第05单元 / Word List 5 · 分组学习

按词族和词组集中讲解。组内先理解共同线索,再看每个词的核心用法、重要例句和必要辨析。

01

progress / aggressive / aggressively

3 个词

progressaggressiveaggressively
progress / aggressive / aggressively

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

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progress / aggressive / aggressively 组共享 gress“向前走、向前攻”的记忆线索,但现代用法必须分开:progress 是前进、进展、进步;aggressive 是好斗或有进取心;aggressively 是对应副词,修饰动作方式。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 progress:不可数名词 make progress in...,不及物动词 progress smoothly/slowly
  2. 再学 aggressive:负面语境是好斗、有攻击性,商业或比赛语境可表示有进取心、强势争取
  3. 然后学 aggressively:只作副词,修饰 speak/argue/behave/play/advertise/compete 等动作
  4. 最后比较 improvement/development/advance、setback/decline,以及 gentle/passive/gently/passively 的反向线索

组内辨析

  • progress 与 aggressive 有 gress 记忆联系,但不是近义词,不能互换。
  • progress 作名词通常不可数,不说 a progress;作动词通常不及物,不直接接 problem/task。
  • aggressive 的褒贬由语境决定:behavior/tone/dog 常负面,sales/marketing/sports plan 可表示积极强势。
  • aggressively 是副词,修饰动作;aggressive 是形容词,修饰名词或作表语。
  • aggression 是名词,多表示攻击性或侵略行为,通常负面。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 progress 写成及物动词 progress the work;说 the work progresses 或 make progress on the work。
  • 不要把 aggressive 一律译成侵略的;market/player/plan 语境要看是否是积极进取。
  • 不要用 aggressively 修饰名词;它修饰动词或动作方式。
  • progressive/progression 是 progress 的扩展词;aggression/aggressiveness 是 aggressive 的扩展词。
  • 共享词根线索只帮助记忆,不代表三个词在句中用法相同。
001

progress

['prəugres] n.; [prə'gres] v. · n. [U] / vi. · Page 85

前进;进展,进步

movement forward or improvement over time; to move forward or improve

联想

progress 的核心是“向前走”。作不可数名词时常说 make progress in...;作动词时通常不及物,表示事情、学习或工作逐步推进。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]进展;进步;前进

不可数名词,指学习、工作、项目、治疗等方面向前发展或变好。

常见表达make progress in...make progress with...slow/steady/great progressprogress on a projectprogress toward a goal

She has made great progress in spoken English this term.

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make progress in... 是核心搭配。

The report shows steady progress on the new library.

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progress on a project 表示项目进展。

名词 progress 通常不可数,不说 a progress。

vi.进展;推进;逐渐改善

不及物动词,表示过程向前发展,常接副词或 as 从句。

常见表达progress well/smoothlyprogress slowlyas the work progressesprogress from... to...progress toward...

The discussion progressed smoothly after everyone calmed down.

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progressed smoothly 中 progress 是不及物动词。

As the lesson progressed, the difficult idea became clearer.

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as ... progressed 表示随着过程发展。

不要把 progress 当常规及物动词直接接 problem/task。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

improvement
进步;改善
There has been clear improvement in her writing. improvement 强调变好;progress 还可指过程向前推进。
development
发展
The development of the project took two years. development 强调发展过程;progress 强调向目标推进或改善。
advance
前进;进步
Science advances through careful experiments. advance 可作动词或名词,语气更正式;progress 常与 make 搭配。
setback
挫折;倒退
The heavy rain was a setback for the building project. setback 会阻碍 progress。
decline
下降;衰退
Sales began to decline after the holiday. decline 是走低;progress 是向前或变好。
aggressive
好斗的;有进取心的
An aggressive player may attack quickly, while progress means moving forward step by step. 两词有 gress 记忆线索,但不是近义词。
002

aggressive

星标

[ə'gresiv] · adj. · Page 85

侵略的,好斗的;有进取心的

ready to attack, argue, or compete strongly; active and forceful in trying to win or succeed

联想

aggressive 的判断关键是语境。人、动物、语气、行为中多是负面的“好斗、攻击性”;销售、市场、比赛中可表示“积极进取、强势争取”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.好斗的;有攻击性的

形容人、动物、语气、行为或态度容易攻击、争吵或带有威胁性。

常见表达aggressive behavioran aggressive tonebe aggressive toward someonean aggressive dog/playerbecome aggressive

They appeared to be aggressive when they shouted at the guard.

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补出场景后,体现负面攻击性。

The dog became aggressive when strangers came too close.

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aggressive 可形容动物的攻击性。

这类语境通常是负面评价。

adj.有进取心的;积极争取的

在销售、市场、比赛、计划中表示主动、强势、有冲劲,不一定贬义。

常见表达an aggressive salespersonan aggressive planan aggressive strategybe aggressive in competitionaggressive marketing

A good salesperson has to be aggressive in today's competitive market.

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这里的 aggressive 是积极争取机会。

The team chose an aggressive plan and tried to score in the first ten minutes.

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比赛语境中可表示主动进攻。

不要机械译成“侵略的”;商业、比赛语境常是积极强势。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

forceful
强有力的;有力的
Her forceful speech persuaded the committee to act. forceful 强调有力;aggressive 可带攻击性或强势竞争。
assertive
自信果断的
A good leader can be assertive without being rude. assertive 较正面;aggressive 可能过度强势或有攻击性。
gentle
温和的
A gentle tone can calm people down. gentle 与 aggressive 的攻击性相反。
passive
被动的
A passive player waits instead of taking action. passive 与积极进攻/争取相反。
progress
前进;进展;进步
Progress is slow improvement; aggressive describes a strong or attacking style. 两者有 gress 线索,但不是近义词。

词族线索 / 同组词

aggressively
挑衅地;积极强势地
The company advertised aggressively before the new product came out. aggressive 是形容词;aggressively 是副词。
aggression
攻击性;侵略行为
The teacher asked the boys to solve the problem without aggression. aggression 是名词,多为负面。
003

aggressively

· adv. · Page 85

挑衅地;积极强势地

in a forceful, attacking, or strongly competitive way

联想

aggressively 是 aggressive 的副词,修饰动作。它可表示负面的挑衅、攻击性,也可在比赛、销售、宣传中表示积极强势地争取。

意思、用法与例句

adv.挑衅地;攻击性地

修饰 speak、argue、act、behave 等动作,表示语气或行为带攻击性。

常见表达speak aggressivelyargue aggressivelyact aggressivelybehave aggressively

He spoke aggressively, so the teacher asked him to calm down.

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修饰 spoke,说明说话方式有攻击性。

The player argued aggressively with the referee.

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argue aggressively 是挑衅地争论。

这个义项通常带负面评价。

adv.积极进攻地;强势地

在比赛、商业、宣传等语境中,表示主动、强势地争取优势。

常见表达play aggressivelycompete aggressivelyadvertise aggressivelymarket aggressively

The basketball team played aggressively in the final quarter.

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比赛语境中可表示积极进攻。

The small company advertised aggressively to reach young customers.

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商业语境中表示积极宣传。

判断褒贬要看它修饰的动词和具体场景。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

forcefully
有力地;强烈地
She spoke forcefully but politely. forcefully 强调有力;aggressively 可能带攻击性。
gently
温和地
The nurse spoke gently to the child. gently 与 aggressively 的攻击性语气相反。
passively
被动地
The team played passively in the first half. passively 与积极强势地行动相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

aggressive
好斗的;有进取心的
An aggressive plan may lead a team to act aggressively. aggressive 是形容词,aggressively 是副词。
aggression
攻击性;侵略行为
Aggression can make a small conflict worse. aggression 是名词,通常负面。
02

form

13 个词

formformalformatinforminformationperformperformanceperformerreformreformertransformuniformuniformly
form

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

form 组围绕“形、形式、形成”展开,但每个前缀带来不同方向:form 是形式/表格/形成,formal 是正式的,format 是版式/格式,inform 是把信息告知,perform 是执行或表演,reform 是重新形成以改进,transform 是彻底改变形态,uniform 是统一形态或制服。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 base form:类型、形式、表格、形状、形成;注意名词可数/不可数和动词用法
  2. 再学 form + 后缀:formal/formality/formally/informal,format/formatted/formatting
  3. 然后学前缀动词链:inform/information,perform/performance/performer,reform/reformer,transform/transformation
  4. 最后学 uniform/uniformly:uni- 一 + form,统一的、制服,以及一致/均匀地

组内辨析

  • form 可指表格,format 指版式或文件格式;两者不能混用。
  • inform 是正式告知,tell 更普通;information 是不可数名词,不说 informations。
  • perform 可指执行任务、表演、设备表现;performance 对应表现、性能、演出。
  • reform 强调为了改好而改制度或人;transform 强调彻底改变形态、面貌或性质。
  • uniform 作名词是制服,作形容词是一致的;uniformly 是副词。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 form 组都翻译成“形成”;先看前缀和搭配。
  • information 不可数:a piece of information,不说 an information。
  • perform a task/duty 是执行,perform on stage 是表演,perform well 是表现好。
  • reform 的名词和动词同形;reformer 是改革者,不是被改革的制度。
  • uniformly 修饰动词或形容分布方式,不修饰名词。
004

form

星标

[fɔ:m] · n. [C,U] / v. · Page 85

类型,种类;结构;表格;形式;形状;体能;形成,产生,组织

a type, shape, structure, document, or way something appears; to make or develop into something

联想

form 的核心是“成形”:可以是看得见的形状、填写的表格,也可以是组织、想法、习惯逐渐形成。

意思、用法与例句

n. / v.形式;类型;形状;表格

作名词时,form 可指事物呈现的形式、种类、形状,也可指需要填写的表格。

常见表达in the form of...fill in a forma form of exercisetake form

The help came in the form of books and online lessons.

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句中 form 表示“形式;类型”。常见表达是 in the form of...。

Please fill in this form before you join the summer camp.

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form 作名词可指表格。

n. / v.形成;产生;组织

作动词时,form 表示某物逐渐成形,也可指组织团体、形成习惯或观点。

常见表达form a habitform a teamform an opinionclouds form

Students should form the habit of checking their answers.

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form a habit 表示形成习惯。

Dark clouds formed above the mountains before the storm.

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clouds form 表示自然形成。

form 是 form 词族的入口词,但同族词不一定能互换。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

type
类型
This form of transport is cheap and clean. type 更直接表示类别;form 还可表示形式、表格、形状和形成。
shape
形状
Clouds can take many different shapes. shape 是外形;form 可更抽象,也可作动词。
formally
正式地
The club was formally created in 1998. formally 与 formal 相关;不是 form 的核心义。
transform
使彻底改变
New roads transformed the small town. transform 是改变形态或面貌;form 是形成或形式。
005

formal

['fɔ:ml] · adj. · Page 85

正式的,正规的;形式上的;整齐的

official, proper, or suitable for serious situations; arranged in a regular way

联想

formal 不是“有形式”这么简单,而是符合正式场合、规则或礼仪。常和 letter、education、dress、meeting 搭配。

意思、用法与例句

adj.正式的;正规的

形容语言、服装、会议、教育等遵守正式规则或礼仪。

常见表达formal languagea formal meetingformal educationformal dress

You should use formal language when you write to the head teacher.

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formal language 指正式语体。

The village school gave many children their first formal education.

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formal education 指正规教育。

adj.整齐的;布置井然的

可形容花园、房间、安排等对称、整齐、有规则。

常见表达a formal gardena formal arrangement

The museum has a formal garden with straight paths and square pools.

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formal garden 强调布局规整。

The chairs were placed in a formal arrangement for the ceremony.

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formal arrangement 表示布置井然。

这一义项比“正式的”少见,阅读中能识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

informal
非正式的
The meeting was informal, so students could speak freely. informal 是 formal 的直接反义。
official
正式的;官方的
The school sent an official letter to parents. official 强调官方身份;formal 强调场合、方式或礼仪正式。
casual
随意的;非正式的
Casual clothes are not suitable for the ceremony. casual 与 formal 在服装和场合上常相对。
006

format

['fɔ:mæt] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 85

设计,安排;版式,格式;安排版式,格式化

the arrangement or style of a text, event, file, or program; to arrange text or data in a set style

联想

format 关注“信息怎么排、文件怎么存”:文章版式、节目安排、文件格式、磁盘格式化都可用它。

意思、用法与例句

n. / vt.格式;版式;安排

指文件、页面、节目或活动的组织方式和呈现样子。

常见表达file formatpage formatthe format of a showin digital format

Please save the report in PDF format before you send it.

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file/PDF format 是数字文件语境。

The teacher changed the format of the debate so more students could speak.

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format 可指活动安排。

n. / vt.安排版式;格式化

动词用法可指排版文档,也可指格式化磁盘或设备。

常见表达format a documentformat the pageformat a disk

She formatted the article with clear titles and short paragraphs.

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format an article/document 表示排版。

Do not format the memory card unless you have saved the photos.

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format a disk/card 是计算机语境。

format 和 form 都可译为“形式/格式”,但 format 更偏具体版式或文件格式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

layout
布局;版面
The magazine has a clear page layout. layout 多指页面布局;format 范围包括文件格式、节目形式和版式安排。
form
形式;表格;形成
Fill in the form before you choose the file format. form 可指表格;format 指版式或文件格式。

词族线索 / 同组词

formatted
已排版的;已格式化的
The formatted report was easier to read. formatted 是 format 的过去分词/形容词。
007

inform

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[in'fɔ:m] · vt. · Page 85-86

通知,告知

to tell someone officially or clearly about something

联想

inform 比 tell 更正式,常用于通知变化、规则、决定。本条的两个关键结构是 inform sb. of sth. 和 inform sb. that...

意思、用法与例句

vt.通知;告知

及物动词,常用于正式告知某人信息、变化、决定或结果。

常见表达inform sb. of sth.inform sb. that...be informed of/about...

Please inform us of any changes of address.

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保留例句,inform sb. of sth. 是核心结构。

The school informed parents that the sports meeting was delayed.

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inform sb. that... 后接从句。

inform 是正式书面词;日常口语常用 tell。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

tell
告诉
Please tell me if the time changes. tell 更普通;inform 更正式。
notify
通知
The school notified parents of the new rule. notify 很接近 inform,常用于正式通知。

词族线索 / 同组词

information
信息;资料
The notice informed us where to find more information. inform 是动作;information 是内容。
008

information

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[,infə'meiʃn] · n. [U] · Page 86

消息,情报,信息,资料

facts or details that tell you something about a subject

联想

information 是不可数名词,不能说 an information;需要数条信息时说 a piece of information 或 pieces of information。

意思、用法与例句

n.信息;消息;资料

不可数名词,指关于某事的事实、细节或资料。

常见表达a piece of informationinformation about/on...collect/find informationinformation technology

More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.

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保留例句,information about... 是核心结构。

The website gives useful information on how to protect your eyes.

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information on/about... 都可表示关于某方面的信息。

information 不可数:some information, much information, a piece of information。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

news
新闻;消息
The news reached the village before noon. news 通常是新闻消息;information 是更广的事实资料,且不可数。
data
数据
The scientist checked the data before writing the report. data 是数据;information 可以来自数据,也可来自文字说明。

词族线索 / 同组词

inform
通知;告知
The guide informed visitors about the rules. inform 是动词;information 是不可数名词。
009

perform

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[pə'fɔ:m] · vt. / vi. · Page 86

履行,执行;表演;表现

to do a duty, task, or action; to entertain people; to work or function in a particular way

联想

perform 的核心是“把该做的事做出来”:任务可以被执行,节目可以被表演,人也可以在考试或比赛中表现如何。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi.履行;执行

指正式地完成任务、职责、手术、实验等,宾语通常是 duty, task, operation, experiment 等。

常见表达perform a taskperform a dutyperform an operationperform an experiment

Each member must perform a clear duty during the school safety drill.

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perform a duty 表示“履行职责”,比 do 更正式。

The students performed a simple experiment to test the quality of the water.

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perform an experiment 表示“进行实验”。

vt. / vi.表演;表现

可指在观众面前表演,也可指人在考试、工作或比赛中表现得好坏。

常见表达perform a playperform on stageperform wellperform poorly

The class performed a short play in English at the art festival.

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perform a play 是“表演戏剧”。

He performed better in the second exam because he had corrected his old mistakes.

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perform well/better 表示“表现好/更好”。

perform 不等于普通的 do;它常带有“正式完成”或“公开表现”的色彩。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

do
做;执行
The machine can do the job in ten minutes. do 很普通;perform 更正式,常接 duty、task、operation。
act
表演;行动
She acted in a school play. act 可指表演角色;perform 还可指执行任务或设备表现。

词族线索 / 同组词

performance
表现;表演;性能
The singer's performance impressed the audience. perform 是动词;performance 是名词。
010

performance

星标

[pə'fɔ:məns] · n. [C,U] · Page 86

履行,执行;表现,性能;演出,表演

how well someone or something works; an act of performing; a public show

联想

performance 是 perform 的名词:可以是演出本身,也可以是一个人、机器或队伍“表现得怎么样”。

意思、用法与例句

n.表现;性能

指人、团队、机器、系统在某件事中的表现或运行效果。

常见表达good/poor performanceimprove performanceacademic performancethe performance of a machine

The teacher praised her strong performance in the listening test.

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performance 可指考试或任务中的表现。

Regular cleaning can improve the performance of the old computer.

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机器或系统的性能也用 performance。

n.演出;表演

指面向观众的一场演出或表演活动。

常见表达give a performancewatch a performancea live performanceall performances

The school band gave a wonderful performance on Friday night.

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句中 performance 表示“演出;表演”。常见表达是 give a performance。

Like all performances, the play had one small mistake, but the audience still loved it.

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呼应例句中 all performances 的用法。

n.履行;执行

较正式地指职责、合同、承诺等的履行情况。

常见表达the performance of a dutythe performance of a contract

The report recorded the company's performance of its safety duties.

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正式语境中 performance 可指“履行”。

高考阅读中更常见的是“表现、性能、演出”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

show
演出;节目
The evening show began at seven. show 多指演出节目;performance 还可指表现和性能。
failure
失败;故障
Engine failure stopped the race. poor performance 可接近 failure,但 performance 本身是中性名词。

词族线索 / 同组词

perform
执行;表演;表现
The students performed a short play. perform 是动作;performance 是表现、性能或演出。
011

performer

[pə'fɔ:mə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 86

执行者;表演者

a person who performs for an audience, or someone who does a task in a particular way

联想

performer 是“做 perform 这个动作的人”:最常见是表演者,也可较正式地指执行某项任务的人。

意思、用法与例句

n.表演者

指在舞台、街头、音乐会或节目中表演的人。

常见表达a street performera circus performera talented performerthe main performer

A street performer played the violin while people waited for the bus.

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street performer 是自然搭配。

The young performer forgot one line but quickly found her place again.

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performer 常指舞台或节目中的人。

n.表现者;执行者

在考试、工作或任务中,可指表现如何的人;在正式语境中也可指执行者。

常见表达a good performera strong performera poor performer

She is a strong performer in science because she thinks carefully about each problem.

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a strong performer 指“表现优秀的人”。

The team needed a reliable performer to finish the final part of the project.

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正式语境中 performer 可指完成任务的人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

actor
演员
The actor played the hero in the film. actor 多指戏剧/影视演员;performer 范围更宽,可包括歌手、舞者、乐手。
audience
观众
The audience listened quietly to the performer. audience 是观看者;performer 是表演者。

词族线索 / 同组词

perform
表演;执行
The band performed on the school stage. performer 是执行或表演的人。
012

reform

星标

[ri'fɔ:m] · vt. / vi. / n. [C,U] · Page 86

改革,改良,改进;改过自新

to improve a system, law, or person by making changes; a change made to improve something

联想

reform = re- + form,像“重新形成”:把制度、学校、法律或人的行为改得更好。

意思、用法与例句

vt. / vi. / n.改革;改良;改进

指对制度、法律、教育、经济、组织等进行有计划的重要改进。

常见表达reform a systemreform the lawreform educationeconomic/political/educational reform

The city decided to reform its bus system so that more students could get to school on time.

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reform a system 是典型用法。

Many parents supported educational reform because they wanted fairer chances for children.

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句中 reform 表示“改革;改良”。常见表达是 reform a system。

vt. / vi. / n.改革;改良;改进

作名词时,指一次改革或改革这一过程。

常见表达a reformmajor reformsreform and opening-up

The new reform made it easier for small shops to sell local products online.

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a reform 指一项具体改革。

Students often meet the phrase reform and opening-up in modern Chinese history.

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句中 reform 表示“改革;改良”。常见表达是 a reform。

vt. / vi. / n.(使)改过自新

指人改掉坏习惯或错误行为,常见于较正式或叙事语境。

常见表达reform oneselftry to reforma reformed person

The story shows how the boy reformed after he met a patient teacher.

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reform 可用于人的行为改变。

改革制度最常见;用于人时不要误解为“重新组成”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

improve
改进;改善
The new plan improved bus service in the town. improve 范围宽;reform 常指制度、法律、教育等系统性改变。
change
改变
Not every change is a real reform. change 中性;reform 强调为了改好而改变。

词族线索 / 同组词

reformer
改革者
The reformer wanted fairer schools. reformer 是推动改革的人。
013

reformer

· n. [C] · Page 86

改革者,改良者

a person who works to improve a system, law, or society

联想

reformer = reform + -er,是推动改革、改良的人,不是普通“改变主意的人”。

意思、用法与例句

n.改革者;改良者

指努力改进社会、制度、法律、教育等的人。

常见表达a social reformeran educational reformera brave reformersupport a reformer

The educational reformer believed that village schools needed better libraries.

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educational reformer 指推动教育改革的人。

A true reformer does more than complain; she works out practical plans for change.

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reformer 带有主动推动改进的含义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leader
领导者
A strong leader can guide change. leader 范围宽;reformer 特指推动改革的人。
conservative
保守者;保守的
Some conservative voices opposed the reform. conservative 常倾向保持现状;reformer 倾向改变改进。

词族线索 / 同组词

reform
改革;改良
The reform changed how schools were managed. reform 是动作或结果;reformer 是人。
014

transform

星标

[træns'fɔ:m] · vt. · Page 86

使改变形态,变换;使改观

to change someone or something completely in form, appearance, or character

联想

transform 强调“大改变”:不是小修小补,而是把 A 变成明显不同的 B。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使改变形态;使改观

指使外观、状态、性质或整体面貌发生明显改变。

常见表达transform... into...transform... from... into...be transformed by...completely transform

The new library transformed the quiet corner of the town into a busy reading space.

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句中 transform 表示“使改变形态;使改观”。常见表达是 transform... into...。

A year of training transformed him from a shy speaker into a confident guide.

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from... into... 清楚体现改变前后。

transform 通常比 change 更强,暗示变化明显、整体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

change
改变
The new bridge changed village life. change 范围宽;transform 强调彻底改观。
reform
改革;改良
The law was reformed to protect children. reform 强调改良制度;transform 强调形态、面貌或性质彻底改变。

词族线索 / 同组词

transformation
彻底改变;转变
The transformation of the old factory surprised everyone. transformation 是名词。
015

uniform

['ju:nifɔ:m] · n. [C,U] / adj. · Page 86-87

制服,校服;一致的,统一的

a special set of clothes for a group; the same in all parts or at all times

联想

uniform 可以是“统一服装”,也可以形容标准、颜色、大小等“统一一致”。

意思、用法与例句

n. / adj.制服;校服

指某个群体按规定穿的统一服装,如学生、警察、护士、队员等。

常见表达school uniformpolice uniformin uniformwear a uniform

Students must wear their school uniform on Monday morning.

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句中 uniform 表示“制服;校服”。常见表达是 school uniform。

The visitors felt safe when they saw two officers in uniform at the gate.

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in uniform 表示“穿着制服”。

n. / adj.一致的;统一的

形容标准、颜色、大小、速度、规则等在各处相同。

常见表达uniform rulesuniform sizeuniform colora uniform standard

The club uses a uniform standard to choose volunteers.

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uniform 作形容词时表示“一致的”。

The boxes are uniform in size, so they are easy to place on the shelf.

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uniform in size 是自然表达。

名词重音常在前;形容词意思来自 uni- 一和 form 形态。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

same
相同的
All answers followed the same pattern. same 更普通;uniform 强调整体一致、统一。
different
不同的
The students wore different clothes on the trip. different 与 uniform 的一致性相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

uniformly
统一地;均匀地
The paint was spread uniformly over the wall. uniform 是名词或形容词;uniformly 是副词。
016

uniformly

· adv. · Page 87

统一地;一致地;均匀地

in the same way everywhere, or evenly over an area or period

联想

uniformly 是 uniform 的副词,表示“以统一方式”或“均匀地”。

意思、用法与例句

adv.统一地;一致地

表示规则、标准、做法对所有人或所有情况都一样。

常见表达apply rules uniformlytreat people uniformlybe uniformly high

The rules must be applied uniformly to every team in the competition.

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apply... uniformly 表示“统一适用”。

The students' scores were uniformly high after the careful review.

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uniformly high 表示“整体一致地高”。

adv.均匀地

表示物体、颜色、热量、种子等分布得均匀。

常见表达spread uniformlyheat uniformlybe uniformly mixed

Spread the paint uniformly, or the wall will look darker in some places.

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用于物理分布时可译为“均匀地”。

The seeds were not planted uniformly, so some parts of the field looked empty.

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uniformly 可修饰 planted, spread 等动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

evenly
均匀地
Spread the seeds evenly over the soil. evenly 强调均匀分布;uniformly 还可强调标准一致。
unevenly
不均匀地
The paint dried unevenly in the sun. unevenly 与 uniformly 的均匀义相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

uniform
一致的;制服
The rules were uniform across all classes. uniform 是形容词或名词;uniformly 是副词。
03

bear

7 个词

bear①bear②unbearablebirthbirthdaybirthplaceborn
bear

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

bear 组必须先拆同形异义:bear① 是动词,表示承受、忍受、结果实或生育;bear② 是名词“熊”。birth、birthday、birthplace、born 走“出生/诞生”线,unbearable 走“不能忍受”线。

学习顺序

  1. 先区分 bear① 和 bear②:bear the weight / can't bear 与 a bear / polar bear 完全不同
  2. 再学 bear① 的三条动词线:承受重量/责任,忍受痛苦/压力,结果实/生育
  3. 然后学 unbearable:un- + bear + -able,无法忍受的,反向是 bearable
  4. 最后学 birth 系列:birth、birthday、birthplace、born,掌握 be born in/on/with/of

组内辨析

  • bear① 是动词;bear② 是动物名词,二者同形不同义。
  • birth 是名词;born 常用于 be born;birthday 是生日;birthplace 是出生地或发祥地。
  • unbearable 比 uncomfortable 强,表示无法忍受。
  • hometown 不一定是 birthplace;anniversary 不一定是 birthday。
  • bear fruit 可字面表示结果实,也可引申为努力产生结果。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 bear② 熊放进 bear① 的动词派生链。
  • 表示出生时通常说 be born,不说主动 born someone。
  • birthday 是每年的生日;birth 是出生这件事或起源。
  • birthplace 是地点,不是出生日期。
  • can't bear doing / can't bear to do 都可见,但要注意 bear 在这里是忍受。
017

bear①

星标

[beə(r)] · vt. · Page 87

承受;忍受;结出;生育

to carry weight, accept something difficult, produce fruit or flowers, or give birth to a child

联想

bear① 是动词,不是“熊”。核心画面是“承住”:承受重量、忍受痛苦,也可表示树结果、人生孩子。

意思、用法与例句

vt.承受重量、责任或费用

承担、承受某种重量、压力、责任或代价。

常见表达bear the weightbear the costbear responsibilitybear the burden

The old bridge can no longer bear the weight of heavy trucks.

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bear the weight 是承受重量。

Parents should not bear the whole cost of school activities.

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bear the cost 是承担费用。

这个义项常接 weight、cost、responsibility、burden。

vt.忍受;经受住

承受不愉快的事物,常用于 can't bear。

常见表达bear painbear pressurecan't bear doingcan't bear to do

She could not bear the noise from the street any longer.

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can't bear 表示无法忍受。

The team bore the pressure and won the final match.

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bore 是 bear 的过去式,表示承受压力。

忍受义接近 stand/tolerate,但 bear 更正式。

vt.结果实;生育

植物开花结果,或人/动物生育。

常见表达bear fruitbear flowersbear a childgive birth to

The young apple tree began to bear fruit in its third year.

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bear fruit 可字面表示结果实。

The old story says the queen bore three children.

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bore 是 bear 的过去式,表示生育。

give birth to 是相关高频搭配;bear a child/bore children 是较正式旧式表达。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stand
忍受
I cannot stand such loud music. stand 在口语中常表示忍受;bear 更正式。
tolerate
容忍;忍受
The teacher would not tolerate cheating. tolerate 强调容忍;bear 强调承受住。
bear②
A polar bear lives in cold places. bear② 是名词“熊”,与 bear① 动词不同。
birth
出生;诞生
The baby weighed three kilos at birth. birth 与 bear 的生育义相关。

词族线索 / 同组词

unbearable
无法忍受的
The heat became unbearable at noon. unbearable 是 bear 忍受义的反向形容词。
018

bear②

[beə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 87

a large heavy wild animal with thick fur

联想

bear② 是名词“熊”,与 bear① 动词同形不同义。常见搭配有 polar bear、brown bear、bear cub。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]

一种大型野生动物,可数名词。

常见表达a bearpolar bearbrown bearbear cub

A polar bear can live in extremely cold weather.

