当普通动词形式

组内辨析

  • suffer from 后面接痛苦来源或问题;suffer 作及物动词时后面直接接坏结果。
  • experience 可用于好坏经历;suffer 通常带痛苦、损失或不利结果。
  • recover from illness 与 suffer from illness 方向相反;avoid a loss 与 suffer a loss 方向相反。
  • suffering 是名词,不是简单把 suffer 加 ing 后仍按动词处理。
  • relief / comfort 是减轻痛苦或带来安慰,不能和 suffering 混用。

易错提醒

  • 不要漏掉 suffer from 中的 from:suffer from stress / a shortage。
  • 不要说 suffer from a defeat;更自然是 suffer a defeat。
  • suffer damage / suffer loss 是及物用法,不需要 from。
  • pain and suffering 是固定搭配;sufferings 可作名词复数表示痛苦经历。
  • enjoy 不是 suffer 的稳定反义词;按语境用 recover、avoid、relief、comfort 更准确。
102

suffer

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['sʌfə(r)] · vi. / vt. · Page 79, Page 80

受苦;受难;患病;遭受;蒙受

to be in pain or difficulty, especially because of illness or a problem, or to experience a bad result

联想

suffer 的记忆线索是“身负重压”。用法必须拆开:suffer from + 疾病/痛苦/问题是不及物;suffer + loss/damage/defeat/injury 是及物。

意思、用法与例句

vi.受苦;受难;患病

不及物动词,常用 suffer from 表示因疾病、痛苦或问题而受苦。

常见表达suffer from illness/pain/stresssuffer from a shortagesuffer badly/greatlysuffer for years

Many companies are suffering from a shortage of skilled staff.

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suffer from a shortage 表示苦于短缺。

People in the flooded village suffered greatly during the cold night.

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suffer greatly 表示受苦严重。

suffer from 后接导致痛苦的问题;不要把 from 丢掉。

vt.遭受;蒙受

及物动词,直接接不好的结果,常见宾语是 loss、damage、defeat、injury、pain、consequences。

常见表达suffer a loss/defeatsuffer damage/injurysuffer painsuffer the consequences

The team suffered a heavy defeat in the final game.

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suffer a defeat 表示遭受失败。

Several houses suffered serious damage in the storm.

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suffer damage 表示遭受损害。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

experience
经历;遭受
The town experienced heavy rain last night. experience 范围更宽,可好可坏;suffer 常指痛苦或损失。
undergo
经历;经受
The patient underwent a difficult operation. undergo 较正式;suffer 强调痛苦或不利结果。
recover
恢复
He recovered from the illness after two weeks. recover from illness 与 suffer from illness 方向相反。
avoid
避免
Careful planning can help avoid losses. avoid a loss 与 suffer a loss 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

suffering
疼痛;苦难;痛苦
The story shows the suffering caused by war. suffer 是动词;suffering 是名词。
103

suffering

['sʌfəriŋ] · n. · Page 80

疼痛;苦难;痛苦;苦恼

physical or mental pain, especially pain caused by illness, accidents, poverty, war, or trouble

联想

suffering 是 suffer 的名词形式。可作不可数名词讲总体痛苦,也可用 sufferings 指多种痛苦经历;pain and suffering 是常见搭配。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]疼痛;苦难;痛苦

常指疾病、事故、战争、贫困等造成的身体或精神痛苦。

常见表达human sufferingpain and sufferingcause/reduce/relieve sufferingthe suffering of...the sufferings of...

These road accidents caused pain and suffering for many families.

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pain and suffering 表示痛苦。

Doctors and volunteers worked together to reduce the suffering of the injured.

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reduce suffering 表示减轻痛苦。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pain
疼痛;痛苦
The medicine helped reduce the pain. pain 可指身体或精神痛苦;suffering 更常指持续或严重的痛苦状态。
hardship
艰难;困苦
The family went through great hardship. hardship 强调生活艰难;suffering 强调痛苦体验。
relief
缓解;宽慰
The medicine brought relief from the pain. relief 与 suffering 的痛苦状态相对。
comfort
安慰;舒适
The kind words gave her comfort. comfort 可缓解 suffering。

词族线索 / 同组词

suffer
受苦;遭受
The village suffered serious damage in the flood. suffer 是动词;suffering 是名词。
23

set / settle

7 个词

setsettingsunsetupsetsettlesettlementsettler
set / settle

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

set / settle 组要分层学:set 本身是高频多义核心,重点是 put/fix/arrange 和一组短语动词;setting 是被设定出来的环境或参数;sunset 是 sun + set 的透明复合词;upset 只保留记忆线索 up + set 的情绪助记,不当普通派生;settle / settlement / settler 才是一条“定下来、安顿、解决”的真词族线。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 set 的核心动词和名词:太阳落下,set the table/date/alarm/rule/example,be set in,a set of / TV set / film set
  2. 再集中处理 set 短语:set about、set apart、set aside、set back、set down、set off、set out、set up
  3. 然后学 setting 和 sunset:setting 是环境/背景/设置,sunset 只和 set 的太阳落下义相关
  4. 接着学 upset:be upset about/over,upset sb./a plan/stomach,stomach upset;它是情绪/秩序被打乱,不是 set 的普通同义派生
  5. 最后学 settle 线:settle down/in/on,settle a problem,settlement 是定居点/协议/解决,settler 是定居者/殖民者

组内辨析

  • set 的过去式和过去分词仍是 set;settle 是规则动词 settled。
  • setting 是故事背景或设备设置;sunset 是日落/晚霞;二者形近但不是同义词。
  • upset 可用“七上八下”记忆,但现代用法围绕心烦、使烦恼和打乱计划。
  • settle a problem 是解决问题;settle down 可表示定居、平静或开始专心;settle in/into 是适应新环境。
  • settlement 是地点、协议或解决过程;settler 是人,不是地点。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 set 只背成“放”或“日落”;重点短语动词必须整块记。
  • set off 可表示出发,也可表示使爆炸;set out 可表示出发、开始工作或安排摆放。
  • set aside 是留出或搁置;set back 是推迟耽误;set down 是写下或规定。
  • upset 与 set 的关系只作助记,不要把 upset 放进 set 的普通 word family。
  • settle down 后面的语境决定是定居、平静还是开始专心做事。
104

set

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[set] · vi. / vt. / n. · Page 80

(日、月)落下;放置;使开始;安排;确定;树立;摆放;以……为背景;设置;一套;电视机;布景

to go down, put something in a place, arrange or fix something, start or establish something, adjust a device, or a group of things

联想

set 的过去式和过去分词仍是 set。核心画面是“放到某个位置或状态”:太阳落下,物品放好,时间/规则/目标定好,机器设好;短语动词要整块记。

意思、用法与例句

vi.(日、月)落下

不及物动词,主语通常是 sun 或 moon;sunset 是名词“日落”。

常见表达the sun setsthe moon setsset behind...at sunset

The sun set behind the mountains, and the sky turned red.

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set 可指太阳落下。

We reached the village just before the moon set.

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moon set 表示月亮落下。

vt.放置;摆放;安排;确定;设置

及物动词,表示把人/物放好,摆餐具,安排时间/任务,确定日期或设置设备。

常见表达set sth. on/in...set the tableset a date/timeset a deadlineset an alarmset a rule/limitset the temperature

Please set the cups on the table before dinner.

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set sth. on... 表示放置。

My brother set the table while I cooked the soup.

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set the table 表示摆餐具。

vt.树立;开创;释放;以……为背景

用于 set an example/record、set sb. free、be set in 等固定搭配。

常见表达set an exampleset a recordset sb. freebe set in...set a story in...

Our monitor set a good example by arriving early every day.

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set an example 表示树立榜样。

The runner set a new school record in the 800 meters.

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set a record 表示创纪录。

phr.set 短语动词

set 短语多,必须按小品词整块记,不要只按 set 的“放”硬译。

常见表达set about doingset apart fromset asideset backset downset offset out for/to doset up

The students set about cleaning the classroom after the activity.

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set about doing 表示开始着手做。

Her clear voice set her apart from the other speakers.

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set ... apart from 表示使……与众不同。

n. [C]一套;电视机;布景

可数名词,指一组东西、电视机或舞台/电影布景。

常见表达a set of...a TV seta stage/film seta complete set

She bought a set of brushes for the art class.

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a set of 表示一套。

The film set looked like a real street.

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film set 指电影布景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

put
放置
Put the books on the shelf. put 是普通“放”;set 更常带安排、设定或固定搭配。
arrange
安排;布置
We arranged the chairs in a circle. arrange 对应 set 的安排/布置义。
fix
确定
We fixed the date for next Friday. fix 与 set 的确定日期/时间义接近。
remove
移走
Please remove the cups from the table. remove 与 set 的放置义相对。
sunset
日落;晚霞
We took photos at sunset. sunset 是 sun + set,专指日落/晚霞。
upset
心烦的;使烦恼;搅乱
She was upset about losing her notebook. upset 可用 up + set 助记,但现代用法不等于 set 的普通派生。
settle
定居;解决;平静下来
They finally settled the argument peacefully. settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记,但要单独学习搭配。

词族线索 / 同组词

setting
环境;背景;设定
The story has a modern school setting. setting 是名词,来自 set 的环境/设定义。
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setting

['setiŋ] · n. [C] · Page 80

环境;背景;调节点;设定的位置

the place or situation in which something happens, the time and place of a story, or a control position on a device

联想

setting 是 set 的名词线:事情被“放在”某个环境里,故事被“设定”在某个时间地点,机器也有设定档位。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]环境;背景

指事情发生的地点、环境或场景,尤其用于故事、电影、活动。

常见表达the setting of a storya natural/beautiful settingin a school settinghistorical setting

The setting of the story is a small village during winter.

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story setting 指故事背景。

The old house provides a beautiful setting for the music festival.

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beautiful setting 指优美环境。

n. [C]调节点;设定的位置

指机器、手机、相机、程序等的设置或档位。

常见表达change/check the settingscamera/phone settingstemperature settingdefault setting

Check the camera settings before you take photos at night.

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camera settings 指相机设置。

The temperature setting was too high, so the room felt hot.

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temperature setting 指温度设定。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

background
背景
The background of the story is a small town. background 与 setting 的故事背景义接近。
environment
环境
Children need a safe learning environment. environment 是环境;setting 更强调事情发生的具体场景。
sunset
日落;晚霞
The sunset painted the clouds orange. sunset 与 setting 形近但意义不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

set
放置;设定;安排
Set the timer for twenty minutes. set 是动词/名词;setting 是环境或设定。
106

sunset

['sʌnset] · n. [U,C] · Page 80

日落;傍晚;晚霞

the time when the sun goes down, or the colored sky at that time

联想

sunset = sun + set。不可数时多指日落时刻,at sunset 是核心搭配;可数时可指一次美丽的日落或晚霞。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]日落;傍晚

通常作不可数,表示太阳落下的时刻。

常见表达at sunsetbefore/after sunsetwatch the sunsettowards sunset

The fishermen returned to the village at sunset.

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at sunset 表示日落时。

We climbed the hill to watch the sunset over the lake.

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watch the sunset 表示看日落。

n. [C]晚霞;日落景色

可数名词,指日落时天空的色彩景象或一次日落。

常见表达a beautiful sunseta red/golden sunsetpaint/watch a sunset

A golden sunset filled the sky after the rain stopped.

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sunset 可指晚霞景象。

The painter used warm colors to show a quiet sunset.

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艺术语境中 sunset 可指日落景色。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sunrise
日出
We got up early to watch the sunrise. sunrise 与 sunset 时间方向相反。
dusk
黄昏
The streets grew quiet at dusk. dusk 是黄昏时段;sunset 更具体指太阳落下或晚霞。
set
(日、月)落下;放置
The sun sets later in summer. sunset 是由 sun + set 构成的名词。
setting
环境;背景;设置
The beach was a perfect setting for the photo. setting 是环境或设置,不是日落。
107

upset

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[,ʌp'set] / [ʌp'set] / ['ʌpset] · adj. / vt. / n. · Page 80

心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的;使烦恼;使生气;搅乱;烦闷;苦恼

unhappy or worried; to make someone unhappy or disturb a plan; a state of worry or trouble

联想

upset 的助记是 up + set,心里“七上八下”。现代用法分三类:be upset about/over,upset sb./a plan,名词 upset/stomach upset。

意思、用法与例句

adj.心烦的;苦恼的;沮丧的

形容人因某事不开心、担心或难过,常接 about/over。

常见表达be upset about/over sth.feel upsetlook/sound upsetget upset

She was upset about losing the book her friend had given her.

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be upset about 表示因某事难过。

Do not be upset over one poor test result; learn from it.

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be upset over 也可表示为某事沮丧。

vt.使烦恼;使生气;搅乱

及物动词,宾语可为人,也可为 plan、schedule、stomach 等。

常见表达upset sb.upset a plan/scheduleupset one's stomachupset the balance/order

The news upset his parents, but they tried to stay calm.

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upset sb. 表示使某人难过。

The sudden rain upset our plan for an outdoor lesson.

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upset a plan 表示打乱计划。

n. [C,U]烦闷;苦恼;混乱

名词较少见,可指情绪上的烦闷、局面的混乱或胃部不适。

常见表达cause upseta great upsetstomach upset

The decision caused great upset among the students.

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cause upset 表示引起不安/烦闷。

He missed class because of a stomach upset.

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stomach upset 是常见名词搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

worried
担心的
She looked worried before the exam. worried 主要是担心;upset 可包含难过、生气或不安。
disturb
扰乱
The loud music disturbed our study. disturb 与 upset 的搅乱义接近。
calm
平静的;使平静
The teacher stayed calm during the emergency. calm 与 upset 的情绪不安义相对。
settle
使平静;解决
The teacher helped settle the argument. settle 可使问题或情绪安定下来。
set
放置;设定;落下
Set your books on the desk before class. upset 可用 up + set 助记,但现代核心是情绪不安或打乱。
108

settle

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['setl] · vi. / vt. · Page 80, Page 81

定居;降落;确定;决定;安放;殖民;解决;平静下来;安顿

to begin living somewhere, solve or decide something, become calm, fall or come to rest, or make someone comfortable

联想

settle 可从 set 的“放稳/定下”理解,但现代搭配要单独记:settle down 定居或平静,settle in/into 适应,settle on/upon 决定,settle a problem 解决问题。

意思、用法与例句

vi.定居;安顿;适应

常用 settle down 或 settle in/into,表示住下来、适应新环境。

常见表达settle downsettle in/intosettle into a new school/jobsettle in a place

Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.

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settle into 表示适应并安顿下来。

After years of travel, they decided to settle down in a quiet town.

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settle down 可表示定居下来。

vt. / vi.解决;确定;决定

可及物表示解决问题、争端,也可用 settle on/upon 表示选定某事。

常见表达settle a problem/argument/disputesettle the mattersettle on/upon sth.settle a question

What will the woman do to settle the problem about the fridge?

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settle the problem 表示解决问题。

After a long discussion, we settled on a simple plan.

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settle on 表示决定选择。

vi. / vt.(使)平静下来;开始专心

settle down 可表示人、班级或情绪安静下来,也可表示开始专心做事。

常见表达settle downsettle sb. downsettle down to work/studysettle one's nerves

The classroom settled down when the teacher walked in.

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settle down 可表示安静下来。

After lunch, the students settled down to their homework.

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settle down to sth. 表示开始专心做某事。

vi. / vt.降落;落下;安放;使舒适

可表示灰尘、鸟等落下,也可表示把某人安置到舒适位置。

常见表达dust/snow settlessettle on/onto...settle sb. into...settle oneself in a chair

Dust settled on the books after the room was left empty for months.

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dust settled 表示灰尘落下。

She settled the child into a warm chair near the fire.

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settle sb. into... 表示把某人安顿好。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

solve
解决
We need to solve the traffic problem. solve 更普通;settle 常用于争议、问题或安排被定下来。
decide
决定
We decided on a date for the trip. decide 与 settle on/upon 的决定义接近。
calm down
平静下来
The child calmed down after a few minutes. calm down 对应 settle down 的平静义。
upset
使烦恼;搅乱
The loud noise upset the baby. upset 使人不安;settle 可使人平静或解决问题。
set
放置;安排;设定
The school set a new rule for the library. settle 可用 set 的“安、落”助记,但搭配和意义要单独学。

词族线索 / 同组词

settlement
定居点;协议;解决
The two sides finally reached a peaceful settlement. settlement 是 settle 的名词。
settler
移民;殖民者
Early settlers built houses near the river. settler 是 settle 的人称名词。
109

settlement

['setlmənt] · n. [C,U] · Page 81

定居点;协议;移民;殖民;解决;处理

a place where people make a new home, an agreement that ends a problem, or the process of settling somewhere or solving something

联想

settlement 来自 settle:人安顿下来形成定居点;争议被 settle 后形成协议或解决结果;过程义可表示移民、殖民或处理。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C] / [U]定居点;移民;殖民

指一群人在新地方建立的居住点,也可指移民定居这一过程。

常见表达an early settlementa small settlementthe settlement of an areahuman settlement

The first settlement grew beside the river because people needed fresh water.

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settlement 指人们定居形成的地方。

The museum shows how settlement changed life in the valley.

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这里 settlement 指定居、开发的过程。

表示地点时常可数;表示移民定居过程时常不可数。

n. [C] / [U]协议;解决;处理

指争议、问题、付款等经过协商后的处理结果或处理过程。

常见表达reach a settlementa peace settlementthe settlement of a disputesettlement of a problem

After long talks, the two sides finally reached a settlement.

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reach a settlement 是达成协议。

The settlement of the dispute allowed the project to continue.

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settlement of a dispute 指争议的解决。

协议是可数名词;“解决、处理”这个抽象过程常不可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
协议
The two sides reached an agreement. agreement 对应 settlement 的协议义。
solution
解决办法
We need a practical solution to the problem. solution 强调解决办法;settlement 更常是协商后的结果。
dispute
争端;争议
The dispute lasted for months. settlement 可结束 dispute。

词族线索 / 同组词

settle
定居;解决;平静下来
Many families settled near the lake. settle 是动词;settlement 是名词。
settler
移民;殖民者
The settlers built houses near the new settlement. settler 是人;settlement 是地点、过程或协议。
110

settler

['setlə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 81

移民;殖民者;定居者

a person who moves to a new place to live, especially where few people from their group lived before

联想

settler = settle + -er,是在新地方安顿下来的人。历史语境中可指殖民者;和 settlement 的区别是:settler 是人,settlement 是地点、过程或协议。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]移民;殖民者;定居者

指迁到新地区生活并建立家园的人,历史语境中可指殖民者。

常见表达early settlersEuropean settlerssettlers in a new landthe first settlers

Early settlers built simple houses and planted food near the river.

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settler 指迁到新地方并生活下来的人。

The article describes the difficult winter faced by the settlers.

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settlers 是复数,指一群定居者。

注意历史语境中 settler / colonist 可能带殖民背景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

immigrant
外来移民
An immigrant may become a settler if he or she makes a new home there. immigrant 强调从别国迁入;settler 强调在新地方定居、开拓。
colonist
殖民者
Colonists built farms along the coast. colonist 更直接表示殖民者;settler 范围稍宽。
resident
居民
Local residents helped clean the river. resident 是居民,不一定是新定居者。

词族线索 / 同组词

settle
定居;安顿下来
The family settled in a small town. settle 是动词;settler 是人。
settlement
定居点;协议;解决
The settlers slowly turned the camp into a settlement. settler 是人;settlement 可以是定居点。
24

lose / loose

4 个词

loselosslostloose
lose / loose

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

lose / loss / lost / loose 是拼写和读音辨析组:lose 是动词,读 /lu:z/,表示失去、丢失、输掉、迷路;loss 是名词,读 /lɒs/,表示损失、失去或失败;lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也可作形容词;loose 是形容词,读 /lu:s/,表示松的、宽松的,不是 lose 的变形。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 lose 的动词线:lose a key/chance/match,lose to,lose one's way,lose oneself in
  2. 再学 loss 的名词线:the loss of...,financial loss,suffer a loss,at a loss,first loss of the season
  3. 然后学 lost:a lost wallet,get lost,lost and found,be lost in thought/a book
  4. 最后学 loose:loose clothes / tooth / screw,come loose,break loose,并和 lose / lost 做拼写读音对照

组内辨析

  • lose 是动词,过去式和过去分词是 lost;loss 是名词;lost 还可作形容词。
  • loose 是形容词,不表示丢失;loose button 是松的纽扣,lost button 才是丢了的纽扣。
  • lose oneself in 和 be lost in 都可表示沉浸、全神贯注,不是身体迷路。
  • at a loss 表示不知所措;a loss to another team 是输给另一队。
  • 记忆线索清浊音提示要记牢:lose /z/,loss /s/,loose /s/。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 loose 当 lose 的过去式;lose 的过去式是 lost。
  • 不要写 I loss my key;动词要用 lose/lost,名词才是 loss。
  • lost and found 是失物招领处,不是“迷路和找到”。
  • be lost in 后接 book/thought/music 是沉浸,不是迷路。
  • come loose 是变松;be lost 是丢失或迷路,二者不能互换。
111

lose

星标

[lu:z] · vt. / vi. · Page 81

失去;丢失;迷失方向;输掉;使损失

to no longer have something, fail to win, fail to know where you are, or waste a chance, time, or money

联想

lose 是动词,过去式和过去分词都是 lost,读 /lu:z/。核心是“失去”:丢东西、错失机会、输掉比赛、迷路、损失时间或金钱。

意思、用法与例句

vt.失去;丢失;错失

宾语通常是东西、机会、时间、工作、信心、耐心等。

常见表达lose one's keys/cardlose a chance/opportunitylose time/moneylose confidencelose one's temper

If you lose your student card, report it to the school office at once.

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lose 后接具体物品,表示丢失。

The team lost a chance to score in the last minute.

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lose a chance 表示错失机会。

lose 是动词,不能用作形容词;丢失的状态用 lost。

vt. / vi.输掉;失败

可及物接比赛、战争、争论,也可不及物表示输。

常见表达lose a match/gamelose to another teamlose by two pointslose the argument

We lost the match, but no one gave up during the game.

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lose the match 是输掉比赛。

Our team lost to a stronger school by two points.

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lose to 表示输给某方。

vt.迷失方向;沉浸于

lose one's way 表示迷路;lose oneself in 表示沉浸、专心。

常见表达lose one's waylose oneself in reading/music/workget lost

The child lost his way in the station and asked a worker for help.

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lose one's way 是迷路。

She often loses herself in music after a long day.

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lose oneself in 表示沉浸于、专心于。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

misplace
把……放错地方
I misplaced my glasses and found them under the sofa. misplace 常指暂时放错地方;lose 可能是真的丢失。
fail to win
未能获胜
They failed to win the final match. fail to win 对应 lose 的输掉义。
find
找到
I found my student card in my bag. find 与 lose 的丢失义相对。
win
赢得
They won the match by one point. win 与 lose 的比赛义相对。
keep
保留;保持
Keep your ticket until the end of the trip. keep 与 lose 的失去义相对。
loose
松的;宽松的
A loose button may fall off, but you do not lose it until it is gone. lose 读 /z/,是动词;loose 读 /s/,是形容词。

词族线索 / 同组词

loss
丧失;损失;失败
The loss of sleep made him tired in class. lose 是动作;loss 是名词结果。
lost
丢失的;迷路的;全神贯注的
The lost child was found near the gate. lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也可作形容词。
112

loss

星标

[lɒs] · n. [C,U] · Page 81

丧失;丢失;损失;死亡;去世;失败;输

the fact or result of losing something, someone, money, health, or a game

联想

loss 是 lose 的名词形式,读 /lɒs/。它可指损失、失去,也可委婉指去世;at a loss 是核心搭配,表示不知所措。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]丧失;丢失;损失

可指物品、时间、健康、金钱、能力等的失去。

常见表达the loss of somethinga great/heavy lossfinancial losssuffer a lossat a loss

The loss of clean water became the biggest problem after the flood.

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the loss of clean water 指清洁用水的失去/缺乏。

The small shop suffered a serious financial loss during the storm.

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financial loss 表示经济损失。

loss 是名词,不能直接接宾语表达“丢东西”。

n. [C,U]死亡;去世;失败;输

可委婉指亲友去世,也可指比赛或战争中的失败。

常见表达feel the loss of sb.a great loss to...a loss to another teamthe first loss of the season

The whole community felt the loss of the old doctor.

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loss 可委婉指去世带来的失去。

After three wins, the team accepted its first loss of the season.

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loss 可指比赛失败。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

damage
损失;损害
The flood caused serious damage to the bridge. damage 强调损害;loss 强调失去或损失结果。
failure
失败
The project ended in failure. failure 对应 loss 的失败义。
gain
获得;收益
The company reported a small gain this year. gain 与 loss 的损失义相对。
win
胜利
The win gave the team confidence. win 与 loss 的失败义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

lose
失去;输掉
If you lose too much time, the loss may affect your work. lose 是动词;loss 是名词。
lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost files caused a serious loss of time. lost 描述状态;loss 表示失去造成的结果。
113

lost

[lɒst] · adj. / v-ed · Page 81

丢失的;迷路的;全神贯注的;lose 的过去式和过去分词

missing, unable to find the way, deeply focused on something, or the past form of lose

联想

lost 既是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也是形容词。东西 lost 是丢失,人 get lost 是迷路;be lost in 可表示沉浸于、全神贯注于。

意思、用法与例句

adj.丢失的;迷路的

描述东西不见了,或人不知道路在哪里。

常见表达a lost child/walletlost propertylost and foundget lostbe lost

The lost wallet was returned to its owner the next day.

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lost wallet 是丢失的钱包。

We got lost in the old part of the city and had to use a map.

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get lost 表示迷路。

lost 作形容词时常放在名词前或 be/get 后。

adj.全神贯注的;茫然的

be lost in 可表示沉浸在某种想法或活动中;也可描述不知所措的状态。

常见表达be lost in thoughtbe lost in a book/storybe lost in worklook lost

She was so lost in the novel that she forgot the time.

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be lost in a book/novel 表示沉浸于。

The new student looked lost until a classmate showed him the classroom.

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look lost 可表示看起来茫然、不知所措。

be lost in 不一定是迷路,要看后面接的是地点还是活动/思想。

v-edlose 的过去式和过去分词

lost 也是 lose 的过去式和过去分词,用于完成时或被动/形容词化结构。

常见表达lost-losthave lost...be lost

He lost his map yesterday and has not found it yet.

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lost 是 lose 的过去式。

The match was lost in the final minute.

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lost 可作过去分词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

missing
丢失的;缺少的
The lost page is still missing from the book. lost 强调已经丢失;missing 强调不在应在的位置。
found
找到的
The found wallet was returned to its owner. found 与 lost 的丢失义相对。
clear
清楚的
Her plan was clear after the teacher explained it. clear 可与 look lost 的茫然义相对。
loose
松的
The loose rope was not lost; it was just not tight. lost 和 loose 拼写、读音、含义都不同。

词族线索 / 同组词

lose
失去;输掉;迷路
He lost his way and felt lost. lost 是 lose 的过去式/过去分词,也可作形容词。
loss
丧失;损失
The loss of the map made the trip harder. loss 是名词。
114

loose

[lu:s] · adj. · Page 81

松的;宽松的;不受约束的;自由的

not tight, not firmly fixed, or free from control

联想

loose 是形容词,读 /lu:s/,核心是“不紧、不固定、不受约束”。它和 lose /lu:z/ 是高频易混:lose 是动词“失去/输掉”,loose 是形容词“松的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.松的;宽松的;不牢的

描述衣服、绳子、牙齿、螺丝、按钮等不紧或不牢固。

常见表达loose clothesa loose tooth/button/screwcome loosehang loose

Wear loose clothes when you exercise in hot weather.

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loose clothes 指不紧身的衣服。

One screw was loose, so the chair made a noise.

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loose 可描述东西没有固定牢。

loose 不是丢失;丢失用 lose/lost。

adj.不受约束的;自由的;限制少的

描述人或动物没有被关住、固定或严格控制,也可描述安排较宽松。

常见表达break looseset sb./sth. looselet sb./sth. loosea loose plan/rule

The dog broke loose and ran across the playground.

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break loose 表示挣脱。

The teacher gave us a loose plan and allowed us to choose our own topic.