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polar bear 是常见动物搭配。

The children saw a brown bear from a safe distance.

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bear 作动物名词,是可数名词。

bear② 是动物名词,和动词 bear① 分开记。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

polar bear
北极熊
The polar bear walked across the ice. polar bear 是 bear 的动物复合词。
bear①
承受;忍受;生育
The bridge can bear the weight. bear① 是动词,与动物名词不同。
bear cub
小熊
The bear cub stayed close to its mother. cub 指幼兽。
019

unbearable

星标

[ʌn'beərəbl] · adj. · Page 87

无法忍受的;承受不住的

too painful, unpleasant, or difficult to accept or continue

联想

unbearable = un- + bear + -able,字面是“不能被忍受的”。它常形容 pain、heat、noise、pressure、waiting。

意思、用法与例句

adj.无法忍受的;承受不住的

强烈到让人难以继续承受。

常见表达unbearable painunbearable heatunbearable noisebecome unbearable

The waiting became almost unbearable near the end.

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become unbearable 是自然搭配。

The heat in the crowded room was unbearable.

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unbearable heat 是常见搭配。

unbearable 语气强,不等于普通 uncomfortable。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bearable
可忍受的
The pain was bearable after the medicine. bearable 是 unbearable 的直接反义。
intolerable
无法忍受的
The working conditions were intolerable. intolerable 更正式;unbearable 更常见。
uncomfortable
不舒服的
The chair was uncomfortable but not unbearable. uncomfortable 程度较轻。
020

birth

[bɜ:θ] · n. [C,U] · Page 87

出生,诞生;起源

the time when a baby is born, or the beginning of something

联想

birth 是名词:可以是人的出生,也可以是想法、城市、运动等的起源。固定表达 give birth to 表示“生孩子;产生”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]出生;诞生

指人或动物出生,也可指某事开始出现。

常见表达at birthdate of birthgive birth tofrom birth

The baby weighed three kilos at birth.

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at birth 是出生时。

The mother gave birth to a healthy child.

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give birth to 是常见搭配。

date of birth 常用于表格和证件。

n. [sing.]起源;开始

表示一个思想、地方、活动或制度的诞生和起点。

常见表达the birth of an ideathe birth of a citythe birthplace of

The meeting marked the birth of a new plan.

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the birth of... 可表示抽象事物诞生。

Many people see this town as the birth of the modern festival.

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起源义与 birthplace 的发祥地相连。

抽象起源义通常用 the birth of...。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

beginning
开始;起点
The beginning of the story is quiet. beginning 更普通;birth 可强调诞生。

词族线索 / 同组词

born
出生的;天生的
She was born in a small town. born 常用于 be born;birth 是名词。
birthday
生日
His birthday is in May. birthday 是 birth + day。
birthplace
出生地;发祥地
The city is the birthplace of the writer. birthplace 是 birth + place。
021

birthday

['bɜ:θdei] · n. [C] · Page 87

生日

the day each year that is the same date as the day someone was born

联想

birthday = birth + day,指每年纪念出生的那一天。它是可数名词,可说 a birthday party/card/present。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]生日

每年与出生日期相同的日子。

常见表达on one's birthdaybirthday partybirthday cardbirthday present

My sister invited her friends to a birthday party.

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birthday party 是生日聚会。

He received a book as a birthday present.

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birthday present 是生日礼物。

birthday 指每年生日,不等于 birth 出生这件事。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

anniversary
周年纪念日
The school celebrated its 100th anniversary. anniversary 是周年纪念,不一定是人的生日。

词族线索 / 同组词

birth
出生;诞生
The form asks for your date of birth. birth 是出生;birthday 是生日。
022

birthplace

['bɜ:θpleis] · n. [C] · Page 87

出生地;发祥地

the place where someone was born, or where something first began

联想

birthplace = birth + place,既可指人的出生地,也可指事物的发祥地、起源地。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]出生地

一个人出生的地方。

常见表达one's birthplacethe birthplace of a writerplace of birth

Hangzhou is the poet's birthplace.

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one's birthplace 是某人的出生地。

The passport form asks for place of birth.

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place of birth 与 birthplace 意义接近。

birthplace 是地点,不是生日日期。

n. [C]发祥地;起源地

某种文化、运动、思想或制度最早开始的地方。

常见表达the birthplace of a sportthe birthplace of an ideabe seen as the birthplace of

The small town is known as the birthplace of the festival.

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birthplace 可指活动或文化的发祥地。

Greece is often called the birthplace of the Olympic Games.

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发祥地义常见于历史文化语境。

这个义项和 birth 的“起源”相连。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hometown
家乡
Her hometown is where she grew up. hometown 是成长或家所在的地方,不一定是出生地。
origin
起源
The origin of the custom is unclear. origin 是抽象起源;birthplace 强调地点。

词族线索 / 同组词

birth
出生;起源
The story explains the birth of the festival. birthplace 是 birth + place。
023

born

星标

[bɔ:n] · adj. / v. (be born) · Page 87

天生的;出生,诞生;产生,出现

having come into life; having a natural ability; created or started in a particular situation

联想

born 最常见结构是 be born in/on/with/of。它可以表示出生,也可表示天生具有某种能力,或一个想法、组织产生。

意思、用法与例句

v. (be born)出生;诞生

用于被动结构 be born,说明出生时间、地点或家庭。

常见表达be born inbe born onbe born into a familybe born of

She was born in a small town near the sea.

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be born in 后接地点或年份。

The writer was born into a poor family.

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be born into a family 表示出生于某种家庭。

表示出生时通常用 be born,不用主动 born。

adj.天生的;与生俱来的

说明能力、性格或条件从出生就有。

常见表达be born witha born leaderborn talent

Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.

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be born with 表示天生具有。

Everyone said she was a born leader.

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a born leader 是天生的领导者。

born 作形容词时常表示天生的。

v. (be born)产生;出现

一个想法、组织、传统或机会在某种情境中产生。

常见表达be born ofbe born froman idea is born

The plan was born of a simple classroom discussion.

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be born of 表示产生于。

A new tradition was born after the first school festival.

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抽象事物也可 be born。

这个义项与 birth 的“起源、诞生”相连。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

natural
天生的;自然的
She has a natural gift for music. natural 可表示天生的;born 常在 a born leader 或 born with 中使用。
learned
后天学会的
Some skills are learned through practice. learned 与 born with 的天生能力义相对。
die
死亡
People are born, live, and die. die 是生命过程对比词,不是 born 所有义项的直接反义。

词族线索 / 同组词

birth
出生;诞生
The baby was healthy at birth. birth 是名词;born 常用于 be born。
newborn
新生儿;新出生的
The newborn baby slept quietly. newborn 是扩展词。
04

pass

6 个词

passpasserbycompasspassagepassengerpast
pass

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

pass 组围绕“过、通过、传过去”展开:pass 是核心多义动词/名词;passerby、passage、passenger 都从“经过/通过”发展;compass 只作记忆线索词;past 与 passed 易混,必须单独控词性。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 pass 的五条主线:经过/通过、考试及格、传递/传球、时间逝去、通行证/及格名词
  2. 再学 pass 短语动词:pass by、pass down、pass on、pass out、pass up、pass away
  3. 接着区分 passerby 和 passenger:路过的人 vs 乘坐交通工具的人
  4. 然后学 passage:通道、阅读段落、通过/时间流逝
  5. 最后处理 compass 三义和 past 的 adj./n./prep./adv. 用法,尤其 passed/past 不混

组内辨析

  • passed 是 pass 的过去式;past 不是动词,可作形容词、名词、介词、副词。
  • passerby 是偶然路过的人;passenger 是交通工具上的乘客。
  • passage 是通道或文章段落;passenger 是人。
  • compass 的指南针、圆规、范围三义要分开;不要把 compass 当成 pass 的近义词。
  • pass down 是传承;pass on 是转交;pass up 是放弃机会;pass out 是昏迷。

易错提醒

  • 不要把所有 pass 组词都简单翻译成“通过”。
  • 不要把 passenger seat、passenger safety、the passage of time 这类搭配当成真派生词。
  • past tense / in the past / walk past 的 past 词性不同。
  • a pair of compasses 是圆规;a compass 是指南针时用单数。
  • pass away 表示去世时语气委婉,不等于 pass by。
024

pass

星标

[pɑ:s, pæs] · v. / vt. / vi. / n. [C] · Page 87-88

经过,通过;及格;传递;传球;时间逝去;通行证

to go by or through, succeed in a test, give something to someone, let time go by, or a document that lets someone enter or travel

联想

pass 的核心是“过去、过关、传过去”:人经过地点,考试通过,东西传给别人,时间过去,pass 还可作“通行证/及格”。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vi.经过;通过

人、车或物经过某地,或通过门、桥、检查、阶段。

常见表达pass bypass throughpass a placepass the gatepass a law

We passed a small shop on our way to the museum.

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pass a place 表示经过某地。

Every visitor must pass through security before entering the hall.

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pass through 强调穿过、通过。

pass a law 是法律“通过”,和 pass an exam 的“通过”同属过关义。

vt. / n. [C]及格;通过考试或审核

考试、测试、审核达到要求;名词 pass 可指及格结果。

常见表达pass an exampass a testpass with a high scoreget a pass

She passed the driving test on her second try.

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pass a test 是通过考试。

A pass in English is required for this summer program.

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pass 作名词可指及格。

反向是 fail an exam / fail a test。

vt.传;递;传球

把物品、消息或球从一个人传到另一个人。

常见表达pass someone somethingpass something to someonepass on a messagepass the ball

Could you pass me the salt, please?

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pass someone something 是递给某人某物。

The player passed the ball to a teammate near the goal.

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pass the ball 表示传球。

pass on 也可表示转交、传给下一人。

vi. / n. [C]时间逝去;通行证

time passes 表示时间过去;名词 pass 可指进入、旅行或乘车所需的证件。

常见表达time passesdays passeda bus passa visitor pass

Time passed quickly while we were preparing for the debate.

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time passes 是时间流逝。

You need a visitor pass to enter the science lab.

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pass 作名词可指通行证。

passed 是 pass 的过去式;past 不是动词。

phr. v.常见短语动词

pass 有多个常见短语,考试中常根据宾语和语境判断。

常见表达pass awaypass downpass onpass outpass up

The story was passed down from grandparents to children.

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pass down 表示世代相传。

Do not pass up the chance to ask questions after class.

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pass up 表示放弃、错过机会。

pass away 表示去世时语气委婉;pass out 表示昏迷。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fail
考试不及格;未能做到
He failed the final exam by two points. fail 是考试/任务通过义的反向。
past
过去的;经过;超过
We passed the school at half past seven. passed 是 pass 的过去式;past 不是动词。
passage
通道;段落;通过
The passage was too narrow for two people to pass. pass 是动作;passage 是通道、段落或通过过程。
passenger
乘客
Passengers pass through the gate before boarding. passenger 是乘坐交通工具的人。
passerby
路人
A passerby is someone who passes by. passerby 是从旁边经过的人。
025

passerby

[,pɑ:sə'bai] · n. [C] · Page 88

路人,过路人

a person who is walking past a place by chance

联想

passerby = passer + by,指“从旁边经过的人”。复数是 passersby,也可写作 passer-by。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]路人;过路人

偶然经过某地的人,通常不是活动参与者。

常见表达a passerbyseveral passersbyask a passerby for helpattract passersby

A passerby called the police when he saw smoke coming from the shop.

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passerby 常是偶然经过的人。

The music was so cheerful that several passersby stopped to listen.

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复数是 passersby,不是 passerbys。

也可写作 passer-by。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

pass by
经过
A passerby is someone who passes by a place. pass by 是动作短语;passerby 是人。
passenger
乘客;旅客
A passerby walked past the bus stop, while passengers waited for the bus. passerby 是路过的人;passenger 是乘坐交通工具的人。
participant
参与者
Participants joined the race, while passersby watched from the side. participant 参与活动;passerby 只是经过。
026

compass

['kʌmpəs] · n. [C] / n. [sing.] · Page 88

罗盘,指南针;圆规;界限,范围

an instrument for finding direction, a tool for drawing circles, or the range or limits of something

联想

compass 有两个常见工具义:指南针找方向,圆规画圆;较正式时还可表示范围、界限。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]罗盘;指南针

显示方向,帮助人判断北方或路线的工具。

常见表达use a compassread a compassa map and compass

The hikers used a compass to find north in the forest.

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compass 最常见义是指南针。

You should learn to read a compass before going into the mountains.

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read a compass 是看指南针读方向。

此义和 direction 相关。

n. [C]圆规

用于画圆或测量距离的数学工具,常用复数 compasses。

常见表达a pair of compassesdraw a circle with compasses

Use a pair of compasses to draw a perfect circle.

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a pair of compasses 是一副圆规。

The teacher asked us to bring rulers and compasses to geometry class.

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数学工具语境。

英式英语中圆规常说 a pair of compasses。

n. [sing.]界限;范围

某事能包括、达到或处理的范围,较正式。

常见表达within the compass ofbeyond the compass of

The problem is beyond the compass of this short report.

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beyond the compass of 表示超出范围。

The course keeps the topic within the compass of daily English.

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within the compass of 表示在范围内。

这个义项正式,考试中能识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

direction
方向
A compass shows direction. direction 是方向本身;compass 是显示方向的工具。
ruler
尺子
Use a ruler and compasses to finish the drawing. ruler 画直线;compasses 画圆。
scope
范围
The question is outside the scope of the lesson. scope 更常见;compass 的范围义更正式。
pass
经过;通过
Compass can be connected to pass only as a memory clue. com- + pass 只是记忆辅助,不表示 compass 是 pass 的常用派生词。
027

passage

星标

['pæsidʒ] · n. [C] / n. [U] · Page 88

通道,走廊;章节,段落;通过

a narrow way through, a section of writing, or the act or process of passing

联想

passage 从 pass 来:可以是人通过的“通道”,阅读中的“一段文章”,也可以是“通过/流逝”的过程。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]通道;走廊

连接两个地方、可供人通过的狭窄空间。

常见表达a narrow passagea dark passagea passage to

A narrow passage led from the kitchen to the back door.

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passage 可指建筑中的通道。

Keep the passage clear so people can leave quickly in an emergency.

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passage clear 是通道保持畅通。

此义接近 corridor,但 passage 更强调可通过的路径。

n. [C]章节;段落;文章片段

阅读材料中的一段文字,高考阅读中常见。

常见表达read the passageaccording to the passagea passage about

Read the passage and choose the best title.

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阅读题中 passage 常指文章或段落。

According to the passage, sleep helps students remember new words.

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according to the passage 是阅读题常用表达。

paragraph 是排版段落;passage 可以是一整段阅读材料。

n. [U]通过;流逝

表示通过某处、通过法案,或时间流逝的过程。

常见表达the passage of timesafe passagethe passage of a law

The passage of time changed the old neighborhood.

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the passage of time 是时间流逝。

The passage of the new rule made the school library quieter.

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the passage of a rule/law 表示规则/法律通过。

此义是不可数或抽象用法。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

paragraph
段落
A passage may contain several paragraphs in a reading test. paragraph 是排版段落;passage 可指阅读材料。
corridor
走廊
The corridor outside the classroom was quiet. corridor 更偏建筑走廊;passage 强调通过路径。
passenger
乘客
The passengers walked through a long passage to the train. passage 是地方或文本;passenger 是人。

词族线索 / 同组词

pass
经过;通过
People pass through a passage. pass 是动作;passage 是通道、段落或通过过程。
028

passenger

['pæsindʒə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 88

乘客,旅客

a person who travels in a vehicle but does not drive or operate it

联想

passenger 是“被交通工具带着通过的人”:坐公交、火车、飞机、船的人是 passenger,不是 passerby。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]乘客;旅客

乘坐公共汽车、火车、飞机、船、汽车等交通工具的人,通常不是驾驶者。

常见表达bus passengerstrain passengersair passengerspassenger seatpassenger safety

Passengers should keep their seat belts fastened during takeoff.

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air passengers/plane passengers 语境。

The bus driver waited until all the passengers had found their seats.

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passenger 与 driver 相对。

visitor 是游客/访客;passenger 强调乘坐交通工具。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

traveler
旅行者
Many travelers are passengers on trains or planes. traveler 强调旅行者身份;passenger 强调乘坐交通工具。
driver
司机;驾驶员
The driver controls the bus, while the passengers ride in it. driver 操控交通工具;passenger 乘坐交通工具。
passerby
路人;过路人
A passerby stood outside the station, but passengers were already on the train. passerby 是路过的人;passenger 是乘客。
visitor
游客;访客
Visitors came to the museum by bus, so many of them were passengers first. visitor 强调访问地点;passenger 强调乘坐交通工具。
029

past

星标

[pɑ:st] · adj. / n. / prep. / adv. · Page 88

过去的;刚过去的;过去式的;过去;晚于;经过;超过

connected with earlier time, or beyond a place, later than a time, or more than a number

联想

past 的核心是“已经经过”:时间已经过去,位置经过某点,钟点超过某时,数量超过某数。注意 passed 才是 pass 的过去式。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / n.过去的;过去

作形容词表示过去的、刚过去的、过去式的;作名词 the past 表示过去、往事。

常见表达past experiencesthe past few yearsin the pastlearn from the pastpast tense

Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences.

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past experiences 是过去经历。

In the past, students had fewer chances to use computers in class.

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in the past 是时间表达。

the past 指过去;past experiences 指过去经历。

prep.晚于;超过;经过

作介词时可表示时间晚于某点、数量超过某数,或位置经过某地到另一边。

常见表达half past sevenpast midnightpast the gatepast the age of

It was already past midnight when the rain finally stopped.

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past midnight 表示晚于午夜。

Walk past the bank, and you will see the post office on your left.

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walk past 表示经过某处。

past 后接时间、地点或数量。

adv.经过;过去

作副词时表示从旁边经过,或时间流逝过去。

常见表达go pastrun pastyears went past

A group of runners went past while we were waiting at the crossing.

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go past 中 past 作副词。

As the years went past, the small tree became a place for students to rest.

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years went past 表示时间过去。

past 作副词时不直接带宾语。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

passed
pass 的过去式/过去分词
The bus passed the school at half past seven. passed 是动词;past 可作形容词、名词、介词或副词。
present
现在;现在的
The timeline moves from the past to the present. past 指过去;present 指现在。
future
未来
Past experiences can help us make better plans for the future. future 指尚未发生的时间。
pass
经过;通过
Many people pass this shop every day. pass 是动词;past 不是动词。
05

suggest

6 个词

suggestsuggestiongesturedigestregisterregistered
suggest

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

suggest 组用 gest/gist 的“传送信息/带走处理”线索辅助记忆,但不能把所有词硬讲成近义。suggest/suggestion 是直接词族;gesture 是用动作传递意思;digest 是消化或吸收信息;register/registered 是登记、记录和挂号。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 suggest:建议/提议,以及 evidence suggests that... 的暗示/表明义
  2. 再学 suggestion:一条建议、暗示/迹象、a suggestion of... 的一点点
  3. 接着学 gesture:手势/姿态/做手势,理解“用动作传递信息”
  4. 然后学 digest:消化食物、消化信息、摘要/文摘,注意动词和名词重音不同
  5. 最后学 register/registered:注册登记、仪器记录、挂号邮寄、登记簿,以及已注册/挂号的形容词

组内辨析

  • suggest doing sth. 正确;不要说 suggest sb. to do,可用 advise sb. to do。
  • suggest 的“建议”和“表明”要看主语:人常建议,evidence/research/results 常表明。
  • suggestion 可数时是建议;a suggestion of... 常表示迹象或一点点。
  • gesture 与 suggest 有记忆联系,但不是同义词:一个用动作,一个用语言/证据。
  • register 是动作或登记簿;registered 是已登记/挂号后的状态。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 gesture、digest、register 都当成 suggest 的直接派生或近义词。
  • suggestion 和 advice 的可数性不同:a suggestion 可以,an advice 不可以。
  • digest information 不是“摘要信息”,而是慢慢领会信息。
  • registered mail 是挂号邮件;registered user 是已注册用户。
  • registered 不需要为了填充而猜额外音标,按常规读音和形容词用法掌握。
030

suggest

星标

[sə'dʒest] · vt. · Page 88

建议,提议;暗示,表明

to put forward an idea for someone to consider, or to make something seem likely without saying it directly

联想

suggest 有两条线:人提出建议;事实、证据或表情暗示/表明某事。语法重点是 suggest doing 和 suggest that...,不要说 suggest sb. to do。

意思、用法与例句

vt.建议;提议

提出想法供别人考虑,常接 doing 或 that 从句。

常见表达suggest doing sth.suggest that sb. (should) dosuggest a plansuggest a way

Our teacher suggested reading the passage twice before answering the questions.

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suggest doing sth. 是核心搭配。

I suggested that we meet earlier to prepare for the speech.

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suggest that... 表示建议;正式语法中可理解为 should do。

不要说 suggest sb. to do;可说 advise sb. to do。

vt.暗示;表明

事实、证据、表情、语气等让人推断某种情况,不是直接建议。

常见表达evidence suggests thatresearch suggests thatthe results suggestthe smile suggests

The dark clouds suggest that a storm is coming.

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这里 suggest 是表明,不是建议。

Research suggests that enough sleep helps students remember new words better.

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research/evidence suggests that 是阅读常见表达。

表明义通常主语是 evidence、research、results、signs 等。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

advise
建议;劝告
The doctor advised him to rest and suggested taking short walks later. advise sb. to do 可以接人加 to do;suggest 常接 doing 或 that 从句。
recommend
推荐;建议
She recommended a book and suggested reading it before class. recommend 与 suggest 都可提建议;recommend 更像推荐具体选择。
indicate
表明;显示
The results indicate that the plan works. indicate 与 suggest 的表明义接近,但语气更直接。

词族线索 / 同组词

suggestion
建议;暗示;迹象
He suggested a new route, and we accepted his suggestion. suggest 是动词;suggestion 是名词。
031

suggestion

[sə'dʒestʃən] · n. [C,U] · Page 88-89

建议,提议,意见;暗示,联想;微量,迹象

an idea offered for consideration, an indirect sign, or a small amount of something

联想

suggestion 是 suggest 的名词:可数时是一条建议;也可表示暗示、迹象;a suggestion of... 还可表示一点点。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]建议;提议;意见

一条可供考虑的想法或方案,通常可数。

常见表达make a suggestiongive a suggestionfollow a suggestiona helpful suggestion

The coach made a useful suggestion about how to save energy during the race.

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make a suggestion 是常见搭配。

I followed her suggestion and wrote the difficult words in a notebook.

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follow a suggestion 表示采纳建议。

advice 不可数,suggestion 可数。

n. [U] / n. [C]暗示;联想;迹象

不是直接说明,而是让人想到或看出某种情况;也可接 that 从句表达建议内容。

常见表达a suggestion ofthere is no suggestion thatthe suggestion that sb. should domy suggestion is that sb. should do

There was a suggestion of worry in his voice.

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a suggestion of... 可表示迹象或暗示。

The article gives no suggestion that the plan has failed.

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no suggestion that... 表示没有迹象表明。

这个义项与 suggest 的“暗示、表明”对应;表示建议内容时注意 that 从句。

n. [C, sing.]微量;一点点

常用 a suggestion of... 表示非常少量的颜色、味道、情绪等。

常见表达a suggestion of a smilea suggestion of reda suggestion of doubt

There was only a suggestion of a smile on her face.

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a suggestion of 可表示一点点。

The soup had a suggestion of lemon.

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味道语境中表示微量。

阅读中遇到 a suggestion of 不一定是“建议”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

advice
建议;忠告
She gave me some advice, and one suggestion was to read aloud every day. advice 不可数;suggestion 可数,常说 a suggestion。
proposal
提议;方案
The proposal included several practical suggestions. proposal 更正式,常指完整方案。
order
命令
This is only a suggestion, not an order. suggestion 可选择采纳;order 要求服从。

词族线索 / 同组词

suggest
建议;暗示
He suggested a new route, and we accepted his suggestion. suggest 是动词;suggestion 是名词。
032

gesture

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['dʒestʃə(r)] · n. [C,U] / v. · Page 89

姿势,手势;姿态;做手势,用动作示意

a movement of the hand, head, or body that expresses meaning; also an action showing an attitude, or to signal with such a movement

联想

gesture 是不用语言传递信息:手势、姿势可以表达意思;一个行为也可以表达友好、感谢或支持。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]手势;姿势

用手、头或身体动作传达意思。

常见表达make a gesturegive a gesturea hand gesturea simple gesture

The guide made a gesture for us to stay quiet inside the museum.

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make a gesture 是常见搭配。

In some cultures, the same hand gesture may have a different meaning.

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hand gesture 指手势。

gesture 可以可数,也可作动作类别不可数。

n. [C]姿态;表示态度的举动

一个行为表达友好、感谢、歉意、支持等态度。

常见表达a friendly gesturea gesture of thanksa gesture of support

Sending a handwritten card was a small gesture of thanks.

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gesture of thanks 表示表达谢意的举动。

The team wore blue ribbons as a gesture of support for their injured friend.

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gesture 可指象征性行动。

这里不是身体动作本身,而是行动表达态度。

v.做手势;用动作示意

用手势或身体动作示意别人做某事或看某处。

常见表达gesture to someonegesture towardgesture for someone to do

The teacher gestured to the students to sit down.

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gesture to sb. to do 表示示意某人做某事。

He gestured toward the empty seat beside him.

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gesture toward 表示朝某方向示意。

作动词时常接 to/toward/for。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sign
手势;符号;标志
She gave me a sign to wait outside. sign 更宽泛;gesture 强调身体动作或象征性举动。
movement
动作;移动
A small movement of the hand can be a gesture. movement 是动作本身;gesture 强调动作传达意义。
suggest
建议;暗示
Suggest can send information by words, while gesture sends it by action. 这是记忆线索,不表示 gesture 是 suggest 的直接派生。
stillness
静止
The room was still, with no gesture or sound. stillness 是动作有无的对比,不作为核心反义词。
033

digest

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[dai'dʒest] v.; ['daidʒest] n. · v. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 89

消化;领会;摘要,文摘

to break down food, to understand information slowly, or a short summary of information

联想

digest 有身体和头脑两条线:胃消化食物,大脑慢慢吸收信息;名词 digest 是摘要、文摘。

意思、用法与例句

v.消化

身体把食物分解并吸收。

常见表达digest foodbe easy to digestdigest slowly

Some people find milk difficult to digest.

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digest food 是身体消化。

Fruit is usually easier to digest than a heavy meal.

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easy to digest 是常见搭配。

消化系统相关名词是 digestion/digestive system。

vt.领会;吸收信息

慢慢理解并吸收复杂信息、消息或经历。

常见表达digest informationdigest the newstake time to digest

The article was difficult, so I needed time to digest it.

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digest 信息是慢慢领会。

After hearing the news, she sat quietly and tried to digest it.

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消化消息是比喻义。

比 understand 更强调慢慢吸收。

n. [C]摘要;文摘

较长信息的简短整理或汇编。

常见表达a news digesta weekly digesta short digest of

The club sends a weekly digest of important school news.

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weekly digest 是摘要汇编。

Before the exam, I read a short digest of the science article.

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名词 digest 表示摘要。

动词 digest 重音在后,名词 digest 重音在前。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

understand
理解
You may understand the words quickly but need time to digest the whole idea. understand 泛指理解;digest 强调慢慢吸收、消化。
summary
摘要;概要
A digest is a short summary of longer information. summary 是普通总结;digest 常是汇编式摘要。
misunderstand
误解
He misunderstood the report because he did not digest the details. misunderstand 与 digest 信息义相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

digestion
消化;消化能力
Regular meals are good for digestion. digestion 是 digest 的名词。
034

register

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['redʒistə(r)] · v. / vi. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 89

登记,注册;显示读数,记录;挂号邮寄;登记簿,注册簿

to put information on an official list, show or record a reading, send by registered mail, or an official list itself

联想

register 的核心是“留下正式记录”:人注册,机器记录读数,邮件挂号,名词 register 是登记簿。

意思、用法与例句

v.登记;注册

把姓名、信息、事件等记录到正式名单、系统或机构中。

常见表达register forregister asregister withregister a birthregister online

Students must register for the speaking contest before Friday.

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register for 表示报名参加。

New volunteers can register online and choose a service time.

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register online 是现代常见语境。

sign up 更口语,register 更正式。

vi. / vt.显示读数;记录

仪器显示数字,或系统记录某个数据、变化、反应。

常见表达the meter registersregister a temperatureregister a changeregister shock

The thermometer registered 39 degrees after he ran a fever.

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仪器 register 读数。

The camera registered every movement near the door.

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系统记录动作。

此义常见主语是仪器、系统或表情反应。

vt.把……挂号邮寄

通过邮局登记邮件,使其可追踪、更安全。

常见表达register a letterregister a parcelsend by registered mail

My father registered the letter so that it would not get lost.

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register a letter 表示挂号邮寄信件。

Important documents should be sent by registered mail.