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loose plan 可指限制不严格的计划。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

not tight
不紧的
This shirt is not tight, so it is comfortable. not tight 是 loose 的基础解释。
free
自由的;不受束缚的
The bird was free after the door opened. free 只对应 loose 的不受约束义。
tight
紧的
These shoes are too tight for me. tight 与 loose 的松紧义相对。
fixed
固定的
The shelf is fixed to the wall. fixed 与 loose 的不牢固义相对。
lose
失去;丢失;输掉
Do not lose the loose button before you sew it back. lose 是动词,读 /lu:z/;loose 是形容词,读 /lu:s/。
lost
丢失的;迷路的
A loose button can become a lost button. loose 表示松;lost 表示丢了。
loss
丧失;损失;失败
The loss of the button was not serious. loss 读 /lɒs/,是名词;loose 读 /lu:s/,是形容词。
25

miss / missing

2 个词

missmissing
miss / missing

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

miss / missing 是动作和状态的关系:miss 是动词,表示错过、没听见/没看见、想念、未击中,也可作名词“一次未击中”;missing 是形容词,表示本该在却不在、丢失的或缺少的。大写 Miss 是称谓,和小写 miss 要分开。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 miss 的错过线:miss the bus/train/chance/class/call/message/point
  2. 再学 miss 的情感和发现线:miss home / miss someone badly,notice that something is missing
  3. 然后学 miss 的击中线:miss the target / miss a shot / a near miss
  4. 接着学 missing:go missing / be missing / missing from / missing page / missing information
  5. 最后对比 miss 与 lose:miss a bus/class/point;lose a key/game/way

组内辨析

  • miss 强调目标没有碰上:没赶上、没听到、没看到、未击中;lose 强调失去、丢失或输掉。
  • missing 是形容词,不用来表示错过公交或缺课;这些动作用 miss。
  • missing from... 表示从某处缺失;be missing / go missing 表示丢失或失踪。
  • miss someone 是想念某人;Miss Li 中 Miss 是称谓,首字母大写。
  • a miss / near miss 多用于目标未击中或差点发生事故的语境。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 I missing the bus;应说 I missed the bus。
  • 不要把 miss 和 lose 混用:miss a chance,但 lose a key;miss a match 也可能是没参加,lose a match 才是输了比赛。
  • missing page 是缺页;miss the page 不是自然表达。
  • be missing from 后接缺失来源,如 missing from the list/shelf/report。
  • Miss 作称谓时大写,读写都按名词称呼处理。
115

miss

星标

[mis] · vt. / n. · Page 81

错过;未看到;未听到;怀念;发觉……丢失;迟到;未击中;未击中一次

to fail to catch, see, hear, attend, or hit something, to feel sad because someone is absent, or a failed hit

联想

miss 的核心是“目标没有碰上”:没赶上车、没听到信息、缺课迟到、没击中目标;也可表示想念。大写 Miss 是小姐/女士/老师称谓,要和动词 miss 分开。

意思、用法与例句

vt.错过;未看到或未听到;迟到缺席

宾语常是 bus、train、chance、class、point、call、message、lesson 等。

常见表达miss the bus/trainmiss a chance/opportunitymiss class/schoolmiss the pointmiss a call/message

She missed the bus because she spent too long looking for her phone.

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miss the bus 是错过公交车。

I missed the main point of the speech because the hall was noisy.

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miss the point 表示未理解要点。

miss 表示没赶上、没听到、没看到,不是 lose 的丢失。

vt.想念;发觉不见了

可表示因某人某地不在身边而想念,也可表示发现某物不见了。

常见表达miss homemiss sb. badlymiss one's familynotice/find that something is missing

During the first week at the new school, he missed his old friends badly.

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miss someone 是想念某人。

When I counted the books, I noticed that one copy was missing.

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notice that ... was missing 表示发现不见了。

vt.未击中;未命中

作动词时表示没有打中目标、投篮或射门没中。

常见表达miss the targetmiss a shotmiss the goalmiss by inches

The player missed the shot, but he quickly got the ball again.

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miss a shot 是投篮/射门未中。

The arrow missed the target by a few centimeters.

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miss the target 表示未击中目标。

n. [C]未击中一次

名词 miss 多用于击中目标的语境,表示一次未命中。

常见表达a near missa complete misscount as a miss

The arrow was a miss, landing just outside the circle.

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miss 作名词表示一次未击中。

The ball flew past the goal in a near miss.

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near miss 表示差点命中或险些出事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fail to catch
未赶上
We failed to catch the early train. 对应 miss the bus/train 的错过义。
long for
想念;渴望
She longed for home during the first month away. 对应 miss home/sb. 的想念义。
hit
击中
The player hit the target on his second try. hit 与 miss 的未击中义相对。
catch
赶上;接住
We caught the last bus home. catch 与 miss the bus 的错过义相对。
notice
注意到
I noticed a small spelling mistake. notice 与 miss the point/detail 的未看到义相对。
lose
失去;丢失;输掉
You can miss a bus, but you lose a key. miss 强调没赶上、没听到、未击中;lose 强调失去、丢失或输掉。
Miss
小姐;女士;老师
Miss Li teaches us English. 大写 Miss 是称谓,小写 miss 是动词或名词。

词族线索 / 同组词

missing
丢失的;缺少的
The missing page made the story hard to understand. miss 是动词或名词;missing 是形容词。
116

missing

['misiŋ] · adj. · Page 81

丢失的;失踪的;缺少的;遗漏的

not in the place where it should be, or not included when needed

联想

missing 强调“应该在,却不在”。可指人或物丢失/失踪,也可指页面、信息、词语等缺少。它是形容词;miss 是动词。

意思、用法与例句

adj.丢失的;失踪的

描述人或物找不到、不在应在的位置。

常见表达go missingbe missinghave been missinga missing person/childmissing from...

My gloves have been missing for ages, so I bought a new pair.

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missing 表示丢失的。

The missing boy was found safely near the station.

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missing 可用于人,表示失踪的。

missing 作形容词;miss 是动词。

adj.缺少的;遗漏的

表示某部分没有包括进去,导致整体不完整。

常见表达a missing pagemissing informationthe missing partmissing words

The report is hard to understand because two pages are missing.

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missing 指应该有的页没有了。

Please fill in the missing words in the passage.

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missing words 是缺失的词。

缺少某部分时,missing 常放在名词前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

lost
丢失的;迷路的
The lost key is still missing. lost 强调丢失后的状态;missing 强调不在应该在的位置。
absent
缺席的;不存在的
Two students were absent from class. absent 偏缺席或不存在;missing 偏应在却不在。
present
在场的;存在的
All students were present today. present 与 missing 的不在场/缺失义相对。
included
包括在内的
The final page is included in the file. included 与 missing 的遗漏义相对。
found
找到的
The missing bag was found under the desk. found 与 missing 的丢失义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

miss
错过;想念;未击中
If you miss a class, some information may be missing from your notes. miss 是动作;missing 描述缺失状态。
26

possible / potential

7 个词

possibleimpossiblepossibilitypossiblypotentialpotentiallypotentiality
possible / potential

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

possible / potential 组要分两条线:possible、impossible、possibility、possibly 是“可能/不可能/可能性/也许”的真词族;potential、potentially、potentiality 是“潜在、潜力、未来发展”的真词族。possible 和 potential 意义接近但不是一条普通派生链。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 possible:it is possible to do,if possible,as...as possible,a possible reason/solution
  2. 再学 impossible:impossible to do,impossible for sb. to do,almost impossible,make sth. impossible
  3. 然后学 possibility / possibly:possibility of doing,There is no possibility of doing,possibly = perhaps 或 as much as one can
  4. 接着学 potential:a potential risk/customer/victim,have/show/realize/fulfil potential,potential for doing
  5. 最后学 potentially / potentiality:potentially dangerous/useful 是潜在影响;potentiality 是较正式认读词,普通表达多用 potential

组内辨析

  • possible 看当前条件下能否发生或做到;potential 看未来发展空间或尚未显现的风险/能力。
  • possible 是形容词,possibility 是名词,possibly 是副词;三者句法位置不同。
  • impossible 是 possible 的反义词;There is no possibility of doing sth. 与 impossible to do 意义接近但结构不同。
  • possibly 表示不确定推测或尽可能;potentially 表示某种影响未来可能发展出来。
  • potentiality 很正式,认读即可;写作中通常用 potential。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 potential 放进 possible 的现代 word family;它是同组辨析词。
  • as soon as possible 是固定表达;as soon as possibly 不自然。
  • possibility 后接 of doing 或 that 从句,不直接接 to do 作常规结构。
  • potential 作名词常不可数:have great potential,不说 a great potential 指一个普通可数物。
  • potentially dangerous 不是已经危险,而是有发展成危险的可能。
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possible

星标

['pɒsəbl] · adj. · Page 82

可能的;可能存在(或发生)的

able to happen, exist, or be done

联想

possible 表示现实条件下“有可能、做得到、会发生”。它与 potential 不同:possible 看可行性或发生概率,potential 看尚未显现的未来发展。

意思、用法与例句

adj.可能的;可做到的

表示事情有机会发生,或在条件允许时可以做到。

常见表达it is possible to do somethinga possible solutionif possibleas ... as possible

It is possible to finish the work today if everyone helps.

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It is possible to do sth. 是常见句型。

Please reply as soon as possible so that we can book the tickets.

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as soon as possible 表示“尽快”。

possible 说明事情可行;potential 常说明某人或某物“有潜力、潜在的”。

adj.可能存在或发生的

用于讨论原因、风险、选择等可能存在的情况。

常见表达a possible reasona possible riskall possible ways

One possible reason for the fire was a broken wire.

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possible reason 指“可能的原因”。

The coach tried every possible way to encourage the players.

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every possible way 表示“所有可能的方法”。

possible 常修饰 answer, reason, solution, way, risk 等名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

impossible
不可能的
The task looked impossible, but it became possible with teamwork. im- 是否定前缀,impossible 是 possible 的反义词。
potential
潜在的;潜力
A possible problem is already likely to happen; a potential problem may develop later. possible 强调可发生或可做到;potential 强调未来发展空间。

词族线索 / 同组词

possibility
可能性
There is a possibility that the meeting will be moved online. possible 是形容词;possibility 是名词。
possibly
可能;也许;尽可能
Please arrive as early as you possibly can. possibly 是 possible 的副词。
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impossible

星标

[im'pɒsəbl] · adj. · Page 82

不可能的;不可能存在(或发生)的

not able to happen, exist, or be done

联想

impossible = im- + possible,表示“没有可能、做不到”。常用 It is impossible for sb. to do sth.。

意思、用法与例句

adj.不可能的;做不到的

表示事情无法完成或无法发生。

常见表达it is impossible to do somethingimpossible for someone to do somethingalmost impossiblemake something impossible

It is impossible to finish the report in ten minutes.

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It is impossible to do sth. 是常见结构。

Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to find the trail again.

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impossible for sb. to do sth. 表示“某人不可能做某事”。

impossible 常和 to do 或 for sb. to do 搭配。

adj.难以忍受或难以处理的

口语中也可形容人或情况非常难处理,但高考阅读中以“不可能”为主。

常见表达an impossible situationan impossible demand

The heavy rain made the rescue work almost impossible.

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make sth. impossible 表示“使某事不可能”。

The plan sounded impossible at first, but the students found a better way.

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sound impossible 表示“听起来不可能”。

almost impossible 是“几乎不可能”,不是“完全不可能”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possible
可能的
What seemed impossible yesterday may become possible with new technology. possible 表示有可能;impossible 表示没有可能。

词族线索 / 同组词

possibility
可能性
There was no possibility of finishing it, so the task was impossible. possibility 是名词;impossible 是形容词。
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possibility

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[,pɒsə'biləti] · n. · Page 82

可能(性)

a chance that something may happen or be true

联想

possibility 是 possible 的名词形式。重点结构是 possibility of (doing) sth.;There is no possibility of doing sth. 表示“做某事是不可能的”。

意思、用法与例句

n.可能性;可能发生的事

既可指抽象的可能性,也可指一个可能的选择或情况。

常见表达the possibility of somethingthe possibility of doing somethingthere is a possibility that...there is no possibility of doing somethinga real possibility

There is a possibility that the sports meeting will be put off.

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There is a possibility that... 表示有可能。

We discussed the possibility of using solar power in the school.

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the possibility of doing sth. 是重点结构。

possibility 后常接 of 或 that 从句。

n.可能的选择

指可考虑的方案或选项。

常见表达one possibility is that...another possibilityopen up new possibilities

One possibility is that we invite students from other schools.

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possibility 可指“一个可考虑的方案”。

Online learning has opened up new possibilities for children in distant villages.

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new possibilities 指新的发展机会或选择。

作“可选方案”时 possibility 是可数名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

potential
潜力;潜在的
A possibility is a chance; potential is an ability that may grow. possibility 侧重发生概率;potential 更强调未发挥的能力或潜在状态。

词族线索 / 同组词

possible
可能的
If something is possible, there is a possibility that it may happen. possible 是形容词;possibility 是名词。
impossible
不可能的
There is no possibility of finishing it, so the task is impossible. impossible 是形容词。
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possibly

['pɒsəbli] · adv. · Page 82

可能, 也许;尽量, 尽可能

perhaps, or as much as can be done

联想

possibly 是 possible 的副词形式。它可以表示“也许”,也可在 as...as one possibly can 中加强“尽可能”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.可能;也许

表示不确定的推测,语气比 certainly 弱。

常见表达possibly truepossibly becausemay possiblycould possibly

The noise was possibly caused by the strong wind.

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possibly 表示不确定的推测。

She may possibly join us after she finishes her homework.

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may possibly 加强“也许”的语气。

possibly 常与 may, might, could 搭配表达不确定。

adv.尽可能;用于礼貌请求

表示把某事做到最大程度,也可让请求更委婉。

常见表达as ... as possibleas ... as one possibly canCould you possibly...?

Please arrive as early as you possibly can.

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as early as you possibly can 表示“尽你所能地早”。

Could you possibly lend me your notes for one day?

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Could you possibly...? 是礼貌请求。

as soon as possible 和 as soon as you possibly can 都常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

potentially
潜在地;可能地
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky. possibly 表示不确定推测;potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。

词族线索 / 同组词

possible
可能的
It is possible, so it may possibly happen. possible 是形容词;possibly 是副词。
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potential

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[pə'tenʃl] · adj. / n. · Page 82

潜在的, 可能的;潜力;可能性

possible in the future, or the ability to develop into something better

联想

potential 的重点是“还没有完全显现,但未来可能发展”。作形容词是潜在的,作不可数名词是潜力;与 possible 的区别是 potential 更看未来发展空间。

意思、用法与例句

adj.潜在的;可能的

描述问题、风险、顾客、影响等尚未完全出现但可能发展。

常见表达a potential problema potential riska potential customerpotential victims

The teacher warned us about potential problems before the experiment.

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potential problems 指“可能出现但尚未出现的问题”。

A cheater might use personal information to control potential victims.

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potential victims 指“潜在受害者”。

potential 不等于一定会发生,只说明有发展成某种结果的可能。

n. [U]潜力;可能性

表示人、事物或计划未来发展的能力或空间。

常见表达have potentialgreat/full potentialshow potentialrealize/fulfil one's potentialpotential for doing something

The young player has great potential, but he still needs training.

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have great potential 表示“很有潜力”。

The new technology shows potential for saving energy.

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show potential for doing sth. 表示“显示出做某事的潜力”。

名词 potential 常不可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possible
可能的;可做到的
A possible answer can be used now; a potential answer may become useful later. possible 强调现在是否可行;potential 强调未来发展空间。
ability
能力
The student has the ability to solve hard problems. ability 是已经具备的能力;potential 是未来可发展的能力。
actual
实际的;已发生的
The actual cost was higher than expected. actual 与 potential 的潜在未实现义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

potentially
潜在地;可能地
A potential danger is something that is potentially dangerous. potential 是形容词或名词;potentially 是副词。
potentiality
潜力;可能性
Potentiality is a formal noun close to potential. potentiality 更正式,日常和高考语境中 potential 更常用。
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potentially

· adv. · Page 82

潜在地, 可能地

in a way that may develop into something, especially a risk or useful result

联想

potentially 是 potential 的副词,常放在形容词前,表示“有潜在可能地”,尤其常见于风险、好处、影响。

意思、用法与例句

adv.潜在地;可能地

修饰形容词或整个判断,说明某种结果尚未发生但可能发展。

常见表达potentially dangerouspotentially usefulpotentially harmfulcould potentially

The old bridge is potentially dangerous after the heavy rain.

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potentially dangerous 指“可能有危险”。

This simple idea could potentially help many students save time.

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could potentially 表示“可能会”。

potentially 常用于正式说明风险、影响或价值。

adv.带有未来发展可能

强调现在还不是确定结果,但未来可能变成某种状态。

常见表达potentially importantpotentially successfulpotentially valuable

The research is potentially important for people with heart disease.

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potentially important 表示“可能重要”。

A small mistake in the plan can be potentially costly.

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potentially costly 指“可能造成高代价”。

potentially 和 possibly 都可译“可能”,但 potentially 更强调未来发展出的影响。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possibly
可能;也许
The answer is possibly right, but the method is potentially risky. possibly 表示不确定推测;potentially 表示潜在发展或影响。

词族线索 / 同组词

potential
潜在的;潜力
A potential risk is potentially harmful. potential 是形容词或名词;potentially 是副词。
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potentiality

· n. · Page 82

潜力, 可能性

the possibility or ability that something has for future development

联想

potentiality 是 potential 的较正式名词形式,意思接近“潜在可能、发展潜力”。高考中以认读为主,表达时通常优先用 potential。

意思、用法与例句

n.潜力;潜在可能

较正式名词,指未来可能发展出来的能力或可能性;高考中以认读为主。

常见表达the potentiality of somethingfuture potentialityhuman potentiality

The article discusses the potentiality of online lessons in small villages.

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the potentiality of... 是较正式书面表达。

The word potentiality is formal; in most school writing, potential is clearer.

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写作优先用 potential,potentiality 以识别为主。

不要把 potentiality 当作常用口语词;普通表达优先用 potential。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

possibility
可能性
Possibility is about whether something may happen; potentiality is about future ability. possibility 侧重发生概率;potentiality 侧重发展潜力。

词族线索 / 同组词

potential
潜力;潜在的
Potential is much more common than potentiality. potential 可作名词或形容词,常用;potentiality 是较正式名词。
27

calculate

3 个词

calculatecalculationcalculator
calculate

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

calculate 组围绕“用数字或资料算出来”展开。记忆线索是 calcul=小石头,古时用小石块计数;calculate 是动作,calculation 是计算过程或结果,calculator 是帮助计算的工具。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 calculate 的动作义:calculate the cost/distance/number,calculate how much/many,calculate that...
  2. 再学 calculate 的推算义:calculate the risk/effect,calculate from the data,calculate roughly
  3. 然后学 calculation:make/do a calculation,according to my calculation,a rough calculation
  4. 最后学 calculator:use a calculator,without a calculator,calculator app,并和 computer 分开

组内辨析

  • calculate 比 count 更强调运算或根据资料得出结果;count 是一个一个数。
  • calculate 和 estimate 都可表示估计,但 calculate 更强调有数字或资料支撑。
  • guess 可以没有充分依据;calculate 通常要有信息、数字或公式。
  • calculation 是名词,表示计算过程、结果或推算;calculator 是工具,不是计算过程。
  • calculator 专门用于计算;computer 功能更广,不要互换。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 calculate 简化成 count;calculate the cost/distance 才体现计算。
  • 不要把 calculation 和 calculator 混用:make a calculation,不说 make a calculator。
  • calculator app 可以是手机应用,但 calculator 仍是计算工具,不等于普通 app。
  • rough calculation 是有信息基础的粗略估算,不是随口 guess。
  • 看到 calcul 小石头记忆法即可,不要把它扩展成无根据的复杂词根课。
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calculate

星标

['kælkjuleit] · vt. · Page 83

计算, 核算;估计, 推测

to find an answer with numbers, or to judge an amount by using information

联想

calculate 的核心是“根据数字或资料算出来”。calcul=小石头 可帮助记忆:古人用小石头计数,所以 calculate 先抓“计算”,再扩展到“估计、推算”。

意思、用法与例句

vt.计算;核算

用数字、数据或公式得出数量、费用、距离或结果。

常见表达calculate the costcalculate the distancecalculate the numbercalculate how much/manycalculate that...

Biologists calculate that there are about 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears worldwide.

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calculate that... 表示计算出一个判断。

Before the trip, we calculated the cost of food and transport.

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calculate the cost 是高频搭配。

calculate 比 count 更强调运算或根据数据得出结果。

vt.估计;推算

根据已有资料推算大致数量、风险或影响,不是随口猜。

常见表达calculate the riskcalculate the effectcalculate from the datacalculate roughly

The engineers calculated the risk before they repaired the bridge.

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estimate 义仍带数据推算色彩。

From the survey, we can calculate roughly how many students ride bikes to school.

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calculate roughly 表示粗略推算。

guess 是没有充分依据地猜;calculate 通常有数字或信息支撑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

count
数数;计数
Children count the apples, but a scientist calculates the total cost. count 侧重一个一个数;calculate 侧重计算或推算。
estimate
估计;估算
You estimate when the exact number is not known, and calculate when you use data. estimate 更强调大致估计;calculate 更强调数据推算。
guess
猜测
Do not just guess the answer; calculate it from the information. guess 可以没有依据;calculate 要有数字或信息。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculation
计算;估计
One wrong calculation can change the result. calculate 是动词;calculation 是名词。
calculator
计算器
A calculator can help you calculate faster. calculator 是工具;calculate 是动作。
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calculation

· n. · Page 83

计算;估计

the act or result of working something out with numbers or careful judgment

联想

calculation 是 calculate 的名词形式,既可以指“计算过程/计算结果”,也可以指“经过推算的估计”。

意思、用法与例句

n.计算;计算结果

指用数字求结果的过程、步骤或结果。

常见表达make a calculationdo a calculationa careful calculationaccording to my calculationseveral calculations

According to my calculation, the train will arrive before noon.

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according to my calculation 表示根据计算结果判断。

The math problem needs several careful calculations.

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calculations 可指数学计算步骤。

calculation 是名词;calculate 是动词。

n.估计;推算

指根据信息作出的粗略判断,常与 rough/quick/careful 搭配。

常见表达a rough calculationa quick calculationa calculation of the riskby calculation

A rough calculation shows that we need at least two buses.

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rough calculation 是粗略估算。

His calculation of the risk proved to be too low.

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calculation of the risk 指对风险的推算。

它不是随便 guess,而是有信息基础的推算。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

estimate
估计
A rough calculation is close to an estimate, but it usually uses some numbers. estimate 可更宽泛;calculation 更有计算依据。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculate
计算;估计
You calculate first, and then you write down the calculation. calculate 是动作;calculation 是过程或结果。
calculator
计算器
A calculator can check your calculation. calculator 是工具;calculation 是计算本身。
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calculator

· n. · Page 83

计算器

a small machine or app used for doing calculations

联想

calculator = calculate + -or,核心是“帮助计算的工具”。高考层面主要记计算器、手机计算器应用,不要和 computer 混用。

意思、用法与例句

n.计算器;计算工具

用于完成数学计算的小机器、网页工具或手机应用。

常见表达use a calculatora pocket calculatora calculator appwithout a calculatoran online calculator

You may use a calculator for the last three questions.

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use a calculator 是核心搭配。

The teacher asked us to solve the first problem without a calculator.

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without a calculator 表示不用计算器。

calculator 专门用于计算;computer 是更广义的电脑。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

computer
电脑;计算机
A computer can do many things, but a calculator is mainly for numbers. computer 功能更广;calculator 专门用于计算。

词族线索 / 同组词

calculate
计算;估计
A calculator helps you calculate large numbers. calculator 是工具;calculate 是动作。
calculation
计算;估计
The calculator showed that the calculation was wrong. calculation 是计算过程或结果。
28

immigration / immigrant

2 个词

immigrationimmigrant
immigration / immigrant

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

immigration / immigrant 组抓住“向内迁入”的方向:im- = in,migrate = move/迁移。immigration 是移民入境这件事、现象、政策或人数;immigrant 是迁入的人。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 immigration 的过程义:immigration policy/law/office,immigration into a country,illegal immigration
  2. 再学 immigration 的人数义:levels of immigration,immigration increased/decreased,high/low immigration
  3. 然后学 immigrant 的人:an immigrant,new immigrants,immigrants from...,welcome/support immigrants
  4. 最后学 immigrant 作名词修饰语:immigrant family/children/workers/community

组内辨析

  • immigration 是不可数整体概念,表示过程、现象或人数;immigrant 是可数的人。
  • immigration 与 emigration 方向相反:immigration 是迁入,emigration 是迁出。
  • immigrant 与 emigrant 视角不同:immigrant 看进入目的地,emigrant 看离开原国家。
  • migration 更宽泛,可指人或动物迁移;immigration 特指迁入某国。
  • settler 强调定居安家;immigrant 强调从国外迁入的身份。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 an immigration 表示一个移民;一个移民是 an immigrant。
  • 不要把 immigration policy 写成 immigrant policy,除非强调面向移民群体的政策语境。
  • immigrant children/family 中 immigrant 是名词修饰语,不要随意扩展成所有形容词用法。
  • emigration / emigrant 属于方向对比,认清 in 与 out 即可,不要超纲展开。
  • source 的 im- = in + migrate = move 足够支撑本组记忆,不需要编造更复杂词源。
127

immigration

[,imi'greiʃn] · n. · Page 84

移民入境;移民人数

the movement of people into a country to live there, or the number of such people

联想

immigration 是“移民入境”这件事、现象、政策或人数;immigrant 是迁入的人。im=in + migrate=move + -ion,抓住“向内迁入”的方向。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]移民入境;移民现象

指人们迁入某个国家长期生活这一过程、社会现象或相关制度。

常见表达immigration policyimmigration lawimmigration officeillegal immigrationimmigration into a country

The article discusses how immigration has changed the city's food and culture.

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immigration 指迁入某地的现象。

New immigration laws made it easier for skilled workers to move there.

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immigration laws 是移民法律。

表示“移民个人”时不用 immigration,用 immigrant。

n. [U]移民人数;入境移民量

指一定时期内迁入的人数、规模或水平。

常见表达levels of immigrationimmigration increased/decreasedhigh immigrationlow immigration

Immigration increased when more jobs became available in the area.

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immigration 可指移民人数或规模。

The report compares levels of immigration in different regions over ten years.

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levels of immigration 是常见搭配。

这个意义仍是不可数整体概念,不是一个个 immigrant。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

emigration
移民出境;移居国外
Immigration means moving into a country; emigration means moving out of a country. im-/in 强调进入;e-/ex 强调出去。
migration
迁移;移居
Migration can describe people or animals moving from one place to another. migration 更宽泛;immigration 特指迁入某国。
settler
定居者
Some immigrants later became settlers in new towns. immigrant 强调从国外迁入;settler 强调在新地方安家。

词族线索 / 同组词

immigrant
外来移民;外侨
Immigration is the process; an immigrant is a person. immigration 是过程、现象或人数;immigrant 是人。
128

immigrant

· n. · Page 84

(外来)移民, 外侨

a person who has come to another country to live there

联想

immigrant 是可数名词,指迁入某国生活的人。它可以作名词,也常放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等。

意思、用法与例句

n.外来移民;外侨

指从别的国家迁入并在当地生活的人。

常见表达an immigrantnew immigrantsimmigrants from...welcome/support immigrants

The town set up a language class to help new immigrants.

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new immigrants 是新移民。

Her grandfather was an immigrant from a small island.

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immigrant from... 表示来自某地的移民。

immigrant 是人;immigration 是过程、现象或人数。

n. modifier移民的;移民群体相关的

放在名词前修饰 family、children、workers 等,表示与移民身份有关。

常见表达an immigrant familyimmigrant childrenimmigrant workersan immigrant community

The immigrant family opened a small restaurant near the school.

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immigrant family 是移民家庭。

Many immigrant children learn two languages at home and at school.