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registered mail 与 registered 相关。

这个义项与 registered 的“挂号的”相连。

n. [C]登记簿;注册簿

记录姓名、事件、数据的正式名单或簿册。

常见表达a school registersign the registera birth register

Please sign the register before you enter the meeting room.

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sign the register 是自然搭配。

The school register shows that two students were absent today.

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register 作名词。

名词 register 是记录册,不是注册动作。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

record
记录
The machine recorded the sound and registered a sudden rise in temperature. record 范围更广;register 常带正式登记、仪器读数或系统记录色彩。
cancel
取消
You can register for the trip today and cancel it tomorrow if necessary. cancel 与 register for 活动后的取消方向相对。

词族线索 / 同组词

registered
已注册的;挂号的
Only registered users can register for the advanced course. register 是动词/名词;registered 是形容词。
registration
登记;注册
Registration for the camp begins next Monday. registration 是名词过程。
035

registered

· adj. · Page 89

已注册的;挂号的

officially recorded on a list, or sent by a mail service that records and tracks it

联想

registered 是 register 的形容词:人、账号、机构已经进入正式记录;信件或包裹已经办理挂号。这里按 registered 的常规读音学习即可。

意思、用法与例句

adj.已注册的;已登记的

人、机构、车辆、账号等已经在正式名单或系统中登记。

常见表达registered usersregistered membersa registered nursebe registered with

Only registered users can download the full report.

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registered users 指已注册用户。

The local charity is registered with the city government.

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be registered with 表示在某机构注册。

registered 描述状态;register 是动作或登记簿。

adj.挂号的

信件或包裹通过挂号方式寄送,可记录和追踪。

常见表达registered maila registered lettersend by registered post

The passport was sent by registered mail for safety.

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registered mail 是“挂号邮件”。

She received a registered letter from the university.

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registered letter 指挂号信。

这里是形容词,不只是动词过去分词形式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unregistered
未注册的;未登记的
Unregistered visitors must sign in before entering. unregistered 是 registered 的直接反向。

词族线索 / 同组词

register
登记;注册;登记簿
After you register, you become a registered member. register 是动作或名词;registered 描述完成登记后的状态。
registration
登记;注册
Registration is required before you become a registered user. registration 是名词;registered 是形容词。
06

remain / permanent

2 个词

remainpermanent
remain / permanent

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

remain / permanent 组围绕“留下、持续存在”记忆。remain 是动词/系动词/复数名词,讲剩余、留下、状态保持和遗迹;permanent 是形容词,讲长期固定、不是临时的。二者只有记忆联系,不应当成同词性近义词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 remain 的不及物动词义:剩余、遗留、留下,以及 It remains to be seen...
  2. 再学 remain 的系动词义:remain calm / remain competitive / remain a problem
  3. 然后学 remains 复数名词:残留物、遗迹、遗体
  4. 最后学 permanent:永久的、长期的,重点和 temporary 对比

组内辨析

  • remain 作不及物动词通常不直接接宾语;remain calm 中 remain 是系动词。
  • remain 和 stay 都可表示留下,但 remain 还能表示问题或状态继续存在。
  • remains 通常用复数,表示遗迹、残留物或遗体。
  • permanent 是形容词,temporary 是最核心反义词;不要把 permanent 理解成 important。
  • permanent 与 remain 通过 main/man=存留记忆线索相连,但不是 remain 的直接派生词。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 remain something 表示留下某物。
  • It remains to be seen... 是“还有待观察/证明”,不是“它留下来看”。
  • remain competitive / remain calm 后面直接接形容词。
  • permanent damage / permanent solution 强调长期性,不是程度大。
036

remain

星标

[ri'mein] · vi. / linking v. / n. [pl.] · Page 89

剩余,遗留;留下,停留;尚待处理;仍然;遗迹,残留物

to stay, be left, or continue to be in the same state; remains are things left after something has gone or ended

联想

remain 的核心是“留下并继续存在”:票可以剩下,人可以留下,问题可以尚待处理,状态可以保持,remains 是留下来的遗迹或残留物。

意思、用法与例句

vi.剩余;遗留;留下

不及物动词,表示某物剩下、某人留下或某事仍有待完成。

常见表达remain in/atThere remainsonly a few remainIt remains to be seen whether

Only a few tickets remained after the morning sale.

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remain 表示剩余,不直接接宾语。

Several students remained in the classroom to finish the poster.

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remain in 表示留在某处。

remain 作不及物动词时通常不说 remain something。

linking v.仍然是;保持

系动词,后接形容词、名词或介词短语,表示状态继续不变。

常见表达remain calmremain silentremain openremain competitiveremain a problem

The company must remain competitive in a changing market.

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remain competitive 表示保持竞争力。

Although he was nervous, he remained calm during the interview.

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remain calm 中 remain 是系动词。

remain 后直接接形容词时是系动词,不用被动。

n. [pl.]残留物;遗迹;遗体

remains 常用复数,指留下来的东西、历史遗迹或遗体。

常见表达the remains ofancient remainshuman remains

The remains of the old city wall can still be seen near the river.

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remains 表示遗迹。

The museum keeps the remains of tools used by early farmers.

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remains 可指残留物。

遗体义较正式,学生层面能识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

stay
停留;待在某处
Visitors may stay in the hall, but the old question remains unsolved. stay 多指人在某处停留;remain 还可指问题、状态继续存在。
continue
继续
The debate continued, but one question remained. continue 强调动作继续;remain 强调状态或问题仍存在。
leave
离开
Most students left, but two remained to clean the room. leave 与 remain 的留下义相对。
permanent
永久的;长期的
A permanent change is meant to remain for a long time. remain/main/man 的存留线索可帮助记 permanent;二者不是同词性近义词。
037

permanent

星标

['pɜ:mənənt] · adj. · Page 89

永久的,长久的,永恒的

lasting for a long time or intended not to change

联想

permanent 表示“长期存在、不打算改变”,常和 temporary 对比。它强调时间上的固定、持久,不等于 important。

意思、用法与例句

adj.永久的;长期的

形容状态、工作、住处、影响或安排持续很久,通常不是临时的。

常见表达a permanent joba permanent homepermanent damagea permanent solutiona permanent change

The accident left a permanent mark on the wall.

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permanent mark 表示长期存在的痕迹。

The village needs a permanent bridge, not another temporary one.

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temporary 是 permanent 的直接反向。

permanent 是形容词,常修饰 job、home、damage、solution、change。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

temporary
临时的
The family first lived in a temporary room and later found a permanent home. temporary 强调短期;permanent 强调长期或固定。
lasting
持久的
The trip left a lasting memory. lasting 可指持续影响;permanent 更强调不打算改变或长期固定。
long-term
长期的
The school needs a long-term plan. long-term 强调时间较长;permanent 更接近固定、永久。
remain
保持;剩余
A permanent sign is meant to remain for years. remain/main/man 可作记忆线索;remain 是动词,permanent 是形容词。
07

visit

13 个词

visitvisitorvisiblevisionvisualreviserevisionvisadevisedeviceevidentevidenceprovide
visit

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

visit 大组要拆成多条小线,不硬讲成一个派生链:visit/visitor 是访问线;visible/vision/visual 是 vis=see 视觉线;revise/revision 是 re- again + see 的复习/修订线;visa 是旅行证件语境;devise/device 是易混拼写对;evident/evidence 是证据线;provide 单独掌握提供搭配。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 visit/visitor:visit 后直接接人或地点,pay sb. a visit,visitor 是到访者
  2. 再学 visible/vision/visual:可见、视力/愿景、视觉的,三者词性和搭配不同
  3. 接着学 revise/revision:考前复习和修订文章/计划两条线
  4. 然后学 visa 和 devise/device:visa 是签证;devise 是动词想出,device 是名词设备/手段
  5. 最后学 evident/evidence/provide:It is evident that,evidence 不可数,provide sb. with sth. / provide sth. for sb.

组内辨析

  • visible 是“看得见的”;visual 是“视觉的/图像的”;vision 是“视力/愿景”。
  • devise 是动词,device 是名词;按 advise/advice 类比区分读音和拼写。
  • evident 是形容词;evidence 是不可数名词,不说 an evidence。
  • visa 与 visit 是旅行访问场景相关,不是 visit 的直接派生。
  • provide 属于 vide 的历史记忆线索,学生层面重点记搭配方向,不硬接到 visit 派生链。

易错提醒

  • 不要把这 13 个词都当作 visit 的直接词族。
  • visit 是及物动词,visit a place/person;drop in 是临时顺便访问。
  • revision 在英式考试语境中可表示复习,也可表示修订。
  • provide sb. with sth. 和 provide sth. for sb. 方向要背准;provide for sb. 是供养某人。
  • evidence、equipment 这类词通常不可数;device 是可数名词。
038

visit

星标

['vizit] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 89

访问,参观,拜访

to go to see a person or place; a short stay or call

联想

visit 是“去看人或地方”:可以参观博物馆、拜访朋友,也可作名词 a visit。visit 较正式,drop in 更像临时顺便拜访。

意思、用法与例句

vt.访问;参观;拜访

去某地或某人那里看望、参观或进行正式访问。

常见表达visit a placevisit a friendvisit a museumvisit China

Our class visited the science museum last Friday.

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visit a museum 是参观博物馆。

She visits her grandparents every weekend.

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visit sb. 是拜访某人。

visit 是及物动词,后面直接接地点或人。

n. [C]访问;参观;拜访

一次去看人或地方的行为,可与 pay/make 搭配。

常见表达a visit topay sb. a visitmake a visitduring the visit

We paid our old teacher a visit during the holiday.

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pay sb. a visit 是常见搭配。

During the visit, the students asked many questions about the exhibition.

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visit 作名词。

visitor 是访问者或游客,和 passenger 乘客不同。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

drop in
顺便访问
She dropped in on her aunt without calling first. drop in 多指临时顺便访问;visit 更正式、更中性。
tour
参观;游览
We toured the old town with a guide. tour 强调整体游览路线;visit 可指一次到访。

词族线索 / 同组词

visitor
参观者;访问者;游客
Every visitor must wear a name card. visitor 是 visit 的人称名词。
039

visitor

['vizitə(r)] · n. [C] · Page 90

参观者,访问者,游客

a person who visits a place or another person

联想

visitor 是来参观、访问或拜访的人。它强调“来访问”,不等于 passenger 乘客,也不一定是 tourist 游客。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]参观者;访问者;游客

到某地参观、访问或看望某人的人。

常见表达museum visitorsa visitor towelcome visitorsvisitor pass

Visitors to the art museum can enter free on Mondays.

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visitor to... 表示到某处的访问者。

Every visitor must show a visitor pass at the front desk.

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visitor pass 是访客通行证。

tourist 通常是旅游者;guest 是受邀客人;visitor 范围更宽。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

tourist
游客
Tourists often take photos near famous buildings. tourist 强调旅游;visitor 可包括学校、医院、公司访客。
guest
客人
Guests were invited to dinner. guest 强调被邀请或招待;visitor 强调到访。

词族线索 / 同组词

visit
访问;参观;拜访
Many visitors visit the city in spring. visit 是动词/名词;visitor 是人。
040

visible

['vizəbl] · adj. · Page 90

看得见的,有形的

able to be seen

联想

visible = 能被看见的。它可指具体物体看得见,也可指变化、效果很明显。可和 audible 对照:visible 是看得见,audible 是听得见。

意思、用法与例句

adj.看得见的;可见的

某物能被眼睛看见,或足够清楚可被注意到。

常见表达be visible fromclearly visiblevisible to the eye

The mountain was visible from our classroom window.

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be visible from 表示从某处看得见。

The warning sign should be clearly visible at night.

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clearly visible 是清晰可见。

反义词是 invisible。

adj.明显的;可察觉的

变化、影响或情绪能被看出来。

常见表达visible improvementvisible signs ofa visible effect

There has been a visible improvement in her handwriting.

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visible improvement 是明显进步。

There were visible signs of tiredness on his face.

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visible signs 表示看得出的迹象。

这个义项从“看得见”延伸到“明显”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

invisible
看不见的
The virus is invisible to the human eye. invisible 是 visible 的直接反义。
visual
视觉的
Visual information comes through the eyes. visible 指能被看见;visual 指与视觉或图像有关。
audible
听得见的
The bell was audible from the playground. audible 是听得见,可和 visible 的看得见对照。
041

vision

['viʒn] · n. [U,C] · Page 90

视力,视野;设想,构想,愿景

the ability to see, the area one can see, or an idea of what the future could be like

联想

vision 一条线是眼睛能看见的能力和范围;另一条线是头脑中对未来的构想、愿景。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]视力;视野

眼睛看见的能力,或眼睛能看到的范围。

常见表达good visionpoor visionfield of visionclear vision

Reading in poor light may hurt your vision.

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vision 表示视力。

A tall tree blocked part of the driver's field of vision.

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field of vision 是视野。

eyesight 更具体指视力;vision 还可指设想。

n. [C]设想;构想;愿景

对未来或目标的清晰想法。

常见表达a vision fora clear vision ofshare a vision

The new head teacher has a clear vision for the school library.

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a vision for... 是对未来的构想。

The team shared a vision of a cleaner neighborhood.

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share a vision 表示拥有共同愿景。

此义不是“视力”,而是头脑中的未来画面。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

eyesight
视力
Good eyesight is important for drivers. eyesight 只指视力;vision 还可指愿景。
visual
视觉的
Visual art uses color and shape. vision 是名词;visual 是形容词。
visible
看得见的
The island is visible on a clear day. visible 是形容词,指可见。
042

visual

星标

['viʒuəl] · adj. · Page 90

视觉的,视力的,图像的

connected with seeing, sight, pictures, or images

联想

visual 是形容词,表示和视觉、图像、看见有关。学习中常见 visual aids、visual memory、visual information。

意思、用法与例句

adj.视觉的;图像的

与眼睛看、图像、画面或视觉信息有关。

常见表达visual aidsvisual memoryvisual informationvisual art

Visual aids made the water cycle easier to understand.

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visual aids 是视觉辅助材料。

Some students remember new words better with visual images.

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visual images 是图像。

visible 是“看得见的”,visual 是“视觉的”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

visible
看得见的
The picture is visible from the back of the room. visible 指能被看见;visual 指与视觉/图像有关。
vision
视力;愿景
Her vision became clearer after the operation. vision 是名词;visual 是形容词。
sound-based
基于声音的
Sound-based materials use listening, while visual materials use images. sound-based 是声音方向,与 visual 的视觉方向对比。
043

revise

[ri'vaiz] · v. / vt. · Page 90

复习,温习;修订,修改,改变

to study something again, especially before an exam, or to change and improve writing or a plan

联想

revise = re- again + vise see,可理解为“再看一遍”。英式英语里 revise 可表示考前复习;也可表示修订文章、计划或规则。

意思、用法与例句

v.复习;温习

为了考试或巩固知识而再次学习。

常见表达revise for an examrevise Englishrevise notes

I need to revise for the physics test this weekend.

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revise for an exam 是英式常见表达。

She revised her notes before answering the questions.

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revise notes 表示复习笔记。

美式英语更常用 review,但高考材料可识别 revise。

vt.修订;修改;调整

检查后改变文本、计划、规则或想法,使其更准确或更好。

常见表达revise a planrevise a reportrevise the rulesrevise one's opinion

The writer revised the article after receiving advice from her teacher.

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revise an article 是修订文章。

The school revised its plan because of the heavy rain.

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revise a plan 是调整计划。

revise 强调再看后修改;edit 更偏编辑文字细节。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

review
复习;回顾;评论
We reviewed the lesson before the quiz. review 范围更广;revise 在英式中常指考前复习,也可修订。
edit
编辑;修改
Please edit the paragraph for spelling mistakes. edit 多指文字编辑;revise 可指整体计划或观点修改。

词族线索 / 同组词

revision
复习;修订
Revision is important before the final exam. revision 是 revise 的名词。
044

revision

[ri'viʒn] · n. [U,C] · Page 90

复习,温习;修订,修改

studying again before an exam, or a change made after checking something

联想

revision 是 revise 的名词。学习中常见“复习、温习”,也常见 a revision to a plan 表示修订。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]复习;温习

考试前再次学习内容。

常见表达do revisionrevision notesrevision for an exam

Good revision before the exam helped her feel calmer.

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revision 是复习,常作不可数名词。

He made revision notes for every unit.

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revision notes 是复习笔记。

此义在英式英语考试语境中常见。

n. [C,U]修订;修改

对文章、计划或规则进行的改变。

常见表达make a revisiona revision tomajor revision

The teacher asked for one more revision to the report.

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a revision to... 是一处修订。

The final revision made the plan easier to follow.

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revision 可指修改版本或修改过程。

修订义来自 revise 的第二义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

review
复习;回顾
The review took ten minutes. review 范围更宽;revision 常用于英式考试复习或修订。

词族线索 / 同组词

revise
复习;修订
Students revise before exams and make revision notes. revise 是动词;revision 是名词。
045

visa

['vi:zə] · n. [C] · Page 90

签证

an official mark or document that allows a person to enter, leave, or stay in a country

联想

visa 是签证,是旅行证件语境中的词。它和 visit 有旅行访问关联,但不是 visit 的直接派生;passport 是护照,不是签证。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]签证

允许某人进入、离开或停留在某国的官方许可或文件。

常见表达apply for a visaget a visaa tourist visaa student visa

She applied for a student visa before studying abroad.

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apply for a visa 是申请签证。

Visitors from some countries need a tourist visa.

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tourist visa 是旅游签证。

passport 是护照;visa 是签证,通常贴在护照或电子记录中。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

passport
护照
A passport proves who you are, while a visa gives permission to enter a country. passport 是身份证件;visa 是入境许可。
visit
访问;参观
A visa may be needed before you visit another country. visa 与 visit 是旅行访问场景相关,不是直接词族。
046

devise

[di'vaiz] · vt. · Page 90

设计,发明,想出

to invent or plan a method, system, or solution carefully

联想

devise 是动词,表示认真想出、设计出方法或方案。devise/device 像 advise/advice:动词读 /z/,名词读 /s/。

意思、用法与例句

vt.设计;发明;想出

经过思考设计出方法、计划、系统或解决方案。

常见表达devise a plandevise a methoddevise a systemdevise a solution

The students devised a simple plan to collect used books.

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devise a plan 是想出计划。

Engineers devised a new method for saving water.

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devise a method 是设计方法。

devise 是动词,不要和名词 device 混拼。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

device
装置;设备;手段
They devised a device to measure air quality. devise 是动词 /z/;device 是名词 /s/。
invent
发明
The young scientist invented a small robot. invent 更偏发明新物;devise 可指想出方法、计划。
design
设计
They designed a safer bridge. design 可指外形或结构设计;devise 强调想出办法。
047

device

[di'vais] · n. [C] · Page 90

装置,设备;手段,策略;炸弹,爆炸装置

a piece of equipment, a method used to achieve something, or an explosive object

联想

device 是名词,常指设备/装置,也可指方法、策略;安全新闻中 explosive device 指爆炸装置。不要和动词 devise 混。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]装置;设备

有特定用途的机器、工具或电子设备。

常见表达an electronic devicea medical devicea useful devicea safety device

This small device can test the quality of water.

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device 指装置、设备。

Students should turn off electronic devices during the exam.

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electronic devices 是电子设备。

device 是可数名词。

n. [C]手段;策略;爆炸装置

用于达到目的的方法,也可指炸弹等装置。

常见表达a useful device fora literary devicean explosive device

Repeating the key phrase is a useful device for making the speech memorable.

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device 可指表达手段。

Police found an explosive device near the old building.

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explosive device 是爆炸装置,识别即可。

策略义较抽象;炸弹义多见于新闻安全语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

devise
设计;发明;想出
They devised a device to measure air quality. devise 是动词;device 是名词。
equipment
设备
The lab has new equipment for science classes. equipment 不可数集合名词;device 是一个具体装置。
tool
工具
A dictionary is a useful tool for learners. tool 更普通;device 常指有特定功能的装置或手段。
048

evident

星标

['evidənt] · adj. · Page 90

清楚的,显然的

clear and easy to see, understand, or prove from facts

联想

evident 表示事实清楚、显然,常用 It is evident that...。它和 evidence 是直接词族:evidence 是证据,evident 是证据让人看得出来。

意思、用法与例句

adj.明显的;显然的

通过事实、迹象或证据可以清楚看出。

常见表达It is evident thatbe evident frombe clearly evident

It is evident that the new reading plan is helping students.

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It is evident that... 是常见句型。

Her love for music was evident from the way she talked about the concert.

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be evident from 表示从……明显看出。

evident 比 clear 更正式,常和证据、事实相连。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

obvious
明显的
It was obvious that he was tired. obvious 更常用;evident 更正式,更强调有事实可看出。
unclear
不清楚的
The reason is still unclear. unclear 与 evident 的清楚方向相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

evidence
证据;根据
The evidence made the answer evident. evident 是形容词;evidence 是名词。
049

evidence

['evidəns] · n. [U] · Page 90

根据,证据,证明

facts, signs, or objects that show whether something is true

联想

evidence 是不可数名词,表示事实、物证、迹象等证据。in evidence 可表示显眼、明显存在。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]证据;根据;证明

用来表明某事真实或不真实的事实、迹象或物品。

常见表达clear evidencestrong evidenceevidence ofevidence forevidence that

Scientists found strong evidence that the river was becoming cleaner.

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evidence that... 接从句。

There is no clear evidence of life on that planet.

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evidence of 表示……的证据。

evidence 通常不可数,不说 an evidence。

phr.显眼;明显存在

in evidence 表示某物或某种现象很显眼、很明显。

常见表达be in evidence

School spirit was much in evidence during the sports meeting.

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in evidence 表示明显存在。

这个短语较正式,阅读中能识别即可。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

proof
证明;证据
Do you have proof of your age? proof 常指足以证明的证据;evidence 范围更宽。
fact
事实
Facts can become evidence in an argument. fact 是事实本身;evidence 是用来支持判断的事实或物品。

词族线索 / 同组词

evident
明显的;显然的
The evidence made the answer evident. evident 是形容词;evidence 是名词。
050

provide

星标

[prə'vaid] · vt. · Page 90-91

提供,供应,供给;供养

to give or supply something that someone needs, or to support someone with what they need to live

联想

provide 是“提供所需”:重点结构是 provide sb. with sth. 和 provide sth. for sb.;provide for sb. 是供养、抚养。

意思、用法与例句

vt.提供;供应;供给

给某人或某事提供所需要的东西、服务、信息或机会。

常见表达provide sb. with sth.provide sth. for sb.provide informationprovide support

The staff provided us with a map of the city when we arrived.

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provide sb. with sth. 是给某人提供某物。

The school provides free breakfast for students who arrive early.

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provide sth. for sb. 与 provide sb. with sth. 可转换。

不要漏掉 with/for 的搭配方向。

phr. v.供养;提供生活所需

provide for sb. 表示长期提供生活所需,供养某人。

常见表达provide for a familyprovide for children

He worked hard to provide for his family.

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provide for sb. 是供养某人。

The program helps parents provide for their children.

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provide for children 是提供生活所需。

provide for 后直接接人,不等于 provide sb. with sth. 的结构。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

offer
提供;主动给予
The guide offered advice and provided us with a map. offer 强调主动提出;provide 强调满足需要、供应。
supply
供应
The farm supplies vegetables to local schools. supply 常用于物资供应;provide 范围更宽。

词族线索 / 同组词

provider
提供者;供应者
The company is a major Internet provider. provider 是 provide 的人或机构名词。
provision
提供;供应;规定
The provision of clean water is important. provision 是 provide 的名词相关词。
08

video / videophone

2 个词

videovideophone
video / videophone

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

video / videophone 是透明复合词小组。video 本身可作名词、动词、形容词;videophone = video + phone,是可视电话设备。video call 是现代常用通话形式,但不等同于 videophone 这个设备名。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 video 的名词义:录像、视频、录像带
  2. 再学 video 作动词:录制某个过程或活动
  3. 然后学 video 作形容词:video call、video meeting、video message
  4. 最后学 videophone:可视电话设备,并和 video call 区分

组内辨析

  • video call 是视频通话;videophone 是可视电话设备。
  • videophone 是 video + phone 复合词,不要把 phone、headphones 都硬放进同一词族。
  • record 可泛指录音、录像或记录;video 作动词时专指录成视频。

易错提醒

  • video 可作名词、动词、形容词,先看句子位置。
  • video meeting / video message 是搭配,不是真派生词。
  • headphones 是相关设备词,只作对比。
051

video

['vidiəu] · n. [C,U] / vt. / adj. · Page 91

录像,录影;录像带;录制;视频的

a recording with moving pictures, a medium for moving pictures, to record something, or related to video

联想

video 可作名词、动词和形容词:看一段视频,录制一个过程,或说 video meeting/video call。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]录像;视频;录像带

带有动态图像的录制内容或媒介。

常见表达watch a videomake a videoa video ofpost a video

The club posted a video of the match online.

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a video of... 表示一段关于……的视频。

We watched a short video about how plants grow.

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watch a video 是常见搭配。

现代语境中 video 多指数字视频,不只指录像带。

vt.录制

把活动、过程或画面录成视频。

常见表达video the processvideo the performancevideo a lesson

Please video the whole process for the report.

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video 作动词,表示录制。

One student volunteered to video the school concert.

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video the concert 是录制音乐会。

口语中 record a video 更常见,但 video 作动词也成立。

adj.视频的

放在名词前,表示与视频相关。

常见表达video callvideo meetingvideo lessonvideo message

The exchange students joined us through a video meeting.

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video meeting 是视频会议。

She sent a short video message to thank the volunteers.

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video message 是视频留言。

video call 是现代常用搭配,不等于 videophone 这个设备名。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

record
录制;记录
We recorded a short video for the project. record 更通用;video 作动词专指录成视频。
videophone
可视电话
The old videophone allowed callers to see each other. videophone = video + phone,是复合词/设备名。
video call
视频通话
We had a video call with the students abroad. video call 是通话形式;videophone 是可视电话设备。
052

videophone

['vidiəufəun] · n. [C] · Page 91

可视电话

a phone that lets callers see each other while they speak

联想

videophone = video + phone,是能看到对方画面的电话设备。现在更常说 video call,但 videophone 是设备名。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]可视电话

能让通话双方边说话边看到彼此的电话设备。

常见表达use a videophonetalk by videophonea videophone call

The old office had one videophone for meetings with another city.

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videophone 指可视电话设备。

A videophone helped the family see each other from far away.

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可视电话让通话双方能看到彼此。

现在更常见的说法是 video call,但 videophone 仍可作为设备名理解。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

video
视频;录制
A videophone sends video as well as sound. video 是复合词前半部分。
phone
电话;打电话
A videophone is a kind of phone. phone 是复合词后半部分。
video call
视频通话
A video call can be made on a smartphone. video call 是通话活动;videophone 是设备名。
headphones
耳机
Headphones are worn on the ears, while a videophone is used for seeing and speaking. headphones 属于设备词,不是 videophone 词族。
09

wise

4 个词

wisewisdomwitnesswitty
wise

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

wise 组要分清两层:wise/wisdom 是最直接的“明智、智慧”词族;witness、witty 来自 vis/wis/wit 的“看见、见识、才智”记忆线索,适合放在同图联想,但不要讲成 wise 的直接派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 wise:明智的、有见识的,重点是 wise advice / a wise decision / be wise after the event
  2. 再学 wisdom:不可数名词“智慧、才智、学问”,以及 wisdom tooth 这个固定词块
  3. 然后学 witness:动词“目击、见证、亲身经历”和名词“目击者、证人”两条用法
  4. 最后学 witty:机智风趣的,和 funny、wise 区分

组内辨析

  • wise 偏判断和经验;intelligent/smart 偏智力或反应快。
  • wisdom 通常不可数;knowledge 偏事实知识,wisdom 偏明智运用。
  • witness 作动词直接接 event/accident/change;作名词是目击者/证人,不是 evidence。
  • witty 强调聪明的幽默;funny 只强调好笑,wise 强调判断明智。
  • 本组把 witness、witty 放进 wise 组是记忆线索,不代表四个词都属于直接派生链。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 witness 解释成“明智的人”;它是目击/见证或证人。
  • 不要说 many wisdoms 表示很多智慧。
  • be wise after the event 是“事后聪明”,不是事前判断明智。
  • witness 是人或目击动作;evidence 是证据材料。
  • witty 通常修饰 reply/remark/speaker/writer,重点在语言机智。
053

wise

星标

[waiz] · adj. · Page 91

充满智慧的,英明的,有见识的

showing good judgment based on knowledge and experience

联想

wise 强调判断明智、有经验,不只是 smart。它常修饰 person, choice, decision, advice;固定搭配 be wise after the event 表示“事后聪明”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.明智的;有见识的

形容人、决定、建议或做法有良好判断力。

常见表达a wise persona wise decision/choicewise advicebe wise to do sth.be wise after the event

It was wise of her to check the weather before the trip.

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It is/was wise of sb. to do sth. 表示某人做某事很明智。

The coach gave us wise advice before the final match.