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immigrant 可作名词前修饰语。

这里 immigrant 仍按名词修饰语理解,不必当作常规形容词扩展。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

emigrant
移居国外者;移出者
An immigrant enters a country; an emigrant leaves a country. immigrant 看迁入目的地;emigrant 看离开原国家。
settler
定居者
An immigrant may become a settler after making a new home. immigrant 强调迁入国家;settler 强调定居。
migrant
迁移者
A migrant may move within a country or across borders. migrant 更宽泛;immigrant 特指迁入某国的人。

词族线索 / 同组词

immigration
移民入境;移民人数
Immigration can bring many immigrants to a city. immigration 是过程或现象;immigrant 是人。
29

region / regional

2 个词

regionregional
region / regional

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

region / regional 组以“区域、范围”为核心。region 是名词,表示地区、区域,也可正式表示身体某部位;regional 是形容词,表示地区的、区域性的。记忆线索的 reg=统治 是记忆线索,重点仍是现代用法。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 region 的地区义:a mountain/coastal region,regions of southern China,in this region
  2. 再学记忆线索搭配 in the region of...:表示“大约、在……左右”
  3. 然后识别 region 的身体部位义:the chest/stomach region,pain in the region of...
  4. 最后学 regional:regional differences/culture/competition/news/airport,并和 local/national/global 对比

组内辨析

  • region 常比 area 更正式,也常指较大或有共同特征的区域;area 更普通,可大可小。
  • district 常指城市、行政或功能分区;region 范围通常更大。
  • region 是名词;regional 是形容词,不能单独当“地区”用。
  • regional 与 national/global 是范围对比:地区范围、全国范围、全球范围。
  • 身体部位义较正式,常由 doctor、pain、injury 等语境提示。

易错提醒

  • 不要漏掉 in the region of... 的“大约”义,它不是“在某地区”。
  • 不要把 regional 当名词;说 a region,不说 a regional 表示一个地区。
  • area 是普通区域词,region 往往更大或更有共同特征。
  • regional problems 不是 global problems;注意范围大小。
  • reg=统治 只作记忆辅助,不要扩展成复杂或不确定的词源讲解。
129

region

['ri:dʒən] · n. · Page 84

地区, 区域;(身体的)部位

a large area of land, or a part of the body

联想

region 是可数名词,先抓“有共同特点的一大片地区”,再识别“身体某部位”。短语 in the region of... 表示“大约、在……左右”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]地区;区域

指有自然、文化、行政等共同特点的一片较大区域。

常见表达a region of a countrya mountain/coastal regionin this regionregions of southern Chinain the region of...

Tea is grown in the warm, wet regions of southern China.

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region 指较大的地理区域。

Many young people leave mountain regions to study or work in cities.

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mountain regions 是山区。

region 常比 area 更正式,也常指更大、更有共同特征的区域。

n. [C]身体部位

在医学或描述性语境中,指身体某一部位附近。

常见表达the chest regionthe stomach regionpain in the region of...the region around...

He felt pain in the stomach region after lunch.

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stomach region 指胃部区域。

The doctor checked the region around the injured knee.

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region 可指身体某部位周围。

身体部位义较正式,阅读中常由 doctor, pain, injury 等语境提示。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

area
区域;面积
A region is often a large area with shared features. area 更普通,可大可小;region 常指较大或有共同特点的区域。
district
地区;行政区
The city has a busy shopping district. district 常指城市、行政或功能分区;region 范围通常更大。
part
部分;部位
The doctor checked the part of his arm that hurt. 身体义中 part 更普通,region 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

regional
地区的;区域性的
A regional festival belongs to a particular region. region 是名词;regional 是形容词。
130

regional

· adj. · Page 84

地区的

connected with a particular region rather than a whole country or the world

联想

regional = region + -al,表示“地区的、区域性的”。它常与 national、global、local 对比,说明范围限制在某个地区。

意思、用法与例句

adj.地区的;区域性的

说明事物属于某个地区或只影响某个区域。

常见表达regional differencesregional cultureregional developmenta regional competitionregional food

Regional differences in food make travel more interesting.

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regional differences 是地区差异。

Our school won first prize in a regional science competition.

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regional competition 是区域性竞赛。

regional 是形容词,不能单独作“地区”这个名词用。

adj.地方性的;非全国或全球的

强调范围不覆盖全国或全球,而是限于某一地区。

常见表达regional newsregional governmentregional airportregional centerregional problems

The regional airport connects small cities with the capital.

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regional airport 是区域机场。

The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones.

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regional 与 national 形成范围对比。

regional 常和 local、national、global 做范围对比。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

local
当地的;地方的
Local news may cover one city; regional news may cover a wider area. local 常更小、更贴近当地;regional 范围通常更大。
national
全国的
The report focuses on regional problems, not national ones. national 覆盖全国;regional 限于某地区。
global
全球的
A regional issue may not become a global problem. global 覆盖全球;regional 限于地区。

词族线索 / 同组词

region
地区;区域
Regional culture belongs to a particular region. region 是名词;regional 是形容词。
30

merely / nearly / hardly

3 个词

merelynearlyhardly
merely / nearly / hardly

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

merely / nearly / hardly 是高频副词辨析组,不是一条真派生链。三者都以 -ly 结尾,但核心完全不同:merely = only,只是;nearly = almost,差一点到;hardly = almost not,几乎不。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 merely:merely a suggestion,merely because,merely to do,not merely... but...
  2. 再学 nearly:nearly finished/empty,nearly two hours,nearly all/every/everyone
  3. 然后学 hardly:can hardly,hardly any,hardly ever,had hardly done when...
  4. 最后做三句对比:merely smiled = 只是笑了;nearly smiled = 差点笑了;hardly smiled = 几乎没笑

组内辨析

  • merely = only/just,用来限制范围,不表示接近完成或否定。
  • nearly = almost/not quite,接近某个数量、状态或完成度,通常接近肯定。
  • hardly = almost not,带否定意义;有 hardly 时通常不要再加 not。
  • nearly all 是几乎全部;hardly any 是几乎没有,方向完全相反。
  • merely 的真派生是 mere + -ly;nearly、hardly 只是同组辨析词。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 merely 当 nearly:merely ten students 是只有十个,nearly ten students 是将近十个。
  • 不要把 nearly 和 hardly 都理解成“几乎”后忽略正负方向:nearly all ≠ hardly any。
  • 不要写 hardly not;hardly 本身已经带否定意义。
  • hardly...when 是“刚……就……”,阅读中要能识别。
  • 看到三个词都以 -ly 结尾,只能说明都是副词,不代表同一个词族。
131

merely

星标

['miəli] · adv. · Page 84

仅仅, 只不过

only, and no more than that

联想

merely = only / just,强调“仅仅如此,没有更多”。它不表示“几乎”,所以要和 nearly、hardly 分开。

意思、用法与例句

adv.仅仅;只不过

限制范围,表示没有更多含义、更大程度或更严重结果。

常见表达merely a/an...merely becausemerely to do somethingmerely one of...

He merely shrugged and walked away.

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merely 表示只是,动作没有更多发展。

This is merely a suggestion; you can choose another way.

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merely a suggestion 表示仅仅是建议。

merely 不表示“几乎”,不要和 nearly 混淆。

adv.not merely... but...

先说“不仅仅是 A”,再强调后面的 B。

常见表达not merely... but also...not merely about...not merely a question of...

The project is not merely a school task but also a chance to help the community.

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not merely... but also... 表示不仅仅……而且……。

The problem is not merely about money; it is about trust.

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后半句通常是重点。

not merely 后面常接更强的 but/but also 信息。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nearly
几乎;差不多
Merely ten students means only ten; nearly ten students means almost ten. merely = only;nearly = almost。
hardly
几乎不
He merely smiled means he only smiled; he hardly smiled means he almost did not smile. merely 限制范围;hardly 带否定意义。
only
仅仅;只
This is only a plan, or merely a plan. only 更常用;merely 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

mere
仅仅的;只不过的
It was a mere mistake, not a serious problem. mere 是形容词;merely 是副词。
132

nearly

· adv. · Page 84

几乎, 差不多

almost, but not completely

联想

nearly = almost,表示“接近但还没完全达到”。它是接近肯定,不带 hardly 那种否定意义。

意思、用法与例句

adv.几乎;差不多

表示接近某个数量、时间、状态或程度,但还没有完全达到。

常见表达nearly finishednearly emptynearly two hoursnearly ten years oldnearly impossible

The library is nearly empty after the final exam.

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nearly empty 表示几乎空了。

She spent nearly two hours preparing for the oral report.

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nearly two hours 表示将近两小时。

nearly 有“接近但未完全达到”的感觉。

adv.几乎所有或每一个

修饰 all, every, everyone, everything 等,表示数量接近全部。

常见表达nearly allnearly everynearly everyonenearly everythingnearly the whole...

Nearly all the students joined the volunteer activity.

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nearly all 表示几乎全部。

The rain lasted for nearly the whole afternoon.

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nearly the whole afternoon 表示将近整个下午。

nearly 不带否定意义;hardly 带否定意义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

almost
几乎;差不多
The work is nearly finished, or almost finished. almost 更通用;nearly 常强调接近但未达到。
merely
仅仅;只不过
Nearly ten people means almost ten people, not merely ten people. nearly = almost;merely = only。
hardly
几乎不
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came. nearly 接近肯定;hardly 接近否定。
completely
完全地
The room was nearly empty, not completely empty. nearly 表示未完全达到;completely 表示完全达到。
133

hardly

· adv. · Page 84

几乎不

almost not, or only with great difficulty

联想

hardly 带否定意义,表示“几乎不”。句子里已有 hardly 时,通常不要再加 not;hardly any 是几乎没有,hardly ever 是几乎从不。

意思、用法与例句

adv.几乎不;几乎没有

表示数量、程度或可能性非常小,接近 not 或 none。

常见表达can hardlycould hardlyhardly anyhardly enoughhardly possible

I could hardly hear the speaker because of the noise outside.

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could hardly hear 表示几乎听不见。

There was hardly any food left after the picnic.

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hardly any 表示几乎没有。

hardly 本身带否定意义,不说 hardly not。

adv.几乎从不;刚……就……

hardly ever 表示几乎从不;had hardly done when... 表示刚一……就……。

常见表达hardly everhardly ... whenhad hardly done when...hardly had... when...

He hardly ever eats fast food because he cares about his health.

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hardly ever 是几乎从不。

We had hardly sat down when the bell rang.

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had hardly done when... 表示刚……就……。

hardly...when 较正式,阅读中识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

nearly
几乎;差不多
Nearly all came means most came; hardly any came means almost no one came. nearly 接近肯定;hardly 接近否定。
merely
仅仅;只不过
Merely tired means only tired; hardly tired means almost not tired. merely 限制范围;hardly 表示否定程度。
barely
勉强;几乎不
We could barely see the road in the fog. barely 和 hardly 都可表示几乎不;barely 有勉强够到的感觉。
often
经常
He hardly ever eats fast food, but his brother often does. hardly ever 是几乎从不;often 是经常。
31

abstract

1 个词

abstract
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

abstract 是本单元 singleton,但不是单义词。学习时按三条线处理:adj. 抽象的,n. [C] 摘要,vt. 提取、抽取。源图“从长文提取摘要”正好连接名词摘要和动词提取。

学习顺序

  1. 先学最高频形容词义:abstract idea/concept/thinking/art,和 concrete 具体的相对
  2. 再学名词义:an abstract,read/write the abstract,a research abstract
  3. 最后学动词义:abstract information/data/main points from...,表示正式的提取、抽取
  4. 用读音和词性帮助判断:形容词/名词重音靠前,动词重音靠后

组内辨析

  • abstract 作形容词是抽象的;concrete 是具体的,是最重要反义对。
  • abstract 作名词常指论文或报告摘要,接近 summary,但更正式。
  • abstract 作动词接近 extract,强调从文本、资料或数据中提取。
  • source 的 tract 线索只作“抽出、拉出”的记忆辅助,不要把 contract 等词混成同义词。

易错提醒

  • 不要只记“抽象的”,还要识别名词“摘要”和动词“提取”。
  • read the abstract 不是“读抽象”,而是读摘要。
  • abstract idea 和 concrete example 常成对出现。
  • abstract data from... 是动词结构,不是形容词用法。
  • 看到 -tract 拼写相同,仍要回到各词真实词义和重音,不能硬合并。
134

abstract

星标

[æb'strækt] / ['æbstrækt] · vt. / adj. / n. · Page 74

提取, 抽取;抽象(派)的;摘要, 概要

not concrete; a short summary; or to take information out of a larger text or set of data

联想

abstract 是多词性词:形容词表示“抽象的”,名词表示“摘要”,动词表示“提取、抽取”。记忆时可以把它想成“从长内容里抽出核心”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.抽象的;抽象派的

指思想、概念、艺术等不是具体可触摸的,常需要例子帮助理解。

常见表达abstract ideaabstract conceptabstract thinkingabstract arttoo abstract

Love and freedom are abstract ideas, not objects you can touch.

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abstract ideas 指抽象概念。

The book discusses abstract concepts such as change, number, and memory.

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abstract concepts 是阅读中常见搭配。

形容词读 ['æbstrækt],核心反义词是 concrete。

n. [C]摘要;概要

指文章、论文或报告前的简短概括。

常见表达write an abstractread the abstracta research abstractthe abstract of a paper

Read the abstract first to understand the main idea of the paper.

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abstract 作名词指摘要。

The student wrote a short abstract for her science report.

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write an abstract 是写摘要。

作名词时是可数名词,常见于论文、报告语境。

vt.提取;抽取

较正式,指从文章、资料或数据中抽取有用信息。

常见表达abstract information from...abstract data from...abstract the main pointsabstract useful facts

The program can abstract useful data from thousands of messages.

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abstract 作动词表示提取。

Good readers can abstract the main points from a long passage.

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从长文中提取要点。

动词读 [æb'strækt],比 take out 更正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

concrete
具体的;混凝土的
Concrete examples make abstract ideas easier to understand. abstract 与 concrete 是核心反义对:抽象 vs 具体。
summary
摘要;概要
An abstract is a short summary of a report or paper. summary 更普通;abstract 常用于论文、报告前的正式摘要。
extract
提取;摘录
The program extracts useful data from many messages. 动词义中 extract 更常用;abstract 更正式。
contract
合同;收缩;感染
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ. 可以用 -tract 辅助记忆,但不要把它们当成同义词。
32

area

1 个词

area
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

area 是独立高频名词,核心是“一片区域或范围”。记忆线索把它标为 region 的同义词,但 area 更普通:可指地点的一部分、面积大小,也可指学习/研究领域。

学习顺序

  1. 先学地点区域:a quiet/public/local area,in this area
  2. 再学面积范围:cover an area of...,a large area,surface area,the area of a room
  3. 然后学抽象领域:an area of study/interest/research,improve in this area
  4. 最后对比 region:area 可大可小;region 往往更大、更正式或有共同特征

组内辨析

  • area 是普通区域词,适用范围比 region 更广。
  • region 常指自然、文化、行政等共同特征明显的较大地区。
  • area 可指面积,常和 square meters/kilometers 或 cover an area of... 搭配。
  • area 也可指方面或领域,如 an area of study/research。
  • region 是相关同义词,不是 area 的派生词。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 area 只记成地理区域,它还可表示面积和抽象领域。
  • cover an area of... 是“占地面积为……”,不是覆盖一个模糊地区。
  • an area of study/research 是研究领域,不是研究地点。
  • area 和 region 可互通,但 region 往往更大、更正式或更有共同特征。
  • 不要把 region 放进 area 的 word family;它只是近义对比词。
135

area

· n. · Page 84

区域

a part of a place, surface, subject, or activity

联想

area 是最普通的“区域、面积、领域”词。它比 region 更宽泛,可指公园一角、占地面积,也可指学习或研究领域。

意思、用法与例句

n.区域;地区

指某个地方的一部分,范围可大可小。

常见表达a quiet areaa public areain this areathe local areaa safe area

This area of the park is quiet in the morning.

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area 指地点的一部分。

Please keep the public area clean for other visitors.

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public area 是公共区域。

area 是普通词;region 常更正式、更大、更有共同特征。

n.面积;范围

指一个地方、表面或图形占据的面积或范围。

常见表达cover an area of...a large/small areasurface areathe area of a room

The forest covers an area of about 300 square kilometers.

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cover an area of... 表示占地面积为……。

Students learned how to find the area of a triangle.

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数学中 area 可指面积。

面积义常和 numbers、square meters/kilometers 等出现。

n.方面;领域

指知识、工作、问题或活动的一个方面或领域。

常见表达an area of studyan area of interestan area of researchimprove in this area

Reading is one area where he has made great progress.

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area 可指学习或能力方面。

Environmental protection is an important area of research.

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area of research 是研究领域。

area 不只表示地理地点,也可表示抽象领域。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

region
地区;区域
A region is often a large area with shared weather, culture, or history. area 更普通,可大可小;region 常指有共同特征的较大地区。
place
地方
This is a quiet place to read. place 更泛指地点;area 强调一片区域或范围。
field
领域
Science is a large field of study. 抽象义中 field 更偏专业领域;area 更普通。
whole
整体;全部
This area is only one part of the whole park. area 常是一部分;whole 是整体。
33

contract

1 个词

contract
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

contract 是 singleton,但必须按重音和词性拆开:名词 ['kɒntrækt] 是合同;动词 [kən'trækt] 可表示订合同、收缩、感染。记忆线索 con- + tract 的“拉到一起”是记忆辅助,不是让学生混同所有 -tract 词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学名词:sign a contract,a one-year/work contract,under contract,break a contract
  2. 再学订约动词:contract with...,contract to do...,contract for a service
  3. 然后学收缩义:muscles/metal contract,contract in the cold,contract and expand
  4. 最后识别感染义:contract a disease,contract flu,avoid contracting an illness

组内辨析

  • contract 作名词时是正式协议,接近 agreement,但更强调法律或正式约束。
  • contract 表示收缩时,反义词是 expand。
  • contract a disease 比 catch/get a disease 更正式。
  • abstract 和 contract 都有 -tract,但词义、重音和用法不同,不能硬合并。
  • contractor 可作扩展词;tract 在这里只作记忆线索。

易错提醒

  • 不要只记 contract=合同;动词的订约、收缩、感染都要能识别。
  • under contract 是受合同约束,不是“在合同下面”。
  • contract in the cold 是遇冷收缩,不是签冷合同。
  • contract flu 是感染流感,不是签订流感合同。
  • 看到 -tract 相同仍要看词义和重音,不能把 abstract、contract 当同义词。
136

contract

['kɒntrækt] / [kən'trækt] · n. / v. / vt. · Page 74

合同, 契约;订合同, 订契约;(使)收缩;感染

a legal agreement; to make an agreement; to become smaller; or to catch a disease

联想

contract 要按重音和词性分开:名词 ['kɒntrækt] 是合同;动词 [kən'trækt] 可表示订合同、收缩、感染。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]合同;契约

指双方正式同意并通常具有法律效力的协议。

常见表达sign a contracta work contracta one-year contractunder contractbreak a contract

Before starting the job, she signed a one-year contract.

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sign a contract 是签合同。

The singer is under contract with a music company.

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under contract 表示受合同约束。

名词重音靠前,读 ['kɒntrækt]。

vi.订合同;订约

正式表达,指与某人或某机构达成合同关系。

常见表达contract with...contract to do somethingcontract for a service

The school contracted with a company to build a new library.

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contract with... to do... 是正式签约表达。

The city contracted for better bus services this year.

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contract for a service 表示签约获得服务。

动词重音靠后,读 [kən'trækt]。

vi. / vt.(使)收缩;缩小

指肌肉、金属、材料等变小、变短或变紧。

常见表达muscles contractcontract in the coldcontract the musclescontract and expand

Metal contracts when it becomes cold.

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contract 作不及物动词表示收缩。

Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled.

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contract 与 expand 构成反义对。

这个义项常和 expand 对比。

vt.感染;患上

正式表达,指染上疾病。

常见表达contract a diseasecontract fluavoid contracting an illness

Travelers should wash their hands often to avoid contracting flu.

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contract flu 表示感染流感。

Clean water can reduce the risk of contracting a disease.

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contract a disease 是正式表达。

感染义比 get/catch a disease 更正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

agreement
协议;一致
A contract is a formal written agreement. agreement 更宽泛;contract 常更正式、有法律效力。
expand
扩张;扩大
Air expands when heated and contracts when cooled. contract 表示收缩时,反义词是 expand。
catch
感染;染上
Crowded trains often make it easier to catch flu. catch 更日常;contract a disease 更正式。
abstract
抽象的;摘要;提取
Abstract and contract both contain -tract, but their meanings and stress patterns differ. 可以用 -tract 辅助记忆,但不要把它们当成同义词。
34

duration

1 个词

duration
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

duration 是独立名词,核心是“持续多久”。记忆线索给出 dur=持续 + -ation,并给出两个关键结构:for the duration of... 和 of four years' duration。

学习顺序

  1. 先学时长义:the duration of the course/film/trip,short/long duration
  2. 再学记忆线索结构 of ... duration:The course is of four years' duration.
  3. 然后学 for the duration of...:表示在整个……期间
  4. 最后对比 period/length/last:period 是一段时间,length 是长度,last 是动词,duration 是名词时长

组内辨析

  • duration 强调时间长度,不强调事件内容。
  • for the duration of... 表示整个期间,语气较正式。
  • of four years' duration 是正式书面结构,等于 lasting four years。
  • period 可指时期或一段时间;duration 更强调持续多久。
  • last 是动词,duration 是名词,不要混用词性。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 duration 理解成活动内容,它问的是时长。
  • 避免写 during the duration of;通常写 for/throughout the duration of。
  • of four years' duration 中 duration 是名词结构,不是动词。
  • duration 不直接表示开始时间或结束时间,而表示从开始到结束的长度。
  • dur=持续 是可靠记忆线索,但不要硬扩展到不熟悉的高难词。
137

duration

[dju'reiʃn] · n. [U] · Page 84

持续时间

the length of time that something lasts

联想

duration 的重点不是“期间发生了什么”,而是“持续多久”。记住 dur=持续,-ation 把动作或状态变成名词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]持续时间;时长

表示事件从开始到结束的时间长度。

常见表达the duration of somethingfor the duration of somethingof ... durationshort/long durationthe full duration

The course is of four years' duration.

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of four years' duration 是正式表达。

Please keep your phone off for the duration of the exam.

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for the duration of... 表示整个……期间。

duration 强调时长,不强调活动内容。

n. [U]整个持续期间

指某活动从开始到结束的整段时间。

常见表达throughout the duration of somethingfor the whole duration of somethinglast for the duration of something

The volunteers stayed at the camp for the whole duration of the event.

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whole duration 指完整持续期间。

The rain continued throughout the duration of the football match.

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throughout the duration of... 是较正式表达。

避免写 during the duration of;通常用 for/throughout the duration of。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

period
一段时间;时期
The course lasts for a period of four years. period 可指一段时间或历史时期;duration 更强调持续长度。
length
长度;时长
The length of the film is about two hours. length 更普通,可指空间或时间长度;duration 专指持续时间。
last
持续
The meeting lasted for two hours. last 是动词;duration 是名词。
moment
片刻;瞬间
A moment is very short, but duration asks how long something lasts. moment 是短暂一刻;duration 是持续时间。
35

estimate

1 个词

estimate
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

estimate 是独立多用法词,核心是“有依据地大致判断”。它可作 vt. 估计,也可作 n. [C] 估计值、估价、报价。记忆线索的铜币切割记忆线索服务于“估价、估计”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学动词:estimate the cost/number/time,estimate how much/many,be estimated to be,estimate something at...
  2. 再学名词估计值:a rough/careful estimate,an estimate of the cost,according to an estimate
  3. 然后学报价义:give/send a repair estimate,a written estimate
  4. 最后对比 calculate 和 guess:calculate 更精确,guess 依据弱,estimate 是有信息支撑的粗略判断

组内辨析

  • estimate 是大致但有依据的判断,不是随口 guess。
  • calculate 强调用数据计算,通常比 estimate 更精确。
  • estimate 作名词可数,可表示估计值,也可表示维修、服务等报价。
  • quote 常指正式报价;estimate 可以是预计报价。
  • exact number / known fact 与 estimate 的“不完全精确”形成对比。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 estimate 简化成 guess;estimate 通常有经验、资料或信息支撑。
  • estimate the cost 是动词结构;a rough estimate 是名词结构。
  • repair estimate 可以是报价,不只是抽象估计。
  • be estimated to be 后接估计结果,如人数、成本、价值。
  • 记忆线索铜币切割线索只用于记“估价、估计”,不要扩展成复杂词根课。
138

estimate

['estmət] / ['estimeit] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 83, Page 84

估计, 估量;估价, 报价;估计

a rough but informed judgment of number, cost, time, or value; to make that judgment

联想

estimate 不是随口猜,而是根据经验或信息作“大致判断”。作名词是估计值、估价、报价;作动词是估计。

意思、用法与例句

vt.估计;估量

根据已有信息大致判断数量、时间、成本、人数等。

常见表达estimate the costestimate the numberestimate how much/manyestimate that...be estimated to beestimate something at...

The police estimated the crowd at about five thousand people.

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estimate something at... 表示估计为某数。

It is difficult to estimate how much time the repair will take.

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estimate how much time 是估计多少时间。

estimate 是有依据的大致估计,不是无根据 guess。

n. [C]估计;估量值

指估计出的数字、时间、成本或价值。

常见表达a rough estimatea careful estimatean estimate of the costmake an estimateaccording to an estimate

Can you give me a rough estimate of the cost?

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rough estimate 是粗略估计。

According to one estimate, the project will take six months.

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according to an estimate 表示根据估计。

名词 estimate 是可数名词。

n. [C]估价;报价

商店、维修方或服务方给出的预计费用。

常见表达give an estimatesend an estimatea repair estimatea written estimate

The repair shop sent us an estimate before fixing the bike.

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estimate 作名词可指报价。

Ask for a written estimate before you agree to the work.

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written estimate 是书面报价。

报价义与 cost、repair、shop、work 等语境常同现。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

calculate
计算;推算
First estimate the cost roughly, then calculate it more exactly. estimate 强调大致判断;calculate 强调用数据计算。
guess
猜测
Do not just guess the number; estimate it from the information. guess 可缺少依据;estimate 通常有信息或经验支撑。
quote
报价
The repair shop quoted a price after checking the bike. quote 常指正式报价;estimate 可是预计报价。
exact
准确的;精确的
An estimate is useful when the exact number is not known. estimate 不一定精确;exact 表示准确无误。
36

negotiate

1 个词

negotiate
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

negotiate 是独立星标词,但必须按语境分三条线:和人协商谈条件、把协议或价格谈成、用技巧顺利通过弯道或障碍。核心画面是“面对难题,通过沟通或技巧推进”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学不及物谈判:negotiate with someone about/over something,be willing to negotiate
  2. 再学及物结果义:negotiate an agreement/deal/contract/price/terms
  3. 然后学通过义:negotiate a bend/path/road/obstacle,表示小心顺利通过
  4. 最后连接 negotiation、negotiator、negotiable,并和 discuss、bargain、argue、refuse 分清

组内辨析

  • discuss 是普通讨论;negotiate 强调围绕条件或分歧争取达成结果。
  • bargain 常用于价格和利益交换;negotiate 更正式,范围包括合同、协议和会谈。
  • argue 强调争论或争吵;negotiate 强调解决问题。
  • agreement/settlement 是结果;negotiate 是过程或动作。
  • 在 bend、path、road、obstacle 等宾语前,negotiate 不表示谈判,而是顺利通过。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 negotiate with sb. 写成 negotiate sb. 表示与某人谈判;直接宾语通常是 agreement、price、terms 等结果或内容。
  • 不要漏掉 negotiate a bend/path 的“顺利通过”义。
  • negotiate 不等于 ordinary talk;它有目标、有条件、有结果导向。
  • negotiable 是可协商的,不是正在谈判的人;negotiator 才是谈判者。
  • 记忆线索 neg + oti + -ate 只作记忆辅助,不要扩展成不确定的高难词源课。
139

negotiate

星标

[ni'gəuʃieit] · vi. / vt. · Page 83

协商,谈判;商定,达成;顺利通过

to discuss terms to reach an agreement, or to get through a difficult place carefully

联想

negotiate 的核心不是普通聊天,而是“为解决难题而推进”:和人谈条件、把协议谈成,也可以用技巧通过弯道、障碍或难路。

意思、用法与例句

vi.negotiate with:与人协商、谈判

双方或多方为了达成结果而讨论条件、价格、安排或解决办法。

常见表达negotiate with someonenegotiate with someone about somethingnegotiate over termsbe willing to negotiate

The workers negotiated with the company about safer working conditions.