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wise advice 强调建议有判断力。

wise 偏判断和经验;intelligent/smart 偏智力或反应快。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wisdom
智慧;才智;学问
A wise choice often comes from experience and wisdom. wise 是形容词,wisdom 是不可数名词。
intelligent
聪明的;智力高的
An intelligent student may solve problems fast; a wise student also knows when to ask for help. intelligent 偏智力,wise 偏判断和经验。
witness
目击;见证;证人
A witness sees an event happen. 本组把 wise 与 witness 放在同一记忆线索下;不要当作 wise 的直接派生词。
witty
机智风趣的
Her witty answer made everyone laugh. witty 来自 wit 机智线,和 wise 有记忆关联但用法不同。
054

wisdom

星标

['wizdəm] · n. [U] · Page 91

智慧,才智;知识,学问

the ability to make good judgments from knowledge and experience

联想

wisdom 是 wise 的名词,通常不可数。它强调经验和判断带来的智慧,也可指知识、学问;wisdom tooth 是固定名词“智齿”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]智慧;才智;学问

不可数名词,指能作出好判断的智慧,也可指积累的知识和学问。

常见表达practical wisdomwords of wisdomthe wisdom of doing sth.gain wisdomwith wisdom

Grandma's words of wisdom helped me face the problem calmly.

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words of wisdom 指有智慧的话。

The story shows the wisdom of thinking before speaking.

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the wisdom of doing sth. 表示做某事的明智之处。

wisdom 通常不可数;不要说 many wisdoms。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

wise
明智的;有见识的
A wise person shows wisdom in action. wise 是形容词,wisdom 是名词。
knowledge
知识
Knowledge tells you the facts; wisdom helps you use them well. knowledge 偏知道事实,wisdom 偏明智运用。
wisdom tooth
智齿
His wisdom tooth hurt during the exam week. wisdom tooth 是固定名词,不能按“智慧的牙齿”直译。
055

witness

星标

['witnəs] · vt. / n. [C] · Page 91

目击,当场看到;亲身经历,见证;目击者,证人

to see an event happen, or a person who saw it and can describe it

联想

witness 作动词是“亲眼看到/亲身经历并见证”,作名词是“目击者/证人”。它常用于事故、历史变化、法庭或重要事件。

意思、用法与例句

vt.目击;见证;亲身经历

及物动词,宾语常是 accident, event, change, scene 等。

常见表达witness an accidentwitness a scene/eventwitness great changeswitness sb. do/doing sth.

Several people witnessed the accident and called the police.

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witness an accident 表示亲眼目击事故。

Her children learned an important lesson while witnessing their mother earn her degree.

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witness sb. do sth. 表示见证某人完成某事。

witness 作动词时直接接看到或经历的事件,不需要 see。

n. [C]目击者;证人

可数名词,指看到事件发生、能提供证词的人。

常见表达a witness to...an eyewitnesscall a witnessgive evidence as a witness

The witness answered the police officer's questions clearly.

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witness 作名词,指目击者或证人。

A witness to the fire described what happened in the kitchen.

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a witness to... 表示……的目击者。

witness 是人或目击动作;evidence 是证据材料。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

see
看见
You may see a car pass, but you witness an important event or accident. see 普通看见;witness 强调亲眼看到重要事件。
evidence
证据
A witness may give evidence in court. witness 是人或目击动作,evidence 是证据材料。
wise
明智的
A wise witness tells the truth calmly. 本组有记忆关联,但 witness 不是 wise 的直接派生词。

词族线索 / 同组词

eyewitness
目击者
An eyewitness gave a clear description of the driver. eyewitness 是 eye + witness,强调亲眼目击。
056

witty

['witi] · adj. · Page 91

机智的,说话风趣的

clever and funny, especially in speech or writing

联想

witty 指“机智又风趣”,常形容 reply, remark, speaker, writer。它不是单纯 funny;witty 往往带有聪明的语言反应。

意思、用法与例句

adj.机智风趣的

形容人、回答、评论或文章既聪明又幽默。

常见表达a witty replywitty remarksa witty speakera witty writerwitty conversation

Her witty reply made the whole class laugh.

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witty reply 强调回答机智又好笑。

The article is serious, but it includes several witty remarks.

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witty remarks 指机智风趣的话。

witty 通常是褒义,强调语言上的机智。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

funny
滑稽的;好笑的
A funny joke may be simple, but a witty joke is clever as well. funny 强调好笑;witty 强调聪明的幽默。
wise
明智的
A wise answer solves the problem; a witty answer makes people smile. wise 强调判断明智,witty 强调语言机智风趣。

词族线索 / 同组词

quick-witted
反应机敏的
A quick-witted student answered the question in a clever way. quick-witted 是常见相关形容词,强调反应快。
10

blackboard

8 个词

blackboardboardaboardcupboardkeyboardnoticeboardskateboardborder
blackboard

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

blackboard 组围绕 board 的“板、甲板、会议桌/委员会、登上交通工具”展开。blackboard/cupboard/keyboard/noticeboard/skateboard 是复合词;aboard 是 a- + board 的交通工具位置词;border 只按 bord/side 的“边”线索辅助记忆,不当作普通 board 复合词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 board 本词:木板/平板、甲板、委员会/董事会、room and board、board a plane
  2. 再学透明复合词:blackboard、cupboard、keyboard、noticeboard、skateboard
  3. 然后学 aboard:在/到交通工具上,和 board a plane、abroad 区分
  4. 最后学 border:边界、边框、与……接壤,和 board 只保留“边/侧面”记忆联系

组内辨析

  • board 作动词直接接交通工具:board a plane/train/bus;aboard 是介词/副词,表示在/到交通工具上。
  • on board 是在船、车或飞机上;above board 是公开正大。
  • cupboard 拼写含 p,但常读 /'kʌbəd/,不要按 cup + board 逐字读。
  • keyboard 可指电脑键盘,也可指键盘式电子乐器;看 type 还是 play。
  • border 的核心是边界/边框/接壤;不要把它和 blackboard 这类复合词混成同一结构。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 board 的所有义项都译成“板”;school board 是委员会,room and board 是食宿。
  • 不要混淆 aboard 和 abroad。
  • noticeboard 上用介词 on,不说 in the noticeboard。
  • skateboard 是物体;skateboarding 是运动。
  • border 作动词时可说 border on...,boundary 通常不这样作动词。
057

blackboard

['blækbɔ:d] · n. [C] · Page 91

黑板

a dark board used for writing on with chalk in a classroom

联想

blackboard = black + board,是教室里用粉笔书写的黑板。它是 board 组里最直观的复合词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]黑板

教室里用粉笔书写、展示内容的板。

常见表达write on the blackboardclean the blackboardcopy from the blackboardat the blackboard

The teacher wrote three new words on the blackboard.

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write on the blackboard 是课堂常见搭配。

Please copy the sentence from the blackboard before class ends.

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copy from... 表示从某处抄写。

blackboard 通常用 chalk;whiteboard 通常用 marker。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

board
板;木板;委员会;上车船
A blackboard is one kind of board used in classrooms. board 是复合词后半部分。
whiteboard
白板
We use chalk on a blackboard but markers on a whiteboard. blackboard 与 whiteboard 都是课堂书写板,工具不同。
058

board

星标

[bɔ:d] · n. [C,U] / v. · Page 91-92

(木)板;甲板;会议桌;委员会,董事会;部门;膳食;上船、车或飞机

a flat piece of material, a deck or official group, meals, or to get on a ship, plane, train, or bus

联想

board 从“板”扩展到“甲板、会议桌、委员会”,也可作动词表示登上交通工具。固定搭配 on board 表示在船、车或飞机上;above board 表示公开正大。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]板;甲板;布告板

指平板、木板,也可指船的甲板或用于张贴/书写的板。

常见表达a wooden boarda notice boardon boardabove board

The notice was pinned to a board outside the library.

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board 可指张贴通知的板。

The passengers were already on board when the rain began.

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on board 表示在船、车或飞机上。

above board 是固定表达,表示公开、正大。

n. [C]委员会;董事会;部门

指负责管理、决定或监督事务的一组人。

常见表达the school boardthe board of directorsa government boardboard meeting

The school board will discuss the new sports field next week.

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school board 指学校相关委员会。

The board of directors approved the plan after a long meeting.

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board of directors 是董事会。

committee 也可指委员会,但 board 往往有正式管理或决策权。

n. [U]膳食;食宿

在 room and board 中指膳食或食宿。

常见表达room and boardpay for boardfree board

The summer camp fee includes room and board.

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room and board 表示食宿。

The job offers board and a small weekly pay.

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board 可指膳食供应。

这个义项常在固定搭配里出现。

v.登上交通工具

动词,表示上船、上车、登机等。

常见表达board a planeboard a trainboard the shipboarding time

We boarded the bus at seven o'clock.

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board the bus = get on the bus。

Passengers should board the plane through Gate 6.

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board a plane 表示登机。

board 作动词是及物动词,后面直接接交通工具。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

aboard
在/到交通工具上
We boarded the train first, and soon everyone was aboard. board 是动词动作;aboard 是介词/副词状态或方向。
committee
委员会
A board often has official power to make decisions; a committee may only discuss and advise. board 往往更正式、有管理权。
boarding school
寄宿学校
A boarding school provides a place to live and meals. boarding school 与 board 的食宿义有关。
border
边界;与……接壤
The border is the edge between two places. border 与 bord/side 的“边”线索相关,但不是普通 board 复合词。
059

aboard

星标

[ə'bɔ:d] · prep. / adv. · Page 92

在/到船上;在/到飞机或车上

on or onto a ship, plane, train, or bus

联想

aboard = a- + board,可理解为“在/到甲板或交通工具上”。它可作介词或副词,常见 welcome aboard 和 all aboard。

意思、用法与例句

prep. / adv.在/到交通工具上

表示在船、飞机、火车、公交等交通工具上,或到其上。

常见表达go aboardcome aboardwelcome aboardall aboardaboard the ship

The passengers went aboard the ship before sunset.

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go aboard 表示上船,也可扩展到上车、登机。

Welcome aboard, and please fasten your seat belt.

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welcome aboard 常用于交通工具或团队欢迎语。

aboard 不是 abroad;abroad 表示到国外或在国外。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

board
登上;板;委员会
We boarded the train first, and soon everyone was aboard. board 可作动词动作;aboard 表示在/到交通工具上。
abroad
在国外;到国外
He went abroad to study, but he went aboard the plane at noon. aboard 多一个 o,和交通工具有关;abroad 与国外有关。
border
边界;接壤
The border marks the edge of the country. 本组有形近记忆线索,但 aboard 和 border 用法完全不同。
060

cupboard

['kʌbəd] · n. [C] · Page 92

碗柜,橱柜

a cabinet with shelves for storing cups, plates, food, or other things

联想

cupboard 拼写像 cup + board,但读音要特别记:常读 /'kʌbəd/,p 基本不发音。它指厨房、房间里的橱柜或碗柜。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]碗柜;橱柜

有架子或门、用来存放杯盘、食物或杂物的柜子。

常见表达a kitchen cupboardopen/close the cupboardput sth. in the cupboardat the back of the cupboard

She put the clean cups back in the kitchen cupboard.

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kitchen cupboard 是厨房橱柜。

There was a box of tea at the back of the cupboard.

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at the back of the cupboard 表示在橱柜深处。

注意读音,不要按 cup + board 逐字读。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

cabinet
柜子;内阁
A cupboard is often in a kitchen; a cabinet can be in an office, kitchen, or government. cupboard 更常指家用橱柜;cabinet 范围更广。
board
A cupboard has shelves or boards for cups and dishes. board 是构词线索,但 cupboard 现在整体作一个词记。
061

keyboard

['ki:bɔ:d] · n. [C] · Page 92

键盘;键盘式电子乐器

a set of keys for typing or for playing an electronic musical instrument

联想

keyboard = key + board,可指电脑键盘,也可指键盘式电子乐器。判断时看语境中是 type 还是 play。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]电脑键盘;键盘乐器

一组按键,可用于输入文字,也可用于演奏电子乐器。

常见表达a computer keyboardtype on a keyboardplay the keyboardkeyboard shortcutskeyboard player

My keyboard stopped working, so I could not finish the report.

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keyboard 可指电脑键盘。

She plays the keyboard in the school band.

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play the keyboard 指弹键盘乐器。

type on a keyboard;play the keyboard。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

key
键;钥匙;关键
Each key on the keyboard has a letter, number, or sign. key 是复合词前半部分。
piano
钢琴
A piano has a keyboard, but not every keyboard is a piano. keyboard 可以是电子键盘,也可以泛指按键区。
board
A keyboard is a board with many keys. board 是复合词后半部分。
062

noticeboard

['nəutisbɔ:d] · n. [C] · Page 92

布告牌,布告栏

a board where notices and information are put for people to read

联想

noticeboard = notice + board,是张贴通知的布告栏。重点搭配是 on the noticeboard 和 put up a notice。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]布告牌;布告栏

公共场所张贴通知、名单、海报等信息的板。

常见表达on the noticeboardput up a notice on the noticeboardschool noticeboardoutside the office

The exam timetable is on the noticeboard outside the office.

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on the noticeboard 表示在布告栏上。

Students put up a poster on the noticeboard to find volunteers.

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put up a poster/notice 表示张贴。

noticeboard 常见于英式英语;美式英语常说 bulletin board。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

bulletin board
公告栏
Noticeboard is common in British English; bulletin board is common in American English. 二者都可指公告栏,地区用法不同。
notice
通知;注意到
A noticeboard is a place where notices are displayed. notice 是复合词前半部分。
board
A noticeboard is a board for public notices. board 是复合词后半部分。
063

skateboard

['skeitbɔ:d] · n. [C] · Page 92

滑板

a short board with small wheels that a person rides standing up

联想

skateboard = skate + board,指带轮子的滑板。可顺带认识 skateboarding 和 skateboarder,但本词条重点是名词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]滑板

带小轮子、人站在上面滑行的短板。

常见表达ride a skateboardfall off a skateboarda skateboard parkskateboard tricks

He rides his skateboard to the park after school.

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ride a skateboard 是常见搭配。

The boy fell off his skateboard but was not badly hurt.

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fall off a skateboard 表示从滑板上摔下来。

skateboard 是物体;skateboarding 是运动。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

skate
滑冰;滑行
Skate gives the idea of sliding; a skateboard is the board used for the sport. skate 是复合词前半部分。
board
A skateboard is a board with wheels. board 是复合词后半部分。

词族线索 / 同组词

skateboarding
滑板运动
Skateboarding is popular among many teenagers. skateboarding 是运动名。
064

border

['bɔ:də(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 92

镶边;边境地区,国界,边界;与……接壤

a line or area between places, an edge decoration, or to be next to a place

联想

border 的核心是“边”:可以是国家或地区的边界,也可以是装饰边;作动词表示“与……接壤/毗邻”。它和 board 组有“边/侧面”的记忆联系,但不是普通复合词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]边界;国界;镶边

指两个地方之间的界线、边境区域,也可指装饰边。

常见表达cross the borderon/near the borderthe border between...a border around...

The river forms the border between the two countries.

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the border between... 表示两者之间的边界。

She drew a blue border around the poster.

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border 也可指装饰边或边框。

border 常用于国家、地区、图形边缘等语境。

vt.与……接壤;毗邻

动词,表示某地或区域紧挨着另一地。

常见表达border a countryborder an areaborder on...

A line of trees borders the playground.

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border the playground 表示围在操场边上。

The village borders on a large forest.

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border on... 表示与……接壤或毗邻。

border 作动词时和 boundary 不同;boundary 通常只作名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

boundary
边界;界限
A border is often a political line between places; a boundary can also be a rule or limit. border 常用于地区边界,boundary 也可用于抽象界限。
edge
边缘
The child stood at the edge of the pool, not at a country border. edge 更普通,指物体边缘。
aboard
在/到交通工具上
Aboard and border share a board/bord shape, but their meanings are different. 两词有形近记忆线索,但语义和词性不同。
11

respond

6 个词

respondcorrespondresponseresponsibleresponsibilitysponsor
respond

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

respond 组分两条线:respond/response/correspond 是“回应、对应、通信”线;responsible/responsibility 是“该回应、该负责”的责任线;sponsor 是 sponse“承诺、支持、发起”的记忆链接,重点按赞助、资助、主办、发起来学,不讲成 respond 的直接派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 respond:respond to a question/email/request,也可 respond to danger/treatment
  2. 再学 correspond:correspond to 是对应/相当于,correspond with 是一致或通信
  3. 然后学 response:名词“回答/反应”,重点 in response to...
  4. 接着学 responsible/responsibility:be responsible for、take responsibility for、It is sb.'s responsibility to do sth.
  5. 最后学 sponsor:名词赞助者/发起人,动词赞助/资助/主办/倡议

组内辨析

  • respond 是动词,response 是名词。
  • reply 偏回答;respond 既可回答也可反应。
  • correspond 是不及物动词,常跟 to/with,不直接接宾语。
  • be responsible for 可表示“对……负责”,也可表示“导致……”。
  • a responsible person 是可靠的人;the person responsible 是负责人/责任人。
  • sponsor 常含资金或正式支持;support 范围更宽。

易错提醒

  • 不要漏掉 respond to 中的 to。
  • 不要混淆 correspond to 和 correspond with。
  • response 可数/不可数都可,要看是一次回应还是整体反应。
  • responsibility 抽象责任多不可数,具体职责可数。
  • sponsor 不是“回答者”;它是赞助者、支持者、发起人或主办方。
065

respond

星标

[ri'spɒnd] · v. / vi. · Page 92

回答,答复;响应,做出反应

to answer someone or react to something that has happened

联想

respond 的两条线是“回答”和“反应”。核心搭配是 respond to...,可以接 question/email/request,也可以接 danger/treatment/situation。

意思、用法与例句

v.回答;答复

对问题、邮件、请求或邀请作出答复。

常见表达respond to a questionrespond to an emailrespond to a requestrespond to an invitation

The teacher asked a difficult question, but no one responded at first.

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respond 可表示回答。

Please respond to the invitation before Friday.

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respond to an invitation 表示对邀请作答复。

respond 后常接 to;reply 更偏“答复”。

vi.响应;做出反应

对情况、危险、帮助、治疗等产生反应。

常见表达respond to dangerrespond to treatmentrespond well to...respond willingly

Plants respond to light in different ways.

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respond to light 表示对光作出反应。

The volunteers responded willingly when the town needed help.

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respond willingly 是欣然响应。

respond to 既可用于语言答复,也可用于身体、组织或人群的反应。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

reply
答复
Reply mainly means answer; respond can mean answer or react. reply 范围较窄,respond 可答复也可反应。
response
回答;反应
If you respond quickly, your response will arrive on time. respond 是动词,response 是名词。
responsible
负责的;可靠的
A responsible student responds to messages from the group leader. responsible 与责任有关,不等于 respond。
066

correspond

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[,kɒrə'spɒnd] · vi. · Page 92-93

相符,符合;相类似,相当;通信

to match or be similar to something, or to exchange letters or messages

联想

correspond = cor-/com- together + respond,可理解为“相互对应/相互回应”。它是不及物动词,常用 correspond to 和 correspond with。

意思、用法与例句

vi.相符;对应;相当

两个事物在重要方面、数字、颜色、事实等上互相对应或一致。

常见表达correspond to...correspond with...closely correspondcorrespond exactly

The numbers on the map correspond to the photos in the guidebook.

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correspond to 表示对应。

His story does not correspond with the facts we know.

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correspond with 可表示与事实一致。

match 更常用,correspond 更正式,常用于系统、事实、编号等。

vi.通信

通过信件、邮件等保持联系。

常见表达correspond with sb.correspond by letter/emailcorrespond regularly

They corresponded with each other after the exchange program.

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correspond with sb. 可表示与某人通信。

The two students correspond by email every month.

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correspond by email 表示通过邮件通信。

通信义较正式,日常也可说 keep in touch。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

respond
回答;反应
You respond to a question, but two sets of numbers correspond to each other. respond 是回应,correspond 是对应/一致/通信。
match
匹配;相配
Match is common and direct; correspond is more formal and often used for systems or facts. match 更口语直接,correspond 更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

correspondence
通信;对应
Their correspondence lasted for two years. correspondence 是名词。
067

response

[ri'spɒns] · n. [C,U] · Page 93

回答,答复;反应,响应

an answer or a reaction to something

联想

response 是 respond 的名词,既可指“回答”,也可指“反应”。核心结构 in response to... 表示“作为对……的回应/反应”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]回答;答复

对问题、请求、邮件等的回答或回复。

常见表达a quick responseresponse to a question/requestreceive no responsewait for a response

We sent two emails but received no response.

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receive no response 表示没有收到回复。

Her response to the teacher's question was clear and confident.

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response to a question 表示对问题的回答。

response 是名词;respond 是动词。

n. [C,U]反应;响应

对情况、新闻、问题、治疗等产生的反应。

常见表达in response to...public responseresponse to treatmentemotional response

The city planted more trees in response to public concern.

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in response to... 表示作为对……的回应。

His response to the news surprised everyone.

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response to news 表示对消息的反应。

answer 多指问题答案;response 范围更宽,可指反应。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

respond
回答;反应
Please respond today; we need your response before Friday. respond 是动词,response 是名词。
answer
答案;回答
An answer is often to a question; a response can also be to a situation or event. answer 偏问题答案,response 可指更广泛反应。
068

responsible

[ri'spɒnsəbl] · adj. · Page 93

负有责任的;负责的;有责任心的,可靠的;引起……的

having a duty to deal with something, behaving reliably, or being the cause of something

联想

responsible 的核心结构是 be responsible for...,既可表示“对……负责”,也可表示“是……的原因”。还要区分 a responsible person 和 the person responsible。

意思、用法与例句

adj.负有责任的;负责的

表示某人有职责处理某事。

常见表达be responsible for...responsible for doing sth.the person responsiblebe responsible to sb.

Who is responsible for cleaning the lab?

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be responsible for doing sth. 表示负责做某事。

The person responsible for the project will report to the teacher.

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the person responsible 是后置定语,表示负责人/责任人。

the person responsible 通常指具体责任人。

adj.有责任心的;可靠的

形容人可靠、能认真完成该做的事。

常见表达a responsible studenta responsible personresponsible behavioract responsibly

A responsible student returns borrowed books on time.

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a responsible student 是有责任心的学生。

She is careful, honest, and responsible.

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responsible 可作褒义形容词。

a responsible person 是可靠的人;不要误解成“被追责的人”。

adj.引起……的;作为原因的

表示某事是问题、变化或结果的原因。

常见表达be responsible for damage/changepartly responsible for...largely responsible for...

The storm was responsible for most of the damage.

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be responsible for 可表示导致某结果。

Poor planning was partly responsible for the delay.

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partly responsible for 表示部分导致。

根据语境判断 responsible for 是“负责”还是“导致”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

responsibility
责任;职责
A responsible student accepts responsibility for mistakes. responsible 是形容词,responsibility 是名词。
irresponsible
不负责任的
Leaving the gate open was irresponsible. irresponsible 是核心反义词。
response
回答;反应
A responsible response should solve the problem, not hide it. response 是回答/反应,不是责任。
069

responsibility

[ri,spɒnsə'biləti] · n. [C,U] · Page 93

责任,负责;职责,义务

a duty that someone should deal with, or the state of being answerable for something

联想

responsibility 来自 responsible,核心是“该由谁负责”。它可以指抽象责任,也可以指具体职责。重点背 take responsibility for 和 It is sb.'s responsibility to do sth.

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]责任;负责

抽象责任、责任感或对结果负责的状态。

常见表达take responsibility foraccept responsibilityhave responsibility for...share responsibility

The captain took responsibility for the team's poor performance.

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take responsibility for 表示承担责任。

Parents and schools share responsibility for children's safety.

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share responsibility 表示共同承担责任。

责任感多为不可数。

n. [C]职责;义务

某人需要完成的具体职责或义务。

常见表达a responsibility to do sth.job/family responsibilityIt is sb.'s responsibility to do sth.

It is the guide's responsibility to keep the group safe.

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It is sb.'s responsibility to do sth. 是重要句型。

Feeding the class plants is one of my weekly responsibilities.

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具体职责可用复数 responsibilities。

具体职责可数,抽象责任通常不可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

responsible
负责的;可靠的
A responsible student accepts responsibility for mistakes. responsible 是形容词,responsibility 是名词。
duty
职责;义务
Duty often names what you must do; responsibility can also mean accepting blame or care. duty 偏职责,responsibility 范围更广。
070

sponsor

星标

['spɒnsə(r)] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 93

发起人,提案人,倡议者;赞助者,赞助商;赞助,资助,倡议,主办

a person or organization that supports an event, plan, or person with money or public backing; also to provide that support

联想

sponsor 的核心是“站出来支持”:可以出钱赞助,也可以发起、主办或支持一项计划。它和 respond 组有 sponse 的记忆联系,但不要当成 respond 的直接派生词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]赞助者;赞助商;发起人

提供资金、资源或正式支持的人或组织,也可指项目/议案发起人。

常见表达a main sponsorthe sponsor of an eventa project sponsorcorporate sponsor

A local company became the main sponsor of the school concert.

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main sponsor 是主要赞助商。

The sponsor of the plan explained why the community needed a new park.

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sponsor 可指计划或议案的发起人。

sponsor 可指给钱支持的人,也可指正式发起/支持的人。

vt.赞助;资助;倡议;主办

提供资金或正式支持,使活动、项目、人或计划能进行。

常见表达sponsor an eventsponsor a studentsponsor a projectsponsor a race

The shop sponsored the school basketball team.

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sponsor a team 表示赞助球队。

Several teachers sponsored a reading project for younger students.

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sponsor a project 可表示发起或支持项目。

fund 更偏出钱;sponsor 还可含正式支持、主办或发起。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

support
支持
A sponsor supports a project, often with money or official backing. support 范围更宽;sponsor 常有资金或正式背书。
backer
支持者;资助者
The project found several backers before it began. backer 与 sponsor 都可指资助支持者。
respond
回答;反应
Many people responded to the event after a company sponsored it. sponsor 与 respond 有记忆联系,但不是 respond 的直接派生词。
12

proceed

6 个词

proceedprocedureproceduralprocessaccessaccessible
proceed

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

proceed 组分两条线:proceed/procedure/procedural/process 围绕 ceed/cess 的“走、推进、步骤、过程”;access/accessible 走“进入、使用、可到达/可理解”线。两条线有记忆联系,但 access 不是 proceed 的直接派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 proceed:不及物动词,proceed with 是继续进行,proceed to 是前往/接着做
  2. 再学 procedure/procedural:procedure 是程序、手续、步骤、手术;procedural 是程序上的
  3. 然后学 process:名词过程,动词处理/加工/办理,重点 in the process of...
  4. 最后学 access/accessible:access to、access a file、accessible to/by、accessible language

组内辨析

  • proceed 是动词“继续/前进”;process 可作名词“过程”或动词“处理”。
  • procedure 更像规定好的步骤或手续;process 更像一个发展的过程。
  • procedural 强调步骤、规则、手续方面,不强调内容本身。
  • access 作名词常接 to;作动词直接接 file/site/account/place。
  • accessible 可形容地方可到达、资源可使用、语言易懂、人易接近。

易错提醒

  • 不要说 proceed the work;说 proceed with the work。
  • 不要把 process 和 procedure 都简单译成“过程”。
  • procedural 重点按 procedure + -al 的词形和 procedural mistake/rule/change 搭配来记。
  • access 作动词时不加 to:access a file,不是 access to a file。
  • accessible to students 与 available to students 接近,但 accessible 更强调能进入、能用、能懂。
071

proceed

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[prə'si:d] · vi. · Page 93

继续进行;沿特定路线行进,朝特定方向前进

to continue after stopping, or to move forward in a particular direction

联想

proceed 是较正式的“继续/前进”。它是不及物动词,常用于会议、实验、流程或路线,重点搭配 proceed with 和 proceed to。

意思、用法与例句

vi.继续进行

在停顿、准备或检查后继续做某事。

常见表达proceed with...proceed to do sth.proceed carefullyproceed smoothly

After checking the data, the group proceeded with the experiment.

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proceed with... 表示继续进行某事。

The meeting proceeded smoothly after the short break.

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proceed smoothly 表示顺利进行。

proceed 较正式,不直接说 proceed the work。

vi.行进;前往

沿路线或朝某方向前进。

常见表达proceed to...proceed along/down...proceed toward...

Visitors should proceed to the front desk.

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proceed to... 表示前往某处。

The hikers proceeded along the river until they reached a bridge.

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proceed along... 表示沿……前进。

用于指示路线时语气较正式。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

continue
继续
Continue is common; proceed sounds more formal. continue 更普通;proceed 更正式。
process
过程;处理
The process may continue even if the meeting does not proceed. process 是过程或处理,proceed 是继续/前进。

词族线索 / 同组词

procedure
程序;手续;步骤;手术
A clear procedure tells people how to proceed. proceed 是动词,procedure 是名词。
072

procedure

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[prə'si:dʒə(r)] · n. [C,U] · Page 93

程序,手续,步骤;手术

an official or accepted set of steps for doing something; also a medical operation

联想

procedure 是“按步骤办事”:学校手续、实验步骤、安全流程、法律程序、医疗手术都可以是 procedure。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]程序;手续;步骤

正式或被接受的一套办事步骤。

常见表达follow a procedurethe procedure for...safety/legal procedurestandard procedure

New students must follow the registration procedure before choosing courses.

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registration procedure 是注册手续。

The lab has a strict safety procedure for using chemicals.