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negotiate with sb. about sth. 表示就某事与某人协商。

The two sides are still negotiating over the price.

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negotiate over 常接 price、terms、details 等分歧点。

negotiate 比 discuss 更强调有目标、有条件交换,通常希望达成结果。

vt.negotiate an agreement:商定、谈成

直接接 agreement、deal、contract、price、terms 等,表示通过谈判把结果定下来。

常见表达negotiate an agreementnegotiate a dealnegotiate a contractnegotiate the termsnegotiate a lower price

After two days of talks, the two schools negotiated an exchange agreement.

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negotiate an agreement 是商定协议。

She negotiated a lower price for the second-hand bike.

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negotiate a price 表示议价并谈出价格。

这个及物用法强调谈判结果,不只是谈判过程。

vt.negotiate a difficult place:顺利通过

用技巧、小心或努力通过困难路段、弯道、障碍,也可引申为处理难关。

常见表达negotiate a sharp bendnegotiate a narrow roadnegotiate obstaclesnegotiate a difficult path

The driver slowed down to negotiate the sharp bend.

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negotiate a bend 是顺利通过弯道,不是和弯道谈判。

The hikers negotiated the rocky path before sunset.

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negotiate a path 表示设法通过道路。

看到 bend、path、road、obstacle 时,优先理解为“顺利通过”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

discuss
讨论
We discussed the plan before we negotiated the price. discuss 范围更宽;negotiate 强调围绕条件达成结果。
bargain
讨价还价
They bargained with the seller for a better price. bargain 多用于价格或利益交换;negotiate 更正式,可用于协议、合同和政治会谈。
agreement
协议;一致
The talks ended in an agreement. agreement 是结果;negotiate 是达成结果的过程或动作。
argue
争论;争吵
They argued loudly but failed to solve the problem. argue 强调争执或提出理由;negotiate 强调为了结果而协商。
refuse
拒绝
If one side refuses to talk, they cannot negotiate. refuse to talk/discuss 与 negotiate 的协商动作相反。
manage
设法做到;应付
The driver managed to get through the narrow gate. manage 可解释 negotiate 的“设法通过”义,但 negotiate 更正式。
37

oral

1 个词

oral
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

oral 是独立星标形容词,记忆线索给出 or=口、说 + -al=……的。学习时抓两条主线:与 written 相对的“口头的、口述的”,以及健康语境里的“口腔的”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学考试和课堂搭配:oral English、oral test、oral exam、oral presentation
  2. 再学口头传承:oral history、oral tradition、oral story
  3. 然后学健康语境:oral health、oral care、oral hygiene
  4. 最后对比 spoken、written、verbal,并连接副词 orally

组内辨析

  • written 是 oral 最重要的反义词,常在 test、exam、report、instruction 中形成对比。
  • spoken 是直接近义词;oral 更常出现在固定搭配和较正式语境。
  • verbal 可表示言语的、词语的;oral 更突出嘴说出来或与口腔有关。
  • oral health 中 oral 不是“口头的”,而是“口腔的”。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 oral English 理解成 written English;它强调 speaking。
  • oral exam 是口试,不是普通笔试。
  • 看到 dentist、teeth、hygiene、health 时,oral 多半是口腔的。
  • orally 是副词;oral 是形容词,不能直接替换位置。
  • 记忆线索 or + -al 是记忆辅助,不要扩展成高难词根课。
140

oral

星标

['ɔ:rəl] · adj. · Page 83

口头的;口述的;口腔的

spoken rather than written, or related to the mouth

联想

oral 来自“口、说”的线索。最常考的是 spoken rather than written:oral English、oral test、oral presentation;健康语境里也可表示口腔的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.口头的;口述的

强调用嘴说出来,而不是写在纸上或屏幕上。

常见表达oral Englishan oral testan oral examan oral reportan oral presentationoral communication

Our oral English class gives everyone a chance to speak.

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oral English 是英语口语,不是书面英语。

Each student gave a short oral presentation about local history.

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oral presentation 是口头展示。

oral 常与 written 对比,尤其在 test、exam、report、presentation 中。

adj.口头传承的;口述记录的

用于 story、history、tradition 等,表示靠讲述而非文字传下或记录。

常见表达oral historyoral traditionan oral storyan oral record

Many old stories were kept alive through oral tradition.

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oral tradition 指口头传承。

The museum collected oral history from people who lived through the flood.

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oral history 是口述历史。

这里仍然是“用口讲述”的延伸,不是医学义。

adj.口腔的

在健康、牙科或医学语境里,oral 表示与嘴或口腔有关。

常见表达oral healthoral careoral hygieneoral medicine

Brushing your teeth twice a day is important for oral health.

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oral health 是口腔健康。

The dentist taught the children simple oral hygiene habits.

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oral hygiene 指口腔卫生。

高考阅读中遇到 dentist、teeth、health 时,oral 多半是“口腔的”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spoken
口头的;说出来的
Spoken instructions are easier for young children to follow. spoken 是直接近义词;oral 更常出现在正式搭配如 oral exam、oral presentation。
written
书面的;写下来的
The course has both written and oral tests. written 与 oral 是最核心反义对。
verbal
言语的;口头的
The teacher gave verbal instructions before the test. verbal 可接近 oral,但还可表示“词语的、语言的”;oral 更突出嘴说或口腔。
mouth
嘴;口
Open your mouth when the dentist checks your teeth. mouth 是名词;oral 是形容词,表示口头的或口腔的。
38

oval

1 个词

oval
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

oval 是独立形状词,记忆线索给出 ov=egg + -al。它可作形容词“椭圆形的、卵形的”,也可作可数名词“一个椭圆形”。学习时用 egg-shaped 和 stretched circle 建立画面,再和 circle、square 分清。

学习顺序

  1. 先学形容词:an oval table、an oval face、an oval mirror、oval-shaped
  2. 再学可数名词:draw an oval、cut out an oval、ovals、in an oval
  3. 然后对比 circle/circular:正圆或圆形;oval 是拉长的圆或卵形
  4. 最后识别 egg-shaped、elliptical、ellipse 这些形状线索,控制在认读层面

组内辨析

  • oval 作形容词放在名词前;作名词时是可数名词 an oval / ovals。
  • circle 是正圆;oval 是拉长的圆或像鸡蛋的形状。
  • circular 强调圆形或环形;oval 强调椭圆形。
  • square 有直边和角;oval 没有角。
  • elliptical 更数学或正式;oval 更日常。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 oval 的形容词和名词用法混在同一个 POS 标签里。
  • 作名词时不要漏冠词:draw an oval。
  • oval 不是颜色、大小或材料词,只描述形状。
  • ellipse/elliptical 认读即可,不展开成数学课。
  • 记忆线索 ov=egg + -al 是记忆辅助,不要硬造无用派生词族。
141

oval

['əuvl] · adj. / n. [C] · Page 83

椭圆形的,卵形的;椭圆形,卵形

shaped like an egg or a stretched circle; a shape like this

联想

oval 的画面是“像鸡蛋或被拉长的圆”。它可作形容词修饰 table、face、mirror,也可作可数名词表示一个椭圆形。

意思、用法与例句

adj.椭圆形的;卵形的

放在名词前,说明物体、脸、镜子、窗户等呈椭圆或卵形。

常见表达an oval tablean oval facean oval mirroran oval windowoval-shaped

They sat around an oval table during the meeting.

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oval 作形容词修饰 table。

The artist painted a girl with an oval face.

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oval face 是椭圆脸。

形容词 oval 通常放在名词前,也可用 oval-shaped 强调形状。

n. [C]椭圆形;卵形

指这种形状本身,是可数名词。

常见表达draw an ovalcut out an ovalin an ovalthe shape of an oval

Draw an oval first, and then add two small circles for the eyes.

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an oval 是一个椭圆形。

The children cut out ovals from colored paper.

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ovals 是 oval 的复数。

作名词时可说 an oval / ovals,不要漏冠词或复数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

egg-shaped
蛋形的;卵形的
The lake is almost egg-shaped when seen from above. egg-shaped 更口语直观;oval 是正式形状词,也可作名词。
elliptical
椭圆的
The planet moves in an elliptical path. elliptical 更数学或正式;oval 更日常。
circle
圆;圆形
A circle is perfectly round. circle 是正圆;oval 是被拉长的圆或卵形。
circular
圆形的
The children sat in a circular group. circular 强调正圆或环形;oval 强调椭圆形。
square
正方形;方形的
The garden has a square gate. square 有直边和角;oval 没有角。
39

passion

1 个词

passion
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

passion 是独立名词,记忆线索给出 pass=感情 + -ion。它比 interest 强:一条线是不可数的强烈情感、激情,另一条线是可数的 a passion for... 表示强烈爱好或酷爱。

学习顺序

  1. 先学不可数强烈情感:with passion、full of passion、speak with passion、bring passion to...
  2. 再学可数爱好义:a passion for music/science/painting,have a passion for doing
  3. 然后掌握发展线:develop a passion for、follow one's passion、turn a passion into a job
  4. 最后对比 interest、enthusiasm、love、indifference,并连接 passionate、passionately

组内辨析

  • interest 是普通兴趣;passion 是强烈得多的热爱或激情。
  • enthusiasm 常是积极热情;passion 更深、更强烈。
  • indifference 是漠不关心,与 passion 形成反向线索。
  • passion 作“激情、热情”整体概念时常不可数;a passion for... 表示一种具体爱好。
  • passionate 是形容词,常接 about;passionately 是副词。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 passion 简化成 like 或 interest,它强度更高。
  • a passion for 后接名词或动名词,不说 a passion to music。
  • with passion 是方式状语;a passion for 是具体爱好,两者结构不同。
  • passionate about 是形容词结构,不要和 passion for 混写。
  • 记忆线索 pass=感情 + -ion 是记忆辅助,不扩展到无关或高难词。
142

passion

['pæʃn] · n. [C,U] · Page 84

激情;强烈的爱好,酷爱

very strong feeling, or a strong love for an activity, subject, or cause

联想

passion 比 interest 和 like 强得多。它既可以表示强烈情感,也可以表示对某事的酷爱,核心搭配是 passion for。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]激情;强烈情感

指强烈的情绪、热情或信念,常用于演讲、行动、艺术、事业等语境。

常见表达with passionfull of passionspeak with passionshow passionbring passion to something

She spoke with passion about protecting the local river.

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with passion 表示带着强烈情感。

The speech was full of passion and moved many listeners.

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full of passion 表示充满激情。

作“激情、热情”整体概念时常不可数。

n. [C]强烈爱好;酷爱

指一个具体的强烈兴趣或热爱对象,常用 a passion for。

常见表达a passion for somethinghave a passion for doing somethingdevelop a passion forfollow one's passionturn a passion into a job

He has a passion for painting and spends every weekend in the art room.

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have a passion for 后接名词或动名词。

Her passion for science began with a small experiment at home.

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passion for science 是对科学的酷爱。

a passion for... 是可数用法,表示一种具体爱好。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

enthusiasm
热情;热心
Her enthusiasm for the project encouraged the whole team. enthusiasm 常指积极热情;passion 更强烈、更深。
interest
兴趣
He has an interest in music, but his real passion is painting. interest 可强可弱;passion 是强烈爱好。
love
热爱;爱
Her love of reading started when she was a child. love 更宽,可指人或事;passion 强调强烈投入。
indifference
漠不关心;冷淡
His indifference to the problem surprised his friends. indifference 是缺少兴趣或关心,与 passion 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

passionate
热情的;热爱的
She is passionate about helping younger students. passionate 是形容词,常接 about。
40

stimulate

1 个词

stimulate
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

stimulate 是独立及物动词,记忆线索给出 stimul(us)=刺激物 + -ate。核心是“给刺激,让反应或活动变强”:既可激发兴趣、讨论、增长、经济,也可刺激大脑、感官、食欲等身体反应。

学习顺序

  1. 先学激发活跃义:stimulate interest、discussion、thought、growth、the economy
  2. 再学身体反应义:stimulate the brain、the senses、a reaction、one's appetite
  3. 然后对比 encourage、inspire、motivate、arouse:都可激发,但对象和语气不同
  4. 最后连接 stimulation、stimulus、stimulating,并用 discourage、calm 建立反向线索

组内辨析

  • encourage 更偏鼓励人;stimulate 可接兴趣、讨论、增长、经济、身体反应。
  • inspire 强调给人灵感;motivate 强调让人有行动动力。
  • arouse 常接 interest、curiosity、anger;stimulate 搭配更宽。
  • discourage 是使泄气;calm 是使平静,都可作为反向理解线索。
  • stimulus 是刺激物或推动因素;stimulation 是刺激/促进过程;stimulating 是有启发性或令人兴奋的。

易错提醒

  • stimulate 是及物动词,后面要接被激发或被刺激的对象。
  • stimulate the economy 不是“鼓励经济”字面翻译,而是促进经济活跃。
  • stimulate appetite/brain/senses 时常译为刺激,不是心理鼓励。
  • stimulating discussion 是形容词结构,不是动词 stimulate 的原形。
  • 记忆线索 stimulus 线索认读即可,不展开高难医学或心理学词汇。
143

stimulate

['stimjuleit] · vt. · Page 84

激励,激发;刺激,使兴奋

to make activity, interest, growth, or a body reaction become stronger

联想

stimulate 的核心是“给刺激,让反应变强”。它可以激发兴趣、讨论、经济或增长,也可以刺激大脑、感官、食欲等身体反应。

意思、用法与例句

vt.激励;激发;促进活跃

使兴趣、讨论、思考、经济、增长等变得更活跃或更强。

常见表达stimulate intereststimulate discussionstimulate thoughtstimulate growthstimulate the economystimulate creativity

A good question can stimulate students' interest in science.

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stimulate interest 是激发兴趣。

The reading activity stimulated a lively discussion in class.

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stimulate discussion 是激发讨论。

stimulate 比 encourage 更强调“让某种活动或反应变强”。

vt.刺激身体、感官或反应

对大脑、感官、食欲、身体等产生刺激,使其出现反应。

常见表达stimulate the brainstimulate the sensesstimulate a reactionstimulate one's appetitestimulate the body

Bright colors can stimulate the brain and make people feel awake.

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stimulate the brain 是刺激大脑。

The smell of food stimulated his appetite.

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stimulate one's appetite 是刺激食欲。

看到 brain、senses、appetite、reaction 时,stimulate 常是“刺激、引起反应”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

encourage
鼓励;促进
Teachers should encourage students to ask questions. encourage 更偏鼓励人;stimulate 可激发兴趣、增长或身体反应。
inspire
激励;启发
The story inspired many young readers. inspire 强调给人灵感或动力;stimulate 强调引发活动或反应。
motivate
激励;使有动力
Clear goals can motivate students to work harder. motivate 强调让人愿意行动;stimulate 可用于人,也可用于经济、食欲、感官。
arouse
激起;唤起
The news aroused public interest. arouse 常接 interest、curiosity、anger;stimulate 更宽,也可接 growth、brain、appetite。
discourage
使泄气;阻止
Failure should not discourage you from trying again. discourage 让人失去动力,与 stimulate 的激发相反。
calm
使平静
Soft music can calm the mind. calm 降低兴奋或反应;stimulate 提高活跃或反应。
41

track and field

1 个词

track and field
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

track and field 是固定运动短语,整体表示“田径运动”。track 是跑道上的径赛,field 是跳远、跳高、投掷等田赛;不要把它当普通派生词族拆开背。

学习顺序

  1. 先记整体义:track and field = running, jumping, and throwing events
  2. 再分 component:track events 是径赛,field events 是田赛
  3. 然后学常见搭配:track and field team、meet、events、athletes
  4. 最后用 athletics、race、relay、ball games 做相关和类别对比

组内辨析

  • track and field 是运动类别;race、relay、long jump 是具体项目。
  • track event 主要是跑道上的赛跑;field event 主要是跳跃和投掷。
  • athletics 可接近 track and field,但不同英语地区范围可能略不同。
  • ball games 是球类运动,与 track and field 属于不同类别。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 track and field 理解成“轨道和田地”的字面相加。
  • 不要把 source 的 track 当成普通派生词族;这里是短语组合成分。
  • 通常作整体运动名词,具体项目用 track and field events。
  • field event 不是所有户外运动,而是田赛项目。
144

track and field

· n. [U] · Page 74

田径运动

the sport of running, jumping, and throwing events

联想

track and field 是固定短语“田径运动”。track 指跑道上的径赛,field 指跳远、跳高、投掷等田赛;合在一起是一个运动项目类别。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]田径运动

跑、跳、投等田径项目的总称,常作为不可数整体名词使用。

常见表达track and field eventsa track and field teama track and field meetcompete in track and fieldtrain for track and fieldtrack and field athletes

Li joined the school track and field team last year.

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track and field team 是田径队。

Track and field events include running, jumping, and throwing.

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这句话直接说明短语覆盖范围。

通常作整体不可数名词;具体项目用 events。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

athletics
田径运动;体育运动
Athletics is popular in many school sports meetings. athletics 可接近 track and field;在不同英语地区范围可能略有差异。
track event
径赛项目
The 400-meter race is a track event. track event 是跑道上的跑步比赛。
field event
田赛项目
The long jump is a field event. field event 通常是跳跃或投掷项目。
race
赛跑;比赛
The final race was the most exciting event of the day. race 是具体比赛;track and field 是运动类别。
relay
接力赛
Our class won the relay at the sports meet. relay 是常见径赛项目之一。
ball game
球类运动
Basketball is a ball game, not a track and field event. ball games 与 track and field 属于不同运动类别。
42

ultimately

1 个词

ultimately
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

ultimately 来自 ultimate + -ly,是副词。它不只是 finally:一条线是经过过程后的“最终结果”,另一条线是总结本质的“归根到底”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学最终结果:Ultimately, ...、ultimately decide/become/lead to/result in/succeed/fail
  2. 再学归根到底:ultimately depend on、ultimately be about、ultimately a question of
  3. 然后对比 finally、eventually、at last:都可表示最后,但语气和重点不同
  4. 最后用 initially/at first 建立反义线索,并连接 ultimate 形容词

组内辨析

  • finally 更常按时间顺序表示最后一步;ultimately 更常总结最终结果或根本判断。
  • eventually 强调经过一段等待或过程后终于发生。
  • at last 带等待后终于发生的语气,口语感更强。
  • initially/at first 表示开始阶段,与 ultimately 的最终阶段相对。
  • ultimate 是形容词;ultimately 是副词。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 ultimately 当成普通时间副词 only;它常带总结判断。
  • ultimately depends on 不是“最后依赖一下”,而是“归根到底取决于”。
  • ultimately about 是本质主题,不是故事结尾才关于。
  • ultimate goal 是形容词结构;ultimately decide 是副词修饰动词。
145

ultimately

['ʌltimətli] · adv. · Page 84

最终,最后;归根到底

in the end, especially after a process or when giving the final reason or result

联想

ultimately 来自 ultimate + -ly。它不只是 finally 的替换,还常用于总结“最终结果”或“最根本原因”:ultimately depend on、ultimately lead to、ultimately be about。

意思、用法与例句

adv.最终;最后

表示经过一段过程后出现最终结果、决定或结局。

常见表达Ultimately, ...ultimately decideultimately becomeultimately lead toultimately result inultimately succeed/fail

Ultimately, you will have to make the decision yourself.

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ultimately 放句首总结最终结果。

The team's patience ultimately led to a better solution.

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ultimately led to 表示最终带来某结果。

常用于书面总结,比 at last 更正式,也更强调结果判断。

adv.归根到底;从根本上说

用于说明最根本的原因、责任、依靠点或主题。

常见表达ultimately depend onultimately be aboutultimately be responsible forultimately a question of

Success in language learning ultimately depends on daily practice.

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ultimately depends on 是归根到底取决于。

The story is ultimately about courage and friendship.

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ultimately about 表示本质上关于。

这个义项不是单纯时间顺序,而是总结本质或根本原因。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finally
最后;终于
Finally, the rain stopped and we went outside. finally 更常按时间顺序说最后一步;ultimately 更常总结最终结果或根本判断。
eventually
最终;终于
After many tries, the team eventually solved the problem. eventually 强调等了一段时间后终于发生;ultimately 强调最终结果或归根到底。
at last
终于
At last, the train arrived. at last 带等待后的如释重负;ultimately 更正式。
initially
起初;最初
Initially, the plan looked simple. initially 表示开始阶段;ultimately 表示最终阶段或最终判断。

词族线索 / 同组词

ultimate
最终的;根本的
The ultimate goal is to help students learn by themselves. ultimate 是形容词;ultimately 是副词。
43

violate

1 个词

violate
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

violate 是星标及物动词,正式语气强,核心是“越过不该越过的界限”。它可表示违反规则/法律/协议,也可表示侵犯权利/隐私/尊严;亵渎义用于 sacred place、tomb 等正式语境。

学习顺序

  1. 先学违反义:violate the law、traffic rules、an agreement、a principle、a promise
  2. 再学侵犯义:violate privacy、human rights、dignity、personal freedom
  3. 然后认读正式亵渎义:violate a sacred place、a tomb、a tradition
  4. 最后连接 violation、violator,并和 break、go against、invade、obey、respect、protect 对比

组内辨析

  • break 更普通;violate 更正式,常接 law、rule、agreement、rights。
  • go against 可表示违背观点、原则或趋势;violate 更强调正式界限被破坏。
  • invade 常指侵入空间或隐私;violate 可指规则和权利。
  • obey/follow 与违反规则法律相反;respect/protect 与侵犯隐私权利相反。
  • violation 是名词,常用 a violation of rules/privacy/rights。

易错提醒

  • violate 是及物动词,后面要接被违反或被侵犯的对象。
  • 不要只记 break;violate 的正式语气和 rights/privacy 搭配很重要。
  • violate privacy 不是“打破隐私”,而是侵犯隐私。
  • 亵渎义认读即可,普通高考语境优先看违反和侵犯。
  • violence/violent 可作记忆链接,但不要把它们当 violate 的普通同义词。
146

violate

星标

['vaiəleit] · vt. · Page 83

违反,违背;侵犯;亵渎

to break a rule, law, agreement, or principle, or to harm someone's rights or privacy

联想

violate 是正式词,核心是“越过不该越过的界限”。一类是违反 law/rule/agreement/principle,另一类是侵犯 rights/privacy/dignity;亵渎义用于 sacred place、tomb 等正式语境。

意思、用法与例句

vt.违反;违背

宾语常是 law、rule、agreement、principle、promise 等规范或承诺。

常见表达violate the lawviolate traffic rulesviolate an agreementviolate a principleviolate a promiseviolate school rules

Drivers who run red lights violate traffic rules.

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violate traffic rules 是违反交通规则。

The factory violated the agreement by pouring dirty water into the river.

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violate an agreement 是违反协议。

violate 比 break 更正式,常见于法律、规则、协议和原则。

vt.侵犯权利、隐私或尊严

指伤害或越界对待他人的权利、隐私、自由、尊严等。

常见表达violate someone's rightsviolate human rightsviolate privacyviolate human dignityviolate personal freedom

Sharing a student's personal information online may violate his privacy.

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violate privacy 是侵犯隐私。

The story shows how war can violate basic human rights.

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violate human rights 是侵犯人权。

这里不是普通 break,而是侵犯不应被侵犯的权利或界限。

vt.亵渎;破坏神圣或受尊重之物

较正式,指破坏或不尊重神圣地点、墓地、传统等。

常见表达violate a sacred placeviolate a tombviolate a tradition

Visitors were warned not to violate the sacred place with careless behavior.

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sacred place 语境中 violate 可译亵渎。

The villagers believed the old tomb had been violated.

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violate a tomb 是破坏、亵渎墓地。

这个义项正式,认读即可;高频仍是违反和侵犯。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break
违反;打破
He broke the school rule by using his phone in class. break 更普通;violate 更正式,常接 law、rule、agreement、rights。
go against
违背
The decision went against the spirit of the agreement. go against 更宽;violate 更正式、更强调越界。
invade
侵犯;侵入
Do not invade other people's privacy. invade 常指进入或侵犯空间/隐私;violate 可指规则和权利。
obey
遵守;服从
All drivers must obey traffic rules. obey rules/laws 与 violate rules/laws 相反。
respect
尊重;遵守
We should respect other people's privacy. respect privacy/rights 与 violate privacy/rights 相反。
protect
保护
Good laws protect human rights. protect rights 与 violate rights 方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

violation
违反;侵犯
Sharing private information is a violation of trust. violation 是名词,常接 of。
44

vital

1 个词

vital
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

vital 是星标形容词,记忆线索给出 vit=life/live + -al。高频义是“极其重要的、必不可少的”,强于 ordinary important;生命线索解释 vital signs、vital organs,也连接 vitality 活力。

学习顺序

  1. 先学重要义:be vital to/for、play a vital role、be of vital importance、It is vital that...
  2. 再学生命义:vital signs、vital organs、vital functions、vital for survival
  3. 然后学活力义:vital energy、remain vital、a vital part of culture
  4. 最后对比 essential、crucial、important、minor、unimportant,并连接 vitally、vitality、vitamin

组内辨析

  • important 范围宽、强度较弱;vital 更强,常表示没有它不行。
  • essential 强调必不可少;crucial 强调决定成败的关键点。
  • minor/unimportant 与 vital 的极其重要相反。
  • vital signs/organs 中 vital 是生命相关,不只是“重要”。
  • vitally 是副词,vitality 是名词,vitamin 是生命/健康相关记忆链接。

易错提醒

  • be vital to 后可接名词或动名词;be vital for 后常接对象或目的。
  • It is vital that... 是正式强调结构,不要漏掉 that 从句。
  • vital signs 是生命体征,不是“重要标志”的普通搭配。
  • vital energy 表示活力;不要只按 important 翻译所有语境。
  • vit=life/live 是可靠记忆线索,但不要扩展成高难医学词汇。
147

vital

星标

['vaitl] · adj. · Page 83

极其重要的;充满活力的;生命的

extremely important, necessary for life or success, or full of life and energy

联想

vital 的高频义是“至关重要的、必不可少的”,强度高于 ordinary important。vit=life/live 也提示它可表示生命的、充满活力的。

意思、用法与例句

adj.极其重要的;必不可少的

表示某事对结果、安全、学习、健康或成功非常关键,缺了就会严重受影响。

常见表达be vital to somethingbe vital to doing somethingbe vital for someone/somethingplay a vital rolebe of vital importanceIt is vital that...

Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.

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be vital to doing sth. 表示对做某事至关重要。

Clean water plays a vital role in keeping people healthy.

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play a vital role 是起关键作用。

vital 比 important 语气更强,接近 essential/crucial。

adj.生命的;维持生命所必需的

医学或生命语境中,与生命、器官、体征或生存有关。

常见表达vital signsvital organsvital functionsvital for lifevital for survival

Doctors checked the patient's vital signs after the accident.

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vital signs 是生命体征。

The heart and the brain are vital organs.

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vital organs 是维持生命的重要器官。

生命相关义与 vit=life/live 线索相连。

adj.充满活力的

描述人、课堂、艺术、城市等有生命力和活力,较正式。

常见表达vital energya vital citya vital part of cultureremain vital

The new art teacher brought vital energy to the class.

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vital energy 表示活力。

Traditional music remains a vital part of local culture.

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vital part 既有重要也有生命力的色彩。

这个义项少于“至关重要”,但在文化、艺术、城市等语境可见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

essential
必不可少的
Water is essential for life. essential 强调不可缺少;vital 也强调关键,且可带生命/活力色彩。
crucial
关键的;至关重要的
This is a crucial moment for the team. crucial 强调决定成败的关键点;vital 强调生存、成功或结果所必需。
important
重要的
Sleep is important for health. important 范围宽、强度较弱;vital 更强。
minor
次要的;较小的
A minor detail should not change the whole plan. minor 表示次要,与 vital 的极其重要相反。
unimportant
不重要的
Do not waste time on unimportant details. unimportant 是 vital/important 的直接反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

vitality
活力;生命力
Regular exercise can give people more vitality. vitality 是名词,表示活力或生命力。