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safety procedure 是安全流程。

procedure 通常比 process 更制度化、更固定。

n. [C]手术;医疗操作

医疗中的一项操作或手术。

常见表达a medical procedurea simple procedureduring the procedure

The hospital uses a simple procedure to check eyesight.

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medical procedure 可指医疗操作。

The doctor explained the procedure before the operation began.

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procedure 在医疗语境中可指手术步骤或操作。

不要只记“程序”,医学语境也常见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

process
过程;处理
A procedure is a set of steps; a process may be a longer natural or working development. procedure 更像规定步骤,process 更像过程。

词族线索 / 同组词

proceed
继续;前进
Once you know the procedure, you can proceed safely. procedure 是名词,proceed 是动词。
procedural
程序上的
A procedural error is an error in the steps or rules. procedural 是形容词。
073

procedural

· adj. · Page 93

程序上的

connected with the correct rules or steps of a procedure

联想

procedural 是 procedure 的形容词,强调“步骤/手续/规则方面的”,常修饰 mistake, rule, problem, change。按 procedure + -al 记形即可,重点是用法。

意思、用法与例句

adj.程序上的;规则步骤方面的

与办事步骤、手续、规则是否正确有关。

常见表达procedural mistakeprocedural errorprocedural ruleprocedural problemprocedural change

The meeting was delayed because of a procedural mistake.

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procedural mistake 是程序性错误。

The judge explained a procedural rule before the hearing began.

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procedural rule 是程序规则。

procedural 强调做事步骤,不强调内容本身。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

substantive
实质性的;内容上的
This is a procedural question, not a substantive one. procedural 看步骤,substantive 看内容。

词族线索 / 同组词

procedure
程序;手续;步骤
A procedural problem is a problem with the procedure. procedural 是 procedure 的形容词。
074

process

星标

['prəuses] · n. [C] / vt. · Page 93

进程,过程;加工,处理,办理

a series of actions or changes; as a verb, to deal with information, materials, or official papers

联想

process 既是“过程”,也是“处理”。名词看一连串步骤或变化;动词常接 data, food, application, document。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]过程;进程

一连串行动、步骤或变化。

常见表达in the process of...a long/slow processthe learning processthe writing process

Learning a language is a long process, not a one-week task.

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process 指持续的过程。

The old factory was in the process of becoming a museum.

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in the process of... 表示在……过程中。

process 不一定是正式手续,可能是自然发展或工作过程。

vt.加工;处理;办理

处理数据、食品、文件、申请等。

常见表达process dataprocess foodprocess an applicationprocess a document

The machine processes milk before it is sold.

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process milk 表示加工牛奶。

The office needs two days to process your application.

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process an application 表示办理申请。

process 作动词是及物动词,后面接被处理的对象。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

procedure
程序;手续;步骤
A procedure is a fixed set of steps inside a process. procedure 更固定制度化,process 更宽泛。
proceed
继续;前进
The process continued after the meeting proceeded. proceed 是动词,process 可作名词或及物动词。
access
进入权;访问;通道
You may need access to a system before you can process the data. cess/go 是记忆线索,process 与 access 用法不同。
075

access

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['ækses] · n. [U] / vt. · Page 94

进入权,使用权,接触机会;通道,入口;访问,存取;到达,进入,使用

the right or way to enter or use something; as a verb, to reach or open information, a place, or a system

联想

access 的核心是“能不能进去/用到”。名词常用 access to;动词直接接文件、网站、账户、区域等。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]进入权;使用权;通道

进入、使用、接触某物的权利、机会或通道。

常见表达access to...Internet accesswheelchair accessgain/get access to...easy access

The library gives students free access to online books.

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access to... 表示使用或接触……的机会。

Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park to the platforms.

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wheelchair access 指轮椅通道。

access 作名词常不可数,后面常接 to。

vt.访问;存取;到达;使用

进入系统、打开文件、到达区域或使用资源。

常见表达access a fileaccess a websiteaccess an accountaccess the area

Only teachers can access the exam files.

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access files 表示访问/存取文件。

Students can access the online course from home.

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access a course 表示进入并使用课程资源。

动词 access 后直接接对象,不说 access to a file。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

accessible
可到达的;可使用的;易懂的
A building with good access is accessible to wheelchair users. access 是名词/动词,accessible 是形容词。
entry
进入;入口
Entry is the act or place of entering; access can mean the right or ability to enter or use something. access 更强调权利、通道或可用性。
process
过程;处理
You may need access to a system before you can process the data. 二者有 cess/go 记忆线索,但不是同义词。
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accessible

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[ək'sesəbl] · adj. · Page 94

易得到的;易接近的;可到达的;易理解的,易懂的

easy to reach, enter, use, understand, or talk to

联想

accessible = access + -ible,意思是“可以进入/使用/理解/接近的”。看对象不同,中文分别是可到达、可使用、易懂、平易近人。

意思、用法与例句

adj.可到达的;可使用的;易得到的

地方、资源或物品容易到达、得到或使用。

常见表达accessible to...easily accessibleaccessible by buswheelchair-accessible

The new library is accessible to students after school.

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accessible to students 表示学生可以使用/进入。

The museum is wheelchair-accessible and close to the bus stop.

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wheelchair-accessible 表示轮椅可进入。

accessible to... 是核心搭配。

adj.易理解的;易接近的

信息、语言、解释容易理解;人容易接近或沟通。

常见表达accessible languagean accessible explanationaccessible to readersan accessible teacher

The guide uses accessible language for young readers.

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accessible language 是易懂的语言。

The new teacher is friendly and accessible.

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形容人时,accessible 表示容易接近。

同一个词根据对象变化翻译。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

access
进入权;访问;通道
If students have access to a website, the website is accessible to them. access 是名词/动词,accessible 是形容词。
available
可获得的;有空的
A book may be available online, but not accessible to readers without a password. available 强调有货/可获得,accessible 强调能进入、能用、能懂。
inaccessible
难以到达的;不能使用的
The village was inaccessible after the heavy snow. inaccessible 是核心反义词。
13

slip / slide

2 个词

slipslide
slip / slide

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

slip / slide 都和“滑”有关,但重心不同:slip 多是不稳、意外或悄悄移动,也可指纸条和小差错;slide 多是顺着表面平滑移动,也可指滑梯、下跌和幻灯片。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 slip:slip on the ice 是滑倒,slip away/out 是溜走,slip sth. into... 是悄悄塞入
  2. 再学 slip 的名词:a slip of paper 是纸条,a slip of the tongue 是口误
  3. 然后学 slide:slide down/across 是滑动,slide sth. under... 是滑过去
  4. 最后学 slide 的名词和下跌义:playground slide、next slide、a slide in prices

组内辨析

  • slip on the ice = 在冰上滑倒;slide on the ice = 在冰上滑行/滑动。
  • slip 常带意外、不稳或悄悄的感觉;slide 强调平滑移动。
  • slip 作名词可指纸条或差错;slide 作名词可指滑梯或幻灯片。
  • prices/grades slip 和 prices/sales slide 都可说下滑,但 slide 更常用于图表趋势。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 slip 和 slide 都机械译成“滑”。
  • a slip of paper 不是滑倒,而是一张小纸条。
  • a slip of the tongue 是口误,不是舌头滑倒。
  • next slide 在演示中是下一张幻灯片。
077

slip

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[slip] · vi. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 94

滑倒,滑落;溜走;下降,变差;悄悄塞;滑倒;纸条;差错

to slide by accident, move quietly, become worse, put something quietly, or a small fall, note, or mistake

联想

slip 的核心是“不稳地滑开/悄悄过去”:人会滑倒,纸条可被悄悄塞进包里,成绩也可能下滑。

意思、用法与例句

vi.滑倒;滑落;溜走;下降

不及物动词,强调意外滑倒、悄悄离开或水平下降。

常见表达slip on...slip away/outprices/grades slipslip from...

He slipped on the wet floor and hurt his knee.

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slip on... 常表示在某物上滑倒。

Her grades slipped after she missed several classes.

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grades slip 表示成绩下滑。

slip on the ice 是滑倒;slide on the ice 更像滑行。

vt.悄悄塞;偷偷放

把某物悄悄放入某处。

常见表达slip sth. into...slip sth. under...slip sb. a note

He slipped the ticket into his pocket.

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slip sth. into... 表示悄悄塞进。

She slipped a note under the classroom door.

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slip a note under... 表示把纸条悄悄塞到……下面。

这个义项强调动作轻、快、悄悄。

n. [C]滑倒;纸条;差错

可指一次滑倒、一张小纸条或小错误。

常见表达a slip on the stairsa slip of papera slip of the tonguemake a slip

Write your name on this slip of paper.

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a slip of paper 是一张小纸条。

Calling the teacher by the wrong name was a slip of the tongue.

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a slip of the tongue 是口误。

名词义要按语境判断是滑倒、纸条还是差错。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

slide
滑行;滑动;滑梯;幻灯片
He slipped on the ice and fell, but the children slid on the ice for fun. slip 常是不小心滑倒;slide 常是滑动或滑行。

词族线索 / 同组词

slippery
滑的
The road was slippery after the rain. slippery 是形容词。
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slide

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[slaid] · v. / vi. / n. [C] · Page 94

使滑行,使滑动;悄悄移动;下跌;滑梯;下降;幻灯片

to move smoothly over a surface, move something quietly, fall in level, or a playground slide or presentation page

联想

slide 强调“顺着表面滑动”。它可以是人或物滑行,也可以表示价格下跌,还可指滑梯或演示文稿的一页。

意思、用法与例句

v.滑行;滑动;悄悄移动

人或物顺着表面平滑移动,也可指悄悄移动某物。

常见表达slide downslide acrossslide into...slide sth. into...slide on the ice

The children slid down the hill on pieces of cardboard.

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slide down 表示向下滑。

He slid the key under the door so his sister could get in.

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slide sth. under... 表示把某物滑/悄悄移动到……下面。

slide on the ice 可表示滑行;slip on the ice 多是滑倒。

vi.下跌;下降

价格、数字、水平等下降。

常见表达prices slidesales slideslide sharplyslide further

Sales slid after the shop moved to a quieter street.

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sales slide 表示销量下滑。

The chart shows a sharp slide in sales.

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a slide in... 表示……的下降。

下跌义常用于数字、价格、销售额等。

n. [C]滑梯;下降;幻灯片

可指儿童玩的滑梯、一次下降,或演示文稿中的一页。

常见表达a playground slidea slide in pricesthe next slidePowerPoint slide

The little boy waited for his turn on the playground slide.

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playground slide 是滑梯。

Please look at the next slide in the presentation.

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slide 可指幻灯片。

名词 slide 的语境差异很大,要看 playground、chart 还是 presentation。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

slip
滑倒;溜走;纸条;差错
A child can slide on purpose, but a person usually slips by accident. slide 可有意滑行;slip 多是不小心滑倒或悄悄溜走。
glide
滑行;滑翔
Glide is smooth and graceful; slide is broader and more everyday. glide 更强调平稳优雅。
14

hand

21 个词

handhandbaghandfulhandkerchiefhandlehandsomeleft-handedright-handedhandycommandcommanderdemandmanagemanagermannerrecommendrecommendationfingerfingerprintfingernailtoenail
hand

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

hand 大组不能讲成一条直接派生链,要分三层:hand 直接复合词和短语线;command/demand/manage/manner/recommend 的 man/mend/hand“掌握、处理、交付”记忆线;finger/fingernail/toenail 的身体部位线。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 hand 本词和核心短语:give sb. a hand, hand in/out/over/back, on the one hand...
  2. 再学 hand 透明词:handbag, handful, handkerchief, handle, left-handed/right-handed, handy
  3. 然后学 control/handle 线:command/commander, demand, manage/manager, manner, recommend/recommendation
  4. 最后学 finger 线:finger, fingerprint, fingernail, toenail,并区分 finger/toe/nail

组内辨析

  • hand 是手,也可作动词“递交”;finger 是手指,不等于 hand。
  • handle 是把手,也可表示处理;manage 更偏设法做成、经营管理。
  • command 是命令/指挥/掌控;demand 是强烈要求或需求。
  • recommend 是推荐/建议,不等于 demand;recommendation 是名词。
  • handsome 中 d 不发音,handkerchief 中 d 也不发音;commander/fingerprint/toenail 先按词形和核心义识别。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 hand 组 21 个词都当作 hand 的直接派生词。
  • a handful of 可指一把,也可指少数几个。
  • recommend doing sth.,也可 recommend that sb. (should) do sth.
  • demand that sb. (should) do sth.,但 demand to do sth. 是主语要求自己做。
  • fingernail 是手指甲;toenail 是脚趾甲。
079

hand

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[hænd] · n. / vt. · Page 94

手;指针;帮助, 协助;递, 给, 交

the body part at the end of the arm, a clock pointer, help, or to pass something to someone

联想

hand 是大词族入口词:手、钟表指针、帮忙,以及“递交”。短语很多,优先掌握 hand in/out/over/back 和 give sb. a hand。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]手;指针;帮助

作名词时可指手、钟表指针,也可在 give sb. a hand 中表示帮助。

常见表达by handthe hour handgive sb. a handon the one hand...

The minute hand points to twelve when the class begins.

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hand 可指钟表指针。

Could you give me a hand with these boxes?

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give sb. a hand 表示帮某人一把。

vt.递;交;分发;移交

作动词时表示把东西递给或交给某人,常构成短语动词。

常见表达hand sb. sth.hand inhand outhand overhand back

Please hand in your homework before Friday.

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hand in 表示上交。

The monitor handed out the test papers quietly.

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hand out 表示分发。

hand 的短语多,要按小品词区分。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finger
手指
A hand has five fingers. finger 是手指,hand 是整个手。

词族线索 / 同组词

handle
把手;处理
You hold the handle with your hand. hand 是手/递交,handle 是把手或处理。
080

handbag

['hændbæg] · n. · Page 95

(女用)手提包, 手袋

a small bag, often carried by a woman, for money, keys, and personal things

联想

handbag = hand + bag,指随身手提包或手袋。学习重点是识别复合词,不要把它拆成普通的 hand 和 bag 两个词来翻译。

意思、用法与例句

n.手提包;手袋

可数名词,指随身携带的小包,常装钱、钥匙、手机等。

常见表达carry a handbagput sth. in a handbaga leather handbag

She found the ticket at the bottom of her handbag.

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handbag 指随身手袋。

The woman carried a small black handbag to the meeting.

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carry a handbag 是自然搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hand
手;递交
A handbag is a bag that can be carried by hand. handbag 是复合名词,不是 hand 的动词用法。
081

handful

星标

['hændful] · n. · Page 95

一把(的量);少数人(或物)

an amount that can be held in one hand, or a small number of people or things

联想

handful = hand + -ful,先是“一手满的量”,再引申为“少数几个”。高频搭配是 a handful of。

意思、用法与例句

n.一把;少数几个

可指手能抓住的一把,也可指数量很少的人或物。

常见表达a handful of...only a handful of...a small handful of...

She picked up a handful of sand and let it fall through her fingers.

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handful 表示一手的量。

Only a handful of students stayed to clean the classroom.

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a handful of 可表示少数几个。

a handful of 后接复数名词或不可数名词,意思随语境变化。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

few
少数的
Only a handful of people came, so only a few chairs were needed. few 是形容词/代词,a handful of 是名词短语。

词族线索 / 同组词

hand
A handful is the amount that fills one hand. handful 是名词,不是 hand 的普通复数。
082

handkerchief

['hæŋkətʃif] · n. · Page 95

手帕, 纸巾

a small piece of cloth or paper used for wiping the nose, face, or hands

联想

handkerchief 是“手帕/纸巾”,拼写里 d 不发音,本条提醒 handsome 也有类似 silent d。

意思、用法与例句

n.手帕;纸巾

可数名词,指擦鼻子、脸或手的小布片或纸巾。

常见表达a clean handkerchieftake out a handkerchiefuse a handkerchief

He took out a handkerchief and wiped his glasses.

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take out a handkerchief 是自然动作。

My grandmother keeps a clean handkerchief in her pocket.

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handkerchief 是可数名词。

注意拼写和发音:handkerchief 中的 d 不发音。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

hand
A handkerchief is often held in the hand. handkerchief 是完整名词,不等于 hand + kerchief 的自由组合。
handsome
英俊的;丰厚的
Both handkerchief and handsome contain a silent d after han. 两词意思不同,只共享拼写/发音提醒。
083

handle

['hændl] · n. / vt. · Page 95

柄, 把手;拿, 触, 摸;操纵;应付, 处理

the part you hold to open or carry something; as a verb, to touch, control, or deal with something

联想

handle 和 hand 有关:名词是“手握的部分”,动词是“用手处理/控制”,再引申为处理问题。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]把手;柄

可数名词,指门、杯子、工具、包等供手握的部分。

常见表达a door handlethe handle of a cuphold the handle

The door handle was too hot to touch after the fire.

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door handle 指门把手。

Hold the handle tightly when you carry the heavy bag.

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handle 是供手握的部分。

vt.拿;操纵;应付处理

可指用手触碰或控制,也可指处理困难、问题、工作。

常见表达handle with carehandle a problemhandle the situationhandle a machine

This glass box must be handled with care.

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handle with care 表示小心处理。

The manager handled the complaint politely.

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handle a complaint/problem 表示处理问题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

manage
管理;设法做到
A manager may handle complaints and manage a team. handle 强调处理具体问题;manage 更常指管理或设法完成。

词族线索 / 同组词

hand
手;递交
You use your hand to hold a handle. hand 是手,handle 是把手或处理。
084

handsome

['hænsəm] · adj. · Page 95

丰厚的;(男子)英俊的, 漂亮的

good-looking, especially for a man; also large or generous in amount

联想

handsome 最常见是形容男子英俊,也可形容数额“丰厚的”。注意 d 不发音,本条把它和 handkerchief 一起提醒。

意思、用法与例句

adj.英俊的;漂亮的

常形容男子相貌好,也可形容建筑、物品外观好看。

常见表达a handsome manlook handsomea handsome building

The young actor looked handsome in the old black-and-white photo.

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handsome 常形容男子英俊。

The school has a handsome old building near the lake.

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handsome 也可形容建筑外观好看。

adj.丰厚的;可观的

形容金钱、奖励、利润、数额较大。

常见表达a handsome rewarda handsome profita handsome salary

The police offered a handsome reward for useful information.

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handsome reward 表示丰厚奖励。

The small shop made a handsome profit during the festival.

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handsome profit 表示可观利润。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

beautiful
美丽的
Beautiful is common for women, places, and things; handsome is especially common for men. handsome 常用于男子,也可用于建筑或数额;beautiful 更宽泛。
handkerchief
手帕
Handsome and handkerchief both hide the d sound. 这是发音提示,不是词义关系。
085

left-handed

[,left 'hændid] · adj. · Page 95

惯用左手的

using the left hand more naturally or skillfully than the right hand

联想

left-handed = left + hand + -ed,表示惯用左手的。它通常形容人,也可形容为左手使用者设计的工具。

意思、用法与例句

adj.惯用左手的;左手用的

形容人主要用左手,也可形容工具适合左手使用。

常见表达a left-handed personleft-handed writingleft-handed scissors

My brother is left-handed, so he writes with his left hand.

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left-handed 形容人惯用左手。

The shop sells left-handed scissors for children.

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left-handed 可形容工具适合左手使用。

与 right-handed 构成直接反义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

right-handed
惯用右手的
A left-handed student may need different scissors from a right-handed student. left-handed 是惯用左手,right-handed 是惯用右手。
hand
Left-handed describes which hand a person usually uses. left-handed 是形容词,hand 是名词或动词。
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right-handed

[,rait 'hændid] · adj. · Page 95

惯用右手的

using the right hand more naturally than the left

联想

right-handed 由 right + hand + -ed 构成,表示“右手更顺手”。它描述人的习惯,也可描述为右手使用者设计的工具。

意思、用法与例句

adj.惯用右手的;适合右手使用的

形容人主要用右手,也可形容工具、动作或运动员的右手侧。

常见表达be right-handeda right-handed playerright-handed tools

Most desks in the classroom are comfortable for right-handed students.

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right-handed 修饰 students,表示用手习惯。

The coach chose a right-handed player to serve from that side of the court.

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运动语境中常说 a right-handed player。

right-handed 常和 left-handed 对照,不要理解为“正确的手”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

left-handed
惯用左手的
A right-handed child may hold the pen differently from a left-handed child. 二者只区分惯用哪只手,不表示能力高低。
handy
手边的;有用的;手巧的
She is right-handed, and she is also handy with simple tools. right-handed 说用右手的习惯;handy 说方便、有用或手巧。
087

handy

['hændi] · adj. · Page 95

手边的;有用的;手巧的

near and easy to use; useful; good at using the hands

联想

handy 从 hand 引申出三层意思:在手边、顺手好用、手巧。判断时看它修饰的是物品、方法还是人。

意思、用法与例句

adj.手边的;方便有用的

形容东西离得近、用起来方便,或在某种情况下有帮助。

常见表达keep sth. handycome in handya handy tool

Keep a notebook handy so that you can write down new words at once.

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keep sth. handy 表示“把某物放在手边”。

A small flashlight may come in handy during a power cut.

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come in handy 是“派上用场”。

handy 作“有用”时常用于口语和生活场景。

adj.手巧的

形容人擅长用手修理、制作或处理东西。

常见表达be handy with...handy around the house

My grandfather is handy with wood and often repairs old chairs himself.

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handy with wood/tools 表示“手巧,会做”。

handy with tools 不是“手边有工具”,而是“会用工具”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

useful
有用的
This app is useful, and its quick search button is especially handy. useful 范围更广;handy 常带“顺手、方便”的感觉。
skillful
熟练的;有技巧的
A skillful worker is often handy with simple machines. skillful 强调技术熟练;handy with 强调用手处理东西很顺。
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command

星标

[kə'mɑ:nd, kə'mænd] · vt. / vi. / n. · Page 95

命令;指挥, 统率;掌控;俯瞰;命令, 指令;控制

to order, lead, or control; an order or control

联想

command 的核心是“上级掌控并发出指令”。它可以是动词“命令/指挥/控制”,也可以是名词“命令/指挥权”。command, demand, recommend 形似,但含义和搭配不同。

意思、用法与例句

vt.命令;指挥;统率

正式地命令某人做事,或指挥军队、队伍、行动等。

常见表达command sb. to do sth.command that sb. (should) do sth.command a team/army

The officer commanded the soldiers to leave the dangerous area.

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句中 command 表示“命令;指挥”。常见表达是 command sb. to do sth.。

She was chosen to command the rescue team during the flood.

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command a team 表示“指挥团队”。

command 语气比 ask/order 更正式,常有权威感。

vt.掌控;俯瞰

表示掌握某种能力或位置占优势、能俯瞰某处。

常见表达command respectcommand a view of...command attention

The old tower commands a fine view of the whole valley.

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command a view of... 表示位置上“俯瞰”。

A calm speaker can command the attention of a large audience.

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command attention 是“吸引/掌控注意力”。

“俯瞰”是较特殊用法,常见搭配是 command a view。

n. [C,U]命令;指挥权;掌握

可数时指一条命令;不可数时指指挥、控制或对语言等的掌握。

常见表达give a commandunder the command of...have a good command of...

Under the command of the new coach, the team trained more carefully.

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under the command of... 表示“在……指挥下”。

A good command of English helps students understand international news.

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have a good command of 是常考短语。

名词 command 不要和 demand“需求/要求”混淆。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

order
命令;订购;顺序
The officer gave an order, but the general commanded the whole operation. order 更常用;command 更正式,强调权威和控制。
demand
要求;需求
The captain commanded the team to move, while the workers demanded safer equipment. command 是有权力地命令或指挥;demand 是强烈要求或表示需求。

词族线索 / 同组词

commander
指挥官;负责人
A commander must give clear commands in an emergency. command 是动作或命令;commander 是发出命令的人。
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commander

· n. · Page 95

负责人;(尤指)司令官, 指挥官

a person who commands or leads a group, especially in the army

联想

commander = command + -er,指“发出命令、负责指挥的人”。普通项目负责人可用 leader,军事或正式指挥语境更常用 commander。

意思、用法与例句

n.指挥官;负责人

指有权指挥一支队伍、行动或军事单位的人。

常见表达a military commanderthe commander of...under a commander

The commander of the rescue team asked everyone to check the equipment.

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commander of... 表示“……的指挥者/负责人”。

In the story, the young commander stayed calm when the bridge was destroyed.

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commander 常用于军事或行动指挥语境。

commander 比 manager 更强调“指挥命令”,manager 更强调“经营管理”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

leader
领导者
A leader may guide a school club, but a commander gives orders in an operation. leader 范围广;commander 更正式,常和行动、军队、指挥权有关。
manager
经理;管理者
The manager planned the budget, while the commander led the emergency team. manager 管理资源和日常工作;commander 指挥行动或人员。

词族线索 / 同组词

command
命令;指挥
A commander must command clearly when time is short. command 是动词或名词;commander 是人。
090

demand

星标

[di'mɑ:nd, di'mænd] · v. / n. · Page 95-96

要求;要求;(顾客的)需要, 需求

to ask for something firmly; a firm request or a market need

联想

demand 的核心是“强烈要求”或“市场需求”。它不是 command“命令”,也不是 recommend“推荐”;demand 常强调必须得到回应的要求或供求关系。

意思、用法与例句

v.强烈要求

动词,表示坚定、强烈地要求某事或要求做某事。

常见表达demand sth.demand to do sth.demand that sb. (should) do sth.

The parents demanded an explanation after the school bus arrived an hour late.

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demand an explanation 表示强烈要求解释。

The students demanded to know why the library was closed so early.

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句中 demand 表示“强烈要求”。常见表达是 demand sth.。

demand 语气较强,通常不用于普通礼貌请求。

n. [C,U]要求;需求

可数时是一项要求;可数或不可数时可指消费者或社会对某物的需求。

常见表达a demand for...in demandon demandsupply and demand

The demand for online courses increased when many students stayed at home.

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保留例句的 demand for... 需求结构。

Good translators are in demand because more companies work with foreign partners.

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in demand 表示“需求量大;受欢迎”。

supply and demand 是“供求关系”,demand 在这里是名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

require
要求;需要
The job requires patience, but the workers demanded better safety rules. require 可表示客观需要或规定;demand 语气更强,像主动提出要求。
command
命令;指挥;控制
A teacher may demand silence, but a commander commands soldiers. demand 是强烈要求;command 是有权威地命令或指挥。
recommend
推荐;建议
The guide recommended a quiet route, but the passengers demanded a refund. recommend 给建议或推荐;demand 表示强烈要求。
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manage

星标

['mænidʒ] · v. / vt. / vi. · Page 96

设法做成;经营, 管理;控制住;成功应付难题;勉强维持

to succeed in doing something difficult, or to control and run something

联想

manage 一边表示“管理”,一边表示“设法做到”。看到 manage to do 时,重点是“好不容易成功做成”。

意思、用法与例句

v.设法做成

表示虽然有困难,但最终成功做到了某事。

常见表达manage to do sth.manage somehow

We managed to finish the project before the storm cut off the power.

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manage to do 强调“设法成功”。

Although the question was difficult, she managed to find the answer in the passage.

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高考阅读中常见 manage to find/solve。

manage to do 不等于 try to do;manage 表示真的做成了。

vt.经营;管理;控制

管理公司、团队、时间、情绪或困难局面。

常见表达manage a company/teammanage timemanage one's feelings

The young teacher learned to manage a noisy classroom without shouting.

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manage a classroom 表示管理场面。

Students who manage their time well usually feel less worried before exams.

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manage time 是“管理时间”。

manage 可接具体组织,也可接 time/stress 等抽象对象。

vi.成功应付;勉强维持

不接宾语时,表示在困难条件下还能应付或维持。

常见表达manage without...manage on...How did you manage?

After losing his wallet, he managed without money for the rest of the day.

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manage without... 表示没有某物也能应付。

How did you manage? 常问“你是怎么做到/应付过来的?”

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

succeed
成功
She tried twice and finally managed to succeed on the third attempt. succeed 直接说成功;manage to do 强调有困难但做成。
handle
处理;应付
A good teacher can handle problems and manage the class calmly. handle 强调处理某事;manage 还可表示经营管理或设法做成。

词族线索 / 同组词

manager
经理;管理者
A manager must manage people as well as plans. manage 是动词;manager 是负责管理的人。
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manager

['mænidʒə(r)] · n. · Page 96

经理, 管理者;经纪人;主教练

a person who manages a business, team, artist, or sports side

联想

manager = manage + -er,是“负责管理的人”。它可指公司经理,也可指艺人经纪人或球队主教练。

意思、用法与例句

n.经理;管理者

负责组织人员、资源或日常工作的管理者。

常见表达a company managerthe manager of...ask the manager

The hotel manager apologized when the guests had to wait too long.

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manager 常指机构中负责管理的人。

Our class chose a project manager to keep everyone on schedule.

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project manager 表示项目管理者。

manager 不一定是老板 owner,而是负责管理。

n.经纪人;主教练

在娱乐或体育语境中,指负责艺人事务的人,或负责球队训练和比赛安排的人。

常见表达a singer's managera football managerteam manager

The singer's manager arranged three interviews after the concert.

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manager 可指经纪人。

The football manager changed the plan after two players got hurt.

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体育语境中 manager 可指主教练。

体育里的 manager 和 commander 不同,不强调军事指挥。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

director
主管;董事;导演
The director set the goal, and the manager organized the daily work. director 常指更高层或创作负责人;manager 更强调日常管理。
commander
指挥官;负责人
A manager runs a store, while a commander leads an operation. manager 管理业务和人员;commander 指挥行动,语气更正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

manage
管理;设法做到
A manager must manage time, money, and people. manager 是人,manage 是动作。
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manner

星标

['mænə(r)] · n. · Page 96

方式, 方法;举止, 态度;礼貌, 礼仪

a way of doing something, a person's behavior, or polite social behavior

联想

manner 有三条常考线:in a ... manner 表示“以……方式”;one's manner 表示“举止/态度”;manners 常用复数表示“礼貌”。

意思、用法与例句

n.方式;方法

常用单数,表示做某事的方式。

常见表达in a ... mannerin this mannerall manner of...

The guide explained the rules in a clear and friendly manner.

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句中 manner 表示“方式;方法”。常见表达是 in a ... manner。

The museum collected all manner of old tools from nearby villages.

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all manner of... 表示“各种各样的”。

此义常接形容词,如 careful/polite/professional manner。

n.举止;态度

指一个人对别人表现出来的态度或行为方式。

常见表达one's mannermanner towards...a friendly/cold manner

His quiet manner made new students feel less nervous.

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manner 可指人的举止风格。

manner 单数常指某人的行为风格或态度。

n.礼貌;礼仪

manners 多用复数,表示日常礼貌或社会礼仪。

常见表达good/bad mannerstable mannersmind your manners

Children are taught table manners before they eat with guests.

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句中 manner 表示“礼貌;礼仪”。常见表达是 good/bad manners。

It is bad manners to laugh at someone who has made a small mistake.

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good/bad manners 用复数。

表示“礼貌”时通常用 manners,不说 a manner。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

method
方法
The method was simple, but the teacher presented it in a lively manner. method 更指具体方法;manner 更指做事方式或表现风格。
behavior
行为;举止
Good behavior at dinner shows good manners. behavior 泛指行为;manners 特别指是否礼貌。
094

recommend

星标

[,rekə'mend] · vt. · Page 96

推荐, 介绍;劝告, 建议

to suggest that someone choose something or do something

联想

recommend 是“把好东西/好做法推荐给别人”。它比 demand 语气温和,不是强迫;比 command 更没有命令权威。

意思、用法与例句

vt.推荐;介绍

认为某人或某物好,向别人推荐。

常见表达recommend sth. to sb.recommend sb. as...highly recommend...

My teacher recommended this dictionary to students who want clearer examples.

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句中 recommend 表示“推荐;介绍”。常见表达是 recommend sth. to sb.。

I could not open the data bank that you had recommended.

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保留例句中 had recommended 的推荐含义。

recommend 后接推荐对象,常和 to sb. 搭配。

vt.建议;劝告

建议某人采取某种做法,常接 doing 或 that 从句。

常见表达recommend doing sth.recommend that sb. (should) do sth.recommend against doing sth.

The doctor recommended taking a short walk after dinner.

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句中 recommend 表示“建议;劝告”。常见表达是 recommend doing sth.。

The notice recommends that visitors should book tickets online.

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recommend that... 可接 should do。

不要说 recommend sb. to do sth.;常用 recommend doing 或 recommend that sb. should do。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

suggest
建议;暗示
The guide suggested leaving early and recommended a quiet restaurant nearby. suggest 更广,可表示建议或暗示;recommend 常含“认为值得选择”。
demand
要求;需求
The coach recommended more practice, but no one demanded extra training. recommend 是建议/推荐;demand 是强烈要求。

词族线索 / 同组词

recommendation
推荐;建议
She recommended the book, and I followed her recommendation. recommend 是动词;recommendation 是名词。
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recommendation

[,rekəmen'deiʃn] · n. · Page 96

推荐, 介绍;建议

a suggestion or statement that someone or something is a good choice

联想

recommendation 是 recommend 的名词形式:可以是“推荐信/推荐意见”,也可以是一条“建议”。注意 recommendation 后的 that 同位语从句常用 should do。

意思、用法与例句

n.推荐;推荐意见

表示把某人、某物或某做法作为好选择介绍给别人。

常见表达a recommendation for...on sb.'s recommendationa letter of recommendation

I bought the novel on my friend's recommendation and finished it in one night.

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on sb.'s recommendation 表示“根据某人的推荐”。

The student asked his teacher for a letter of recommendation.

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letter of recommendation 是常见搭配。

recommendation 可以可数也可以不可数,具体一条建议常可数。

n.建议

表示关于该做什么的一项正式或认真建议。

常见表达make a recommendationfollow/accept a recommendationrecommendation that sb. (should) do sth.

The committee made a recommendation that the old bridge should be repaired first.

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用法提示:recommendation 后的 that 从句可用 should do。

After reading the report, the school accepted the safety recommendation.

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accept/follow a recommendation 表示接受建议。

recommendation 比 advice 更正式,常用于报告、申请、委员会意见。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

advice
建议
Her advice was friendly, but the official recommendation came from the school. advice 不可数、语气日常;recommendation 可指正式的一条建议或推荐。
suggestion
建议;提议
Several suggestions were discussed before one recommendation was accepted. suggestion 可更随意;recommendation 通常更认真或正式。

词族线索 / 同组词

recommend
推荐;建议
The teacher recommended the course, and her recommendation was helpful. recommend 是动词;recommendation 是名词。
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finger

['fiŋgə(r)] · n. · Page 97

手指

one of the long parts at the end of the hand

联想

finger 是“手指”,通常不包括 thumb“拇指”。本词族里 fingerprint、fingernail 是真实复合词;不要把 toenail 当成 finger 的派生词。

意思、用法与例句

n.手指

手末端较长的部分,用来拿、指、触摸等。

常见表达a fingerhold sth. between one's fingersraise a finger

She held the tiny seed between her finger and thumb.

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finger and thumb 是常见身体部位表达。

The child put a finger on the map and asked where the river began.

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put a finger on... 是具体动作。

finger 通常是可数名词;five fingers 在严格说法中可能包含 thumb,但日常表达会有差异。

n.含 finger 的常用短语

cross your fingers 表示祈求成功;point a/the finger at sb. 表示指责某人。

常见表达cross your fingerspoint a/the finger at sb.

I crossed my fingers and hoped the speech would go well.

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句中 finger 表示“含 finger 的常用短语”。常见表达是 cross your fingers。

Before checking the facts, we should not point the finger at anyone.

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point the finger at sb. 表示指责。

这两个短语不是字面翻译,阅读中要按固定短语理解。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

thumb
拇指
She held the paper between her thumb and finger. thumb 是拇指;finger 是其他手指或泛指手指。
fingerprint
指纹;手印
A fingerprint is the mark made by a finger. finger 是身体部位;fingerprint 是手指留下的纹印。
fingernail
手指甲
A fingernail grows at the end of a finger. fingernail 是 finger + nail 的复合词,不是抽象派生。
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fingerprint

· n. · Page 97

指纹, 手印

the unique mark made by the pattern on a person's finger

联想

fingerprint = finger + print,是手指留下的独特纹印。它常用于身份识别、警方调查或手机解锁语境。

意思、用法与例句

n.指纹;手印

手指皮肤纹路留下的印记,常用来识别身份。

常见表达leave a fingerprintfind/check fingerprintsuse a fingerprint to unlock...

The police found a clear fingerprint on the window.

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find a fingerprint 是调查语境常用搭配。

Many phones let users unlock the screen with a fingerprint.

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现代生活中 fingerprint 常用于身份验证。

fingerprint 是复合名词,不是 finger 的抽象派生。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

finger
手指
A fingerprint is the mark left by a finger. finger 是身体部位;fingerprint 是手指留下的纹印。
footprint
脚印
The detective saw footprints in the mud and a fingerprint on the door. fingerprint 来自手指;footprint 来自脚。
098

fingernail

['fiŋgəneil] · n. · Page 97

手指甲

the hard thin part that grows at the end of a finger

联想

fingernail = finger + nail,是“手指上的指甲”。例句把 fingernails 和 toenails 对比,记忆时抓住 hand/toe 的身体部位差异。

意思、用法与例句

n.手指甲

长在手指末端的硬薄部分,通常可数。

常见表达cut one's fingernailsclean/dirty fingernailsfingernails grow

Fingernails grow faster than toenails.

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保留例句,直接对比 fingernail 和 toenail。

Please cut your fingernails before the basketball match.

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cut one's fingernails 是生活场景自然搭配。

fingernail 是真实复合词,不要和 toenail 混成派生关系。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

toenail
脚趾甲
Fingernails grow on fingers, while toenails grow on toes. fingernail 在手指上;toenail 在脚趾上。
finger
手指
A fingernail protects the end of a finger. finger 是手指;fingernail 是手指上的甲。
099

toenail

· n. · Page 97

脚趾甲

the hard thin part that grows at the end of a toe

联想

toenail = toe + nail,是“脚趾上的指甲”。它和 fingernail 是身体部位对照,不是派生关系。

意思、用法与例句

n.脚趾甲

长在脚趾末端的硬薄部分,通常可数。

常见表达cut one's toenailsa broken toenailfingernails and toenails

You should cut your toenails before a long hiking trip.

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cut one's toenails 是自然生活搭配。

The runner lost a toenail after wearing shoes that were too small.

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运动和健康语境中常见 toenail。

toe 是脚趾,finger 是手指;toenail 和 fingernail 按身体部位区分。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fingernail
手指甲
A fingernail is on a finger; a toenail is on a toe. fingernail 属于手,toenail 属于脚。
toe
脚趾
A toenail grows at the end of a toe. toe 是脚趾;toenail 是脚趾上的甲。
15

comprehend / comprehension / comprehensive

3 个词

comprehendcomprehensioncomprehensive
comprehend / comprehension / comprehensive

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

comprehend / comprehension / comprehensive 是同一理解词族,但语义要分开:comprehend 是动词“理解、领悟”;comprehension 是名词“理解力/理解练习”;comprehensive 是形容词“全面的、综合性的”,不是 comprehensible“可理解的”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 comprehend:正式动词,表示真正理解、充分领会
  2. 再学 comprehension:reading/listening comprehension 和 beyond comprehension
  3. 最后学 comprehensive:comprehensive plan/report/test/services,重点是覆盖全面

组内辨析

  • comprehend 比 understand 更正式,常用于较难或抽象的信息。
  • comprehension 是理解力或理解练习,不是“全面性”。
  • comprehensive 是全面的、综合性的;comprehensible 才是可理解的。
  • comprehensive report 可帮助读者 comprehend a problem,但两个词词性和重点不同。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 comprehensive 译成“可理解的”。
  • beyond comprehension 是无法理解。
  • reading comprehension 是阅读理解,不是阅读全面。
100

comprehend

[,kɒmpri'hend] · v. · Page 96

理解,领悟

to understand something fully, especially something difficult

联想

comprehend 比 understand 更正式,强调“真正理解、领会”。它和 command/demand/recommend 只是局部形似,意思不在同一组。

意思、用法与例句

v.理解;领悟

理解某个观点、原因、含义或复杂情况,语气比 understand 更正式。

常见表达comprehend the meaning/reasonfully comprehend...find it hard to comprehend...

At first, I could not comprehend why the character refused the reward.

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comprehend why... 表示理解原因。

Students need background knowledge to comprehend the article fully.

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comprehend the article fully 是较正式表达。

comprehend 通常接较复杂的内容,如 meaning, reason, idea, situation。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

understand
理解
I understand the words, but I do not fully comprehend the writer's purpose. understand 更常用;comprehend 更正式,强调理解复杂内容。
grasp
抓住;理解
After the example, most students grasped and comprehended the main idea. grasp 可比喻“抓住要点”;comprehend 强调整体理解。
comprehensive
全面的;综合性的
A comprehensive report helps readers comprehend the problem. comprehend 是动词“理解”;comprehensive 是形容词“全面的”。
101

comprehension

[,kɒmpri'henʃn] · n. [C,U] · Page 96-97

理解力;理解练习或训练

the ability to understand; an exercise that tests understanding

联想

comprehension 是 comprehend 的名词,学校里最常见的是 reading/listening comprehension,即“阅读/听力理解”。beyond comprehension 表示“无法理解”。

意思、用法与例句

n.理解力;理解

不可数名词,表示理解内容、语言或情况的能力。

常见表达reading/listening comprehensiontest one's comprehensionbeyond comprehension

Reading comprehension improves when students learn to find the main idea first.

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reading comprehension 是学习场景高频搭配。

The damage caused by the earthquake was almost beyond comprehension.

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句中 comprehension 表示“理解力;理解”。常见表达是 reading/listening comprehension。

comprehension 作“理解力”通常不可数。

n.理解练习;理解训练

指阅读、听力等课程中的理解题或训练。

常见表达a comprehension exercisecomprehension questionsdo a comprehension

The teacher gave us a short comprehension exercise after the news report.

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comprehension exercise 指理解练习。

The last two comprehension questions ask about the writer's attitude.

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comprehension questions 是考试语境常见表达。

考试里的 comprehension 往往不是“理解力”抽象概念,而是一组理解题。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

understanding
理解;理解力
Good comprehension means more than a word-by-word understanding. understanding 更日常;comprehension 常用于学习、测试、正式语境。

词族线索 / 同组词

comprehend
理解;领悟
Comprehension grows when readers learn to comprehend the structure of a text. comprehend 是动词;comprehension 是名词。
102

comprehensive

[,kɒmpri'hensiv] · adj. · Page 97

全部的,详尽的;综合性的

including all or almost all important parts; complete and wide-ranging

联想

comprehensive 的重点是“覆盖面全”。它和 comprehend 同源,但意思不是“能理解的”,而是“全面的、综合性的”。

意思、用法与例句

adj.全面的;详尽的

包含重要部分,覆盖范围广,信息比较完整。

常见表达a comprehensive plana comprehensive reportcomprehensive information

The city made a comprehensive plan to reduce traffic and improve public transport.

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comprehensive plan 表示覆盖多方面的计划。

A comprehensive report should include facts, examples, and possible solutions.

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comprehensive report 表示内容全面的报告。

comprehensive 通常是褒义或中性,强调完整。

adj.综合性的

指教育、考试、服务等覆盖多个领域或方面。

常见表达comprehensive educationa comprehensive testcomprehensive services

The final exam is comprehensive because it covers everything we learned this term.

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comprehensive test/exam 指综合性考试。

The hospital offers comprehensive services for children and their parents.

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comprehensive services 表示多方面服务。

comprehensive 不等于 comprehensible;comprehensible 才是“可理解的”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

complete
完整的
A complete list has no missing names, while a comprehensive guide explains each part. complete 强调没有缺失;comprehensive 强调覆盖范围广且内容充分。
comprehensible
可理解的
The report was comprehensive, but not fully comprehensible to beginners. comprehensive 是“全面的”;comprehensible 是“能被理解的”。
comprehend
理解;领悟
A comprehensive chart can help readers comprehend the process. comprehend 是动词;comprehensive 是形容词。
16

common

6 个词

commoncommunismcommunistcommunitycommunicatecommunication
common

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

common 组用 commun- 的“共同、相通”做记忆桥,但必须分三条线:common 是常见/共同;community 是共同生活或共同关心的一群人;communicate/communication 是信息、感情、疾病或空间相通;communism/communist 是历史政治词,不能和日常 community 混用。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 common:a common mistake / common knowledge 是常见;have sth. in common / a common goal 是共同
  2. 再学 community:local community、community service、scientific community、plant community,按居民社区、群体、生态群落分义
  3. 然后学 communicate:communicate with sb.、communicate an idea/message/feeling、communicate a disease、communicating rooms
  4. 接着学 communication:clear communication、a communication from...、means of communication、communications technology
  5. 最后把 communism 和 communist 放进历史政治语境:communism 是不可数思想/制度名词,communist 是人或形容词

组内辨析

  • common 是形容词;community 是名词;communicate 是动词;communication 是名词,词性不能互换。
  • have something in common 是固定表达,不能按 common 的普通形容词位置来分析。
  • communism/communist 与 community 有 commun- 记忆线索,但前者属于政治历史语境,后者是日常社会生活词。
  • communicate with sb. 是不及物交流;communicate an idea/message/feeling 是及物传达;communicating rooms 是空间相通。
  • communication 作交流过程多不可数;a communication 可指一条正式信息;communications 可指通信系统或行业。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 communism 和 community 当成近义词。
  • 不要把 all commun- words 都说成 common 的直接派生词;本组有直接派生,也有记忆线索和语义场。
  • 不要把 common 误译成 cheap 或 bad,它本身强调常见或共同。
  • 不要漏掉 communicate 的传染疾病和房间相通两个阅读义。
  • 不要把 communication 和 information 混用:information 是内容,communication 是交流行为、消息或通信方式。
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common

星标

['kɒmən] · adj. · Page 97

普通的,常见的;共同的,共有的

usual or often seen; shared by two or more people or things

联想

common 的核心是“大家都可能遇到或共同拥有”。它可以说 a common mistake,也可以说 have something in common。

意思、用法与例句

adj.普通的;常见的

形容某事经常出现、并不罕见,语气通常中性,不表示低级。

常见表达a common mistakecommon knowledgea common problemIt is common for sb. to do sth.

It is common for students to feel nervous before an important exam.

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common for sb. to do sth. 表示某事经常发生。

Sharing answers without checking them is a common mistake in group work.

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a common mistake 强调很多人会犯。

common 不等于 cheap 或 bad;它说的是“常见”。

phr.共同的;共有的

表示两者或多人共享同一种特点、兴趣、经历或目标。

常见表达have sth. in common with...in commoncommon interestsa common goal

Although they grew up in different towns, the two girls have a lot in common.

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have a lot in common 表示有很多共同点。

The volunteers worked together for a common goal.

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a common goal 是大家共同的目标。

in common 是固定短语,不要按字面逐词翻译。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

ordinary
普通的;平凡的
A common mistake is made by many people; an ordinary day is simply not special. common 强调常见或共有,ordinary 强调不特别。
rare
罕见的
Snow is rare in this warm city, but rain is common. rare 是 common“常见”义的直接反向线索。
community
社区;群体
People in a community often share common needs. common 是形容词,community 是名词,指共同生活或共同关心的一群人。
communicate
交流;传达
Friends communicate more easily when they have interests in common. communicate 是动词,强调信息、情感或空间相通。
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communism

['kɒmjənizəm] · n. [U] · Page 97

共产主义

a political and economic idea or system connected with shared ownership by the community

联想

communism 是历史和政治语境中的抽象名词,通常不可数;它说的是思想或制度,不是一个人。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]共产主义思想或制度

不可数名词,指一种政治经济思想或制度概念,常出现在历史、社会或政治阅读中。

常见表达the idea of communismunder communismcommunism and capitalismstudy communism

The textbook presents communism as one important political idea in modern history.

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communism 作抽象不可数名词,不加 a。

Students compared communism and capitalism in a history lesson.

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communism 常与 capitalism 作制度概念对照。

若指支持这种思想的人,用 communist。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

capitalism
资本主义
The textbook compared communism with capitalism in a simple chart. 二者是政治经济制度概念对照,不是日常词义近反义。
community
社区;群体
The word communism is historically connected with the idea of community, but the words are used in different contexts. community 是日常社会生活词,communism 是政治历史词。

词族线索 / 同组词

communist
共产主义者;共产主义的
Communism is an idea, while a communist may be a person who supports it. communism 指思想或制度,communist 指人或作形容词。
105

communist

['kɒmjənist] · n. [C] / adj. · Page 97

共产主义者;共产主义的

a person who supports communism; also describing something related to communism

联想

communist 有两个位置:前面有 a/an 时多指人,放在名词前时多作形容词。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]共产主义者

可数名词,指支持或信奉共产主义的人。

常见表达a communistbecome a communistsupport communism

The biography says that he became a communist when he was young.

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a communist 指人,复数是 communists。

The writer described several communists who influenced the movement.

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作名词时可数,可用复数。

思想本身用 communism,指人用 communist。

adj.共产主义的

作形容词时修饰 country、party、idea、movement 等名词。

常见表达a communist countrycommunist ideasa communist movementa communist party

The article described several communist ideas that influenced modern history.

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communist 修饰 ideas。

The passage explains a communist movement in Europe.

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communist movement 是历史政治语境。

作形容词时通常不作比较级。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

anti-communist
反共产主义的;反共者
The text also mentioned anti-communist groups in that period. anti-communist 是政治立场上的反向词,不是日常反义形容词。
community
社区;群体
A community can include people with many different political views. community 是普通社会生活词,不等于 communist。

词族线索 / 同组词

communism
共产主义
A communist is a person connected with communism. communism 指思想或制度,communist 指人或形容词。
106

community

[kə'mju:nəti] · n. [C] · Page 97

社区;团体,群体;(动植物的)群落

a group of people living together or sharing interests; also a group of plants or animals in one place

联想

community 是“共同生活或共同关心的一群人”。它可以是居民社区、兴趣群体,也可在科学语境中指动植物群落。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]社区;共同生活的人群

指住在同一地区、共享公共生活的人群或地方。

常见表达the local communitycommunity serviceserve the communitya community center

Many students joined community service by cleaning the park on Sunday.

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community service 是常见搭配。

The new library has become a meeting place for the local community.

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local community 指当地居民群体。

n. [C]团体;群体;群落

指因兴趣、职业、信仰或生态关系形成的一群人或生物。

常见表达the scientific communityan online communitya plant communitya community of birds

The scientific community paid close attention to the new discovery.

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the scientific community 指科学界。

A wetland supports a rich community of birds, fish, and plants.

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community 可指生态群落。

语境决定 community 是居民社区、专业群体还是生态群落。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

common
共同的;常见的
People in a community often share common problems and hopes. common 是形容词,community 是名词。
society
社会;社团
A community is usually smaller or more closely connected than a whole society. society 范围更大,community 更强调共同生活或共同身份。
individual
个人
A community can protect an individual, and an individual can serve a community. individual 强调单个人,community 强调整体群体。
communist
共产主义者;共产主义的
The words community and communist look related, but they belong to different classroom contexts. community 是日常社会词;communist 是政治历史词。
107

communicate

星标

[kə'mju:nikeit] · v. / vt. / vi. · Page 97-98

交流,沟通;传达;传染;相通

to share information, feelings, or ideas; also to pass on disease or connect spaces

联想

communicate 的核心是“让两边相通”:人与人交换信息,动作传达意思,疾病传播,房间之间相通。

意思、用法与例句

vi.交流;沟通

不及物用法,强调人与人之间交换信息或想法,常接 with。

常见表达communicate with sb.communicate by emailcommunicate without speakingcommunicate clearly

Good teachers communicate clearly with students and listen to their questions.

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communicate with sb. 表示与某人交流。

The two teams used a shared document to communicate during the project.

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communicate 可表示项目中的信息沟通。

vt.传达;表达

及物用法,宾语通常是 feeling、idea、message、information 等。

常见表达communicate an ideacommunicate feelingscommunicate a messagecommunicate information

The poster uses simple pictures to communicate an important safety message.

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communicate a message 是传达信息。

Her smile communicated relief before she said anything.

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communicate feelings 可表示用表情传达情绪。

communicate 不只是 talk,重点是信息或情感是否到达对方。

vt. / vi.传染;相通

较正式用法:疾病可被传染;房间、空间可以相通。

常见表达communicate a diseasecommunicating roomsrooms communicate with each other

Doctors warned that the disease could be communicated through close contact.

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communicate a disease 是较正式的传播表达。

The hotel gave us two communicating rooms for the family trip.

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communicating rooms 指相通的房间。

这些义项阅读中识别即可,写作优先用交流和传达义。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

contact
联系;接触
You may contact a teacher by phone, but you communicate when you exchange ideas. contact 强调建立联系或接触,communicate 强调信息交流。
convey
传达;表达
A picture can convey or communicate a feeling quickly. convey 和 communicate 都可表示传达,但 communicate 更常用于人与人交流。
spread
传播;扩散
A disease can be communicated by contact and spread through a crowd. communicate disease 偏正式,spread 更常用于扩散、蔓延。

词族线索 / 同组词

communication
交流;通信
People communicate with words, and this process is communication. communicate 是动词,communication 是名词。
108

communication

[kə,mju:ni'keiʃn] · n. [U,C] · Page 98

交流,沟通;书信,电话;通信

the act or system of sharing information; also a message such as a letter or call

联想

communication 是 communicate 的名词形式:不可数时是交流过程,可数时可指一条正式信息,复数 communications 可指通信系统或行业。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]交流;沟通

不可数名词,指信息、想法或感受的交流过程。

常见表达clear communicationface-to-face communicationcommunication between A and Bcommunication skills

Clear communication between parents and teachers can help students improve faster.

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communication between A and B 表示双方沟通。

Face-to-face communication is still important in a world of phones and computers.

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face-to-face communication 是常用表达。

n. [C] / n. [U,-s]书信;电话;通信系统

可数时可指一条信息、信件或电话;communications 可指通信系统或通信行业。

常见表达a communication from...an official communicationcommunications technologymeans of communication

The school sent an official communication to every family about the safety drill.

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a communication 可指一条正式信息。

Satellites have changed communications in remote areas.

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communications 复数可指通信系统或行业。

作“交流”多不可数;作具体消息时可数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

information
信息
Information is what you share; communication is the sharing process. information 是内容,communication 是交流行为或方式。
miscommunication
误传;沟通错误
Miscommunication can turn a small problem into a serious one. miscommunication 是 communication 的问题状态,不是简单反义词。
contact
联系;接触
Phone contact is possible, but good communication needs clear information. contact 强调联系渠道,communication 强调交流过程。

词族线索 / 同组词

communicate
交流;传达
We communicate better when communication is clear. communicate 是动词,communication 是名词。
17

terrible

5 个词

terribleterrifyterrifyingterrorterritory
terrible

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

terrible 组要拆成两条不同的 terr 线:terrible/terrify/terrifying/terror 是“怕、恐怖”的情绪线;territory 走 terr=土地这条记忆线,核心是领土、地盘、领域,只能做形近分辨,不能讲成 terror 的派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 terrible:可怕的、严重的、糟糕的、极度的,判断它是 fear sense 还是 very bad sense
  2. 再学 terrify 和 terrifying:terrify 是 vt. 使人害怕;terrifying 是 adj. 令人恐惧的;顺带区分 terrified
  3. 然后学 terror:in terror 是惊恐地,acts of terror 是恐怖行动,a terror 可指可怕的人或事
  4. 最后单独学 territory:national territory、defend territory、enter sb.'s territory、unknown territory,记 terr=土地/范围

组内辨析

  • terrible 比 terrifying 宽:terrible mistake/weather 可能只是很糟,terrifying experience 专门表示令人害怕。
  • terrify 是及物动词,常见 sth. terrifies sb.;terrified 是人的感受,terrifying 是事物带来的感觉。
  • terror 比 fear 强,且可进入政治社会语境,如 acts of terror。
  • territory 与 terror 外形接近但不是同一词族:territory 是土地、控制范围或知识领域。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 territory 解释成“恐怖的地方”;它的核心是 land/range/control。
  • 不要说 I terrify of dogs;说 Dogs terrify me 或 I am terrified of dogs。
  • terrible 可表示 very bad,不一定是 frightening。
  • terror 作“恐怖行动”时不可随便弱化成普通 fear。
  • terrifying 修饰事物,terrified 修饰人。
109

terrible

星标

['terəbl] · adj. · Page 98

可怕的;非常严重的;劣质的;极度的

very bad, serious, frightening, or extreme

联想

terrible 很高频,先判断语境:事故和危险是可怕/严重,质量和表现是糟糕,feel terrible 是身体或心情很差。

意思、用法与例句

adj.可怕的;非常严重的

形容事故、疾病、损失、危险等令人害怕或后果严重。

常见表达a terrible accidentterrible damagea terrible stormterrible news

A terrible storm damaged many houses along the coast.

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terrible storm 表示后果严重、令人害怕的暴风雨。

The news of the accident was terrible, but the rescue work began at once.

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terrible news 指令人震惊或难过的坏消息。

adj.糟糕的;劣质的;极度的

形容质量很差、感觉很糟,或表示程度非常强。

常见表达terrible weatherfeel terribleterrible servicein terrible pain

I felt terrible after staying up too late to finish the report.

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feel terrible 是常见口语搭配。

The restaurant had terrible service, so we decided not to return.

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terrible service 表示服务质量很差。

terrible 常等于 very bad,不一定都有恐怖感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

awful
很糟的;可怕的
The weather was terrible, and the match had to be stopped. awful 与 terrible 都可表示很糟,terrible 使用范围更广。
horrible
可怕的;令人厌恶的
Terrible weather may ruin a trip; a horrible smell makes people feel sick. horrible 常带恐惧、厌恶或恶心感。
terrifying
令人恐惧的
A terrible mistake is very bad, but a terrifying sound makes people afraid. terrifying 专门强调使人害怕。
wonderful
极好的
The first meal was terrible, but the second was wonderful. wonderful 是 terrible“糟糕”义的常见反向词。
110

terrify

星标

['terifai] · vt. · Page 98

使恐惧,使惊吓

to make someone extremely frightened

联想

terrify 是及物动词,方向是“某事让某人害怕”。可以说 Flying terrifies her,也可以说 be terrified of/by。

意思、用法与例句

vt.使害怕;使惊恐

主语通常是让人害怕的事物,宾语是感到害怕的人。

常见表达sth. terrifies sb.be terrified of...be terrified by...terrify the children

Flying terrifies her, so she usually travels by train.

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动名词 Flying 可作主语,terrifies 后直接接人。

The thought of speaking in front of hundreds of people terrified him.

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抽象名词短语也可作主语。

不要说 I terrify of dogs;应说 Dogs terrify me 或 I am terrified of dogs.

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

frighten
使害怕
The sudden bell frightened us, but the violent storm terrified the small children. terrify 比 frighten 语气更强。
scare
吓到
The dark room scared the boy, but the scream terrified him. scare 更口语,terrify 更强。
comfort
安慰
The noise terrified the child, so his mother comforted him. comfort 是让人安心,方向与 terrify 相反。

词族线索 / 同组词

terrifying
令人恐惧的
The sound terrified us because it was terrifying. terrify 是动词,terrifying 是形容词。
111

terrifying

· adj. · Page 98

可怕的,令人恐惧的

so frightening that it makes people feel great fear

联想

terrifying 修饰让人害怕的事物;terrified 修饰感到害怕的人。-ing 是原因,-ed 是感受。

意思、用法与例句

adj.令人恐惧的

修饰声音、经历、时刻、故事等会让人产生强烈恐惧的事物。

常见表达a terrifying sounda terrifying experiencea terrifying momentterrifying news

The most terrifying moment came when the lights suddenly went out.

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terrifying moment 指令人害怕的时刻。

For a new driver, crossing the busy bridge was a terrifying experience.

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terrifying experience 修饰经历。

terrifying 修饰事物;terrified 通常修饰人。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

terrified
感到恐惧的
The terrifying noise made the children terrified. -ing 形容造成情绪的事物,-ed 形容人的感受。
frightening
令人害怕的
The film was frightening, but the real sound outside was terrifying. terrifying 语气更强。
terrible
很糟的;可怕的
A terrible mistake may not be terrifying, but a terrifying sound causes fear. terrible 可泛指很糟,terrifying 专指令人害怕。
comforting
令人安心的
The dark forest was terrifying, but the guide's calm voice was comforting. comforting 表示令人安心,与 terrifying 的情绪方向相反。
112

terror

['terə(r)] · n. [U,sing.] / n. [C] · Page 98

惊恐,恐惧;恐怖行动;可怕的人、情况或事

great fear; violent action used to frighten people; or a frightening person or thing

联想

terror 可指内心的极度恐惧,也可指社会政治语境中的恐怖行动;a terror 还能指非常可怕或难对付的人或事。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U,sing.]惊恐;恐惧

通常不可数或单数,指极强的害怕情绪。

常见表达in terrora look of terrorbe filled with terrorfreeze in terror

The little boy ran in terror when the dog rushed toward him.

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in terror 表示惊恐地。

A look of terror appeared on her face when she heard the scream.

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a look of terror 指惊恐的表情。

n. [U]恐怖行动

指通过暴力制造恐惧的行动或社会政治语境中的恐怖活动。

常见表达acts of terrorfight against terrorprotect people from terror

The article discussed how countries can protect people from acts of terror.

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acts of terror 是政治社会语境。

The report described efforts to fight against terror without hurting ordinary people.

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fight against terror 指打击恐怖活动。

政治语境中的 terror 比普通 fear 更正式、更严重。

n. [C]可怕的人或事;难对付的人或情况

可数名词,口语中可指非常可怕、烦人或难处理的人或事。

常见表达be a terrora real terrora little terror

That math test was a real terror for students who had not reviewed.

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a terror 可指令人害怕或难对付的事。

The little boy can be a terror when he is tired and hungry.

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a terror 也可指很难管的人。

这个可数义比政治语境轻,常见于口语评价。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

fear
害怕;恐惧
Fear is common before a test, but terror is much stronger. terror 比 fear 强烈。
panic
恐慌
The alarm caused panic, and some people ran in terror. panic 强调失控的慌乱,terror 强调极度恐惧。
calm
镇静
She was filled with terror at first, but later she became calm. calm 是情绪上的反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

terrify
使恐惧
A terrifying noise can terrify people and fill them with terror. terror 是名词,terrify 是动词。
113

territory

['terətri] · n. [C,U] · Page 98

领土,版图;领域,地盘

land controlled by a country, person, or animal; also an area of activity or knowledge

联想

territory 不是 terror 的派生词。它走 terr=土地这条记忆线,核心是“某方控制或熟悉的一块范围”。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C,U]领土;版图;地盘

指国家、群体、个人或动物控制、占有或保护的区域。

常见表达national territorydefend territoryenter sb.'s territorymark territory

The map shows the country's territory before and after the war.

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national territory 指国家领土。

The dog barked loudly when another dog entered its territory.

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动物的 territory 是地盘。

n. [C,U]领域;范围

引申指活动、知识、工作或经验中的某一范围。

常见表达new territoryunknown territoryfamiliar territorydangerous territory

For the young scientist, this research field was unknown territory.

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unknown territory 可指不熟悉的知识领域。

Designing a public website was new territory for the small team.

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new territory 表示新的工作领域。

territory 强调范围或控制感,不等于 terror。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

land
土地;陆地
A country may lose land or territory after a war. land 更普通,territory 更强调控制、归属或范围。
region
地区;区域
The mountain region is large, but only part of it is national territory. region 只是区域,territory 常暗含控制权。
terror
惊恐;恐怖行动
Territory is about land or range, while terror is about fear. 两词外形接近,但 territory 走土地线,terror 走恐惧线。
outside area
外部区域
The guide warned us not to walk outside the safe territory. outside area 只是语义对照,不是真正派生词。
18

horrible / horror

2 个词

horriblehorror
horrible / horror

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

horrible / horror 是直接词族:horrible 是形容词,形容可怕、糟糕、令人讨厌;horror 是名词,表示恐惧/震惊,也可指令人惊恐的事或恐怖作品。学习时要顺带和上一组的 terrible/terror 区分。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 horrible 的两条形容词义:a horrible dream/scene 是可怕,a horrible smell/taste/journey 是糟糕或令人厌恶
  2. 再学 horror 的不可数情绪义:to one's horror、in horror、look on in horror
  3. 然后学 horror 的可数和类型义:a horror、a real horror、horror film、horror story
  4. 最后比较 terrible/horrible 与 terror/horror:terrible 更宽,horrible 更常带厌恶;terror 更偏惊恐和恐怖行动,horror 更偏震惊、厌恶或恐怖作品

组内辨析

  • horrible 是形容词,horror 是名词,不能互换。
  • horrible 和 terrible 都可表示很糟;terrible 还可强调严重程度,horrible 更常带恐惧、厌恶或恶心感。
  • horror 可作不可数情绪,也可作可数的可怕经历;horror film 中 horror 作名词修饰另一个名词。
  • terror 比 horror 更常进入政治社会语境,如 acts of terror;horror 更常见于震惊、厌恶和恐怖作品。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 horrible 只记成 scary;它也常表示 very unpleasant 或 disgusting。
  • 不要把 horror film 误写成 horrible film,后者只是“糟糕的电影”。
  • to one's horror 是固定表达,表示“令某人惊恐的是”。
  • horrified 是人感到震惊或害怕;horrific 是极可怕的。
114

horrible

星标

['hɒrəbl] · adj. · Page 98

令人恐惧的,可怕的;糟糕的,极讨厌的

very unpleasant, frightening, or disgusting

联想

horrible 比 bad 情绪更强:可以是吓人,也可以是让人讨厌、恶心或难受。

意思、用法与例句

adj.可怕的;令人恐惧的

形容梦、场景、故事、经历等让人害怕或强烈不适。

常见表达a horrible dreama horrible scenea horrible storya horrible experience

The child woke up crying after a horrible dream.

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horrible dream 带恐惧感。

The movie showed a horrible scene, so some students closed their eyes.

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horrible scene 指令人害怕或不适的场景。

adj.糟糕的;令人讨厌的

形容气味、味道、天气、经历等非常糟糕或令人反感。

常见表达a horrible smelltaste horriblehorrible weatherfeel horrible

There was a horrible smell in the old fridge.

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horrible smell 强调令人厌恶。

The soup tasted horrible after too much salt was added.

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taste horrible 表示味道糟透了。

horrible 可口语化地表示“糟透了”,常带厌恶感。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

terrible
很糟的;严重的;可怕的
A terrible mistake can be serious, while a horrible smell is unpleasant and disgusting. terrible 范围更广,horrible 常带厌恶、恐怖或恶心感。
awful
糟糕的;可怕的
The room had a horrible smell and looked awful. awful 更口语,horrible 情绪色彩更强。
pleasant
令人愉快的
The first smell was horrible, but the garden air was pleasant. pleasant 是 horrible“令人讨厌”义的自然反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

horror
恐惧;令人惊恐的事
The horrible story filled the room with horror. horrible 是形容词,horror 是名词。
115

horror

['hɒrə(r)] · n. [U,C] · Page 98

恐惧,震惊;令人惊恐的事

a strong feeling of fear, shock, or disgust; also something that causes that feeling

联想

horror 常含“恐惧 + 震惊/厌恶”。它可作不可数情绪,也可作可数的可怕经历,还常用于 horror film/story。

意思、用法与例句

n. [U]恐惧;震惊;厌恶

不可数名词,指看到可怕、震惊或恶心之事时的强烈反应。

常见表达to one's horrorin horrorlook on in horrorbe filled with horror

To her horror, she found that she had sent the email to the wrong person.

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to one's horror 是常见阅读搭配。

The villagers looked on in horror as the fire moved toward the forest.

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in horror 表示惊恐地。

n. [C]令人惊恐的事;恐怖作品

可数名词,可指可怕经历、事情,也常用于 horror film/story。

常见表达a horrora real horrora horror filma horror story

The long night in the broken lift was a real horror.

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a horror 指令人惊恐的事。

He enjoys horror films, but his sister prefers comedies.

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horror film 是常见复合搭配。

horror 作影视类型时常作名词修饰另一个名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

terror
惊恐;恐怖行动
Terror is intense fear in danger; horror often includes shock or disgust. terror 更偏惊恐和恐怖行动,horror 更偏震惊、厌恶或恐怖作品。
fear
害怕;恐惧
Fear may be mild, but horror is stronger and often includes shock. horror 比 fear 强,且常有震惊或厌恶。
relief
宽慰;松一口气
To our horror the bridge was gone, but later we felt relief when everyone was safe. relief 是恐惧后松一口气的对照情绪。

词族线索 / 同组词

horrible
可怕的;糟糕的
The horrible news filled everyone with horror. horrible 是形容词,horror 是名词。
19

break

5 个词

breakbreakdownbreakthroughbrokenbrake
break

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

break 组要分四层:break 是核心多义词,讲断开、损坏、中断、违反、休息和短语动词;breakdown 是名词“故障/崩溃/分解”,对应 break down 但不能写成两词动词;breakthrough 是正向“突破/重大进展”;broken 是 break 的过去分词/形容词;brake 读音相同但现代义只讲刹车,不当作 break 的普通派生词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 break 本词:break a glass、break the rules、break one's leg、break the code、take a break、day breaks
  2. 再学 break 短语:break down、break in、break into、break out、break up,按出故障/闯入/爆发/分裂等场景分开
  3. 然后区分 breakdown 和 break down:the car broke down 是动词短语;a car breakdown 是名词
  4. 接着学 breakthrough:make a major breakthrough in... 是正向突破,与 breakdown 的负向崩溃相反
  5. 最后学 broken 和 brake:broken 是坏的/破损的/骨折的/断续的;brake 是刹车,同音易混但意义独立

组内辨析

  • break 是动词/名词;broken 是形容词或过去分词。
  • break down 是动词短语;breakdown 是名词,拼写成一个词。
  • breakthrough 是正向重大进展;breakdown 是故障、崩溃或分解。
  • break 与 brake 同音不同义:break a cup,brake a car。
  • break out 常用于火灾、战争、疾病爆发;break into 可表示强行闯入,也可表示成功进入某领域。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 brake 当成 break 的普通派生词;学生写作中它只表示刹车或制动器。
  • 不要把 breakdown 写成 break down 当名词。
  • 不要漏掉 break 作名词的 take a break / lunch break / winter break。
  • 不要把 breakthrough 讲成坏事,它通常是正向突破。
  • broken English 是不流利的英语,不是“坏掉的英语”。
116

break

星标

[breik] · vt. / vi. / n. [C] · Page 98-99

打破,折断;损坏;中断;违反;骨折;破解;休息;故障;天亮;间歇

to separate, damage, interrupt, violate, fail, pause, or begin; also a pause or short rest

联想

break 的核心是“完整状态断开”:物体断、规则破、过程停、机器坏、休息暂停、天色破晓,都来自断开或开始变化的画面。

意思、用法与例句

vt.打破;折断;损坏;骨折;破解

及物动词,宾语可以是物体、机器、骨头、密码或某种完整状态。

常见表达break a glassbreak one's arm/legbreak the codebreak the record

The ball hit the window but did not break the glass.

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break the glass 表示打碎玻璃。

She broke her arm during the basketball game.

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break one's arm/leg 表示骨折。

vt. / vi.中断;违反;爆发;闯入;关系破裂

可指打断过程、违反规则,也可在短语动词中表示爆发、闯入或破裂。

常见表达break the rulesbreak inbreak into...break outbreak up

Anyone who breaks the rules will have to leave the game.

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break the rules 表示违反规则。

A fire broke out in the kitchen, but everyone escaped safely.

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break out 常用于火灾、战争、疾病等突然爆发。

break in 可表示强行进入,也可表示插嘴;break up 可表示碎裂、分解或关系破裂。

vi.出故障;休息;天刚亮

不及物用法中,机器可 break down,人可 break for lunch,day 可 break 表示天亮。

常见表达break downbreak for lunchday breaksdawn breaks

Our car broke down on the way to the museum.

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break down 表示机器或车辆出故障。

The workers broke for lunch at noon and returned at one.

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break for lunch 表示暂停去吃午饭。

n. [C]中断;短期休假;间歇

可数名词,指活动中的暂停、课间休息、短假或间歇。

常见表达take a breaka lunch breaka short breaka winter break

Let's take a ten-minute break before we start the next exercise.

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take a break 是高频搭配。

During the winter break, she helped her grandparents on the farm.

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break 作名词可指短假。

break 作名词时常与 take 搭配。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

brake
刹车;车闸
You brake the bike to stop it, but you break a cup if it falls. break 和 brake 读音相同;break 是断开/损坏/暂停,brake 是刹车。
breakdown
故障;崩溃;分解
When a car breaks down, the result is a breakdown. break down 是动词短语,breakdown 是名词。
breakthrough
突破;重大进展
A breakthrough means a problem has been broken through, not simply damaged. breakthrough 强调突破障碍后的进展。
repair
修理
He broke the radio, and his sister repaired it. repair 是 break“损坏”义的反向动作。

词族线索 / 同组词

broken
坏的;破损的;骨折的
If you break the chair, it becomes broken. break 是动词/名词,broken 是形容词或过去分词。
117

breakdown

['breikdaun] · n. [C,U] · Page 99

故障;破裂,崩溃;分解

a failure of a machine, system, relationship, or process; also decomposition

联想

breakdown 是名词,不是动词短语。车坏了是 the car broke down;这件故障是 a breakdown。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]故障

可数名词,常指车辆、机器或系统停止正常工作。

常见表达a car breakdowna machine breakdowna system breakdown

A car breakdown made us arrive at the airport two hours late.

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a car breakdown 指汽车故障。

The factory stopped work because of a breakdown in the power system.

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breakdown 可用于系统故障。

n. [C,U]破裂;崩溃;分解

可指关系、沟通、计划等崩溃,也可指化学或生物分解。

常见表达a breakdown in communicationthe breakdown of trustthe breakdown of fooda nervous breakdown

A breakdown in communication caused both teams to do the same job twice.

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breakdown in communication 是沟通崩溃。

Science class explained the breakdown of food in the human body.

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breakdown 可指分解过程。

breakdown 是名词;动词短语是 break down。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break down
出故障;分解;崩溃
The car broke down, so the trip was delayed by the breakdown. break down 是动词短语,breakdown 是名词。
breakthrough
突破;重大进展
A breakdown stops progress; a breakthrough creates progress. breakdown 往坏处断裂,breakthrough 往前突破。
failure
故障;失败
The system failure was reported as a breakdown. failure 更宽泛,breakdown 常指系统、机器、关系或过程崩溃。
118

breakthrough

星标

['breikθru:] · n. [C] · Page 99

突破,重大进展

an important discovery or progress after difficulty or a barrier

联想

breakthrough 像“穿过墙”:长期受阻后取得关键进展。它常是正向词,出现在 science、medicine、technology、talks 等语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]突破;重大进展

可数名词,指困难长期存在后取得的重要进展或发现。

常见表达make a breakthrougha major breakthrougha breakthrough in...bring a breakthrough

Scientists made a major breakthrough in the search for a cleaner battery.

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make a breakthrough in... 是源搭配的核心形式。

The peace talks finally brought a breakthrough after months of silence.

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breakthrough 可用于谈判或问题解决。

breakthrough 是名词;动词表达常用 break through。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

progress
进步;进展
Progress may be slow and steady, but a breakthrough is a big step after a barrier. progress 可大可小、持续推进;breakthrough 强调关键突破。
breakdown
故障;崩溃
The project had a breakdown in March but a breakthrough in June. breakdown 是失败或崩溃,breakthrough 是成功突破。
setback
挫折;倒退
The failed test was a setback, but the next result was a breakthrough. setback 是进展受阻,breakthrough 是取得突破。
119

broken

['brəukən] · adj. / v-ed · Page 99

坏的,不能使用的;破损的;骨折的;断断续续的;break 的过去分词

damaged, not working, physically injured, interrupted, or the past participle of break

联想

broken 是 break 的过去分词/形容词,核心是“已经断开或不完整”:手机坏、窗户破、腿骨折、英语或声音断断续续。

意思、用法与例句

adj. / v-ed坏的;破损的;骨折的

形容物品不能使用、表面破损,或身体部位骨折;也可作 break 的过去分词。

常见表达a broken windowa broken phonea broken legbe broken by...

The broken phone could receive messages but could not make calls.

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broken phone 指不能正常使用的手机。

He stayed at home for a month because of a broken leg.

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broken leg 表示骨折。

adj.断断续续的;不流利的

形容声音、语言、线条等不连续或不完整。

常见表达broken Englisha broken voicebroken lines

The old man thanked us in broken English.

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broken English 指不流利、不完整的英语。

Her broken voice showed that she was trying not to cry.

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broken voice 表示声音哽咽或断续。

broken 不只形容物品,也能形容语言或声音。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

unbroken
未破损的;连续的
The old bowl was broken, but the new one was unbroken. unbroken 是 broken 的直接反向形容词。
working
能正常工作的
The broken printer was replaced by a working one. working 是 broken“不能使用”义的反向线索。

词族线索 / 同组词

break
打破;中断;休息
If you break a cup, it becomes broken. break 是动词/名词,broken 是形容词或过去分词。
120

brake

星标

[breik] · v. / n. [C] · Page 99

刹车;车闸,制动器,刹车

to slow or stop a vehicle; a device used to slow or stop it

联想

brake 和 break 同音,但现代用法完全不同:brake 只围绕车辆减速或制动器;break 是打破、损坏、休息。

意思、用法与例句

v.刹车;减速

动词,指驾驶者让车辆减速或停下。

常见表达brake suddenlybrake hardbrake in timebrake for a child

The driver braked suddenly when a child ran into the road.

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brake suddenly 表示突然刹车。

You should brake gently on a wet road.

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brake gently 表示轻踩刹车。

n. [C]车闸;制动器;刹车

可数名词,指车辆上用来减速或停车的装置。

常见表达press the brakecheck the brakesthe front brakethe rear brake

Press the brake slowly before you reach the corner.

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press the brake 是踩刹车。

The mechanic checked the brakes before our long trip.

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brakes 复数常指车辆制动系统。

brake 不是 break 的普通拼写变体。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

break
打破;损坏;休息
You brake the car to stop it, but you break a plate if you drop it. 两词读音相同;brake 是刹车,break 是打破或中断。
accelerate
加速
The driver braked before the turn and accelerated after it. accelerate 是车辆加速,方向与 brake 相反。
stop
停止
A brake helps a bike stop safely. stop 是结果,brake 是让车辆减速或停止的动作/装置。
20

swing / switch / switchblade

3 个词

swingswitchswitchblade
swing / switch / switchblade

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

swing / switch / switchblade 只共享 sw- 形近和动作联想,不要讲成同义词族。swing 是摆动、挥动、秋千和 in full swing;switch 是从 A 切换到 B 或电器开关;switchblade 是 switch + blade 的具体复合名词“弹簧刀”。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 swing:swing back and forth、swing open、swing a bat、play on the swing、in full swing
  2. 再学 switch:switch from A to B、switch seats、switch on/off、press the switch,并保留 turn on/off 辨析
  3. 最后学 switchblade:只按 switch + blade 识别为弹簧刀,不扩展成 switch 的普通用法

组内辨析

  • swing 是来回摆动或大幅挥动;switch 是转换或开关。
  • in full swing 表示活动热烈进行,不是秋千本身。
  • switch on/off 多用于电器;水龙头或煤气更常用 turn on/off。
  • switchblade 是具体刀具名,和 switch seats / switch on 的动词用法不同。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 swing 和 switch 因拼写相近而混用。
  • swing 的过去式和过去分词是 swung。
  • switch the lights off 中宾语可放在 switch 和 off 中间。
  • switchblade 这里按词形和核心义识别即可,不额外扩展音标。
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swing

星标

[swiŋ] · v. / vi. / n. [C] · Page 99

摆动,摇摆;转动;朝……打去;荡秋千;挥动;秋千

to move back and forth, turn, hit with a wide movement, or use a swing; also a wide movement or a seat that swings

联想

swing 的画面是来回或大幅移动:牌子摆、门转开、手臂或球棒挥动、人在秋千上荡。in full swing 表示活动热烈进行。

意思、用法与例句

v.摆动;摇摆;转动

表示物体或身体来回摆动,也可指门、手臂等转开或转动。

常见表达swing back and forthswing openswing from side to side

The sign swung back and forth in the strong wind.

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swing back and forth 表示来回摆动。

The classroom door swung open before the teacher came in.

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swing open 表示门转开。

vt. / n. [C]挥动;挥舞

作及物动词时可指挥动球棒、手臂等;作名词可指一次挥动。

常见表达swing a batswing one's arma swing of the arm

He swung the bat but missed the ball.

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swing a bat 指挥动球棒击球。

With one swing of his arm, he knocked the snow off the branch.

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a swing of the arm 指一次挥臂动作。

过去式和过去分词是 swung。

vi. / n. [C] / phr.荡秋千;秋千;热烈进行中

vi. 可指荡秋千;名词可指秋千;短语 in full swing 指活动正在热烈进行。

常见表达swing on a swingplay on the swingin full swing

The little girl waited for her turn on the swing.

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swing 作名词可指秋千。

The school festival was in full swing when we arrived.

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in full swing 表示活动正在热烈进行。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

switch
转换;开关
A door can swing open, but you switch on a light. swing 是摆动,switch 是转换或开关。
wave
挥动;挥手
You wave your hand to greet someone; you swing your arm in a wider movement. wave 常是挥手或波动,swing 强调较大幅度的来回移动。
stay still
保持不动
The sign swung in the wind, but the heavy gate stayed still. stay still 是 swing 的动作反向线索。
122

switch

星标

[switʃ] · v. / n. [C] · Page 99

改变,转变,转换;开关,电闸

to change from one thing to another; a device that turns electricity on or off

联想

switch 的核心是“一下切换”:从 A 换到 B,或者用开关控制电器。switch on/off 是本条的例句和辨析重点。

意思、用法与例句

v.改变;转换

表示从一种状态、选择、位置、方法等转到另一种。

常见表达switch to...switch from A to Bswitch seatsswitch roles

After the rain started, we switched from outdoor games to indoor reading.

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switch from A to B 表示从 A 转到 B。

Can we switch seats so that I can see the screen more clearly?

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switch seats 表示换座位。

v. / n. [C]开关;开启/关掉

作名词指电器开关;switch on/off 表示用开关打开或关闭。

常见表达switch on/offswitch the lights offpress the switcha light switch

How do you switch this thing on?

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switch on 表示打开电器或设备。

Please switch the lights off as you leave.

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switch the lights off 表示关灯,宾语可放在 switch 和 off 中间。

水龙头或煤气常用 turn on/off;电器可用 turn on/off 或 switch on/off。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

change
改变
Change is general; switch often means changing from one option to another. switch 更强调两种选择之间的切换。
turn on/off
打开/关掉
You can turn on a tap, but you usually switch on a lamp. turn on/off 范围更广;switch on/off 更偏电器开关。
swing
摆动;秋千
The lamp can swing in the wind, but you use a switch to turn it on. swing 是摆动,switch 是转换或开关。
switchblade
弹簧刀
A switchblade has a blade that opens by a switch-like button. switchblade 是 switch + blade 复合名词,不能等同于 switch 的常规用法。
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switchblade

· n. [C] · Page 99

弹簧刀

a small knife with a blade that springs out when a button or switch is pressed

联想

switchblade 是具体复合名词:switch(开关/按钮)+ blade(刀刃)。它指按下机关后刀刃弹出的弹簧刀,通常属于危险物品语境。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]弹簧刀

可数名词,指带有弹出刀刃机关的小刀。

常见表达a switchbladea switchblade knifecarry a switchblade

The police report said the man was carrying a switchblade.

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carry a switchblade 是常见语境。

The novel describes a switchblade, but the teacher reminded us that it is a dangerous object.

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switchblade 常带危险物品语境。

这是具体名词,不要把 blade 误解为普通“开关”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

switch
开关;转换
A switchblade opens with a switch-like button. switch 是基础词,switchblade 是复合名词,指一种刀。
blade
刀刃;叶片
The blade of a switchblade springs out quickly. blade 是刀刃,switchblade 是整把弹簧刀。
knife
A switchblade is a kind of knife with a spring mechanism. knife 是泛称,switchblade 是特定类型。
21

blow / blast / bloom

3 个词

blowblastbloom
blow / blast / bloom

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

blow / blast / bloom 可用 bl- 的爆开、展开画面作记忆线索,但现代词义要分三条线:blow 是气流、吹灭、吹走、炸毁和一击;blast 是突然爆炸或一阵强风/巨响;bloom 是开花、兴旺和花朵,不能和吹风或爆炸混用。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 blow:the wind blows、blow out、blow away、blow up、a heavy blow,注意 blew/blown
  2. 再学 blast:a blast of cold air、a loud blast、blast through、blast off,语气比 blow 更猛
  3. 最后学 bloom:flowers bloom、in full bloom、begin to bloom、a beautiful bloom,重点是花开和兴旺

组内辨析

  • blow 可轻可重,核心是空气运动或打击;blast 突然且强烈,常是爆炸、强风或巨响。
  • blow up 可表示炸毁,也可表示给气球充气,必须看宾语。
  • bloom 与 blow/blast 只作 bl- 记忆联想,语义是开花或兴旺。
  • in full bloom 是花盛开;in full swing 是活动热烈进行,两个短语不要混。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 bloom 解释成风吹;flowers bloom,不说 bloom the flowers。
  • 不要把 blast of cold air 弱化成普通 wind,它强调突然一股。
  • blow 的过去式是 blew,过去分词是 blown。
  • a blow to the team 是打击,不是吹风。
124

blow

星标

[bləu] · v. / vt. / n. [C] · Page 100

吹;吹气;刮走;炸毁,炸开;打击;一吹

to move air, send air from the mouth, be moved by wind, explode something, or a hit/shock

联想

blow 的基本画面是空气用力动:风吹、嘴吹、吹灭、吹走;blow up 可表示炸毁,也可表示给气球充气;名词 blow 可指一击或一次打击。

意思、用法与例句

v.吹;吹气;刮走

风或人用气流使东西移动、熄灭或被吹走。

常见表达the wind blowsblow out a candleblow awaybe blown by the wind

A cold wind blew across the playground all afternoon.

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wind blows 是基本用法。

She blew out the candles and made a wish.

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blow out 表示吹灭。

过去式 blew,过去分词 blown。

vt.炸毁;炸开;给……充气

blow up 可表示爆炸、炸毁,也可表示给气球等充气。

常见表达blow up a bridgeblow up a balloonbe blown up

The children blew up balloons for the school party.

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blow up a balloon 表示给气球充气。

The old bridge was blown up before the new one was built.

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be blown up 表示被炸毁。

blow up 的意思要看宾语和语境。

n. [C]打击;一击;一吹

可指身体上的一击、精神上的打击,也可指一次吹气。

常见表达a heavy blowa blow to...receive a blowgive the dust a blow

Losing the final game was a heavy blow to the team.

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a heavy blow to... 是抽象打击。

One blow from the hammer broke the old lock.

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one blow 可指一次击打。

名词 blow 不等于风,要按语境判断。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

blast
爆炸;一阵强风
A blast is a sudden explosion or strong rush of air; blow is the more general verb for moving air. blast 更突然、更强烈,blow 更基础、更宽泛。
bloom
开花;繁荣
The wind may blow through a garden where flowers bloom. bloom 与 blow 可作 bl- 形近联想,但不是同义词。
suck in
吸入
Blow the air out, then suck it in slowly. suck in 是吹出空气的反向动作。
125

blast

[blɑ:st] · v. / n. [C] · Page 100

爆炸;爆炸;一阵疾风

to explode or destroy with force; a sudden explosion or strong rush of air

联想

blast 比 blow 更猛:突然爆炸,或一阵强风/冷空气/巨响。a blast of cold air 和 blast off 是本条重点。

意思、用法与例句

n. [C]爆炸;一阵疾风或巨响

可指爆炸或爆炸声,也可指一阵强烈的风、空气、声音。

常见表达a blast of cold aira loud blasta sudden blasta blast of wind

As soon as he opened the door, a blast of cold air swept through the house.

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a blast of cold air 指一股突然的冷空气。

A loud blast woke the people living near the factory.

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blast 可指爆炸声或巨响。

v.爆炸;炸开;发射升空

动词,表示爆炸、用爆炸破坏;blast off 指航天器发射升空。

常见表达blast throughblast offbe blasted open

Workers blasted through the rock to build a tunnel.

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blast through 表示炸穿。

The rocket blasted off before sunrise.

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blast off 指航天器发射升空。

blast 的力量感比 blow 强,常有突然、猛烈的感觉。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

blow
吹;打击;炸毁
A breeze blows softly, but a blast of wind hits suddenly and strongly. blow 可轻可重,blast 通常强烈、突然。
explosion
爆炸
An explosion is the event; a blast may be the explosion or the force/noise from it. blast 可指爆炸本身,也可指爆炸产生的冲击、声音或强风。
calm
平静
After the blast of wind, the air became calm again. calm 是强烈爆发或疾风后的反向状态。
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bloom

[blu:m] · vi. / n. [C] · Page 100

开花;兴旺;花

to produce flowers or develop successfully; a flower, especially an attractive one

联想

bloom 的核心画面是花开放,也可比喻人、地方或事业兴旺起来。in full bloom 是本条源搭配。

意思、用法与例句

vi.开花

不及物动词,指植物开花。

常见表达flowers bloombloom in springin full bloom

These flowers are in full bloom because the earth is rich and moist.

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in full bloom 表示鲜花盛开。

The peach trees bloom early when the spring is warm.

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bloom 作不及物动词,不直接接 flower 作宾语。

vi. / n. [C]兴旺;花

比喻用法表示人、地方或事业发展良好;名词指观赏性花朵。

常见表达begin to bloombloom into...a beautiful bloom

With new shops and parks, the small town began to bloom again.

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bloom 可比喻兴旺。

She placed a single white bloom on the desk.

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bloom 作名词指一朵观赏性花。

bloom 与 blow/blast 不同,它不表示风或爆炸。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

flower
花;开花
Bloom is often more vivid than flower as a verb. flower 更普通,bloom 常强调花盛开或生命力。
wither
枯萎
The flowers bloom in spring and wither in the heat. wither 是 bloom 开花/兴旺义的反向线索。
blow
吹;打击
The wind blows, but flowers bloom. 二者可作 bl- 形近联想,但不是同义或派生关系。
22

grasp / grab

2 个词

graspgrab
grasp / grab

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

grasp / grab 共享 gr- “抓”的记忆线索,但动作质感不同:grasp 是牢牢抓住,也可在脑中抓住意思;grab 是突然快速抓取、抢先拿走、抓住机会或匆忙吃喝。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 grasp:grasp sb.'s arm、grasp a rope、grasp an opportunity、grasp the meaning
  2. 再学 grab:grab a bag、grab the ball、grab a chance、grab lunch、make a grab for...
  3. 最后比较两词:grasp 更稳、更有控制感,也可表示理解;grab 更快、更突然、更口语

组内辨析

  • grasp 可以表示理解;grab 通常不表示理解。
  • grasp an opportunity 和 grab a chance 都能表示抓住机会,但 grab 更口语、更快。
  • grab lunch/coffee 是匆忙吃喝,不是字面抓住午饭。
  • grab 作名词常用单数,如 make a grab for...。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 grasp 和 grab 当作完全等价;grasp 更强调抓牢或领会。
  • 不要漏掉 grasp 的理解义。
  • grab 可以听起来粗鲁或匆忙,正式写作中要看语境。
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grasp

星标

[grɑ:sp] · vt. · Page 100

抓牢;理解

to take and hold something firmly; to understand an idea clearly

联想

grasp 有手上和脑中两条线:手上是牢牢抓住,脑中是抓住意思或规则。它比 grab 更稳、更有控制感。

意思、用法与例句

vt.抓牢;抓住机会

用手牢牢抓住,也可比喻抓住机会。

常见表达grasp sb.'s armgrasp a ropegrasp an opportunity

I grasped his arm firmly and led him away.

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grasped his arm firmly 表示牢牢抓住胳膊。

She grasped the opportunity to study in another city.

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grasp an opportunity 是源搭配,表示抓住机会。

vt.理解;领会

表示在头脑中抓住意思、规则或重点。

常见表达grasp the meaninggrasp the ideagrasp a conceptgrasp the basic rule

It took me several minutes to grasp the meaning of the poem.

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grasp the meaning 表示理解含义。

Once students grasp the basic rule, the exercise becomes much easier.

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grasp a rule/idea 表示领会。

grasp 作“理解”时比 understand 更强调终于抓住重点。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

grab
抓取;抢占
Grab is quick and sometimes rough; grasp is firmer and more controlled. grab 强调快速抓/抢,grasp 强调抓牢或理解。
understand
理解
Understand is general; grasp often suggests catching the key point after effort. grasp 在抽象义中有抓住要点的感觉。
release
松开;释放
He grasped the rope tightly and did not release it. release 是 grasp 抓住义的反向动作。
128

grab

星标

[græb] · v. / vt. / n. [sing.] · Page 100-101

抓取,攫取;抓住机会;匆忙取、吃、喝;抓,夺

to take hold of something suddenly or quickly; to take an opportunity or get food/drink quickly; a sudden attempt to take something

联想

grab 的动作快,有时粗鲁或匆忙:突然抓住、抢先拿走、抓住机会,也可口语说 grab lunch/coffee。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vt.抓取;夺取

快速抓住或抢先拿走某物,常带突然、匆忙或粗鲁的感觉。

常见表达grab sb.'s handgrab a baggrab the ballgrab someone's food

An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.

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grabbed her food 表示抢先拿走食物。

The boy grabbed his schoolbag and ran to catch the bus.

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grab 强调动作快。

v. / vt.抓住机会;匆忙取用

可比喻抓住机会,也可口语表示匆忙吃、喝、拿某物。

常见表达grab a chancegrab an opportunitygrab lunchgrab a coffee

She grabbed the chance to ask the scientist a question.

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grab the chance 指抓住机会。

We grabbed a sandwich before the meeting began.

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grab a sandwich 是口语“匆忙吃点东西”。

grab lunch/coffee 是口语,不表示真的抓住午饭。

n. [sing.]抓;夺

常用单数,表示突然的一抓或争夺。

常见表达make a grab for...a grab at...

The child made a grab for the toy before his brother could reach it.

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make a grab for 是名词用法。

The goalkeeper made a quick grab at the ball.

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a grab at... 表示一次抓取动作。

grab 作名词通常用单数。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

grasp
抓牢;理解
Grab the bag quickly, but grasp the rope firmly. grab 强调突然快速抓,grasp 强调抓牢或理解。
take
拿;取
Take is neutral, while grab often sounds quick, sudden, or informal. grab 比 take 更有速度和动作感。
let go
放手
He grabbed the handle and refused to let go. let go 是 grab/grasp 抓住义的反向动作。
23

sniff / sneeze

2 个词

sniffsneeze
sniff / sneeze

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

sniff / sneeze 都是鼻部动作主题,但动作方向相反:sniff 是空气吸进鼻子,可表示闻、吸鼻子,也可在 sniff out 中表示察觉;sneeze 是空气突然喷出,可作动词也可作可数名词。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 sniff 的三层:sniff because of a cold、sniff the air / sniff at...、sniff out a scandal
  2. 再学 sneeze:keep sneezing、sneeze because of dust、a loud sneeze、cover a sneeze
  3. 最后比较方向和词性:sniff 可及物接被闻的东西;sneeze 通常不及物,名词 sneeze 可数

组内辨析

  • sniff 是吸进或闻;sneeze 是喷出,不能互换。
  • sniff out 是比喻“发现、察觉”,不是字面闻气味。
  • smell 是一般的“闻/闻起来”;sniff 更短促、更主动。
  • sneeze 与 cough 都是身体反应,但 sneeze 多与鼻部刺激有关,cough 多与喉咙或胸腔有关。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 sniff 和 sneeze 讲成同义词;它们只是同主题记忆。
  • 不要漏掉 sniff out 的考试价值,它常表示发现隐藏问题或秘密。
  • sneeze 作动词通常不直接接宾语;作名词时是可数名词。
  • sniff 的反向线索可以是 exhale;sneeze 的对比词可用 sniff/breathe in,但不要硬造生僻反义词。
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sniff

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[snif] · vi. / vt. · Page 101

以鼻吸气;嗅,闻;察觉出

to breathe in through the nose to smell something or because of a cold; to detect something hidden

联想

sniff 的动作方向是空气吸进鼻子:可以是感冒时吸鼻子,也可以主动闻气味。sniff out 把“闻出来”引申为发现隐藏的问题、机会或秘密。

意思、用法与例句

vi.吸鼻子;用鼻子吸气

不及物用法,表示因感冒、哭过或闻气味前短促地吸气。

常见表达sniff loudlysniff because of a coldsniff before speaking

The little boy sniffed because he had a cold.

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sniffed 表示感冒时吸鼻子。

She sniffed before answering, as if she was trying not to cry.

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sniff 可描写短促吸鼻子的动作。

vt.嗅;闻

及物用法,后面直接接被闻的东西;sniff at... 强调凑近闻或带一点试探。

常见表达sniff the airsniff the bagsniff at the flowerssniff at the food

The dog sniffed the bag before walking away.

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sniffed the bag 是及物用法。

I sniffed the air and knew someone was cooking soup.

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sniff the air 表示闻空气中的气味。

vt. phr.sniff out 发觉;察觉出

短语动词,表示像闻气味一样发现隐藏的信息、危险或问题。

常见表达sniff out a scandalsniff out dangersniff out a problemsniff out the truth

Journalists are good at sniffing out a scandal.

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sniff out a scandal 表示察觉并发现丑闻。

A careful reader can sniff out the writer's real purpose.

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sniff out 可比喻发现隐藏意图。

sniff out 是比喻用法,不表示真的闻到气味。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sneeze
打喷嚏
You sniff when air goes in through your nose; you sneeze when air suddenly comes out. sniff 是吸气/闻,sneeze 是突然喷气。
smell
闻;闻起来
Smell is general; sniff is a short, active breath through the nose. sniff 更强调主动、短促地用鼻子吸气。
detect
发现;察觉
Sniff out often means detect something hidden. detect 是中性词,sniff out 更形象、口语。
exhale
呼气
He sniffed in the cool air, then exhaled slowly. exhale 是把气呼出,方向与 sniff 相反。
130

sneeze

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[sni:z] · vi. / n. [C] · Page 101

打喷嚏;喷嚏声

to suddenly force air out through the nose and mouth; a single act or sound of doing this

联想

sneeze 是“打喷嚏”,动作方向是空气突然喷出来;它也可作可数名词,表示一次喷嚏或喷嚏声。

意思、用法与例句

vi.打喷嚏

不及物动词,常因感冒、灰尘、花粉或过敏而突然喷气。

常见表达sneeze loudlykeep sneezingsneeze because of duststart to sneeze

I have been sneezing all morning.

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have been sneezing 表示从早上持续到现在的动作。

She started to sneeze when dust flew out of the old book.

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sneeze 常与 dust/cold/allergy 语境相连。

sneeze 通常不直接接宾语。

n. [C]喷嚏;喷嚏声

可数名词,指一次喷嚏或喷嚏发出的声音。

常见表达a loud sneezegive a sneezecover a sneezehold back a sneeze

A loud sneeze broke the silence in the reading room.

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a loud sneeze 是名词用法。

Please cover your sneeze with a tissue.

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cover your sneeze 是卫生语境。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

sniff
吸鼻子;嗅闻
A person with a cold may sniff first and then sneeze. sniff 是吸进空气,sneeze 是突然喷出空气。
cough
咳嗽
You sneeze through the nose and mouth, but you cough from the throat or chest. sneeze 多与鼻部刺激有关,cough 多与喉咙或胸腔有关。
allergy
过敏
An allergy can make people sneeze again and again. allergy 是导致 sneezing 的常见语境词,不是同义词。
24

spray / spread

2 个词

sprayspread
spray / spread

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

spray / spread 都可用 spr- 的“散开”作记忆入口,但语义动作不同:spray 是小滴或细粒被喷射出去;spread 是范围变大、铺开、涂开或传播开。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 spray:spray water on plants、spray paint onto a wall、sea spray、insect spray、a spray bottle
  2. 再学 spread:spread quickly、spread the news、spread butter on bread、spread salt on roads、spread out
  3. 最后比较两词:spray 关注小滴喷出,spread 关注覆盖面积或影响范围变大

组内辨析

  • spray liquid 是把液体喷成小滴;spread butter/salt 是把东西铺到更大表面。
  • spread 可指疾病、火、消息传播;spray 不表示消息传播。
  • spread out 可指人群散开或东西摊开;spray 没有这个结构。
  • sprinkle 与 spray 接近,但 sprinkle 更轻,spray 常有喷射压力。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 spray 和 spread 当同义词;它们只是同组记忆线索。
  • spread 的过去式和过去分词仍是 spread。
  • spread salt on roads 是把盐撒到路上,不是“传播盐”。
  • spray 作名词可指水花、喷剂或喷雾器,要按语境判断。
131

spray

[sprei] · v. / n. [C,U] · Page 101

喷,喷洒;往……上撒;水花,浪花;喷剂;喷雾器

to send liquid or tiny pieces out in many drops; the drops, liquid product, or tool used for this

联想

spray 的核心画面是许多小滴或细小颗粒被喷射出去:可以喷植物、喷漆,也可以指海水水花、喷剂或喷雾瓶。

意思、用法与例句

v.喷;喷洒;往……上撒

动词,表示把水、药、油漆等以小滴或细粒形式喷到某物上;可用 spray A on/onto B 或 spray B with A。

常见表达spray water on plantsspray paint onto a wallspray the room with cleanerspray sth. on/onto...

The gardener sprayed water on the young plants every morning.

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spray water on plants 表示把水喷到植物上。

Workers sprayed paint onto the wall to finish the sign quickly.

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spray paint onto... 表示喷涂。

n. [C,U]水花;浪花;喷剂;喷雾器

名词可指飞散的小水滴,也可指喷剂或喷雾装置;按语境判断是物质还是工具。

常见表达sea spraya fine sprayinsect sprayhair spraya spray bottle

The sea spray hit our faces as the boat moved forward.

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sea spray 指海上飞溅的水花。

A fine spray rose from the waterfall in the morning light.

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a fine spray 指细小水雾。

spray 作名词时不只表示动作,也可指水雾、喷剂或喷雾器。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spread
扩散;涂开;展开
You spray liquid in tiny drops, but you spread butter into a thin layer. spray 强调小滴喷出,spread 强调范围变大、涂开或展开。
sprinkle
撒;洒
Sprinkle often means small drops or pieces fall lightly; spray means they are forced out. sprinkle 更轻,spray 通常有喷射感。
wipe off
擦掉
After spraying the desk, she wiped off the cleaner. wipe off 是把喷上的东西擦掉。
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spread

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[spred] · v. / vi. / vt. · Page 101

扩散,使蔓延;涂,敷;传播,散布;延伸,伸展;展开,摊开

to reach or cover a wider area, make information known, put a layer on a surface, or open something out

联想

spread 的共同点是“范围变大”:火和疾病蔓延,消息传开,黄油涂开,盐撒到路面,人群散开,翅膀展开。

意思、用法与例句

v. / vi.扩散;蔓延;传播

表示火、疾病、消息、想法等从一个点到达更多地方或更多人。

常见表达spread quicklyspread through...spread from A to Bspread the newsspread a rumor

The news spread quickly through the whole school.

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spread through... 表示传遍某个范围。

Doctors explained how the disease could spread from person to person.

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spread from person to person 表示传播。

vt.涂;撒;铺开

把软物、粉末或材料放到表面上并覆盖更大面积。

常见表达spread butter on breadspread salt on roadsspread paint evenlyspread a cloth

Road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on US roads every year.

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spread salt on roads 是“把盐撒到路面上”。

He spread butter on the bread and added a little honey.

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spread butter on bread 是高频搭配。

vi. / vt.延伸;展开;张开;散开

表示人群、城市、道路或身体部位向外打开、分布或延伸。

常见表达spread outspread one's armsspread one's wingsspread across...

The students spread out across the playground for the photo.

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spread out 可表示人群散开。

The bird spread its wings and flew away.

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spread one's wings 指展开翅膀。

spread 的过去式和过去分词仍是 spread。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spray
喷;喷洒
You spray water in drops, but you spread butter into a thin layer. spray 强调小滴喷出,spread 强调覆盖范围变大。
extend
延伸
The road extends across the plain, and the town spreads along it. extend 偏长度方向延伸,spread 偏范围铺开。
sweep
席卷;扫过
Rumors spread through a school; a wave of excitement may sweep through it. spread 强调逐渐扩散,sweep 强调快速扫过或席卷。
contain
控制;遏制
Firefighters tried to contain the fire before it spread. contain 是阻止 spread 继续扩大。
25

sweep / swift

2 个词

sweepswift
sweep / swift

先看导图建立组内关系,再回到例句确认高频用法。

打开导图

sweep / swift 可用 sw- 的快速摆动感联记,但词性和用法要分开:sweep 是动词/名词,表示席卷、冲走或清扫;swift 是形容词,表示迅速、敏捷。

学习顺序

  1. 先学 sweep 的三层:sweep across/through、sweep away、sweep the floor / sweep up
  2. 再学 swift:a swift response、swift action、swift movement、be swift to do sth.,并带出 swiftly
  3. 最后比较:sweep 是动作或一次清扫;swift 描述动作快而利落,不能当动词用

组内辨析

  • sweep through 强调快速席卷或扫过;spread through 更强调逐渐扩散。
  • sweep away 可以是洪水冲走,也可以比喻消除旧问题。
  • sweep up 是把碎片、灰尘等扫起来;clean 更宽泛。
  • swift 与 quick 接近,但 swift 更书面、更有动作画面。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 sweep 和 swift 当同义词;一个是动作/名词,一个是形容词。
  • sweep 的过去式和过去分词都是 swept。
  • swift 通常不作副词;副词用 swiftly。
  • sweep away 不只表示打扫,也可表示冲走或消除。
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sweep

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[swi:p] · v. / vt. / n. [C, usually sing.] · Page 101

席卷,掠过;迅速传播;冲走,卷走;打扫,清扫

to move quickly across a wide area, spread suddenly, carry things away, or clean with a broom

联想

sweep 有两条主线:风、水、情绪或消息快速扫过一片范围;用扫帚清扫。sweep away 可表示冲走或消除,sweep up 是扫起来。

意思、用法与例句

v.席卷;掠过;迅速传播

风、水、火、情绪或消息快速经过大范围,常用 sweep across/through。

常见表达sweep across...sweep through...sweep the islandsbe swept by...

Strong winds regularly sweep the islands.

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winds sweep the islands 表示强风经常掠过这些岛。

Excitement swept through the crowd when the singer appeared.

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sweep through 可比喻情绪快速传播。

vt.冲走;卷走;消除

表示风、水等把东西卷走;sweep away 也可比喻消除旧观念、障碍或问题。

常见表达sweep awaybe swept awaysweep sth. away

The flood swept away several small bridges.

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sweep away 可表示洪水冲走。

The new rule swept away years of confusion.

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sweep away 可比喻消除混乱。

v. / n. [C, usually sing.]打扫;清扫

用扫帚清理地面;名词常用单数,表示一次打扫。

常见表达sweep the floorsweep upgive the room a sweepa quick sweep

Please sweep the floor before the guests arrive.

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sweep the floor 是基础搭配。

He swept up the broken glass carefully.

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sweep up 表示把碎东西扫起来。

过去式和过去分词都是 swept。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

spread
扩散;传播;涂开
News spreads from person to person, but excitement may sweep through a crowd suddenly. spread 强调逐渐扩散,sweep 强调快速席卷或扫过。
swift
迅速的;敏捷的
A swift wind can sweep clouds across the sky. swift 是形容词,sweep 是动词/名词。
clean
打扫;清洁
Sweep the floor first, then clean the desks. clean 更宽泛,sweep 特指扫地或扫起。
stay still
静止不动
The leaves stayed still until the wind swept across the yard. stay still 是 sweep 快速移动义的反向状态。
134

swift

星标

[swift] · adj. · Page 101

迅速的;敏捷的

quick, prompt, and often smooth or skilful in movement, response, or action

联想

swift 比 quick 更书面、更有画面感,常形容行动、反应、移动快而利落;be swift to do sth. 表示立刻做某事。

意思、用法与例句

adj.迅速的;敏捷的

形容行动、反应、移动或决定快速,有时还带有利落、敏捷的感觉。

常见表达a swift responseswift actionswift movementbe swift to do sth.swift and sure

His landing is both swift and sure.

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swift and sure 表示快而稳。

The school was swift to inform parents after the storm warning.

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be swift to do sth. 表示迅速做某事。

swift 通常作形容词;副词是 swiftly。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

quick
快的
Quick is the common everyday word; swift sounds a little more formal or vivid. swift 常用于行动、反应、运动,语气比 quick 更书面。
prompt
及时的;迅速的
A prompt reply and a swift reply both come without delay. prompt 强调及时,swift 强调动作快而利落。
sweep
席卷;清扫
A swift wind can sweep clouds across the sky. swift 是形容词,sweep 是动词/名词,不能互换。
slow
缓慢的
The rescue was swift, not slow. slow 是 swift 的常见反义词。
26

headphones

1 个词

headphones
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

headphones 是独立设备词,重点不是构词扩展,而是复数名词用法:headphones are,但 a pair of headphones is。

学习顺序

  1. 先记设备义:戴在头上或耳边听声音的一副耳机
  2. 再学语法:headphones 常用复数;a pair of headphones 表示一副耳机
  3. 最后比较相关设备:earphones 偏入耳,headset 常带麦克风,videophone 是可视电话

组内辨析

  • headphones 通常作复数名词,不能用 a headphones。
  • a pair of headphones 作主语时中心词是 pair,动词用单数。
  • earphones 更常指入耳式小耳机;headphones 可指头戴式或覆盖耳朵的耳机。
  • headset 通常有麦克风;videophone 是通信设备,不是耳机。

易错提醒

  • 重点按设备义和复数名词用法掌握。
  • 不要把 headphones 和 videophone 硬讲成同词族;它们只是设备语境相关。
  • 写作中注意复数一致:These headphones are comfortable.
  • 说“一副耳机”用 a pair of headphones。
135

headphones

· n. pl. · Page 91

耳机

a pair of small speakers worn over or in the ears for listening to sound

联想

headphones 通常以复数形式出现,表示一副耳机;说“一副耳机”用 a pair of headphones,重点放在复数名词用法。

意思、用法与例句

n. pl.耳机;一副耳机

复数名词,通常指戴在头上或耳边听声音的一副耳机;作主语时 headphones 用复数,a pair of headphones 用单数。

常见表达a pair of headphonesput on headphoneswear/use headphoneswireless headphonesheadphones are

Please wear headphones if you want to watch videos in the library.

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wear headphones 是自然搭配。

My new headphones are comfortable enough for a long listening test.

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headphones 作复数主语,用 are。

headphones 常用复数;不要写 a headphone 表示一副耳机。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

earphones
耳机;入耳式耳机
Earphones are often smaller and fit inside the ears; headphones may cover the ears. earphones 偏入耳小耳机,headphones 可指头戴式。
headset
耳麦;头戴式耳机
A headset usually has a microphone, while headphones may only be for listening. headset 常带麦克风,headphones 侧重听音。
videophone
可视电话
You may use headphones during a videophone call in a noisy room. 两词都与声音/通信有关,但 headphones 是听音设备。
27

heavy

1 个词

heavy
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

heavy 是独立形容词,核心从“重量大”扩展到“负担重、数量大、程度强”。它不等于 huge:huge 看大小或数量,heavy 看重量、负担或强度。

学习顺序

  1. 先学实物重量:a heavy bag、too heavy to carry、heavy box
  2. 再学抽象和数量:heavy traffic、heavy rain、a heavy workload、heavy losses
  3. 最后比较:light 是常见反义词;huge 强调巨大,不一定重

组内辨析

  • heavy bag 是重量大;heavy traffic/rain 是数量或程度大。
  • heavy workload 是负担繁重,不是物理重量。
  • huge box 强调箱子大;heavy box 强调箱子难搬。
  • light 可表示轻的,也可表示雨量/任务量小。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 heavy 只理解成“重”,它常和 rain、traffic、workload 搭配。
  • 不要把 huge 和 heavy 混用;大的东西不一定重。
  • heavy 的副词是 heavily,常见 it rained heavily。
  • heavy losses 是严重损失,不是“重的损失”。
136

heavy

['hevi] · adj. · Page 100

沉重的;繁重的;大量的,很多的;强烈的

weighing a lot; large in amount, degree, or difficulty

联想

heavy 从“重量大”扩展到“负担重、数量大、程度强”:heavy bag 是重,heavy work 是繁重,heavy rain/traffic 是大量或强烈。

意思、用法与例句

adj.沉重的

形容物体重量大,搬动或携带费力。

常见表达a heavy baga heavy boxtoo heavy to carryheavy stone

The suitcase was too heavy for the child to carry alone.

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too heavy to carry 表示重到搬不动。

He put the heavy box on the floor and took a short break.

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heavy box 指重量大。

adj.繁重的;大量的;强烈的

形容工作、交通、雨雪、损失、负担等数量大或程度强。

常见表达heavy trafficheavy rainheavy snowa heavy workloadheavy losses

Heavy traffic made the bus move slowly through the city.

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heavy traffic 指交通量大。

The heavy rain flooded the road near our school.

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heavy rain 指雨势大。

heavy 可搭配 rain、traffic、workload、loss 等抽象或不可数名词。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

light
轻的;少量的
A light bag is easy to carry, but a heavy bag is not. light 是 heavy 在重量义上的常见反义词。
huge
巨大的;庞大的
A huge box is very large; a heavy box is difficult to lift. huge 强调尺寸或数量巨大,heavy 强调重量、负担或程度。
difficult
困难的
A heavy workload can make a week difficult. heavy work/workload 强调负担重,difficult 更宽泛。
28

huge

1 个词

huge
词族导图

本组暂无配套词族导图图片;请以文字讲解、词卡和组内辨析为主。

huge 是独立形容词,表示尺寸、数量、影响、差别或重要性“非常大”。它比 big/large 语气强,但不等于 heavy:huge 不一定重。

学习顺序

  1. 先学核心搭配:a huge pile of letters、a huge amount of、a huge difference
  2. 再学语气:huge 比 big/large 更强,可修饰 success、problem、effect 等抽象名词
  3. 最后比较:large 是普通“大”,heavy 是重或负担重,tiny/small 是反向线索

组内辨析

  • huge 强调非常大;large/big 是更普通的“大”。
  • a huge pile of letters 是数量大,不表示这些信本身很重。
  • make a huge difference 是产生巨大影响。
  • huge balloon 可以很轻;heavy stone 可以很小。

易错提醒

  • 不要把 huge 和 heavy 混用;huge 看大小/程度,heavy 看重量/负担/强度。
  • huge 本身语气已经强,写作中不需要再加 very。
  • hugely 是副词,常见 hugely popular。
  • huge 可修饰抽象名词,如 difference、success、problem。
137

huge

星标

[hju:dʒ] · adj. · Page 100

巨大的;庞大的

extremely large in size, amount, degree, or importance

联想

huge 比 big/large 语气更强,表示尺寸、数量、影响、差别或成功非常大;它不一定重,所以要和 heavy 分开。

意思、用法与例句

adj.巨大的;庞大的

形容物体、数量、影响、问题、差别或成功非常大。

常见表达a huge pile of...a huge amount of...make a huge differencea huge successa huge problem

I have a huge pile of letters to deal with.

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a huge pile of... 表示数量很大的一堆。

The new bridge made a huge difference to people living across the river.

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make a huge difference 是高频搭配。

huge 比 big/large 语气强,常译为“巨大的”。

词义关系与辨析

近义 / 易混 / 反义

large
大的
A large room is big, but a huge room is extremely big. huge 比 large/big 语气更强。
enormous
巨大的
The city has an enormous park and a huge library. enormous 与 huge 接近,enormous 更正式或更强。
heavy
沉重的;繁重的
A huge balloon can be light, while a small stone can be heavy. huge 看大小、数量或程度,heavy 看重量、负担或强度。
tiny
极小的
A tiny room feels very different from a huge hall. tiny 是 huge 的常见反义词。